Glossary. Advanced Real English 2

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1 Glossary Advanced Real English 2 Introduction above /L'VJd/enriba de, sobre apple /'DUo/mazá architect /'EYBWCYW/arquitecto/a artist /'EWBgW/artista athlete /'DeoAW/deportista; atleta behind /VB'kOmX/detrás de between /VB'WrAm/entre (dúas cousas) big /VBZ/gran, grande boots /VIWg/botas bread /VpCX/pan butter /'VJWL/manteiga cake /YMY/torta, pastel calm /YEl/tranquilo/a cat /YDW/gato chicken /'abybm/polo chimpanzee /abludm'ha/chimpancé clever /'YoCdL/listo/a, intelixente coat /YNW/abrigo computer programmer /YLlUqIWL 'UpLHZpDlL/ programador/a informático/a corn /YGm/millo cow /YP/vaca curly /'YKoi/crecho/a dark /XEY/escuro/a; mouro/a dentist /'XCmWBgW/dentista doctor /'XFYWL/doutor/a, médico/a dress /XpCg/vestido eagle /'AZo/aguia eggs /CZh/ovos electrician /BoCY'WpBim/electricista elephant /'CoBcLmW/elefante evil /'Ado/malvado/a, ruín fair /ccl/claro/a; loiro/a fat /cæw/gordo/a firefighter /'colcowl/bombeiro/a fish /cbi/peixe / peixes fox /cfyg/raposo, golpe friendly /'cpcmxoi/simpático/a frog /cpfz/ra fruit /cpiw/froita fruit salad /cpiw 'gdolx/macedonia funny /'cjmi/gracioso/a, divertido/a good-looking /ZHX'oHYBn/guapo/a, curro/a, atractivo/a hard-working /kex'rkybn/traballador/a hat /kdw/sombreiro, chapeu horse /kgg/cabalo in /Bm/en, dentro de in front of /Bm 'cpjmw Ld/diante de jeans /bamh/pantalóns vaqueiros kind /YOmX/amábel, atento/a lazy /'ocbhi/preguiceiro/a, lacazán/ana long /ofn/longo/a, largo/a meat /law/carne milk /lboy/leite mosquito /ll'gyawlh/mosquito mouse /lpg/rato narrow /'mdpn/estreito/a nervous /'mkdlg/nervioso/a next to /'mcygw WL/ao lado de, a carón de, á beira de old /NoX/vello/a on /Fm/sobre, en onion /'JmqLm/cebola pancakes /'UDmYMYg/tortas pequenas, pancakes pig /UBZ/porco, cocho plumber /'UoJlL/fontaneiro/a potato /UL'WMWN/pataca rabbit /'pdvbw/coello, coenllo rice /pog/arroz sailor /'gmol/mariñeiro/a sandals /'gdmxoh/sandalias sausages /'gfgbbbh/salchichas serious /'gblpilg/serio/a, formal shark /iey/quenlla shirt /ikw/camisa short /igw/baixo/a; curto/a shorts /igwg/pantalóns curtos skirt /gykw/saia small /glgo/pequeno/a snake /gmmy/serpe, cóbrega socks /gfyg/calcetíns, peúgos steak /gwmy/filete, bisté straight /gwpmw/liso/a strawberry /'gwpgvlpi/amorodo strong /gwpfn/forte

2 sweater /'grcwl/xersei swimsuit /'grblgiw/traxe de baño tall /WGo/alto/a thin /ebm/delgado/a, fraco/a tiger /'WOZL/tigre trainers /'WpMmLh/zapatillas de deporte trousers /'WpPhLh/pantalóns ugly /'JZoi/feo/a under /'JmXL/baixo, abaixo de unfriendly /Jm'cpCmXoi/antipático/a vegetables /'dcbwlvoh/verdura/s waiter /'rmwl/camareiro weak /ray/débil, feble wide /rox/amplo/a, ancho/a wolf /rhoc/lobo young /qjn/mozo/a, novo/a, xove unit 1 aeroplane /'CLpLUoCBm/avión all the way /Go fl 'rm/toda a viaxe / todo o percorrido another /L'mJfL/outro/a backpack /'VDYUDY/mochila by any means /VO 'Cmi lamh/de calquera xeito, sexa como for camera /'YælLpL/cámara canoe /YL'mI/canoa, piragua cockroach /'YFYpNWi/cascuda establish /B'gWDVoBi/establecer, fundar family name /'cdlloi mml/apelido ferry /'ccpi/transbordador, ferry fill with /'cbo rbf/encherse de first name /'ckgw mml/nome fish /cbi/pescar heavily /'kcdboi/moito helicopter /'kcobyfuwl/helicóptero highlights /'kooowg/o máis salientábel Home Secretary /knl 'gcyplwlpi/ministro do Interior including /Bm'YoIXBn/mesmo/a, incluído/a incredible /Bm'YpCXLVo/incríbel island /'OoLmX/illa jeep /bau/todoterreo journey /'bkmi/viaxe; traxecto limousine /'obllham/limusina look around /ohy L'pPmX/botar unha ollada lose your way /oih qg 'rm/perderse, extraviarse luckily /'ojyboi/afortunadamente, por sorte maiden name /'lcbxm mml/apelido de solteira map /ldu/mapa middle name /'lbxo mml/segundo nome mistake /lb'gwmy/erro motorbike /'lnwlvoy/motocicleta, moto motorboat /'lnwlvnw/lancha motora name /mml/nome nearby /mbl'vo/preto Glossary no way /mn 'rm/de ningún xeito, de ningunha maneira; nin falar on the way /Fm fl 'rm/ polo camiño once /rjmg/unha vez passport /'UEgUGW/pasaporte population /UFUqI'oMim/poboación programme /'UpNZpDl/programa ride /pox/paseo, volta safe /gmc/seguro/a, fóra de perigo scooter /'gyiwl/vespa, scooter ship /ibu/barco side /gox/ costado sink /gbny/afundirse sleeping bag /'goaubn VDZ/saco de durmir soon /gim/axiña, pronto souvenirs /gidl'mblh/souvenirs, recordos squirrel /'gyrbplo/esquío stop working /gwfu 'rkybn/deixar de funcionar suddenly /'gjxlmoi/de súpeto, de socato, de repente suitcase /'giwymg/maleta sun cream /'gjm YpAl/crema (de protección) solar surname /'gkmml/apelido taxi /'WæYgi/tax i time /WOl/vez, quenda torch /WGa/lanterna train /WpMm/tren tram /WpDl/tranvía travel (n) /'Wpædo/viaxe travel (v) /'Wpædo/viaxar travel guide /'Wpædo ZOX/guía de viaxes trip /WpBU/viaxe, excursión true /WpI/verdadeiro/a, certo/a truth /WpIe/verdade turtle /'WKWo /tartaruga underground /'JmXLZpPmX/metro van /ddm/furgoneta, camioneta wallet /'rfobw/carteira waterproof mat /rgwlupic 'læw/esteira impermeábel way /rm/xeito, forma, maneira; camiño

