New Worlds for Polymers: Organic Transistors, Light Emitting Diodes, and Optical Waveguides Ed Chandross

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1 New Worlds for Polymers: Organic Transistors, Light Emitting Diodes, and Optical Waveguides Ed Chandross Materials Chemistry, LLC 1

2 Polymers in the Electronic Industry Enabling Materials Active Materials? 2

3 Polymers in the Electronics Industry Enabling Materials Photolithography Photoresists: the classic case 3

4 Photolithographic Process Photoresist Si Substrate hυ SiO 2 Coating Mask Negative Positive Exposure Aqueous Base Development Transfer Strip 4

5 Submicron Photoresist History Introduction of silicon for etching performance Concept of alicyclic carbon content Methacrylates for 193 nm Organo-silicon resists for bi-level Chemically amplified resist strategies Concept of effective carbon content Methacrylate based deep-uv Resists Cholate ester DI 185 nm exposure of PBS Novolac/diazonaphthoquinones ~ ~ ~ nm resist research begins ~1975 Deep UV resist research begins Decreased Absorbance 5

6 Exposed une xp Photoresist Images osed(real nanotechnology!) T 0.20µ 0.17µ 0.15µ 0.13µ 0.11µ 0.08µ 6

7 Polymers in the Electronics Industry Enabling Materials New Techniques for Nanoimaging 7

thermoplastic Template Thermoplastic Substrate Apply pressure

8 Molding Lithography Patterns? Conventional Imprint Lithography Place template on thermoplastic Template Thermoplastic Substrate Apply pressure at T > Tg then cool to T < Tg Steve Chou, Princeton Separate the template from the substrate. High temp and pressure requirements create distortion - Precision alignment is difficult Pattern density sensitive Grant Willson UT Austin 8

9 Molecular Imprinting: Grant Willson, Texas etch barrier Imprint Expose Separate template release treatment transfer layer UV Cure SiO 2 Residual layer Breakthrough Etch Transfer Etch 9

10 Polymers in the Electronics Industry Electrically Active Polymers Charge Transport: ca The Xerographic Photoconductor N O 2 N O N NO 2 NO 2 10

11 Organic Semiconductors Pentacene has the best mobility BUT it must be deposited by evaporation Soluble polymers offer the possibility of printing CH 3 (CH 2 ) 5 CH 3 (CH 2 ) 5 CH 3 (CH 2 ) 5 S S n S 11

12 Pentacene Transistor 12

13 High Mobility Requires Order 13

14 Printing Displays 14

15 Printing Offers Economy 15

16 Organic Transistors (PARC) 16

17 Organic Transistors (PARC) 17

18 Organic Transistors (PARC) 18

19 Organic Transistors (PARC) 19

20 Flexible Display Backplanes 20

21 Display Technologies Transmissive Reflective Emissive 21

22 Electronic Paper 22

23 Electronic Ink: E-ink s system 23

24 Electronic Ink: Gyricon Technology 24

25 Roll Up Displays (Philips) 25

26 Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLED) Ching Tang Kodak

27 First OLED Active Emitter N O Al O N N O AlQ 3 27

28 Evaporation Through Shadow Mask Note: the cathode is usually Ca or Mg/Ag 28

29 Printing Polymer OLEDs 29

30 Ink Jet Printing a PLED Display 30

31 Hermetic Sealing for OLEDs Cathode is sensitive to water and oxygen Vitex Systems San Jose 31

32 Vision for OLED Displays 32

33 Fiber Optics 101: Gross Anatomy Side View Cross Section Spectral Response n µm Core Multimode Fiber n µm Single Mode Fiber 33

34 Polymers in the Photonics Industry Need low cost components for moderate bandwith applications Can we make them out of plastic? 34

35 Polymers in the Photonics Industry Refractive Index Imaging Optical waveguides Diffraction gratings Holography Organic Photochemical Refractive-Index Recording Systems, W.J. Tomlinson and E.A. Chandross, Adv. In Photochem., Wiley-Interscience, New York, New York, 1980, Vol

36 Classical Refractive Image Patterning 36

37 Multicomponent Monomer Patterning hν hν hν N Slow CH 2 Methacrylate Fast 37

38 Polymer Waveguides Negative resist (solvent developed) Buried waveguides 38

Etch Mask Core Cladding Silicon Core Cladding Silicon Metal Mask Waveguide Cladding Silicon

39 Optical Waveguide Circuits Polymer Planar Lightwave Traditional FAB Approach to Polymer Waveguides Circuits DuPont Proprietary Acrylate Photopolymer Waveguide System Waveguide Formation with Metal Etch Mask Core Cladding Silicon Core Cladding Silicon Metal Mask Waveguide Cladding Silicon Cladding Waveguide Cladding Silicon Source: Lightwave Microsystems and Merrill Lynch D.F. Eaton DuPont 39

40 Polymers in Information Technology Holographic information storage Advantages claimed: Parallel readout; very high speed The competition: magnetic storage steadily gets denser and cheaper 40

41 Holographic recording Holographic storage using acrylate photopolymers 41

42 Holographic recording 42

43 Fiber Optics 101: Manufacturing Tube Setup Empty glass tube Heat source reagents glass deposit Deposition Heat source exhaust Collapse Heat source Fiber Drawing Heat source 43

44 Drawing Fiber from Preform 44

45 Plastic Optical Fiber (PMMA based) 45

46 Plastic Fiber Manufacture 46

47 POF in Japan 47

48 Low Loss Perfluoropolymer Fiber F [ F F O F F F F ] F F F Attenuation (db/km) Wavelength (nm) Cytop 48

49 New POF Technology 49

50 Real Engineering Challenges! 50

51 Success! Chromis Fiber Optics 51

Solution Processable OLEDs. Anna Hayer EuroDisplay /09/2013

Solution Processable OLEDs. Anna Hayer EuroDisplay /09/2013 Solution Processable LEDs Merck KGaA Anna Hayer EuroDisplay 2013 Content 1 Introduction 2 LED Basics 3 Challenges for Solution Processing 4 Current Results 5 Summary 2 EuroDisplay 2013 Hayer - Merck Solution