外国语言文学 ( 英语语言文学 ) 第一章 语言学 考试大纲一 考试要点 :

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1 外国语言文学 ( 英语语言文学 ) 第一章 语言学 考试大纲一 考试要点 : 1. 语言学的学科属性 1) The Scientific Status of Linguistics 2) Principles of Linguistics: a) Objectiveness b) Exhaustiveness c) Coherence d) Economy 3) Basic Concepts of Linguistics a) Synchrony / diachrony b) langue / parole c) competence / performance d) structure / function e) descriptive / prescriptive 2. 语言的基本特征 1) arbitrariness 2) systematicity 3) vocality 4) symbolicity 5) human-specificity 6) interchangeability 7) structural duality 8) communicative flexibility 3. 语言变体与变异 1) definition of variety 2) classification of varieties 3) description of varieties 4) aspects of linguistic variation 5) internal factors of variation 6) external factors of variation 4. 语言的功能 1) informative function 2) interrogative function 3) expressive function 4) evocative function 5) directive function 6) commisive function 7) phatic function 8) performatory function 5. 语音学与音位学 1

2 1) priority of speech 2) mechanisms of speech 3) phonetics and its subdivisions 4) criteria of sound classification 5) phonetic description 6) phonology 7) phonemic features 8) prosodic features 6. 语法学 1) definitions of grammar 2) types of grammar 3) components of grammar a) morphology: inflection and derivation b) syntax 4) categories of grammar 5) syntactic analysis 6) textual grammar 7. 词汇学 1) definition of a word 2) morphological structure and word formation 3) semantic motivation 4) semantic features 5) types of semantic change 6) association and collocation 7) English idioms and rhetorical devices 8) British English and American English 8. 语义学 1) definition of semantics 2) semantic triangle 3) semantic components 4) semantic analysis 5) sense relations: synonymy/antonymy/polesemy/hyponymy 9. 语用学 1) definition of pragmatics 2) speech act theory 3) types of speech acts 4) conversational implicature 5) presupposition 6) entailment 7) deixis 8) discourse 10. 语言与社会 1) coverage of sociolinguistics 2

3 2) pidgin and Creole 3) diglossia 4) bilingualism 11. 语言与心理学 1) definition of psycholinguistics 2) language perception 3) language production 4) language acquisition 12. 语言与文化 1) definition of ethnolinguistics 2) relationship between language and culture 3) linguistic determinism 4) linguistic relativity 二 参考书目 1. R. H. Robins Linguistics: An Introduction 2. G. Yule The Study of Language 3. J. Lyons Language and Linguistics 4. 胡壮麟等 语言学教程 5. H. G. Widdowson Linguistics 第二章 英美文学 ( 美国文学部分 ) 考试大纲 一. 考试要点 I. American Puritanism 1. Jonathan Edwards Personal narrative 2. Benjamin Franklin The Autobiography II. American Romanticism 1. Washington Erving The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 2. James Fenimore Cooper The Pioneers III. New England Transcendentalism 1. Ralph Waldo Emerson Nature The American Scholar 2. Henry David Thoreau Walden 3. Edgar Allan Poe The Raven The Fall of House of Usher 4. Nathanial Hawthorne The Scarlet Letter 5. Herman Melville Moby Dick 6. Walt Whitman Song of Myself 7.Emily Dickinson Poems in Selected Readings in American Literature by Chang Yaoxin IV. The Age of Realism 1. Mark Twain The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn 2. Henry James The Ambassadors V. American Naturalism 1. Theodore Drieiser Sister Carrie 2. Jack London Martin Eden 3. Edwin Arlington Robinson Richard Cory, Minver Cheevy,Mr. Flood s Party 3

4 V. 20 th Century Literature 1. Robert Frost Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening, Mending Wall, Design, Af ter Apple Picking 2. Sherwood Anderson Winesberg Ohio 3. Sinclair Lewis Babbit 4. Eugene O Neil Long Day s Journey into Neight 5. T. S. Eliot The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, The Waste Land 6. F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby 7. Ernest Hemingway A Farewell to Arms, The Sun Also Rises 8. William Faukner The Sound and the Fury, Light in August 9. John Steinbeck The Grapes of Wrath 10. Tennessee Williams The Glass Managerie 11. Arthur Miller Death of Salesman 12. Saul Bellow Herzog, Seize the Day 13. J. D. Salinger The Catcher in the Rye 14. Joseph Heller Catch John Updike Rabbit, Run 16. Toni Morrison Song of Soloman 二 参考书目 1. Ronold Gottesman, et al. Norton Anthology of American Literature. W..W. Norton & Company Inc 常耀信, 美国文学简史, 南开大学出版社, 李宜燮, 常耀信, 美国文学选读, 李宜燮, 南开大学出版社, Leonard Unger, American Writers. NY: Charles Scribner s Sons, Emory Elliot, Columbia Literary History of the United States. YN: Columbia University Press, Cleanth Broooks, et. al. The Makers and the Making. NY: St. Martin s Press, Carolyn Rilyn, Contemporary Literary Criticism. Detroit: Gale Research Company, Harry Shaw, Dictionary of literary Terms. NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company, The Cambridge Companion (to American Literature Series) 10. York Notes (Series of American Literature) 11. Cliffs Notes (Series of American Literature) 三 思考题 1. The importance of Puritanism in shaping American character. 2. Benjamin Franklin and the American dream 3. What is New England Transcendentalism? 4. The democratic ideas in Whitman s poems 5. Poe s aesthetic criteria in literature 6. Symbolism in Hawthorne s works 7. Compare and contrast Edwards, Franklin, Emerson and Hawthorne in terms of their understanding of the relationship between God, man and nature. 8. Mark Twain s criticism of American society 9. Naturalism as a literary school 4