3 ways of life /rmh Ld 'ooc/estilos / xeitos de vida, maneiras de vivir while /roo/mentres (que) yacht /qfw/iate your own way /qg Nm 'rm/ao teu (propio) xeito, á túa (propia) maneira unit 2 a rise in temperature /L poh Bm 'WClUpLaL/unha subida / un aumento da temperatura ability /L'VBoLWi/habilidade, habelencia, capacidade advice /LX'dOg/consello/s affect /L'cCYW/afectar a, influír en aquatics /L'YrDWBYg/deportes acuáticos at the beginning /DW fl VB'ZBmBn/ao comezo behaviour /VB'kMdqL/comportamento, conduta believe /VB'oAd/crer break a record /VpMY L 'pcygx/superar unha marca carbohydrate /YEVN'kOXpMW/carbohidrato, hidrato de carbono celebrate /'gcobvpmw/celebrar champion /'adluilm/campión/oa championship /'adluilmibu/campionato cloudy /'YoPXi/neboento/a, bretemoso/a coach /YNWi/adestrador/a cold /YNoX/frío/a cool /YIo/fresco/a disappear /XBgL'UBL/desaparecer especially /B'gUCiLoi/especialmente, nomeadamente, sobre todo expect /BY'gUCYW/agardar, esperar finish line /'cbmbi oom/liña de meta fresh water /cpci 'rgwl/auga doce from the beginning /cpll fl VB'ZBmBn/desde / dende o comezo get tired /ZCW 'WOLX/cansar(se) glacier /'ZoDgiL/glaciar global warming /ZoNVo 'rglbn/quecemento global grow /ZpN/cultivar have a temperature /kld L 'WClUpLaL/ter febre high /ko/alto/a, elevado/a hot /kfw/caloroso/a, quente, cálido/a (it s ~: vai calor); moderno/a in the middle /Bm fl 'lbxo/na metade increase /'BmYpAg/aumento indoors /Bm'XGh/nun espazo cuberto, dentro intelligence /Bm'WCoBbLmg/intelixencia juice /big/zume kick /YBY/dar unha patada / pancada lightning /'oowmbn/raio/s, relampo/s lose /oih/perder match /læwi/partido, combate melt /lcow/derreterse, fundirse mountain /'lpmwlm/montaña outdoors /PW'XGh/ao aire / ar libre, fóra owner /'NmL/propietario/a physical /'cbhbyo/físico/a quiz /YrBh/proba, test race /pmg/carreira rain /pmm/chuvia, choiva rainy /'pmmi/chuvioso/a referee /pccl'pa/árbitro/a score goals /gyg 'ZNoh/marcar goles ski resort /'gya pbhgw/estación de esquí snow /gmn/neve Glossary snowboarding /'gmnvgxbn/facer / practicar snowboard snowy /'gmni/nevarento/a, de moita neve stormy /'gwgli/treboento/a (it s ~: hai treboada) sunny /'gjmi/solleiro/a (it s ~: vai sol) sweat /grcw/suar sweet /graw/doce take your temperature /WMY qg 'WClUpLaL/tomar / coller a temperatura team /WAl/equipo temperature /'WClUpLaL/temperatura; febre thunder /'ejmxl/trono/s together /WL'ZCfL/xuntos/as towards the end /WLrGXh fl 'CmX/cara á fin / ao final trouble /'WpJVo/problema (in ~: nun aperto) underwater /JmXL'rGWL/debaixo da auga wait for /rmw cl/agardar, esperar warm /rgl/temperado/a, quente, cálido/a win /rbm/gañar wind /rbmx/vento windy /'rbmxi/ventoso/a, de moito vento (it s ~: vai vento) unit 3 art /EW/arte; debuxo ask for permission /EgY cl UL'lBim/pedir permiso atlas /'DWoLg/atlas biology /VO'FoLbi/bioloxía bookshop /'VHYiFU/libraría browse the web /VpPh fl 'rcv/navegar pola rede / web / Internet business studies /'VBhmLg gwjxbh/ciencias empresariais calculator /'YDoYqHoMWL/calculadora

4 chat with friends /adw rbf 'cpcmxh/parolar / conversar cos/as amigos/as chemistry /'YClBgWpi/química computer game /YLl'UqIWL ZMl/xogo de ordenador definitely /'XCcBmLWoi/sen dúbida dictionary /'XBYiLmpi/dicionario drama /'XpElL/teatro English /'BnZoBi/inglés enjoy /Bm'bQ/gozar (de) enterprise /'CmWLUpOh/empresa exam /BZ'hDl/exame fact /cæyw/dato; feito fail a test /cmo L 'WCgW/suspender un exame fall /cgo/baixar, descender feel /cao/sentirse French /cpcma/francés geography /bi'fzplci/xeografía get permission /ZCW UL'lBim/obter permiso give permission /ZBd UL'lBim/outorgar / dar permiso, permitir go dancing /ZLH 'XEmgBn/ir bailar go ice skating /ZLH 'Og gymwbn/ir patinar sobre xeo go to parties /ZLH WL 'UEWih/ir a festas have permission /kld UL'lBim/ter permiso history /'kbgwpi/historia home economics /knl AYL'mFlBYg/economía doméstica / familiar ICT /O ga 'WA/TIC, Tecnoloxías da Información e a Comunicación improve /Bl'UpId/mellorar laptop computer /oduwfu YLl'UqIWL/ordenador portátil lesson /'ocgm/clase library /'oovplpi/biblioteca literature /'obwplwil/literatura loud /opx/forte; escandaloso/a mall (Am. Eng.) /lgo/centro comercial maths /ldeg/mates (matemáticas) middle /'lbxo/metade, medio music /'lqihby/música notebook /'mnwvhy/caderno notes /mnwg/notas, apuntamentos on a regular basis /Fm L 'pczqlol VMgBg/de xeito / maneira habitual paints /UCBmWg/pinturas pass a test /UEg L 'WCgW/aprobar un exame PE /UA'A/educación física physics /'cbhbyg/física play the guitar /UoM fl ZB'WE/tocar a guitarra play volleyball /UoM 'dfoivgo/xogar ao voleibol practise the piano /UpæYWBg fl Ui'DmN/practicar piano quiz /YrBh/facer preguntas, preguntar remember /pb'lllvl/lembrar, recordar, acordarse de remind /pb'lomx/lembrar, recordar (a) research /pb'gka/investigación, esculca ride a bike /pox L 'VOY/montar / ir en bici Glossary send text messages /gcmx 'WCYgW lcgbbg/enviar mensaxes (de texto) shopping centre /'ifubn gcmwl/centro comercial skill /gybo/habilidade, habelencia skip /gybu/ saltar, chimpar, choutar spend /gucmx/gastar study for a test /gwjxi cl L 'WCgW/estudar para un exame subject /'gjvbbyw/materia, disciplina take a test /WMY L 'WCgW/facer un exame tennis racket /'WCmBg pdybw/raqueta de tenis test /WCgW/exame, proba, test textbook /'WCsWVHY/libro de texto tip /WBU/consello tired /'WOLX/cansado/a, canso/a turn into /WKm 'BmWL/ converterse / transformarse en unit 4 ancient /'MmiLmW/antigo/a attractive /L'WpDYWBd/atractivo/a, atraente, fermoso/a branch /VpEma/póla, rama bright /VpOW/brillante, escintilante; vivo/a (cor) bush /VHi/arbusto busy /'VBhi/ocupado/a; ateigado/a carat /'YDpLW/quilate carob /'YDpLV/alfarrobeira character /'YæpLYWL/personaxe cheap /aau/barato/a colourful /'YJoLco/colorido/a, de cores vivas conquer /'YFnYL/conquerir, conquistar crowded /'YpPXBX/ateigado/a, acugulado/a, cheo/a (de xente) death /XCe/(da) morte discovery /XB'gYJdLpi/descubrimento, descuberta dry /XpO/seco/a, ermo/a dull /XJo/esluído/a; sen brillo, apagado/a elaborate /B'oDVLpLW/elaborado/a, recargado/a expensive /BY'gUCmgBd/caro/a exploit /BY'gUoQW/fazaña, xesta, heroicidade fit /cbw/encaixar, acaer flower /'copl/flor

