Glossary. Advanced Real English 3. Glossary. Introduction

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1 Glossary Advanced Real English 3 Glossary Introduction aquarium /L'YrCLpiLl/acuario armchair /'ElWiCL/cadeira de brazos athletic /De'oCWBY/atlético/a bakery /'VMYLpi/panadaría bank /VDnY/banco bathroom /'VEepIl/cuarto de baño bedroom /'VCXpIl/dormitorio, habitación, cuarto blanket /'VoDnYBW/manta bowling alley /'VLHoBn Doi/boleira café /'YæcM/cafetaría canoe /YL'mI/canoa car park /'YE UEY/aparcadoiro carpet /'YEUBW/alfombra chemist s /'YClBgWg/farmacia cinema /'gbmlll/cinema clever /'YoCdL/listo/a, intelixente clock /YoFY/reloxo cloudy /'YoPXi/neboento/a, bretemoso/a cold /YNoX/frío/a confident /'YFmcBXLmW/seguro/a de si mesmo/a, confiado/a cool /YIo/fresco/a cupboard /'YJVLX/armario department store /XB'UEWlLmW gwg/grandes almacéns desk /XCgY/escritorio dining room /'XOmBn pil/comedor dishwasher /'XBirFiL/lavalouza electronics shop /BoCY'WpFmBYg ifu/tenda de electrónica ferry /'ccpi/transbordador, ferry funny /'cjmi/gracioso/a garden /'ZEXm/xardín hairdresser s /'kclxpcglh/salón de peiteado helicopter /'kcobyfuwl/helicóptero hospital /'kfgubwo/hospital hot /kfw/caloroso/a, cálido/a hotel /kn'wco/hotel jeep /bau/vehículo todoterreo kitchen /'YBWiBm/cociña lamp /odlu/lámpada library /'oovplpi/biblioteca lightning /'oowmbn/raio, relampo limousine /obll'ham/limusina living room /'obdbn pil/cuarto de estar, salón market /'leybw/mercado mirror /'lbpl/espello motorbike /'lnwlvoy/motocicleta, moto motorboat /'lnwlvnw/lancha motora nice /mog/agradábel, simpático/a oven /'Jdm/forno pillow /'UBoN/almofada, coxín post office /'UNgW FcBg/oficina de correos pub /UJV/pub rainy /'pmmi/chuvioso/a, de chuvia / choiva restaurant /'pcgwpfmw/restaurante scooter /'gyiwl/vespa, scooter serious /'gblpilg/serio/a shelf /icoc/andel, estante, balda ship /ibu/barco shower /'ipl/ducha shy /io/apoucado/a, tímido/a sink /gbny/vertedoiro, pía; lavabo snowy /'gmni/nevarento/a, de moita neve stadium /'gwcbxill/estadio stormy /'gwgli/treboento/a, de treboada sunny /'gjmi/solleiro/a taxi /'WæYgi/taxi toilet /'WQoLW/baño, servizo, váter train /WpMm/tren tram /WpDl/tranvía underground /'JmXLZpPmX/metro van /ddm/furgoneta, camioneta warm /rgl/temperado/a, cálido/a washing machine /'rfibn lliam/lavadora windy /'rbmxi/ventoso/a, de moito vento yacht /qfw/iate zoo /hi/zoo, zoolóxico unit 1 allow /L'oP/permitir, deixar average /'DdLpBb/medio/a be hurt /VA 'kkw/mancarse, resultar ferido/a borrow money /'VFpLH ljmi/pedir cartos prestados, tomar cartos prestados

2 break a record /VpMY L 'pcygx/superar unha marca bungee jumping /'VJmZA bjlubn/pontismo bus driver /'VJg XpOdL/condutor/a de autobús career /YL'pBL/carreira profesional cashier /YD'iR/caixeiro/a childminder /'WiOoXlOmXL/coidadora de nenos/as cleaner /'YoAmL/responsábel da limpeza climb out /YoOl 'PW/saír agatuñando / a agatuñar company director /YJlULmi XL'pCYWL/director/a dunha empresa cook /YHY/cociñeiro/a cool /YIo/xenial (be ~: prestar) diving /'XOdBn/(de) mergullo / submarinismo do an extreme sport /XI Dm BY'gWpAl gugw/facer / practicar un deporte de risco earn /Km/gañar (cartos, diñeiro) engineer /CmbB'mBL/enxeñeiro/a fair /ccl/xusto/a film producer /'cbol UpLXqIgL/produtor/a de cinema firefighter /'colcowl/bombeiro/a fly /coo/mosca get lost /ZCW 'ofgw/perderse go abroad /ZLH L'VpGX/marchar ao estranxeiro go diving /ZLH 'XOdBn/ir facer mergullo / submarinismo hairdresser /'kclxpcgl/peiteador/a have an accident /kdd Dm 'DYgBXLmW/ter un accidente have an exotic meal /kdd Dm BZ'hFWBY lao/comer algunha cousa exótica huge /kqib/enorme, inmenso/a job /bfv/traballo, emprego judge /bjb/xuíz/a kick /YBY/dar patadas a lifeguard /'ooczex/socorrista make money /lmy 'ljmi/gañar cartos / diñeiro motto /'lfwn/lema nurse /mkg/enfermeiro/a octopus /'FYWLULg/polbo on time /Fm 'WOl/a tempo, puntualmente (be ~: ser puntual) owl /Po/bufo; moucho pilot /'UOoLW/piloto salary /'gdolpi/salario, soldo save money /gmd 'ljmi/aforrar cartos / diñeiro scary /'gyclpi/que mete / dá medo, arrepiante seat /gaw/asento several /'gcdlpo/varios/as, diversos/as, uns/nhas cantos/as shop assistant /'ifu LgBgWLmW/dependente/a, vendedor/a sit /gbw/estar sentado/a; sentar(se) spend time /gucmx 'WOl/pasar tempo surgeon /'gkblm/cirurxián/á take time /WMY 'WOl/tomar tempo; levar tempo talented /'WDoLmWBX/talentoso/a, con talento (be ~: ter talento) tank /WDnY/tanque, depósito time after time /WOl EcWL 'WOl/unha e outra vez, repetidas ocasións top /WFU/cume, cumio, o máis alto train /WpMm/adestrar, amestrar underwater (adj) /JmXL'rGWL/submarino/a underwater (adv) /JmXL'rGWL/debaixo da auga waste money /rmgw 'ljmi/desbaldir cartos / diñeiro waste time /rmgw 'WOl/perder (o) tempo win /rbm/gañar (competición, premio) win an award /rbm Dm L'rGX/gañar un premio Glossary win an unusual race /rbm Dm JmqIjHLo 'pmg/gañar unha carreira pouco común / corrente work /rky/traballo (actividade, resultado); lugar de traballo unit 2 among /L'lJn/entre, en medio de (máis de dous/dúas) annoyed /L'mQX/enfadadado/a, amolado/a, molesto/a ashamed /L'iMlX/avergoñado/a, avergonzado/a bad news /VDX 'mqih/mala(s) noticia(s) / nova(s) between /VB'WrAm/entre (dous, dúas) break news /VpMY 'mqih/comunicar / dar a coñecer noticias, novas delighted /XB'oOWBX/encantado/a depressed /XB'UpCgW/deprimido/a, abatido/a disappointed /XBgL'UQmWBX/decepcionado/a, desilusionado/a disgusted /XBg'ZJgWBX/indignado/a do better /XI 'VCWL/facer mellor as cousas don t worry /XLHmW 'rjpi/non te preocupes draw the line /XpG fl 'oom/non tolerar / aceptar; fixar / pór límites fight over /'cow NdL/pelexar / rifar por frightened /'cpowmx/amedrentado/a (be ~: ter medo) frustrated /cpj'gwpmwbx/frustrado/a funny /'cjmi/estraño/a, raro/a furious /'cqhlpilg/furioso/a, carraxento/a good news /ZHX 'mqih/boa(s) noticia(s) / nova(s)