5 10. Contrast the meaning of death of Dimmesdale, Hurstwood and Willy Lowman 11. Nature in Robert Frost s poems 12. The frustration of American dream in The Great Gatsby, Martin Eden and Death of Salesman 13. Illustrate the Lost Generation 14. The wasteland as seen by T. S. Eliot, Eugene O Neil, William Faulkner and Ernest Hemingway 15. The tragic vision of American modernists 16. Point of view in the works of Mark Twain, Henry James and Williams Faulkner 17. Black Humor in American literature 18. The Iceberg Style in Hemingway s Writings 模拟试题 : ( 美国文学部分 ) I. Identify the following passages and comment briefly on their thematic and stylistic significance: 1. I become a transparent eyeball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or particle of God. 2. He had been driven hither by the impulse of Remorse which dogged him everywhere, and whose own sister and closely linked companion was that Cowardice which invariably drew him back, with her tremulous gripe, just when the other impulse had hurried him to the verge of disclosure. II. Choose one of the following topics and write a short essay of about three hundred words, with reference at least to three works you have learned in the course of American literature. 1. The Frustration of American Dream 2. God, Man and Nature 3. Contrast the meaning of Death of Arthur Dimmesdale, Hurstwood and that of Gatsby. 第二章 英美文学 ( 英国文学部分 ) 考试大纲总的要求 : 考生须联系英美文学各个阶段的历史背景及思想潮流, 掌握重要文学流派, 重要作家及其作品, 并能对重要作品进行分析和评论 考试要点 : 英国文学部分 : I. The Anglo-Saxon Period ( ) 1. Historical background of OE literature 2. Important writers Bede, Caedmon, Cynewulf, King Alfred 3. Important works Beowulf (The significance of this poem, its pagan and Christian elements, artistic features) Ⅱ.The ME Period ( ) 1. Historical background 5

6 (The compact of the Norman Conquest on English society, on English and on Literature) 2. Important Writers : Chaucer, Langland 3. Important works: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ; Piers the Plowman; The Canterbury Tales: General Prologue. 4. Questions: a. How does ME poetry differ from OE poetry? b. Comment on Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, What new elements are introduced into this poem? c. Comment on the Canterbury Tales, What is its general structure? Give examples to illustrate the shift of tones, What is the significance of this poem? Ⅲ.The English Renaissance ( ) 1. Historical Background Renaissance in Europe, and its significance. The Puritan Revolution 2. Important writers and their works i. Edmund Spenser and his the Faerie Queene, Bookl Spenser s original plan,and the stanza form he invented in this poem.comment on Book One,What is the nature of the poem?the basic story and the symbolic meaning,the language and the imagery etc. ii. Marlowe and his Doctor Faustus The story and the themes of the play, Marlowe s strengths and weakness iii. Shakespeare and his plays, The Merchant of Venice, Hamlet, Macbeth, Sonnets 18,29. Shakespeare s four periods of writing, typical works in each period, His Renaissance ideas as shown in his plays. The plot of each listed play, where is the climax reached? Explain the complicated character of the heroes and heroines. How does the soliloquy reveal the character of the speaker? Give examples etc. Shakespeare s achievement. The four types of play. iv. The Metaphysical Poets: John Donne and Andrew Marvel Donne: Song: Go and Catch a Falling Star; Valediction: Forbidding Mourning; Death Be Not Proud Andrew Marvell: To His Coy Mistress v. Ben Jonson: Volpone To Celia The difference between Jonson s comedy and Shakespeare s comedy. What is satirized in Volpone? Johnson s attitude torward Renaissance. vi. Cavalier Poets: Lovelace: To Lucasca, Going to the Wars. Herric: To the Virgins: to Make Much of Time vii. Milton: Paradise lost, Books, I IV X XII Discuss epic conventions used in PL, Study 6