5 forever /clp'cdl/para sempre gain control /ZMm YLm'WpNo/facerse co control gold /ZLHoX/ouro gold rush /'ZLHoX pji/febre de ouro golden /'ZLHoXLm/dourado/a, de ouro hard /kex/duro/a hardly /'kexoi/case, apenas heavy /'kcdi/pesado/a in control /Bm YLm'WpNo/que manda / controla; sereno/a jewellery /'bilopi/xoaría, xoias / alfaias land /odmx/terra (~ animal: animal terrestre) last /oegw/durar lawn /ogm/(xardín con) céspede leaf /oac/folla (planta) light /oow/lene, lixeiro/a, livián/á lively /'oodoi/animado/a, bulicioso/a look for /'ohy cg/buscar, procurar lose control /oih YLm'WpNo/perder o control low /olh/baixo/a mining area /'lombn CLpiL/área / zona mineira noisy /'mqhi/barulleiro/a, ruidoso/a ordinary /'GXmpi/normal, corrente out of control /PW Ld YLm'WpNo/fóra de control, descontrolado/a peaceful /'UAgco/tranquilo/a perhaps /UL'kDUg/quizais, talvez, se cadra, se callar plain /UoCBm/sinxelo/a pleasant /'UoChmW/agradábel reach /paa/conseguir, acadar, chegar a real /'palo/auténtico/a, verdadeiro/a reason /'pahm/razón, motivo recycle /pa'goyo/reciclar redwood /'pcxrhx/sequoia vermella right /pow/dereito rocky /'pfyi/rochoso/a root /piw/raíz sandy /'gdmxi/areoso/a, areento/a, de area search (n) /gka/busca, procura search (v) /gka/buscar, procurar seed /gax/semente sequoia /gb'yrql/sequoia shady /'imxi/sombreado/a, umbrío/a soft /gfcw/suave; mol, brando/a state /gwmw/estado strong /gwpfn/forte take control /WMY YLm'WpNo/tomar / coller o control, coller as rendas tear /WBL/bágoa, lágrima tree /WpA/árbore trunk /WpJnY/tronco unattractive /JmL'WpDYWBd/pouco atraente / atractivo/a unusual /Jm'qIjHLo/inusual, pouco común / corrente up to /'JU WL/até / ata, deica valley /'ddoi/val valuable /'dæoqhlvo/valioso/a weak /ray/débil, feble weight /rmw/peso unit 5 adopt /L'XFUW/adoptar alone /L'oNm/só/a Arctic /'EYWBY/Ártico/a bath /VEe/bañar be alone /VA L'oNm/estar só/a bounce /VPmg/botar, rebotar bring /VpBn/traer (~ back to life: volver á vida) by choice /VO 'aqg/por escolla / elección propia by yourself /VO qg'gcoc/só/a; sen axuda catch /YDa/coller, atrapar choice /aqg/elección, escolla; preferencia, alternativa claim /YoMl/afirmación crash /YpDi/chocar, estrelar(se) dig /XBZ/cavar, escavar discover /XB'gYJdL/descubrir dive /XOd/mergullar; somerxer(se) diver /'XOdL/mergullador/a; submarinista DNA /XA Cm 'M/ADN Earth /Ke/a Terra egg /CZ/ovo; óvulo explore /BY'gUoG/explorar Glossary extinct /BY'gWBnYW/extinguido/a, desaparecido/a (become ~: extinguirse, desaparecer) feed /cax/alimentar, dar de comer a first choice /ckgw 'aqg/primeira opción / alternativa floor /cog/piso, andar focus /'cnylg/centro / foco de interese / atención for long /cl 'ofn/por moito tempo goat /ZNW/cabra grapefruit /'ZpMUcpIW/pomelo ground /ZpPmX/terra, chan have no choice /kld mn 'aqg/non ter alternativa / opción hold /knox/suxeitar, soster, termar de hole /kno/burato, buraco; foxo

6 land /odmx/aterrar, aluar; caer, ir parar leave someone alone /oad gjlrjm L'oNm/deixar só/a / en paz a alguén light /oow/luz lonely /'onmoi/só/a; solitario/a, senlleiro/a make a choice /lmy L 'aqg/elixir, escoller meteor /'lawil/meteorito method /'lcelx/método milk /lboy/munxir, munguir mixed /lbygw/ diverso/a, surtido/a on your own /Fm qg 'Nm/só/a; sen axuda parachute /'UDpLiIW/lanzarse, guindarse / saltar en paracaídas pool /UIo/piscina; estanque prehistoric /UpAkB'gWFpBY/prehistórico/a preserve /UpB'hKd/preservar, conservar pull /UHo/tirar, turrar (de) push /UHi/empurrar Pyrenean ibex /UipLmCLm 'OVCYg/Cabra montesa pirenaica recreate /paypi'mw/recrear row /pn/remar (en) sabre-toothed tiger /gmvlwiew 'WOZL/tigre dentes de sabre save /gmd/salvar short-faced bear /'igwcmgw VS/oso de fociño curto / de cara curta solo /'gnolh/só/a, a soas spectacled bear /'gucywlyox VS/oso andino succeed /gly'gax/ter éxito, dar resultado, saír ben survive /gl'dod/sobrevivir swim /grbl/nadar touch /WJWi/tocar train /WpMm/amestrar, adestrar trek /WpCY/facer sendeirismo, facer unha andaina volunteer /dfolm'wbl/facer voluntariado, ser voluntario/a whale /rmo/balea woolly mammoth /rhoi 'ldlle/mamut laúdo woolly rhino /rhoi 'pomn/rinoceronte laúdo unit 6 air conditioner /'CL YLmXBiLmL/(aparello de) aire / ar acondicionado alarm clock /L'oEl YoFY/espertador ambulance siren /'DlVqLoLmg goplm/sirena de ambulancia audience /'GXiLmg/ público, espectadores/as awake /L'rCBY/esperto/a blender /'VoCmXL/batedor brain /VpMm/cerebro break a heart /VpMY L 'kew/partir / romper un corazón car horn /'YE kgm/bucina do coche, claxon classical /'YoDgBYo/(música) clásica come out /YJl 'PW/saír ao mercado coordination /YNGXB'mCBim/coordinación costume /'YFgWqIl/de disfraces country /'YJmWpi/(música) country damage /'XDlBXj/danar, prexudicar danger signal /'XMmbL gbzmlo/sinal de perigo decibel /'XCgBVCo/decibelio drill /XpBo/trade drums /XpJlh/batería; tambores Glossary electric shaver /BoCYWpBY 'imdl/máquina de afeitar / barbear eléctrica environment /Bm'dOpLmlLmW/ambiente, contorno/a find a solution /comx L gl'oiim/atopar unha solución find it in yourself /comx BW Bm qg'gcoc/animarse a / atopar motivo para (facer algo) find out /comx 'PW/averiguar, esculcar; descubrir find the time /comx fl 'WOl/atopar / tirar tempo find your way /comx qg 'rm/saber chegar, orientarse greater /'ZpCBWL/maior, máis vello/a, meirande guitar /ZB'WE/guitarra hairdryer /'kclxpol/secador do pelo hard rock /kex 'pfy/rock duro heart /kew/corazón heart attack /'kew LWDY/ataque ao corazón, infarto hip-hop /'kbukfu/hip-hop illegally /B'oAZLoi/ilegalmente instrument /'BmgWpLlLmW/instrumento iron /'OLm/ferro (de pasar) jazz /bdh/jazz keyboard /'YAVGX/teclado Latin /'odwbm/(música) latina lawnmower /'ogmlnl/ cortacéspede learn by heart /okm VO 'kew/aprender de memoria live /obd/en vivo / directo machinery /ll'iamlpi/maquinaria mark /ley/cualificación measure /'lcjl/medir MP4 player /ClUA'cG UoML/MP4, reprodutor de MP4 musician /lqi'hbim/músico/a noise-meter /'mqhlawl/medidor de ruído perform /UL'cGl/actuar; interpretar pop /UFU/pop public /'UJVoBY/público R&B /p mx 'VA/R & B (Rhythm and Blues)