3 guilty /'ZBoWi/culpábel help me out /kcou la 'PW/axudarme, botarme unha man horrified /'kfpbcox/horrorizado/a, arrepiado/a, estarrecido/a I can t stand /O YEmW 'gwæmx/non podo aguantar / soportar / aturar I m feeling down. /Ol caobn 'XPm/Estou deprimido/a. It s tough. /BWg 'WJc/É duro. It s up to you. /BWg JU WL 'qi/depende de ti. / É cousa túa. I've got no idea. /Od ZFW mn O'XBL/Non teño nin idea. jealous /'XjCoLg/celoso/a, ciumento/a; envexoso/a (be ~: ter envexa) latest news /'omwbgw mqih/noticia(s) / nova(s) de última hora mean /lam/pretender, ter a intención de miserable /'lbhplvo/triste; co ánimo polo chan never mind /'mcdl lomx/non te preocupes; non importa, tanto ten no wonder /mn 'rjmxl/non me estraña (que...) nothing to worry about /'mjebn WL rjpi LVPW/nada de que se preocupar pass /UEg/aprobar put up with /UHW 'JU rbe/aguantar, soportar, aturar relation /pb'omim/relación, vencello; parente, familiar relationship /pb'omimibu/relación, vencello; parentesco relieved /pb'oadx/aliviado/a, desafogado/a, tranquilo/a rivalry /'podlopi/rivalidade sibling /'gbvobn/irmán/á spread news /gupcx 'mqih/divulgar(se) / espallar(se) / difundir noticias / novas survey /'gkdm/enquisa, estudo take a deep breath /WMY L XAU 'VpCe/respirar fondo teen /WAm/adolescente upset /JU'gCW/desgustado/a, amolado/a, molesto/a worried /'rjpix/preocupado/a worry (n) /'rjpi/preocupación worry (v)/'rjpi/preocupar(se) worry about /'rjpi LVPW/preocuparse por unit 3 anger /'DnZL/ira, cólera, carraxe art gallery /'EW ZDoLpi/galería de arte basketball court /'VEgYBWVGo YGW/cancha / pista de baloncesto bus stop /'VJg gwfu/parada de autobús busy /'VBhi/ateigado/a, concorrido/a change your mind /ammb qg 'lomx/cambiar / mudar de opinión / de idea concert hall /'YFmgLW kgo/sala de concertos Glossary concrete /'YFnYpAW/formigón (~ jungle: xungla de asfalto) damaging /'XDlBXjBn/daniño/a, prexudicial do our best /XI E 'VCgW/facer todo o posíbel do research /XI pb'gka/facer investigacións, investigar, esculcar do some good /XI gll 'ZHX/facer o ben farm /cel/granxa fun /cjm/divertimento (be ~: ser divertido/a / entretido/a; have ~: divertirse) funny /'cjmi/gracioso/a get a degree /ZCW L XB'ZpA/obter / sacar un título go mad /ZLH 'ldx/tolear, enlouquecer go to university /ZLH WL qimb'dkglwi/ir á universidade grow /ZpN/cultivar hi-tech /ko'wcy/(de) alta tecnoloxía illness /'BomLg/enfermidade, doenza keep in mind /YAU Bm 'lomx/ter en mente, lembrar lorry /'ofpi/camión make a difference /lmy L 'XBcpLmg/cambiar / mudar as cousas, causar unha impresión positiva make a discovery /lmy L XB'gYJdLpi/facer un descubrimento make an effort /lmy Dm 'CcLW/facer un esforzo make friends /lmy 'cpcmxh/facer amigos/as make mad /lmy 'ldx/tolear, enlouquecer make money /lmy 'ljmi/gañar cartos / diñeiro make rules /lmy 'pioh/ditar regras make space for /lmy 'gumg cl/facer espazo / sitio / lugar para make up your mind /lmy JU qg 'lomx/decidirse mind /lomx/mente office /'FcBg/oficina on your mind /Fm qg 'lomx/na mente / cabeza open space /'NULm gumg/espazo aberto / ao aire libre personal space /'UKgLmo gumg/espazo (persoal) playground /'UoMZpPmX/parque, zona de xogos power station /'UPL gwmim/central eléctrica provide /UpL'dOX/prover, subministrar residential neighbourhood /pchbxlmio 'mmvlkhx/barrio residencial short of space /igw Ld 'gumg/falto/a de espazo / sitio / lugar skyscraper /'gyogypmul/rañaceos solar power /gnol 'UPL/enerxía solar space /gumg/espazo, sitio square /gyrs/praza; cadrado start a business /gwew L 'VBhmLg/abrir / comezar un negocio take a test /WMY L 'WCgW/facer un exame tennis court /'WCmBg YGW/cancha / pista de tenis

4 theatre /'eblwl/teatro train station /'WpMm gwmim/estación de tren university /qimb'dkglwi/universidade wave /rmd/onda weather /'rcfl/tempo (meteorolóxico) whether /'rcfl/se (condicional) wind energy /'rbmx CmLbi/enerxía eólica unit 4 balance /'VDoLmg/equilibrio barefoot /'VScHW/descalzo/a baseball bat /'VMgVGo VDW/bate de béisbol baseball glove /'VMgVGo ZoJd/luva / guante de béisbol blood /VoJX/sangue bone /VLHm/óso boxing gloves /'VFsBn ZoJdh/luvas / guantes de boxeo brain /VpMm/cerebro break a habit /VpMY L 'kdvbw/deixar / perder un hábito / costume break a record /VpMY L 'pcygx/superar unha marca break a rule /VpMY L 'pio/infrinxir unha regra / norma break your promise /VpMY qg 'UpFlBg/romper / faltar á túa promesa coordination /YNGXB'mCBim/coordinación elbow guard /'CoVLH ZEX/cobadeira endurance /Bm'XqHLpLmg/resistencia finger /'cbnzl/dedo (da man) gene /bam/xene get in shape /ZCW Bm 'imu/poñerse / pórse en forma golf club /'ZFoc YoJV/pau de golf heart /kew/corazón height /kow/altura helmet /'kcolbw/casco high /ko/alto/a hockey stick /'kfyi gwby/pau de hóckey ice-skates /'OggYMWg/patíns de xeo in bad shape /Bm 'VDX imu/en mala forma in better shape /Bm 'VCWL imu/en mellor forma index finger /'BmXCYg cbnzl/dedo índice, furabolos, mostreiro influence /'BmcoHLmg/influír en / sobre knee guard /'ma ZEX/xeonlleira lazy /'ocbhi/lacazán/ana, preguiceiro/a length /ocne/lonxitude, longo long /ofn/longo/a, largo/a lung /ojn/pulmón measure /'lcjl/medir mouth guard /'lpe ZEX/protector bucal muscle /'ljgo/músculo out of shape /PW Ld 'imu/en mala forma properly /'UpFULoi/axeitadamente / correctamente protective gear /UpLWCYWBd 'ZBL/equipo de protección push /UHi/premer ring finger /'pbn cbnzl/dedo anular skateboard /'gymwvgx/monopatín speed /guax/velocidade stay in shape /gwm Bm 'imu/manterse en forma strength /gwpcne/forza strong /gwpfn/forte tennis racket /'WCmBg pdybw/raqueta de tenis toe /WN/deda (do pé) treadmill /'WpCXlBo/cinta andadora / para correr weak /ray/feble, débil wrist guard /'pbgw ZEX/pulseira unit 5 advert /'DXdKW/anuncio alarm clock /L'oEl YoFY/espertador all /Go/todo/a/os/as bark /VEY/ladrido, ouveo browse /VpPh/navegar, mirar calendar /'YæoBmXL/calendario call back /YGo 'VDY/volver chamar, volver a chamada caller ID /YGoL O'XA/identificación de chamada challenge /'WiDoLmb/reto, desafío chat /adw/charlar; parolar computer program /YLl'UqIWL UpLHZpDl/programa informático digital camera /XBbBWo 'YælLpL/cámara dixital display /XB'gUoM/pantalla download /XPm'oNX/baixar(se), descargar(se) Glossary download onto /XPm'oNX FmWL/baixar(se) / descargar(se) en get back to /ZCW 'VDY WL/volver chamar a; dar unha resposta a hang up /kæn 'JU/colgar headset /'kcxgcw/auriculares hold on /knox 'Fm/agardar, esperar; non colgar interrupt /BmWL'pJUW/interromper keypad /'YAUDX/teclado numérico leave a message /oad L 'lcgbb/deixar unha mensaxe