7 Satan s Character. Compare Satan s fall with Man s fall, Milton s achievement. viii. Francis Bacon: Of Studies Summarize Bacon s view on studies. Discuss the chief features of his style. ix John Bunyan: The Pilgrim s Progress The significance of the PP. The allegorical meaning of the book. IV. The Restoration and the 18 th century ( ) 1 Historical background Enlightenment and its effect upon literature 2 Neoclassicism 3 Important writers Alexander Pope: An Essay on Man; The Rape of the Lock What was Pope s view on man s position in the universe? What is a mock epic? Point out the epic devices used in RL. What effects are achieved by the employment of epic devices? Pope s attitude toward the world he describes? ii. Jonathan Swift: A Modest Proposal; Gulliver s Travels Satirical devices used in GT. Purpose of the author. Swift s view on man. The function of Gulliver. The relationship betweeu Swift and the narrator. iii. Daniel Defoe Moll Flankers Comment on the novel, on the heroine Moll. What is the significance of this character? Defoe s style as a novelist. How does he differ from his successors? iv. Samuel Johnson Letter to Chesterfield; The Preface to Shakespeare. Johnson as a critic, his view on literature, on Shakespeare. v. Henry Fielding Tom Jones, A foundling The whole story, the structure. Analyze the character of Tom Jones. Point out examples to illustrate Fielding s humor and satire. etc. vi. Thomas Gray (Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard) Disuss the shift toward Romanticism in the secord half of the 18 th century. What is the general mood of the poem? Ideas expressed in the poem? Point out romantic as well as classical elements in the poem etc. vii. Robert Burns and his short lyrics: Feafures of Burns Poetry. The significance of Burns in the history of English Literature. viii. William Blake Songs of Innocence, Songs of Experience Discuss Their difference in mood, in theme, in style. Choose some poems from the two Cole citrons of poems to illustrate the difference. What does the difference indicate? V. Age of Romanticism( ) 1. Historical and Intellectual background 7

8 2. Romanticism The meaning and the special characteristics of Romanticism. Explain the difference between classicism and Romanticism 3. Important writers i. William Wordsworth: Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey; Intimations of Immortality, The Prelude, Book I; Preface of Lyrical Ballads. Wordsworth s view on poetry. The significance of Preface of lyrical Ballads. Make an analysis of the listed poems. What was Wordsworth s view of nature, Childhood and immortality? Pay attention to his rhythm, language, esp, his imagery. ii. Coleridge: Biographia Literaria, chs XIV; XVll; The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. In what respect is this poem romantic? Comment on the thought and the style of the poem. What is Coleridge s view of poetry? Any difference from Wordsworth s? How is his view on poetry reflected in his poems? iii. Byron: Chilled Harold, Canto Ⅲ;Don Juan, 1 4; She walks in Beauty. How was Byron different from other romantic poets? What is the general Chara cter of his work? In what kind of poetry does he excel? Describe the typical Byronic hero. Compare his with Shelley typical Byronic hero. Compare him with Shelley. iv. Shelley: A Defense of poetry; Ode to the West wind. What are the chief Characteristics of shelley s poetry? Comment on his thought, poetic form and imagery. Compare Shelley s view of nature as reflected in The West Wind with Words Worth s view. to a Grecian urn. v. Kits: ode to a Nightingale; To Autumn, How does Kits differ from Shelley in descsibing nafare? Use examples to illustrate your view. vi. Jane Auster: Pride and Prejudice the social hierarchy in Pride and Prejudice The social values and their relationship with marriage. Austin s attitude towards these values and institutions. What social class or classes do the main, characters belong in? How does this fact shape the characters values and behavior. What does Auster approve of and disapprove of concerning marriage? What does she mean by gentility good breeding ladies and gentlemen.analyze Elizabeth,Compare his with other characters in the novel. Comment on the structure of the novel, the function of dialogue, the themes, the irony characterization, What does Austere satirize in the novel? vii: Walter Scott: Ivan hoe Scott s contribution to the historical novel, Does the novel help you to have a better understanding of the social conflict in the 12 Th century? Are there romantic elements in the novel? How does Scott differ from Austin in novel writing? Ⅵ.The Victorian Age ( ) a. Historical background and important thinkers. 8