7 rap /pdu/rap reggae /'pczm/reggae rhythm /'pbfll/ritmo rock /pfy/rock salsa /'gdogl/salsa saxophone /'gdyglcnm/saxofón sound system /'gpmx gbgwll/equipo de son sudden /'gjxm/súpeto/a, inesperado/a the heart of the matter /fl kew Ld fl 'ldwl/o esencial, o miolo, o cerne UK /qi'ym/reino Unido vacuum cleaner /'ddyqhll YoAmL/aspirador/a vinyl record /'domo pcygx/disco de vinilo violin /dol'obm/violín wake up /rmy 'JU/espertar(se) zoom /hil/ir / pasar a toda velocidade unit 7 according to /L'YGXBn WL/de acordo con, segundo, consonte a after-world /'EcWLrKoX/o alén, o máis alá angry /'DnZpi/enfadado/a apply for a job /L'UoO cl L bfv/presentarse a / solicitar un traballo bad luck /VDX 'ojy/mala sorte bless /VoCg/bendicir bored /VGX/aborrecido/a break /VpMY/romper, crebar bring /VpBn/traer carry /'YDpi/levar, traer cave /YMd/cova century /'gcmalpi/século common /'YFlLm/común, corrente, frecuente confused /YLm'cqIhX/confundido/a, confuso/a, desconcertado/a connection /YL'mCYim/conexión, relación crack /YpDY/fenda, greta dark /XEY/escuridade dead /XCX/morto/a deadly /'XCXoi/mortal; mortífero/a death /XCe/morte die /XO/morrer die for /XO 'cl/morrer por die of /XO 'Ld/morrer de disappear /XBgL'UBL/desaparecer dream /XpAl/soñar drop /XpFU/deixar caer; tirar dying to /'XOn WL/que morre de ganas / devece por early /'Koi/primeiro/a embarrassed /Bl'VDpLgW/avergoñado/a, violento/a, incómodo/a excited /BY'gOWBX/emocionado/a, ilusionado/a exhausted /BZ'hGgWBX/exhausto/a, esgotado/a four-leafed clover /cgoacw 'YoPdL/trevo de catro follas Glossary frightened /'cpowmx/asustado/a, amedrentado/a, con medo get a job /ZCW L 'bfv/conseguir / acadar un traballo goddess /'ZFXCg/deusa have a job /kld L 'bfv/ter un traballo hug /kjz/abrazar, apertar immediately /B'lAXiLWoi/inmediatamente, decontado job /bfv/traballo, emprego jobless /'bfvolg/desempregado/a, sen traballo kiss /YBg/bicar, beixar level /'ocdo/nivel lose a job /oih L 'bfv/perder un traballo lucky charm /ojyi 'ael/amuleto da sorte manufacturer /ldmqh'cdywilpl/fabricante mercury /'lkyqlpi/mercurio Middle Ages /lbxo 'CBbBh/Idade Media monk /ljny/monxe pick /UBY/coller, recoller prisoner /'UpBhmL/prisioneiro/a proud /UpPX/orgulloso/a, fachendoso/a put /UHW/poñer, pór refuse /pb'cqih/rexeitar, negarse run away /pjm L'rCB/fuxir, escapar sail /gmo/navegar; zarpar, saír en barco salary /'gdolpi/salario, soldo scratch /gypda/rañar(se) scream /gypal/berrar, berregar, gritar sneeze /gmah/espirrar sound /gpmx/soar spirit /'gubpbw/espírito, alma statue /'gwdai/estatua step /gwcu/pisar still /gwbo/aínda superstition /giul'gwbim/superstición surprised /gl'upohx/sorprendido/a sweep /grau/varrer symbol /'gblvo/símbolo take /WMY/levar thrilled /epbox/entusiasmado/a, afervoado/a, moi ledo/a throw /epn/lanzar, guindar; tirar throw away /epn 'LrM/tirar ao lixo

8 turn into (stone) /WKm BmWL 'gwnm/converterse en (pedra) unlucky /Jm'oJYi/desafortunado/a, de mala sorte; que trae mala sorte upset /JU'gCW/desgustado/a, molesto/a, amolado/a village /'dbobb/vila, aldea visitor /'dbhbwl/visitante wish /rbi/desexar witch /rba/meiga, bruxa worried /'rjpix/preocupado/a unit 8 age /CBb/idade alive /L'oOd/vivo/a aquarium /L'YrCLpiLl/acuario balcony /'VDoYLmi/balcón, terraza blind /VoOmX/cego/a bowling alley /'VLHoBn Doi/boleira buy tickets /VO 'WBYBWg/mercar / comprar entradas café /'YæcM/cafetaría, café car park /'YE UEY/aparcadoiro ceiling /'gaobn/teito chemist s /'YClBgWg/farmacia Chinese /WiO'mAh/chinés/a; chinés (idioma) collect /YL'oCYW/coller / recoller; coleccionar curious /'YqHLpiLg/curioso/a customer /'YJgWLlL/cliente/a department store /XB'UEWlLmW gwg/grandes almacéns electronics shop /BoCY'WpFmBYg ifu/tenda de electrónica extraordinary /BY'gWpGXLmpi/extraordinario/a; incríbel, insólito/a floor /cog/piso; chan football field /'chwvgo caox/campo de fútbol frightening /'cpowmbn/arrepiante, espantoso/a garage /'ZDpEj/garaxe get a haircut /ZCW L 'kclyjw/cortar o pelo glass /ZoEg/cristal, vidro go bowling /ZLH 'VLHoBn/ir xogar aos birlos / bólos go on rides /ZLH Fm 'poxh/montar nas atraccións hairdresser s /'kclxpcglh/salón de peiteado hang out /kæn 'PW/pasar o tempo / un anaco have a look at /kld L 'ohy LW/botarlle unha ollada a have fun /kdd 'cjm/divertirse, pasalo ben high up /ko 'JU/arriba, enriba hire /'kol/alugar; contratar hotel /kn'wco/hotel ice hockey /'Og kfyi/hóckey sobre xeo ice rink /'Og pbny/pista de xeo ice-skate /'OggYMW/patinar sobre xeo ice skating /'Og gymwbn/patinaxe sobre xeo indoor /'BmXG/cuberto/a, interior Indian Ocean /BmXiLm 'Nim/océano Índico join /bqm/unirse, xuntarse kid /YBX/neno/a live /obd/en vivo / directo Glossary Maldivian /lgo'xbdilm/maldivano/a; maldivano (idioma) market /'leybw/mercado meeting /'lawbn/xuntanza, encontro Middle East /lbxo 'AgW/Oriente Medio move around /lid L'pPmX/moverse / trasladarse dun lugar a outro odd /FX/estraño/a, raro/a oil /Qo/petróleo; petrolífero/a Olympic-sized /L'oBlUBYgOhX/de dimensións olímpicas order a pizza /GXL L 'UAWgL/pedir unha pizza outdoor /'PWXG/descuberto/a, ao ar / aire libre, exterior own /Nm/propio/a peculiar /UB'YqIoiL/estraño/a, raro/a; peculiar pub /UJV/pub, bar rent /pcmw/alugar reservation /pchl'dmim/reserva ride /pox/atracción roof /pic/teito, tellado sky /gyo/ceo sorbet /'ggvm/sorbete stay at home /gwm LW 'knl/ficar / quedar na casa step /gwcu/chanzo, banzo store /gwg/gardar strange /gwpmmb/estraño/a, raro/a take a nap /WMY L 'mdu/botar a / unha sesta take photos /WMY 'cnwnh/facer / tirar fotos tank /WDnY/acuario theme park /'eal UEY/parque temático underwater (adj) /JmXL'rGWL/submarino/a, subacuático/a underwater (adv) /JmXL'rGWL/embaixo / debaixo da auga unusual /Jm'qIjHLo/inusual, pouco común / corrente video game /'dbxilh ZMl/videoxogo wait in a queue /rmw Bm L 'YqI/agardar nunha / facer cola walk through /rgy 'epi/camiñar a través de, pasar por wall /rgo/parede weird /rblx/estraño/a, raro/a worker /'rkyl/traballador/a zoo /hi/zoo, zoolóxico