5 log in /ofz 'Bm/abrir / comezar a sesión, conectarse log out /ofz 'PW/pechar a sesión, desconectarse login /'ofzbm/comezo / apertura de sesión miss /lbg/perder miss a chance /lbg L 'aemg/perder / deixar pasar unha oportunidade miss a person /lbg L 'UGgm/facer / botar de menos unha persoa miss the bus /lbg fl 'VJg/perder o autobús miss the point /lbg fl 'UQmW/non entender mobile phone /lnvoo 'cnm/teléfono móbil mobile phone charger /lnvoo 'cnm WiEbL/cargador de (teléfono) móbil nearly /'mbloi/case not miss much /mfw lbg 'lja/non perder moito; non escaparlle / pasarlle nada owner /'NmL/dono/a, propietario/a, amo/a phone box /'cnm VFYg/cabina telefónica receive a message /pbgad L 'lcgbb/recibir unha mensaxe repeat /pb'uaw/repetir reply /pb'uoo/responder, contestar ringtone /'pbnwnm/ton de chamada signup /'gomju/rexistro speak up /guay 'JU/falar máis alto / forte stay away /gwm L'rCB/non achegarse, manterse afastado/a stay over /gwm 'NdL/ficar, quedar a durmir stay together /gwm WL'ZCfL/ficar / permanecer xuntos/as stuck /gwjy/nun apuro / aperto surrounded /gl'ppmxbx/envolto/a, envolveito/a, rodeado/a take a call /WMY L 'YGo/coller unha chamada through /epi/por, a través de throw /epn/lanzar, guindar; tirar touch screen /'WJWi gypam/pantalla táctil turn off /WKm 'Fc/apagar turn on /WKm 'Fm/acender, encender, prender video calling /'dbxilh YGoBn/videochamada voic /'dqglmo/caixa de correo de voz whole /klho/todo/a, enteiro/a unit 6 advice /LX'dOg/consello/s advise /LX'dOh/aconsellar, recomendar amount /L'lPmW/cantidade angry /'DnZpi/enfadado/a, amolado/a appear /L'UBL/semellar, parecer; aparecer, saír avoid /L'dQX/evitar Glossary baked beans /VMYW 'VAmh/feixós estufados / cociñados en prebe balanced diet /VDoLmgW 'XOLW/dieta equilibrada be on a diet /VA Fm L 'XOLW/estar a dieta beef /VAc/tenreira, cuxa biscuit /'VBgYBW/galleta, biscoito calories /'YæoLpih/calorías carbohydrates /YEVLH'kOXpCBWg/carbohidratos, hidratos de carbono care about /'YCL LVPW/preocuparse / interesarse por care for /'YCL cg/ter conta / coidar de; sentir agarimo por choice /aqg/elección, escolla cooked /YHYW/cociñado/a; quente crisps /YpBgUg/patacas fritidas (de bolsa) dark chocolate /'XEY afyolw/chocolate negro dependable /XB'UCmXLVo/serio/a, formal, cumpridor/a diet /'XOLW/dieta fat /cæw/graxa fattening /'cæwmbn/que engorda (be ~: (facer) engordar) feel like /'cao ooy/apetecer, prestar; ter ganas de, devecer por fill with /'cbo rbf/encher de filling /'cbobn/recheo fizzy drink /cbhi 'XpBnY/bebida gasosa, refresco food label /'cix ocbvo/etiqueta alimentaria fried /cpox/fritido/a, frito/a frozen /'cpnhm/conxelado/a gain weight /ZMm 'rmw/gañar peso, engordar go on a diet /ZLH Fm L 'XOLW/facer unha / pórse / poñerse a dieta healthy /'kcoei/san/sa, saudábel hungry /'kjnzpi/famento/a, esfameado/a (be ~: ter fame) I don t care /O XNmW 'YCL/non me importa / tanto me ten junk food /'bjny cix/comida lixo lemonade /ocll'mcbx/limoada lose weight /oih 'rmw/perder / baixar peso, adelgazar mark /ley/cualificación marshmallow /lei'læolh/nube (de caramelo) muesli /'lqihoi/muesli nut /mjw/froita seca oily /'Qoi/aceitoso/a, graxento/a olive oil /'FoBd Qo/aceite de oliva orange juice /'FpBmb big/zume de laranxa popcorn /'UFUYGm/flocos de millo private /'UpOdLW/reservado/a protein /'UpLHWAm/proteína raw /pg/cru/crúa

