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1 Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS dickrp/eecs203/ Instructor: Robert Dick Office: L477 Tech Phone: TA: Neal Oza Office: Tech. Inst. L375 Phone: TT: David Bild Office: Tech. Inst. L470 Phone:

2 Outline Finite State Machines 1. Finite State Machines R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

3 Word description to state diagram Design a vending machine controller that will release (output signal r) an apple as soon as 30 have been inserted The machine s sensors will clock your controller when an event occurs. The machine accepts only dimes (input signal d) and quarters (input signal q) and does not give change When an apple is removed from the open machine, it indicates this by clocking the controller with an input of d The sensors use only a single bit to communicate with the controller 3 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

4 Word description to state diagram We can enumerate the inputs on which an apple should be released For d, i = 0, for q, i = 1 ddd + ddq + dq + qd + qq d(dd + dq + q) + q(d + q) d(d(d + q) + q) + q(d + q) 0(0(0 + 1) + 1) + 1(0 + 1) 4 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

5 Word description to state diagram 0(0(0 + 1) + 1) + 1(0 + 1) 0 1 A/0 0 B/0 0 C/ D/1 1 E/ R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

6 Word description to state diagram 0(0(0 + 1) + 1) + 1(0 + 1) X 0 C/0 X A/0 0 B/0 1 D/1 1 E/0 X 5 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

7 Word description to state diagram 0(0(0 + 1) + 1) + 1(0 + 1) X 0 C/0 X A/0 0 B/0 1 D/1 1 5 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

8 State diagram to state table next Current state state i=0 i=1 output (r) A B E 0 B C D 0 C D D 0 D A A 1 E D D 0 6 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

9 Moore block diagram outputs combinational logic sequential elements feedback combinational logic inputs 7 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

10 Mealy block diagram sequential elements outputs feedback combinational logic inputs 8 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

11 Moore FSMs Finite State Machines A/0 B/ D/1 C/0 9 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

12 Mealy FSMs Finite State Machines 1/0 A 1/X B 0/0 D 0/0 0/1 1/0 0/1 C 1/1 10 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

13 Mealy tabular form s + /q s 0 1 A D/0 B/X B C/1 B/0 C A/0 B/1 D C/1 C/0 11 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

14 FSM design summary Specify requirements in natural form Manually derive state diagram Automatic way to go from English to FSM, however more theory required Can minimize state count, however, more theory also required See me if you want more information on this, or take a compilers course and a graduate-level switching theory course, or take my ECE 303 Assign values to states to minimize logic complexity Optimize implementation of state and output functions 12 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

15 Outline Finite State Machines 1. Finite State Machines R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

16 Back to latches Finite State Machines Latches: Level sensitive Flip-flops: Edge-triggered 14 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

17 Review: Clocking conventions Active-high transparent D Q CLK Active-low transparent D Q CLK Positive (rising) edge Negative (falling) edge D Q D Q CLK CLK 15 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

18 Latch and flip-flop equations RS Q + = S + R Q D Q + = D 16 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

19 Latch and flip-flop equations JK Q + = J Q + K Q T Q + = T Q 17 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

20 JK latch Finite State Machines K J R S R S latch Q Q Q Q Use output feedback to ensure that RS 11 Q + = Q K + Q J 18 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

21 JK latch Finite State Machines J K Q Q hold reset set toggle 19 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

22 JK race Finite State Machines Set Reset 100 Toggle J K Q Q Race Condition 20 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

23 Falling edge-triggered D flip-flop Use two stages of latches When clock is high First stage samples input w.o. changing second stage Second stage holds value When clock goes low First stage holds value and sets or resets second stage Second stage transmits first stage Q + = D One of the most commonly used flip-flops 21 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

24 Falling edge-triggered D flip-flop D D 0 Clk= =1 R Q S Q 0 D D Clock high 22 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

25 Falling edge-triggered D flip-flop D D 0 Holds D when clock goes low Clk=1= R Q S Q 0 D D Holds D when clock goes low Clock switching Inputs sampled on falling edge, outputs change after falling edge 23 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

26 Falling edge-triggered D flip-flop D D D Clk= = 0 R Q S Q D? 0 Clock low 24 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

27 Another view of an edge-triggered DFF R Q clk S Q R Q Q R Q S Q D S Q 25 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

28 Edge triggered timing 100 D CLK Qpos Qpos Qneg Qneg Positive edge t riggered FF Negative edge t riggered FF 26 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

29 RS clocked latch Storage element in narrow width clocked systems Dangerous Fundamental building block of many flip-flop types 27 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

30 JK flip-flop Finite State Machines Versatile building block Building block for D and T flip-flops Has two inputs resulting in increased wiring complexity Edge-triggered varieties exist 28 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

31 D flip-flop Finite State Machines Minimizes input wiring Simple to use Common choice for basic memory elements in sequential circuits 29 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

32 Outline Finite State Machines 1. Finite State Machines R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

33 Finite State Machines Mechanical switches bounce! What happens if multiple pulses? Mutliple state transitions Need to clean up signal 31 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

34 Schmitt triggers Finite State Machines A B High A Low 32 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

35 Schmitt triggers Finite State Machines A B High V TH A V TL Low 32 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

36 Schmitt triggers Finite State Machines A B High V TH A V TL Low 32 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

37 Schmitt triggers Finite State Machines A B High V TH A V TL transition Low 32 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

38 Schmitt triggers Finite State Machines A B High V TH A V TL transition B Low 32 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

39 Finite State Machines 5 4 Schmitt trig. RC V e e e e e e-03 T (s) 33 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

40 Outline Finite State Machines 1. Finite State Machines R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

41 Assigned reading M. Morris Mano and Charles R. Kime. Logic and Computer Design Fundamentals. Prentice-Hall, NJ, fourth edition, 2008 Review Sections If FSMs don t make sense now, please ask questions, or see me FSMs are tricky at first Almost everybody has this moment of epiphany at which they suddenly make sense Section R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

42 Computer geek culture references Parsers and lexical analyzers Writing problem-specific languages A. V. Aho, R. Sethi, and J. D. Ullman. Compilers principles, techniques, and tools. Addison-Wesley, MA, 1986 Lex and yacc Flex and bison 36 R. Dick Introduction to Computer Engineering EECS 203

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