9 unit 9 actually /'DYWiToi/en realidade, realmente, de feito ADHD /M XA Ma 'Xi/TDAH (Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividade) alone /L'oNm/só/a; unicamente, só (by women ~: só por mulleres) armour /'ElL/armadura aunt /EmW/tía Amazon /'DlLhLm/amazona be born /VA VGm/nacer become /VB'YJl/chegar a ser, facerse; converterse en boarding school /'VGXBn gyio/internado bow and arrow /VP LmX 'DpN/arcos e flechas capture /'YæUWiL/apoderarse, apropiarse de changing /'ammbbn/cambiante commit /YL'lBW/cometer cousin /'YJhm/curmán/á cry /YpO/chorar; berrar daughter /'XGWL/filla deal with /'XAo rbf/ ocuparse / encargarse de destroy /XB'gWpQ/destruír die /XO/morrer fact /cæyw/feito fall in love /cgo Bm 'ojd/namorarse father-in-law /'ceflbmog/sogro female /'calmo/muller, dona fight /cow/loitar get a job /ZCW L 'bfv/conseguir / acadar un traballo get along /ZCW L'oFn/levarse ben get divorced /ZCW XB'dGgX/divorciarse get married /ZCW 'ldpix/casar(se) god /ZFX/deus granddaughter /'ZpDmXGWL/neta grandfather /'ZpDmcEfL/avó grandmother /'ZpDmlJfL/avoa grandparents /'ZpDmUSpLmWg/avós grandson /'ZpDmgJm/neto have children /kdd 'WiBoXpLm/ter fillos howl /kpo/dar ouveos, ouvear / bramar human /'kqillm/humano/a humane /kqi'lcbm/humano/a, humanitario/a husband /'kjhvlmx/marido, esposo, home legend /'ocblmx/lenda male /lcbo/varón; home meet /law/encontrarse, atoparse; coñecerse moan /lnm/xemer; queixarse, laiarse mother-in-law /'ljflbmog/sogra move /lid/mudarse, trasladarse murder /'lkxl/asasinato myth /lbe/mito nephew /'mccqi/sobriño niece /mag/sobriña notice /'mnwbg/decatarse, darse de conta only /'Nmoi/só, soamente punishment /'UJmBilLmW/castigo put down /UHW 'XPm/deixar, soltar put off /UHW 'Fc/adiar, aprazar, pospoñer, pospor put out /UHW 'PW/sacar; apagar Glossary put up /UHW 'JU/subir; erguer (~ with: soportar, aguantar) reader /'paxl/lector/a (be) related to /(VA) pb'ocbwbx WI/(estar) emparentado/a con, (ser) parente de review /pb'dqi/reseña, crítica run /pjm/dirixir, gobernar scream /gypal/berrar, bradar set /gcw/plató (be ~: desenvolverse, estar ambientado/a) shout /ipw/gritar, berrar shriek /ipay/bradar siblings /'gbvobnh/irmáns/ás skeleton /'gycobwm/esqueleto son /gjm/fillo stepfather /'gwcucefl/padrasto stepmother /'gwculjfl/madrasta stepson /'gwcugjm/fillastro study /'gwjxi/estudar Trojan War /WpNbLm 'rg/guerra de Troia tribe /WpOV/tribo trouble /'WpJVo/problema/s, lea/s (get into ~: meterse en problemes) turn around /WKm L'pPmX/dar a volta turn into /WKm 'BmWL/converter(se) en turn out /WKm 'PW/resultar uncle /'JnYo/tío warrior /'rfpil/guerreiro/a weep /rau/chorar widow /'rbxn/viúva (become a ~: enviuvar, ficar viúva) widower /'rbxnl/viúvo wife /roc/muller, dona, esposa yell /qco/berrar, bramar

10 Grammar Appendix Introduction CONTRASTE present simple / present continuous O Present Simple expresa hábitos e rutinas, mais o Present Continuous sinala o que está a ocorrer mentres se fala. They usually have lunch at home, but today they re eating at a restaurant. (Polo xeral comen na casa, mais hoxe están a comer nun restaurante.) Para formar a 3ª persoa do singular do Present Simple os máis dos verbos engaden -s: like - likes read - reads walk - walks sit - sits Nos seguintes casos, engádese -es no canto de -s: - Se remata en ss, sh, ch ou x: pass - passes watch - watches wash - washes mix - mixes - Se remata en o: do - does go - goes - Se remata en consoante + y, cámbiase o y por un i: study - studies carry - carries Para formar o Present Continuous cómpre reparar nestas regras ortográficas para engadir -ing ao verbo: - Se remata en e mudo, pérdese o e: live - living - Se é de 1 sílaba e remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante, dóbrase esta consoante: run - running sit - sitting - Se é de 2 sílabas e ten o acento na última, dóbrase a derradeira consoante: prefer - preferring begin - beginning - Se remata en l, dóbrase a devandita letra: travel - travelling - Se remata en ie, cámbiase ie por un y: lie - lying die - dying Os verbos estáticos empréganse para expresar gostos, desexos, sentimentos e emocións, actividades da mente e opinións, percepción e pertenza e non se adoitan empregar co Present Continuous. love like hate want think remember know understand believe see hear smell taste feel own gostos, desexos, sentimentos e emocións actividades da mente e opinións percepción pertenza He wants a new computer. (El quere un ordenador novo.) Do you think he s ill? (Cres que está doente?) I don t hear you. (Non te oio.) They own a house on the beach. (Eles teñen unha casa na praia.) O Past simple Forma contraída I shouted I did not shout I didn t shout You shouted You did not shout You didn t shout He shouted He did not shout He didn t shout She shouted She did not shout She didn t shout It shouted It did not shout It didn t shout We shouted We did not shout We didn t shout You shouted You did not shout You didn t shout They shouted They did not shout They didn t shout Interrogativa Respostas curtas Did I shout...? Yes, I did. No, I didn t. Did you shout...? Yes, you did. No, you didn t. Did he shout...? Yes, he did. No, he didn t. Did she shout...? Yes, she did. No, she didn t. Did it shout...? Yes, it did. No, it didn t. Did we shout...? Yes, we did. No, we didn t. Did you shout...? Yes, you did. No, you didn t. Did they shout...? Yes, they did. No, they didn t. 10