6 salty /'ggowi/salgado/a serving /'gkdbn/ración, anaco shape /imu/forma snack /gmdy/petisco, parva, refrixerio sour /'gpl/agre, acedo/a, ácido/a spicy /'guogi/picante; moi condimentado/a sweet /graw/doce take care of /WMY 'YS Ld/ter conta / coidar de therapist /'ecplubgw/terapeuta underweight /JmXL'rMW/con pouco peso vitamin /'dbwllbm/vitamina watch your weight /rfa qg 'rmw/controlar o peso weight /rmw/peso Who cares? /ki 'YCLh/Que me importa?, E que?; A quen lle importa? yoghurt /'qfzlw/iogur unit 7 affect /L'cCYW/afectar, influír en after /'EcWL/despois / logo (de / que) as for /'Dh cg/en canto a, no que se refire a be on a tour /VA Fm L 'WT/estar de viaxe belong in /VB'oFn Bm/deber estar bottle /'VFWo/ampola bottle bank /'VFWo VDnY/colector de vidro can /Yæm/lata, bote cardboard /'YEXVGX/cartón carton /'YEWm/envase / caixa de cartón cigarette end /gbzl'pcw CmX/cabicha clean up /YoAm 'JU/limpar close /YoNg/preto, próximo/a cloth /YoFe/tea collect /YL'oCYW/coller, recoller; xuntar, recompilar, reunir (información) criminal law /YpBlBmo 'og/dereito penal damage (n) /'XDlBXj/dano, estrago damage (v) /'XDlBXj/danar, prexudicar destroy /XB'gWpQ/destruír, destrozar, esnaquizar effect /B'cCYW/efecto environmental /BmdOpLm'lCmWo/mediambiental, ecolóxico/a environmentalist /BmdOLpLm'lCmWLoBgW/ecoloxista find out /comx 'PW/averiguar, esculcar, descubrir glass /ZoEg/(de) vidro go on a tour /ZLH Fm L 'WT/ir de viaxe; facer un percorrido / unha visita turístico/a Glossary (be) good about /(VA) 'ZHX LVPW/ser bo/a en, dárselle ben guided tour /ZOXBX 'WT/visita guiada, percorrido turístico con guía help out /kcou 'PW/axudar, botar unha man jar /be/tarro, bote keep /YAU/gardar; conservar keep away /YAU L'rCB/manterse afastado/a, alonxarse; non achegarse keep in /YAU 'Bm/non deixar saír, impedir que saia keep off /YAU 'Fc/evitar / non deixar que; prohibido; fóra de keep on /YAU 'Fm/non quitar (roupa, accessorios); deixar prendido/a; seguir, continuar keep out /YAU 'PW/non deixar entrar; ficar fóra, non entrar later /'omwl/máis tarde, logo, despois metal /'lcwo/(de) metal news conference /'mqih YFmcLpLmg/rolda de prensa oil /Qo/petróleo oil rig /'Qo pbz/torre de perforación; plataforma mariña de perforación paper /'UMUL/(de) papel peel /UAo/pel, casca pick up /UBY 'JU/coller, recoller plant /UoEmW/plantar, sementar plastic /'UoDgWBY/(de) plástico pollute /UL'oIW/contaminar pollution /UL'oIim/contaminación, polución recycle /pa'goyo/reciclar recycling bin /pa'goyobn VBm/colector / papeleira de reciclaxe regular /'pczqlol/normal rescue /'pcgyqi/rescatar, salvar rubbish bin /'pjvbi VBm/cubo / balde do lixo save /gmd/gardar; salvar school project /gyio 'UpFXjCYW/traballo para a escola / de clase test /WCgW/analizar textiles /'WCYgWOoh/tecidos, teas throw out /epn 'PW/lanzar, tirar, guindar tour /WT/viaxe; visita; xira tour bus /'WT VJg/autobús turístico tour guide /'WT ZOX/guía turístico/a troublesome /'WpJVogLl/molesto/a, incómodo/a waste /rmgw/desperdicio(s), lixo, refugallos wood /rhx/madeira world tour /rkox 'WT/xira mundial

7 unit 8 along /L'oFn/ao longo de, por bank /VDnY/beira, orela, ribeira be bored with /VA 'VGX rbe/estar aborrecido/a de become familiar with /VBYJl cl'lboil rbe/familiarizarse con boating trip /'VNWBn WpBU/paseo en barco bridge /VpBXj/ponte campfire /'YælUcOL/fogueira capital city /YæUBWo 'gbwi/capital cave /YMd/cova channel /'admo/canal, canle, estreito chemist /'YClBgW/químico/a Christmas card /'YpBglLg YEX/tarxeta de Nadal cliff /YoBc/cantil, acantilado coast /YNgW/costa construct /YLm'gWpJYW/construír continent /'YFmWBmLmW/continente cooker /'YHYL/cociña (fogóns e forno) create /Ypi'MW/crear crown /YpPm/coroar crown jewels /YpPm 'biloh/xoias da coroa day trip /'XM WpBU/excursión dun día design /XB'hOm/deseñar develop /XB'dCoLU/desenvolver, elaborar discover /XB'gYJdL/descubrir east /AgW/leste efficient /B'cBimW/eficiente, eficaz field /caox/campo, eido flow /colh/fluír, circular food processor /'cix UpNgCgL/robot de cociña gift /ZBcW/agasallo, galano, ofrenda give a chance /ZBd L 'aemg/dar / ofrecer a oportunidade go on a trip /ZLH Fm L 'WpBU/ir de viaxe / de excursión god /ZFX/deus graphite /'ZpæcOW/graffiti grill /ZpBo/grella have a good trip /kdd L ZHX 'WpBU/ter boa viaxe holder /'knoxl/cuberta, soporte, estrutura improve /Bl'UpId/mellorar; perfeccionar invent /Bm'dCmW/inventar invention /Bm'dCmim/invento, invención inventor /Bm'dCmWL/inventor/a kettle /'YCWo/fervedoiro (de auga) landmark /'odmxley/lugar / monumento de interese light /oow/acender, encender, prender lower /'onl/baixar; botar match /læwi/misto messy /'lcgi/sucio/a; desordenado/a, desarranxado/a mine /lom/mina mixer /'lbygl/batedor nearby /mbl'vo/preto, próximo/a north /mge/norte operate /'FULpMW/operar, facer funcionar / manexar Glossary overnight trip /NdLmOW 'WpBU/viaxe / excursión pola / de noite; viaxe facendo noite fóra pier /'UBL/peirao, embarcadoiro plan /UoDm/planificar, deseñar polluted /UL'oIWBX/contaminado/a prepare /UpB'UCL/preparar print /UpBmW/imprimir produce /UpL'XqIg/producir, fabricar relative /'pcolwbd/parente, familiar round trip /ppmx 'WpBU/viaxe de ida e volta sacred /'gcaypbx/sagrado/a soda water /'gnxl rgwl/auga con gas south /gpe/sur suspected /gj'gucywbx/presunto/a tie /WO/atar, anoar toaster /'WLHgWL/torrador/a travel (n) /'WpDdo/viaxe travel (v) /'WpDdo/viaxar trip /WpBU/viaxe; excursión west /rcgw/oeste wife /roc/esposa, muller casada unit 9 addict /'DXBYW/fanático/a; adicto/a addicted /L'XBYWBX/adicto/a against the law /L'ZCmgW fl og/ilegal, prohibido/a pola lei beauty contest /'VqIWi YFmWCgW/concurso de beleza beauty treatment /'VqIWi WpAWlLmW/tratamento de beleza blouse /VoPh/blusa bracelet /'VpMgoLW/pulseira; brazalete break the law /VpMY fl 'og/infrinxir / quebrar a lei cap /YæU/gorra, pucha carry /'YDpi/levar; transportar casual /'YæjHLo/informal, de sport colour /'YJoL/tinguir(se), tinxir(se)

8 controversial /YFmWpL'dKio/controvertido/a, polémico/a cosmetic surgery /YFhlCWBY 'gkblpi/cirurxía estética curly /'YKoi/crecho/a customer /'YJgWLlL/cliente/a daily /'XMoi/diario/a, cotián/á dress up /XpCg 'JU/pórse, poñerse elegante; vestir de etiqueta; disfrazarse earrings /'BLpBnh/pendentes fashionable /'cæimlvo/moderno/a, á / de moda flip-flops /'cobucofug/chanclas, chancletas formal /'cglo/formal; de etiqueta get dressed /ZCW 'XpCgW/vestirse get undressed /ZCW Jm'XpCgW/espirse helmet /'kcolbw/casco hide /kox/agochar, ocultar high heels /ko 'kaoh/zapatos de tacón hood /khx/carapucha in /Bm/de moda item of clothing /OWLl Ld 'YoNfBn/peza de roupa law /og/lei leather /'ocfl/(de) pel / coiro lipstick /'obugwby/lapis / barra de labios looks /ohyg/beleza; aparencia, aspecto make themselves beautiful /lmy fllgcodh 'VqIWBco/ poñerse / pórse guapos/as, arranxarse maker /'lmyl/fabricante make-up /'lcbyju/maquillaxe mini skirt /'lbmi gykw/minisaia modern /'lfxm/moderno/a modest /'lfxbgw/pudoroso/a, recatado/a necklace /'mcyolg/colar nice-looking /mog'ohybn/bonito/a, curro/a obey the law /L'VM fl og/acatar / cumprir a lei old-fashioned /NoX'cDimX/anticuado/a, pasado/a de moda out /PW/pasado/a de moda outdated /PW'XMWBX/anticuado/a, pasado/a de moda pants /UDmWg/pantalóns (EUA); calzóns (UK) pass a law /UEg L 'og/aprobar unha lei piercings /'UBLgBnh/piercings platform shoes /'UoDWcGl iih/zapatos de plataforma practical /'UpDYWBYo/práctico/a pre-teen /UpA'WAm/preadolescente put on /UHW 'Fm/poñerse, pórse ring /pbn/anel ruin /'pibm/estragar(se) sagging /'gdzbn/caído/a sensible /'gcmglvo/práctico/a sleeve /goad/manga slogan /'gonzlm/slogan, lema straighten /'gwpmwm/alisar, desengurrar sunglasses /'gjmzoegbh/lentes de sol take off /WMY 'Fc/quitar, tirar (roupa, accessorios) tight /WOW/axustado/a, cinguido/a trend /WpCmX/tendencia, moda trendy /'WpCmXi/moderno/a, á moda try on /WpO 'Fm/probarse; poñerse, pórse wear /rcl/levar, levar posto/a; poñerse, pórse wet /rcw/mollarse Glossary

9 Grammar Appendix Introduction CONTRASTE PRESENT simple / PRESENT CONTINUOUS O Present Simple expresa rutinas, hábitos, verdades xerais e feitos, mentres que o Present Continuous sinala o que está a ocorrer mentres se fala. They usually meet at the sports centre, but today they re meeting at the library. (Polo xeral encóntranse no polideportivo, mais hoxe encóntranse na biblioteca.) Os verbos estáticos Os verbos estáticos empréganse para expresar gostos, desexos, sentimentos e emocións, actividades da mente e opinións, percepción e posesión e non se adoitan empregar co Present Continuous. love like hate want think remember know understand believe see hear smell taste feel own gostos, desexos, sentimentos e emocións actividades da mente e opinións percepción posesión I like the new museum. (Gústame o novo museo.) Do you know his phone number? (Sabes o seu número de teléfono?) The fish smells bad. (O peixe cheira mal.) My father owns a restaurant. (Meu pai ten un restaurante.) CONTRASTE PAST simple / PAST CONTINUOUS O Past Simple indica que a acción ocorreu e rematou no tempo sinalado na frase, mentres que o Past Continuous fala de accións prolongadas que estaban a ocorrer no pasado. He did his homework last Monday. (Fixo os deberes o luns pasado.) Grammar Appendix He was doing his homework yesterday afternoon. (Estivo a facer os deberes onte pola tarde.) Co Past Simple adoita empregarse when e co Past Continuous as conxuncións while ou as. We were listening to the news when Peter arrived. (Estabamos a escoitar as noticias cando chegou Peter.) While / As we were listening to the news, Peter arrived. (Mentres estabamos a escoitar as noticias, chegou Peter.) O PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE Forma contraída I have talked You have talked He has talked She has talked It has talked We have talked You have talked They have talked I have not talked You have not talked He has not talked She has not talked It has not talked We have not talked You have not talked They have not talked Interrogativa I ve talked You ve talked He s talked She s talked It s talked We ve talked You ve talked They ve talked Forma contraída I haven t talked You haven t talked He hasn t talked She hasn t talked It hasn t talked We haven t talked You haven t talked They haven t talked Respostas curtas Have I talked...? Yes, I have. No, I haven t. Have you talked...? Yes, you have. No, you haven t. Has he talked...? Yes, he has. No, he hasn t. Has she talked...? Yes, she has. No, she hasn t. Has it talked...? Yes, it has. No, it hasn t. Have we talked...? Yes, we have. No, we haven t. Have you talked...? Yes, you have. No, you haven t. Have they talked...? Yes, they have. No, they haven t. : suxeito + has / have + un verbo en participio. We have painted our bedroom. (Pintamos o noso cuarto.)

10 : suxeito + has / have + a partícula not ou a contracción n t + un verbo en participio. Bill hasn t been to Paris. (Bill non estivo en París.) Interrogativa: Has / Have + suxeito + un verbo en participio. Have you won any medals? (Gañaches algunha medalla?) Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + has / have en afirmativa ou hasn t / haven t en negativa. Have you moved house? Yes, we have. / No, we haven t. (Mudástesvos de casa? Mudámonos. Si. / Non.) Co Present Perfect Simple adoitan empregarse as seguintes expresións temporais e adverbios: ever never interrogativa: algunha vez negativa: nunca, xamais afirmativa: nunca, xamais Have you ever travelled abroad? I haven t ever watched that film. She has never called me. always sempre You ve always been her friend. already just yet for since afirmativa: xa afirmativa: acabar / vir de negativa: aínda interrogativa: xa durante, ao longo de ou no se traduce desde, dende We ve already finished the exam. They have just arrived here. He hasn t found his glasses yet. Have you bought any fruit yet? My brother has lived in Manchester for five years. I haven t heard from him since recently recentemente Has Lisa talked to you recently? lately ultimamente Jim hasn t been to the gym lately. several times so far varias veces até o momento They have worked for us several times. How long has your assignment taken you so far? Cómpre ter en conta que just, already, always, ever e never póñense entre o auxiliar have e o participio do verbo principal. Yet colócase ao final da frase, for vai seguida dun período de tempo pois sinala a duración da acción, e since sinala o momento en que esta comezou. O resto poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase, mais adoitan poñerse ao final. Os usos do Present Perfect Simple Accións que comezaron no pasado e aínda continúan (leva for ou since e tradúcese en presente) Accións pasadas que afectan ao presente ou teñen consecuencias no momento actual Accións pasadas sen especificar cando ocorreron Accións moi recentes (leva just e tradúcese por acabar / vir de + infinitivo) Grammar Appendix She has worked here since (Ela traballa aquí desde 1999.) I have already finished. (Rematei.) They have enjoyed their holiday. (Pasárono ben nas vacacións.) The train has just left the station. (O tren vén de saír da estación.) CONTRASTE Present perfect simple / PAST simple O Present Perfect Simple sinala que o ocorrido no pasado garda relación co presente aínda que non se especifica cando ocorreu. En cambio, o Past Simple fala de accións pasadas que xa non afectan ao momento actual e sinala cando ocorreron. He has written many stories. (Escribiu moitas historias.) He bought some fruit yesterday. (Mercou froita onte.) O COMPARATIVO DOS ADXECTIVOS A forma comparativa Para comparar dúas cousas, animais ou persoas empréganse os adxectivos en grao comparativo. O comparativo de superioridade (máis... que/ca/do que) emprégase para comparar dúas cousas, animais ou persoas cando unha supera á outra nalgún aspecto. Para formalo cómpre reparar na lonxitude do adxectivo: 1. Se ten 1 sílaba, ou 2 e remata en y, considérase curto e engádeselle a terminación er. Detrás, pónselle a partícula than. My hair is shorter than yours. (O meu pelo é máis curto que o teu.) Nos seguintes casos, o adxectivo muda ao lle engadir -er: - Se ten 1 sílaba e remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante, dóbrase esa consoante: thin - thinner big - bigger - Se ten 2 sílabas e remata en consoante + y, cámbiase o y por un i: silly - sillier ugly - uglier - Se remata en l, duplícase a devandita letra: cruel - crueller - Se conclúe en e mudo, só se engade -r: nice - nicer 10