11 : fórmase engadindo -ed aos verbos regulares e é igual en todas as persoas. I watched TV last night. (Vin a televisión esta noite.) Nos seguintes casos, cómpre reparar nestas regras ortográficas para engadir -ed: - Se remata en e mudo, só se engade: dance - danced arrive - arrived - Se é de 1 sílaba e remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante, dóbrase esta consoante: stop - stopped plan - planned - Se é de 2 sílabas e ten o acento na derradeira, dóbrase a derradeira consoante: prefer - preferred permit - permitted - Se remata en l, dóbrase esa letra: travel - travelled - Se conclúe en consoante + y, cámbiase o y por un i: study - studied try - tried Os verbos irregulares non seguen regra ningunha e, por iso, cómpre aprender a súa forma de pasado de memoria. Podes consultar a listaxe das páxinas : suxeito + did not ou didn t + verbo na forma base. She didn t eat ice cream yesterday. (Ela non comeu un xeado onte.) Interrogativa: Did + suxeito + un verbo na forma base. Did your friend like his present? (Ao teu amigo gustoulle o seu agasallo?) Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + did ou didn t. Did you drink your tea? Yes, I did. / No, I didn t. (Bebiches o té? Bebín. Si. / Non.) Os usos do Past Simple Expresarmos accións pasadas Dicirmos qué se fixo nun momento concreto Contarmos historias en pasado Contarmos como eran as cousas noutro tempo He enjoyed the party. (El gozou da festa.) The teacher gave us an exam last Tuesday. (O profesor púxonos un exame o martes pasado.) I had breakfast. Then I went for a walk. (Almorcei. Logo fun dar unha volta.) In the past, people didn t use computers. (No pasado, a xente non empregaba ordenadores.) Co Past Simple adoitan empregarse estas expresións temporais: as que levan ago (hai) ao final de expresión, last night / week / year (esta noite, a semana pasada, o ano pasado), at + unha hora, on + un día ou unha data, in + un ano, in the past (no pasado), yesterday (onte), etc. Grammar Appendix Poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase, mais adoitan poñerse ao final. He slept at Tom s house on Saturday. (El durmiu na casa de Tom o sábado.) Neil Armstrong walked on the moon in (Neil Armstrong pisou a lúa en 1969.) O past CONTINUOUS Forma contraída I was doing I was not doing I wasn t doing You were doing You were not doing You weren t doing He was doing He was not doing He wasn t doing She was doing She was not doing She wasn t doing It was doing It was not doing It wasn t doing We were doing We were not doing We weren t doing You were doing You were not doing You weren t doing They were doing They were not doing They weren t doing Interrogativa Respostas curtas Was I doing? Yes, I was. No, I wasn t. Were you doing? Yes, you were. No, you weren t. Was he doing? Yes, he was. No, he wasn t. Was she doing? Yes, she was. No, she wasn t. Was it doing? Yes, it was. No, it wasn t. Were we doing? Yes, we were. No, we weren t. Were you doing? Yes, you were. No, you weren t. Were they doing? Yes, they were. No, they weren t. : suxeito + was / were + un verbo rematado en -ing. I was cooking in the kitchen. (Estaba a cociñar na cociña.) As regras ortográficas para engadir -ing atópanse na páxina 10. : suxeito + was / were + not ou n t + un verbo rematado en -ing. It wasn t raining this morning. (Non estaba a chover esta mañá.) Interrogativa: Was / Were + suxeito + un verbo rematado en -ing. Were they driving to work? (Estaban a conducir cara ao traballo?) Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + was / were sen contraer en afirmativa ou contraído coa partícula not en negativa. Was he studying with his friend? Yes, he was. / No, he wasn t. (Estaba a estudar co seu amigo? Estaba. Si. / Non.) 11

12 Co Past Continuous adoitan empregarse as seguintes expresións temporais: as que levan ago (hai) ao final da expresión, at + unha hora, yesterday morning / afternoon (onte pola mañá / tarde), last night (esta noite), etc. Poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase, pero adoitan poñerse ao final. We were playing football yesterday afternoon. (Estabamos a xogar ao fútbol onte pola tarde.) You were doing your homework two hours ago. (Estabas a facer os deberes hai dúas horas.) Os usos do Past Continuous Expresarmos o que estaba a ocorrer no pasado Describirmos dúas ou máis accións prolongadas e simultáneas no pasado, unidas por while ou as UNIT 1 They were taking pictures of animals at 3 o clock. (Estaban a tirar fotos de animais ás 3 en punto.) We were talking on the phone while / as you were reading a magazine. (Estabamos a falar por teléfono mentres estabas a ler unha revista.) CONTRASTE PAST simple / past CONTINUOUS O Past Simple indica que a acción ocorreu e rematou no tempo sinalado na frase, mentres que o Past Continuous fala de accións prolongadas que estaban a ocorrer no pasado. Jack travelled to China in (Jack viaxou a China en 1988.) I was riding a bike yesterday morning. (Estiven a montar en bici onte pola mañá.) Co Past Continuous adoitan empregarse as conxuncións while ou as para falarmos de accións simultáneas. While / As we were waiting for my mother, she was buying some fruit. (Mentres estabamos a esperar pola miña nai, ela estaba a mercar algo de froita.) Emprégase while ou when para falarmos dunha acción prolongada interrompida por outra no pasado. While Jack was sleeping, the telephone rang. (Mentres Jack estaba a durmir, o teléfono soou.) I was cleaning the kitchen when he arrived. (Estaba a limpar a cociña cando el chegou.) Co Past Simple adóitase empregar when e co Past Continuous while. UNIT 2 OS TEMPOS VERBAIS DE FUTURO O futuro con will I will play You will play He will play She will play It will play We will play You will play They will play I will not play You will not play He will not play She will not play It will not play We will not play You will not play They will not play Interrogativa Forma contraída I ll play You ll play He ll play She ll play It ll play We ll play You ll play They ll play Forma contraída I won t play You won t play He won t play She won t play It won t play We won t play You won t play They won t play Respostas curtas Will I play...? Yes, I will. No, I won t. Will you play...? Yes, you will. No, you won t. Will he play...? Yes, he will. No, he won t. Will she play...? Yes, she will. No, she won t. Will it play...? Yes, it will. No, it won t. Will we play...? Yes, we will. No, we won t. Will you play...? Yes, you will. No, you won t. Will they play...? Yes, they will. No, they won t. : suxeito + o auxiliar will + verbo na forma base. É igual en todas as persoas. Na conversa, will contrae co suxeito ( ll). He will become a good doctor one day. (Chegará a ser un bo doutor algún día.) : suxeito + will not ou won t + verbo na forma base. They won t score any goals. (Non marcarán gol ningún.) Interrogativa: Will + suxeito + verbo na forma base. Will you help me? (Axudarasme?) Grammar Appendix Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + will ou won t. Will it be sunny at the weekend? Yes, it will. / No, it won t. (Irá sol a fin de semana? Irá. Si. / Non.) 12