11 2. Se o adxectivo ten 2 sílabas ou máis, é longo e a comparativa fórmase con more + adxectivo + than. This book is more interesting than that film. (Este libro é máis interesante que esa película.) O comparativo de igualdade fórmase con (not) as + adxectivo + as ((non) tan/tanto... como/a). She isn t as intelligent as you. (Ela non é tan intelixente coma ti.) O comparativo de inferioridade fórmase con less + adxectivo + than (menos... que/ca ou do que). Westerns are less enjoyable than comedies. (As películas do Oeste son menos entretidas que as comedias.) A forma superlativa Emprégase para comparar máis de dúas cousas, animais ou persoas e dicir que unha salienta sobre as demais nalgún aspecto. Fórmase con the + adxectivo + terminación -est ou the most + adxectivo. Tamén cómpre ter en conta a súa lonxitude: - Se é curto, emprégase the + adxectivo + -est segundo as mesmas regras que hai para formar o comparativo con -er. Jim is the oldest student in the class. (Jim é o alumno máis vello da clase.) - Se é longo, emprégase the most + adxectivo. This is the most frightening story I know. (Esta é a historia máis arrepiante que coñezo.) Para sinalar que alguén ou algo é inferior que o resto nalgún aspecto emprégase a estrutura the least + adxectivo. This is the least expensive computer in the shop. (Este é o ordenador menos caro da tenda.) O superlativo pode ir seguido das preposicións in, of e on. Is Copenhagen the most beautiful city in Europe? (É Copenhague a cidade máis bonita de Europa?) Today is the most special day of the year. (Hoxe é o día máis especial do ano.) What s the most dangerous place on Earth? (Cal é o lugar máis perigoso da Terra?) Os adxectivos irregulares Non seguen regra ningunha e, por iso, cómpre aprender as súas formas comparativa e superlativa de memoria. Adxectivo Comparativo Superlativo good (bo, bon/boa) better than the best bad (malo/a; mao/má) worse than the worst far (afastado/a) farther / further than the farthest / furthest little (pouco/a) less than the least My dog eats less than yours. (O meu can come menos que o teu.) This is the worst essay of all. (Esta é a peor redacción de todas.) Grammar Appendix O comparativo dos ADVERBIOS Serve para comparar dúas accións e fórmase con more / less + adverbio + than. You listened to it more carefully than I did. (Escoitáchelo con máis atención ca min.) Para indicar que dúas accións se realizan do mesmo xeito, emprégase a estrutura as + adverbio + as. We ran as fast as you. (Corremos tan á présa coma ti.) Os adverbios irregulares Non seguen regra ningunha e, por iso, cómpre aprender estes adverbios e a súa forma comparativa de memoria. Adxectivo Adverbio Forma comparativa fast (rápido/a) hard (duro/a; difícil) high (alto/a) fast (á présa, rapidamente) hard (duro, moito) high (alto, a grande altura) faster than harder than higher than far (lonxano) far (lonxe) farther / further than good (bo/a) well (ben) better than bad (malo, mao/mala, má) badly (mal) worse than My horse ran farther than yours. (O meu cabalo correu máis lonxe que o teu.) Sam speaks French worse than my brother. (Sam fala francés peor que o meu irmán.) UNIT 1 O PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS Forma contraída I have been living I ve been living You have been living You ve been living He has been living He s been living She has been living She s been living It has been living It s been living We have been living We ve been living You have been living You ve been living They have been living They ve been living Forma contraída I have not been living I haven t been living You have not been living You haven t been living He has not been living He hasn t been living She has not been living She hasn t been living It has not been living It hasn t been living We have not been living We haven t been living You have not been living You haven t been living They have not been living They haven t been living 11

12 Interrogativa Respostas curtas Have I been living...? Yes, I have. No, I haven t. Have you been living...? Yes, you have. No, you haven t. Has he been living...? Yes, he has. No, he hasn t. Has she been living...? Yes, she has. No, she hasn t. Has it been living...? Yes, it has. No, it hasn t. Have we been living...? Yes, we have. No, we haven t. Have you been living...? Yes, you have. No, you haven t. Have they been living...? Yes, they have. No, they haven t. : suxeito + has / have + been + verbo rematado en ing. My sister has been working as a hairdresser. (Miña irmá estivo a traballar como peiteadora.) : suxeito + has / have + not ou n t + been + verbo rematado en ing. I haven t been sleeping well lately. (Non estiven a durmir ben ultimamente.) Interrogativa: Has / Have + suxeito + been + verbo rematado en ing. Have they been travelling lately? (Estiveron a viaxar ultimamente?) Respostas curtas: pronome persoal suxeito + has / have ou hasn t / haven t. Has he been working on his project today? Yes, he has. / No, he hasn t. (Estivo a traballar no seu proxecto hoxe? Estivo. Si. / Non.) Co Present Perfect Continuous adóitanse empregar as seguintes expresións temporais: for (ao longo de ou non se traduce), since (desde, dende), lately (ultimamente), recently (recentemente), all day / week / month / year / night / morning (todo/a o día / a semana / o mes / o ano / a noite / a mañá), etc. Os usos do Present Perfect Continuous Accións que comezaron no pasado e que aínda continúan ou veñen de rematar. Adóitase traducir por levar en presente + un verbo en xerundio. I have been cleaning my room all morning. (Levo / Estiven a limpar o meu cuarto toda a mañá.) Grammar Appendix CONTRASTE Present perfect simple / PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS O Present Perfect Simple fala de accións rematadas cuxos efectos son visíbeis no momento actual. O Present Perfect Continuous fala de accións que comezaron no pasado e que aínda continúan ou rematan de finalizar. I have cleaned the kitchen and the living room. (Limpei a cociña e o cuarto de estar.) I have been cleaning the house. (Estiven a limpar a casa.) Con accións rematadas, emprégase o Present Perfect Simple para preguntar pola cantidade ou o número de veces que se fixo algo. Cando as accións aínda continúan, emprégase o Present Perfect Continuous para expresar canto tempo se leva facendo algunha cousa. She s written ten s this morning. (Ela escribiu dez correos electrónicos esta mañá.) He s been writing s all morning. (El leva a escribir correos electrónicos toda a mañá.) Tanto o Present Perfect Simple como o Present Perfect Continuous poden empregarse con verbos que implican accións continuas e prolongadas no tempo, como live, work, sleep e study. I have lived in Paris since (Vivo en París dende 1990.) I have been living in Paris since (Levo a vivir en París dende 1980.) O Present Perfect Continuous non se emprega cos verbos estáticos. I have been wanting this CD for years. O Present Perfect Simple emprégase para expresarmos situacións permanentes, mentres que o Present Perfect Continuous se emprega máis para falar de situacións temporais. I have played football all my life. (Xoguei ao fútbol toda a miña vida.) Sandra has been playing football all day. (Sandra leva a xogar ao fútbol todo o día.) Accións cuxos efectos son aínda visíbeis He is an expert. He has been working as an engineer for years. (É un experto. Leva anos a traballar como enxeñeiro.) 12

13 UNIT 2 O PAST PERFECT SIMPLE I had visited You had visited He had visited She had visited It had visited We had visited You had visited They had visited I had not visited You had not visited He had not visited She had not visited It had not visited We had not visited You had not visited They had not visited Interrogativa Forma contraída I d visited You d visited He d visited She d visited It d visited We d visited You d visited They d visited Forma contraída I hadn t visited You hadn t visited He hadn t visited She hadn t visited It hadn t visited We hadn t visited You hadn t visited They hadn t visited Respostas curtas Had I visited...? Yes, I had. No, I hadn t. Had you visited...? Yes, you had. No, you hadn t. Had he visited...? Yes, he had. No, he hadn t. Had she visited...? Yes, she had. No, she hadn t. Had it visited...? Yes, it had. No, it hadn t. Had we visited...? Yes, we had. No, we hadn t. Had you visited...? Yes, you had. No, you hadn t. Had they visited...? Yes, they had. No, they hadn t. Emprégase para sinalar que unha acción ocorreu antes ca outra no pasado. A acción máis recente vai en Past Simple. : suxeito + had + un verbo en participio. When I arrived, the lesson had started. (Ao chegar, a clase comezara.) : suxeito + had + not ou n t + un verbo en participio. We hadn t thought about it until she mentioned it. (Non pensaramos niso até que ela o amentou.) Interrogativa: Had + suxeito + un verbo en participio. Had the students left the classroom before the bell rang? (Os alumnos saíran da aula antes que soara o timbre?) Grammar Appendix Respostas curtas: pronome persoal suxeito + had ou hadn t. Had Sally told you the news? Yes, she had. / No, she hadn t. (Contárache Sally a noticia? Contáramo. Si. / Non.) Co Past Perfect Simple adoitan empregarse as seguintes expresións temporais e adverbios: before after as soon as by the time until when already yet antes despois tan axiña / pronto como (para) cando até que cando xa (afirmativa) aínda (negativa) xa (interrogativa) I had cleaned the car before I went to the party. He ate an ice cream after he had finished lunch. As soon as I had got up, I went to the supermarket. By the time he was five, he had written many letters. Until I met my best friend, I hadn t had a best friend. Ian had finished his homework when I arrived. I had already seen Jim when he said hello to us at the party. It was 3 am and the pub hadn t closed yet. When you arrived at the station, had the train left yet? CONTRASTE past perfect simple / past simple O Past Perfect Simple sinala que unha acción ocorreu antes que outra no pasado. En troques, o Past Simple sinala que unha acción ocorreu no pasado. Bob had read the text before he answered the questions. (Bob lera o texto antes de contestar as preguntas.) Para explicar o motivo polo que ocorreu algunha cousa no pasado, ponse o verbo principal da frase en Past Simple e a oración subordinada introducida por because en Past Perfect Simple. He was angry because he had failed the exam. (Estaba enfadado pois suspendera o exame.) Se dúas accións ocorren case de xeito simultáneo no pasado e a segunda é consecuencia directa da primeira, ambas as dúas van en Past Simple. When he heard the news, he cried. (Cando oíu a noticia, chorou.) 13

14 Grammar Appendix UNIT 3 OS TEMPOS VERBAIS DE FUTURO O futuro con will I will listen You will listen He will listen She will listen It will listen We will listen You will listen They will listen I will not listen You will not listen He will not listen She will not listen It will not listen We will not listen You will not listen They will not listen Interrogativa Forma contraída I ll listen You ll listen He ll listen She ll listen It ll listen We ll listen You ll listen They ll listen Forma contraída I won t listen You won t listen He won t listen She won t listen It won t listen We won t listen You won t listen They won t listen Respostas curtas Will I listen...? Yes, I will. No, I won t. Will you listen...? Yes, you will. No, you won t. Will he listen...? Yes, he will. No, he won t. Will she listen...? Yes, she will. No, she won t. Will it listen...? Yes, it will. No, it won t. Will we listen...? Yes, we will. No, we won t. Will you listen...? Yes, you will. No, you won t. Will they listen...? Yes, they will. No, they won t. : suxeito + will + verbo na forma base. They will live in London. (Vivirán en Londres.) : suxeito + will not ou won t + verbo na forma base. People won t need to learn other languages. (A xente non precisará aprender outros idiomas.) Adóitase empregar won t para sinalar que alguén rexeita facer algunha cousa. I tried to convince her, but she won t listen. (Intentei convencela, mais non quere escoitar.) Interrogativa: Will + suxeito + verbo na forma base. Will she go to the supermarket? (Irá ao supermercado?) Respostas curtas: pronome persoal suxeito + will ou won t. Will you move to a village? Yes, I will. / No, I won t. (Trasladaraste a unha vila? Trasladareime. Si. / Non.) Usos do futuro con will Accións programadas Prediccións Decisións espontáneas ou promesas Sue will attend your wedding. (Sue asistirá á vosa voda.) It will snow tonight. (Nevará esta noite.) I ve just made up my mind. We ll go to Paris! (Veño de me decidir. Iremos a París!) O futuro con be going to Forma contraída I am going to run I m going to run You are going to run You re going to run He is going to run He s going to run She is going to run She s going to run It is going to run It s going to run We are going to run We re going to run You are going to run You re going to run They are going to run They re going to run e forma contraída I am not / I m not going to run You are not / You aren t / You re not going to run He is not / He isn t / He s not going to run She is not / She isn t / She s not going to run It is not / It isn t / It s not going to run We are not / We aren t / We re not going to run You are not / You aren t / You re not going to run They are not / They aren t / They re not going to run Interrogativa Respostas curtas Am I going to run? Yes, I am. No, I m not. Are you going to run? Yes, you are. No, you aren t. Is he going to run? Yes, he is. No, he isn t. Is she going to run? Yes, she is. No, she isn t. Is it going to run? Yes, it is. No, it isn t. Are we going to run? Yes, we are. No, we aren t. Are you going to run? Yes, you are. No, you aren t. Are they going to run? Yes, they are. No, they aren t. Significa ir / non ir + infinitivo. : suxeito + to be en presente + going to + verbo na forma base. Paul is going to wait at the bus stop. (Paul vai agardar na parada de autobús.) 14