13 Os usos do futuro con will Predicirmos o que se cre que ocorrerá Expresarmos decisións súpetas Facermos promesas ou ofrecementos I think they will travel to Ireland. (Coido que viaxarán a Irlanda.) It s hot. I ll wear my sandals. (Vai calor. Porei as miñas sandalias.) I ll take you home. (Levareite á casa.) Con will adoitan empregarse expresións temporais como later (máis tarde), soon (axiña, pronto), in an hour (nunha hora), tomorrow (mañá), next week / month / year (a semana / o mes / o ano que vén), etc. Tamén se empregan outras que sinalan un futuro afastado: in ten years (en dez anos), in + un ano, one day (algún día), in the future (no futuro), etc. Todas poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase, mais adoitan poñerse ao final. We will arrive in an hour. (Chegaremos nunha hora.) O futuro con be going to I am going to travel You are going to travel He is going to travel She is going to travel It is going to travel We are going to travel You are going to travel They are going to travel e forma contraída I am not / I m not going to travel Forma contraída I m going to travel You re going to travel He s going to travel She s going to travel It s going to travel We re going to travel You re going to travel They re going to travel You are not / You aren t / You re not going to travel He is not / He isn t / He s not going to travel She is not / She isn t / She s not going to travel It is not / It isn t / It s not going to travel We are not / We aren t / We re not going to travel You are not / You aren t / You re not going to travel They are not / They aren t / They re not going to travel Interrogativa Respostas curtas Am I going to travel? Yes, I am. No, I m not. Are you going to travel? Yes, you are. No, you aren t. Is he going to travel? Yes, he is. No, he isn t. Is she going to travel? Yes, she is. No, she isn t. Is it going to travel? Yes, it is. No, it isn t. Are we going to travel? Yes, we are. No, we aren t. Are you going to travel? Yes, you are. No, you aren t. Are they going to travel? Yes, they are. No, they aren t. Grammar Appendix : suxeito + to be en presente + going to + verbo na forma base. Jack is going to compete in the championship next summer. (Jack vai competir no campionato o vindeiro verán.) : suxeito + to be en presente + not ou n t + going to + verbo na forma base. They aren t going to play tennis next Friday. (Non van xogar ao tenis o vindeiro venres.) Interrogativa: to be en presente + suxeito + going to + verbo na forma base. Is she going to join the team? (Ela vai unirse ao equipo?) Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + o verbo to be, sen contraer en afirmativa ou contraído coa partícula not en negativa. Are you going to watch the match on Saturday? Yes, I am. / No, I m not. (Vas ver o partido o sábado? Vou. Si. / Non.) Os usos do futuro con be going to Falarmos de intencións, plans ou decisións Expresarmos o que vai ocorrer pois hai indicios diso I m going to meet them at the cinema. (Vou quedar con eles no cinema.) Look at the score! They re going to win. (Mira o marcador! Van gañar.) Con be going to adoitan empregarse as seguintes expresións temporais: later (máis tarde), soon (axiña), in an hour (nunha hora), tomorrow (mañá), next week / month / year (a semana / o mes / o ano vindeiro), etc. Todas poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase, mais adoitan poñerse ao final. I m going to buy a new shirt next week. (Vou mercar unha camisa nova a semana vindeira.) They are going to study for the exam later. (Van estudar para o exame máis tarde.) O Present Continuous con valor de futuro O Present Continuous expresa o que está a ocorrer no presente, mais tamén se emprega para falar de accións fixadas con antelación que ocorrerán nun futuro vindeiro. Expresa algo que ocorrerá con seguridade, non unha intención. We re playing volleyball tomorrow. (Xogamos / Xogaremos ao voleibol mañá.) [xa se decidiu] O Present Continuous con valor de futuro debe ir acompañado dunha expresión temporal que sinale cando vai ocorrer a acción: soon (axiña), later (máis tarde), tomorrow (mañá), tonight (esta noite), next week / month / year (a semana / o mes / o ano vindeiro), etc. 13

14 He is running a race next weekend. (Corre / Correrá unha carreira a semana vindeira.) We are flying to Paris this evening. (Voamos / Voaremos a París esta noite.) UNIT 3 O PRIMEIRO CONDICIONAL Emprégase para falar dunha acción (ou resultado) que ocorrerá se se cumpre a condición sinalada. : a condición (oración subordinada) exprésase con if + Present Simple, e o resultado (oración principal), adoita ir en futuro con will. Se a condición vai primeiro, ponse unha vírgula entre a oración principal e a subordinada. If he studies hard, he will get good marks. (Se el estuda moito, obterá boas cualificacións.) He will get good marks if he studies hard. (El obterá boas cualificacións se estuda moito.) : pódese negar o verbo en presente, o verbo en futuro ou ambos os dous. If she doesn t go to the party, I will stay at home. (Se ela non vai á festa, quedarei na casa.) If she goes to the party, I won t stay at home. (Se ela vai á festa, non quedarei na casa.) If she doesn t go to the party, I won t stay at home. (Se ela non vai á festa, non quedarei na casa.) Interrogativa: Will + suxeito + predicado da oración principal + oración subordinada. Will they go to the beach if it rains? (Irán á praia se chove?) Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + will ou won t. Will you play the guitar if he sings? Yes, I will. / No, I won t. (Tocarás a guitarra se el canta? Tocarei. Si. / Non.) Pódese empregar unless ou when na condición. Para expresarmos que algo ocorrerá ou non ocorrerá se non se cumpre a condición, a subordinada introdúcese pola conxunción unless, que equivale a if not ( a non ser que, a menos que, se non ). Unless you concentrate, you will fail the exam. (Se non te concentras, suspenderás o exame.) Con when falamos sobre algo que ocorrerá con seguridade. When I arrive home, I will call you. (Cando chegue á casa, chamareite.) O SEGUNDO CONDICIONAL Emprégase para falar de accións hipotéticas referidas ao presente, isto é, que é pouco probable que ocorran, e para dar consello. : a condición exprésase con if + Past Simple, e o resultado con would (ou a contracción d) + o verbo na forma base. If I understood the problem, I d solve it. (Se entendese o problema, resolveríao.) Se o verbo da condición é to be, adoita empregarse were en todas as persoas do singular e do plural. If he were rich, he d buy a new car. (Se el fose rico, mercaría un coche novo.) Para dar consellos emprégase a fórmula If I were. If I were you, I d send him a text message. (Eu de ti, enviaríalle unha mensaxe de texto.) : pódese negar a condición, o resultado ou ambos os dous. If I didn t have money, I would work hard. (Se eu non tivese cartos, traballaría moito.) If I had money, I wouldn t work hard. (Se eu tivese cartos, non traballaría moito.) If I didn t work hard, I wouldn t have money. (Se eu non traballase moito, non tería cartos.) Interrogativa: Would + suxeito + predicado da oración principal + oración subordinada. Would you ride a camel if you were in the desert? (Montarías en camelo se estiveses no deserto?) Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + would ou wouldn t. Would you play the piano if you didn t play the guitar? Yes, I would. / No, I wouldn t. (Tocarías o piano se non tocases a guitarra? Tocaría. Si. / Non.) UNIT 4 O COMPARATIVO DOS ADXECTIVOS A forma comparativa Grammar Appendix Para compararmos dúas cousas, animais ou persoas empréganse os adxectivos en grao comparativo. O comparativo de superioridade (máis... que / ca / do que) emprégase para comparar dúas cousas, animais ou persoas cando unha supera á outra nalgún aspecto. Para formalo cómpre reparar na lonxitude do adxectivo: 1. Se ten 1 sílaba, ou 2 e remata en y, considérase curto e engádeselle a terminación -er. Detrás pónselle a partícula than. The silver necklace is cheaper than the gold one. (O colar de prata é máis barato que o de ouro.) 14