15 : suxeito + to be en presente + not (n t) + going to + verbo na forma base. They aren t going to go to the art gallery. (Non van ir á galería de arte.) Interrogativa: to be en presente + suxeito + going to + verbo na forma base. Is she going to meet us at the concert hall? (Ela vai quedar connosco na sala de concertos?) Respostas curtas: pronome persoal suxeito + to be sen contraer en afirmativa ou contraído en negativa. Are they going to live in Oslo? Yes, they are. / No, they aren t. (Van vivir en Oslo? Van. Si. / Non.) Os usos do futuro con be going to Falar de proxectos e intencións para o futuro Accións que están a piques de ocorrer ou accións futuras baseadas en indicios I m going to paint the house. (Vou pintar a casa.) She s going to have a baby. (Vai ter un bebé.) Con will e be going to adoitan empregarse as seguintes expresións temporais: later (máis tarde), soon (axiña), in an hour (dentro dunha hora), tomorrow (mañá), next year (o ano vindeiro), in the future (no futuro), in + un ano, etc. Todas poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase, mais adoitan poñerse ao final. In the future, more people will live in the city. (No futuro, máis xente vivirá na cidade.) I m going to see Michael later. (Vou ver a Michael máis tarde.) O Present Continuous con valor de futuro O Present Continuous con valor de futuro emprégase para falar de accións fixadas con adianto que ocorrerán nun futuro próximo. Distínguese do Present Continuous normal en que a expresión temporal que vai na frase sinala un tempo futuro, non presente: this afternoon / evening (esta tarde), soon (axiña, nun pouco), later (máis tarde, logo), tomorrow (mañá), tonight (esta noite), in + mes / ano, next week / month / year (a semana / o mes / ano que vén), at + horas, etc. I am driving my new car tonight. [xa se planeou] (Conduzo / Conducirei o meu coche novo esta noite.) O Present Simple con horarios O Present Simple pódese empregar como tempo futuro cando vai seguido de horarios ou programas. The train leaves at 4 o clock. (O tren sae / sairá ás 4 en punto.) UNIT 4 Grammar Appendix AS ORACIÓNS CONDICIONAIS As oracións condicionais están compostas por unha proposición subordinada que expresa a condición e unha principal que sinala o resultado. A condición pode ir ao comezo ou final da frase. Se vai primeiro, ponse unha vírgula entre a oración principal e a subordinada. O condicional cero Emprégase para expresar situacións xerais que se repiten sempre que se dá unha determinada condición. Pódese empregar when no canto de if sen que o significado da frase varíe. Condición: if + Present Simple Resultado: Present Simple : If you practise a sport, you keep fit. (Se practicas deporte, vas manterte en forma.) You keep fit when you practise a sport. (Vas manterte en forma cando practicas deporte.) : pódese negar a condición, o resultado ou ambos os dous. If you don t smoke, your lungs are healthier. (Se non fumas, os teus pulmóns están máis sans.) If you smoke, your lungs aren t as healthy. (Se fumas, os teus pulmóns non están tan sans.) If you don t smoke, you don t feel sick. (Se non fumas, non te pos enferma.) Interrogativa: Do / Does + suxeito + predicado da oración principal (resultado) + oración subordinada (condición). Do you feel better if you take this vitamin? (Sénteste mellor se tomas esta vitamina?) Respostas curtas: pronome persoal suxeito + do / does ou don t / doesn t. Do his muscles hurt if he trains too much? Yes, they do. / No, they don t. (Dóenlle os músculos se adestra de máis? Dóenlle. Si. Non.) O primeiro condicional Emprégase para falar de accións que ocorrerán se se cumpre a condición sinalada. Condición: if + Present Simple Resultado: will + verbo na forma base : We will swim faster if we use a better swimsuit. (Nadaremos máis rápido se empregamos un traxe de baño mellor.) 15

16 If we use a better swimsuit, we will swim faster. (Se empregamos un traxe de baño mellor, nadaremos máis rápido.) : pódese negar a condición, o resultado ou ambos os dous. If you don t practise, you will lose. (Se non practicas, perderás.) If you practise, you won t lose. (Se practicas, non perderás.) If you don t practise, you won t win. (Se non practicas, non gañarás.) Interrogativa: Will + suxeito + predicado da oración principal (resultado) + oración subordinada (condición). Will he feel down if he doesn t win a medal? (Deprimirase se non gaña unha medalla?) Respostas curtas: pronome persoal suxeito + will ou won t. Will you train outdoors if it is sunny? Yes, I will. / No, I won t. (Adestrarás fóra se vai sol? Adestrarei. Si. / Non.) Para expresarmos que algo ocorrerá ou non ocorrerá se non se cumpre a condición, a subordinada introdúcese pola conxunción unless, que equivale a if not ( a non ser que, a menos que, se non ). Unless I am tired, I will finish the race. (A non ser que estea / Se non estou cansa, acabarei a carreira.) O segundo condicional Emprégase para falar de accións hipotéticas ou imaxinarias referidas ao presente, así como para dar consello. Condición: if + Past Simple Resultado: would ( d) + verbo na forma base : If you walked barefoot, you d have more muscle strength. (Se camiñaras descalza, terías máis forza muscular.) No canto de would, podemos empregar o verbo modal could no resultado, mais este sinala que a probabilidade de que se cumpra a hipótese é aínda menor. Equivale ao verbo poder en condicional ou ás expresións talvez / se cadra / quizais + condicional. If Lisa ran a marathon, she could be the winner. (Se Lisa correse unha maratón, podería ser a gañadora.) Se o verbo da condición é to be, adoita empregarse were en todas as persoas do singular e do plural. If I were a famous football player, I d have many cars. (Se eu fose un xogador de fútbol célebre, tería moitos coches.) Para dar consellos emprégase a fórmula If I were. If I were you, I d sign the contract with Arsenal. (Eu de ti, asinaría o contrato co Arsenal.) Grammar Appendix : pódese negar a condición, o resultado ou ambos os dous. If you went to bed early, you wouldn t feel tired. (Se te deitases axiña, non te sentirías cansa.) If you didn t go to bed late, you would feel better. (Se non te deitases tarde, sentiríaste mellor.) If you didn t go to bed late, you wouldn t feel tired. (Se non te deitases tarde, non te sentirías cansa.) Interrogativa: Would + suxeito + predicado da oración principal (resultado) + oración subordinada (condición). Would you start a business if you didn t have money? (Comezarías un negocio se non tiveses cartos?) Respostas curtas: pronome persoal suxeito + would ou wouldn t. Would she become a nurse if she had the degree? Yes, she would. / No, she wouldn t. (Faríase enfermeira se tivese o título? Faríase. Si. / Non.) O terceiro condicional Emprégase para falar de condicións enteiramente imposíbeis, pois refírense ao pasado e xa non poden realizarse. Tamén se adoita empregar para expresar que alguén sente ou lamenta algunha cousa. Condición: if + Past Perfect Simple Resultado: would have + verbo en participio : If Jim had played better, he would have won the championship. (Se Jim xogase mellor, tería gañado o campionato.) : pódese negar a condición, o resultado ou ambos os dous. If I had trained harder, I wouldn t have lost the race. (Se adestrase moito máis, non perdería a carreira.) If I hadn t trained so hard, I would have lost the race. (Se non adestrase tanto, tería perdido a carreira.) If I hadn t trained so hard, I wouldn t have won the race. (Se non adestrase tanto, non tería gañado a carreira.) Interrogativa: Would + suxeito + have + verbo en participio + predicado da oración principal (resultado) + oración subordinada (condición). Would you have chosen the players more carefully if you had taken your time? (Elexirías aos xogadores con máis coidado se tomases o teu tempo?) Respostas curtas: pronome persoal suxeito + would ou wouldn t. Would she have won the race if she hadn t fallen? Yes, she would. / No, she wouldn t. (Gañaría a carreira se non caese? Gañaría. Si. / Non.) 16

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