15 Nos seguintes casos, o adxectivo muda ao lle engadir -er: - Se ten 1 sílaba e remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante, dóbrase esa consoante: thin - thinner big - bigger - Se ten 2 sílabas e remata en consoante + y, cámbiase o y por un i: heavy - heavier easy - easier - Se remata en l, duplícase a devandita letra: cruel - crueller - Se conclúe en e mudo, só se engade -r: nice - nicer 2. Se o adxectivo ten 2 sílabas ou máis, é longo e a comparativa fórmase con more + adxectivo + than. Paul is more attractive than Jim. (Paul é máis atractivo que Jim.) O comparativo de inferioridade fórmase con less + adxectivo + than (menos... que / ca ou do que). Modern jewellery is less elaborate than ancient jewellery. (A xoiaría moderna é menos elaborada que a antiga.) O comparativo de igualdade fórmase con (not) as + adxectivo + as ((non) tan / tanto... como/a). This picture is as colourful as that one. (Este cadro é tan colorido coma ese.) A forma superlativa Emprégase para compararmos máis de dúas cousas, animais ou persoas e dicir que unha salienta sobre as demais. Ponse the diante do adxectivo e o adverbio most ou a terminación -es. Tamén cómpre ter en conta a súa lonxitude: - Se é curto, emprégase the + adxectivo + -est. These are the lightest clothes in the shop. (Esta é a roupa máis lixeira da tenda.) Segue as mesmas regras que para formar o comparativo con -er. big - biggest pretty - prettiest wide - widest cruel - cruellest sad - saddest happy - happiest large - largest - Se é longo, emprégase the most + adxectivo. This beach is the most peaceful place in the world. (Esta praia é o lugar máis tranquilo do mundo.) Grammar Appendix Para sinalar que alguén ou algo é inferior que o resto nalgún aspecto emprégase a estrutura the least + adxectivo. This is the least lively market in the city. (Este é o mercado menos animado da cidade.) O superlativo pode ir seguido das preposicións in, of e on. He s the most intelligent boy in the class. (El é o rapaz máis intelixente da clase.) Next Friday is the longest day of the year. (O vindeiro venres é o día máis longo do ano.) Which is the highest mountain on Earth? (Cal é a montaña máis alta da Terra?) Os adxectivos irregulares Non seguen regra ningunha e, por iso, cómpre aprender as súas formas comparativa e superlativa de memoria. Adxectivo Comparativo Superlativo good (bo, bon/boa) bad (malo/a; mao/má) far (afastado/a) little (pouco/a) better than worse than farther / further than less than the best the worst the farthest / furthest the least too, (not)... enough Too vai diante do adxectivo e sinala que a cualidade expresada por este é excesiva. Significa de máis, demasiado. This ring is too bright. (Este anel é brillante de máis.) Not + adxectivo + enough significa non abondo, non (o) bastante ou non (o) suficientemente. That football player is good enough for our team. (Este xogador de fútbol é abondo / suficientemente bo para o noso equipo.) She is not old enough to drive. (Ela non é (o) abondo / suficientemente maior para guiar.) 15

16 O COMPARATIVO DOS ADVERBIOS Os adverbios dannos máis información sobre os verbos. Describen a maneira en que facemos unha acción. She walks slowly. (Ela camiña amodo.) Pódense comparar dúas accións empregando esta estrutura: more + adverbio + than. She walks more slowly than her sister. (Ela camiña máis amodo que a súa irmá.) Tamén se poden comparar dúas accións empregando: less + adverbio + than. I drive less carefully than my father. (Conduzo con menos coidado que o meu pai.) Con as + adverbio + as indícase que dúas accións se realizan do mesmo xeito. She walks as slowly as her sister. (Ela camiña tan amodo como a súa irmá.) Os adverbios irregulares Non seguen regra ningunha e, por iso, cómpre aprender estes adverbios e a súa forma compartiva de memoria. Adxectivo fast (rápido/a) hard (duro/a; difícil) high (alto/a) Adverbio fast (á présa, rapidamente) hard (duramente, moito) high (alto, a grande altura) Forma comparativa faster than harder than higher than far (lonxano) far (lonxe) farther / further than good (bo/a) well (ben) better than bad (malo, mao/ mala, má) badly (mal) worse than Grammar Appendix UNIT 5 O PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE Forma contraída I have washed I ve washed You have washed You ve washed He has washed He s washed She has washed She s washed It has washed It s washed We have washed We ve washed You have washed You ve washed They have washed They ve washed Forma contraída I have not washed I haven t washed You have not washed You haven t washed He has not washed He hasn t washed She has not washed She hasn t washed It has not washed It hasn t washed We have not washed We haven t washed You have not washed You haven t washed They have not washed They haven t washed Interrogativa Respostas curtas Have I washed...? Yes, I have. No, I haven t. Have you washed...? Yes, you have. No, you haven t. Has he washed...? Yes, he has. No, he hasn t. Has she washed...? Yes, she has. No, she hasn t. Has it washed...? Yes, it has. No, it hasn t. Have we washed...? Yes, we have. No, we haven t. Have you washed...? Yes, you have. No, you haven t. Have they washed...? Yes, they have. No, they haven t. : suxeito + has / have + un verbo en participio. Os máis dos verbos engade -ed á forma base do verbo para formaren o participio. We have explored this area. (Exploramos esta zona.) Os verbos irregulares adoitar mudar de forma no participio. Non seguen regra ningunha e, por iso, cómpre aprendelos de memoria. Podes atopar unha listaxe nas páxinas I have eaten soup and sausages for dinner. (Comín sopa e mais salchichas para cear.) : suxeito + has / have + not ou n t + un verbo en participio. The plane hasn t landed. (O avión non aterrou.) 16

17 Interrogativa: Has / have + suxeito + un verbo en participio. Have you studied this unit? (Estudaches nesta unidade?) Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + has / have sen contraer en afirmativa ou contraído coa partícula not en negativa. Have they received a letter? Yes, they have. / No, they haven t. (Recibiron unha carta? Recibiron. Si. / Non.) Co Present Perfect Simple adoitan empregarse os seguintes adverbios e expresións temporais: ever never always already just yet interrogativa: Have you ever trekked through algunha vez the jungle? negativa: I haven t ever rowed a boat nunca, xamais afirmativa: She has never visited Paris. nunca, xamais They ve always listened to their sempre mother. We ve already discovered the afirmativa: xa truth. afirmativa: acabar / I have just cleaned my room. vir de negativa: She hasn t completed her aínda homework yet. interrogativa: xa recently recentemente lately several times ultimamente varias veces Have you found your ring yet? Have they travelled to London recently? He hasn t watered the plants lately. They have dug for treasure several times. so far até o momento I ve done five exercises so far. Cómpre ter en conta que: - Just, already, always, ever e never póñense entre o auxiliar have e o participio do verbo principal. - Yet colócase ao final da frase. - O resto de expresións poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase, mais adoitan poñerse ao final. for / since Co Present Perfect Simple tamén se empregan as expresións temporais que comezan con: - A preposición for seguida dun período de tempo que sinala a duración da acción. Tradúcese como durante, ao longo de ou non se traduce. Her mother has worked here for 15 years. (A súa nai traballou aquí ao longo de 15 anos.) Grammar Appendix - A preposición since, que sinala o intre en que comezou a acción. Tradúcese como desde, dende. I haven t watched a film since Sunday. (Non vin unha película desde / dende o domingo.) Os usos do Present Perfect Simple Accións que comezaron no pasado e aínda continúan (leva for ou since e tradúcese en presente) Accións pasadas que afectan ao presente ou teñen consecuencias no momento actual Accións pasadas sen especificar cando ocorreron Accións moi recentes (leva just e tradúcese por acabar / vir de + infinitivo) She has lived in Germany since (Ela vive en Alemaña desde 1998.) They have moved to a new house. (Eles mudáronse a unha casa nova.) She has survived the accident. (Ela sobreviviu ao accidente.) He has just fallen on the ground. (El acaba de caer ao chan.) CONTRASTE present perfect simple / past simple O Present Perfect Simple sinala que o que ocorreu no pasado garda relación co presente, aínda que non se especifica cando ocorreu. En cambio, o Past Simple fala de accións pasadas que xa non afectan ao momento actual e sinala cando ocorreron, con expresións de tempo tales como yesterday, last night, etc. They have parachuted many times. (Eles saltaron en paracaídas moitas veces.) She parachuted yesterday. (Ela saltou en paracaídas onte.) 17

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