9 b. Important writers: i. Tension: Ulysses, In Homeroom How does Ulysses reflect the age in which Tension lived and his own state of mind? ii. Browning: My last Duchess; The Bishop orders his Tomb at St., Praxes s church. Compare Browning s dramatic monologue with Tension s. What is borrowing s ATT: tube toward the duke and the bishop? How is this conveyed to the reader? iii. Arnold The Scholar Gypsy; Dover Beach Culture and Anarchy. Aaron s view on poetry. According to Arnold, England was in a state of anarchy what has caused it? How does his poem. Decor Beach reflect the spiritual unrest of his time?what images is used? iv. Dickens Hard Times Great Expectations David Copper field The Story, themes, structure, characters of each listed novel. v. Thecae ray Vanity Fair Explain the title. What is remarkable in Thackeray s style? Compare him with Dickens in their treatment of reality: Comment on the novelist s attitude toward the Characters in his novel. Compare Becky and Amelia. vi. Charlotte Bronze Jane Eire vii. Emily Bronze Withering Heights Point out the romantic elements in the two novels. Analyze Jane Ere. Rochester. Heathclitt Study the structure of watering Heights. Does the novel deepen our understanding of man s inner reality? viii. Hardy The Return of the Native Tees of the D Urbervilles Jude the Obscure The theme, structure of each novel, Harry s technique; the functioning of the environment in each of the novels Harry s view on man s fate. What is the cane of tragedy in each novel? Ⅶ. The Twentieth Century 1. Modernism 2. Important writers i. Conrad: Heart of Darkness Comment on the themes and structures of the short novel, Illustrate Canard s use of symbolism and issuing Does the novel deeper our understanding of colonialism, of human nature? ii. Joyce Ulysses (excerpts) Explain Bloom s stream of conscious ness as he is wandering in Dublin at lunchtime.how does Ulysses differ from Victorian navels? iii. D. H. Lawrence. Sons and Lovers How does Lawrence depict industrialism? Analyze the relationship between wife and husband. Mother and sons. What use does the 9

10 novel make of the Oedipus complex? How does industrialism affect human relation ship? Paul s love affairs with Miriam and Clara. Compare the two girls what has caused the failure of the two affairs? iv. Years: Among School Children; Sailing to Bygantium the Second Coming Comment on Yeast s symbolic use of language, Why is he regarded a s a modernist poet? What is Years philosophy of history? Does he use stream of consciousness technique in some of his poems? Is there a visionary element in his poetry? What is his view of poetry? v.t. S. Eliot :The love song of J. Alfred Pry frock ; The waste land Discuss the themes of the two poems; the difference between his poetry and traditional poetry in form and imagery; his relationship with French symbolists, English metaphysical poets and modern imaqists, Comment on his language (sudden shift from the formal to the colloquial, allusion irony etc) How is his language related to his theme Bibliography Abrams.M.H (ed.) Norton Anthology of English Literature.New York, W. W. Norton, 1986, Boos, Elisabeth, B. A Brief Introduction to Modern English Literature, Shanghai, Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, Holman, C. Hugh, A Handbook to Literature. Indianapolis, Boobs-Merrill Educational publishing, Lou, Jiug gun, 新编英国文学选读,Beijing : Beijing University Press,1996. Je Hares. A.N (ed.) York Notes. Beijing: Lineman and world Book Publishing Magic, Frank N. (ed.) Masterplots. Englewood Cliffs. Salem, Scott- Kilvevt, I an (ed.) British writers. New York. Charles Scriber s Sons, 1979r. Wang, Pelican, et al 美国文学史及作品选读 长春 : 东北师大,1992. 世界经典文学作品赏析 北京, 外语教学与研究出版社,Simon Schuster,1996. 第三章 翻译( 原理与实践 ) 考试大纲一 考试要点 ( 一 ) 翻译的文化学原理 1 文化的定义及分类 2 语言 文化 翻译三者的关系 3 东西方文化差异( 尤其是中英文化差异 ): 1 中美文化的渊源不同 2 道德价值观差异 3 思维及认知模式的差异 4 家庭观念的差别 5 生活方式不同 4 文化冲突 1 翻译中的空缺及其对策 2 文化负载词的翻译方法 3 超额翻译与欠额翻译 10

11 ( 二 ) 翻译的语言学原理 1 语义的发展演变 1 语义的分类 2 历时性语义 共时性语义 ; 两者间的差异及其对翻译选词的影响 3 语义辐射与翻译选词 2 语境与翻译 1 语境的定义 分类及功能 2 语境与翻译选词的关系 3 单双语词典在释义原则上的不同及其在翻译选词上的意义 3 句法与翻译单位 1 英汉句法结构的异同 2 翻译单位的划分 3 翻译中的结构转换与翻译单位转换 4 翻译等值问题 1 众说纷纭话等值 2 形式对应的可能性及其意义 3 英汉互译中实现等值的可能性及意义 5 语用翻译 1 指示语的分类 2 人称指示与语法学上的人称代词的异同及翻译应对策略 3 历法时间单位与非历法时间单位的区别及翻译对策 4 参照点的意义 5 社交指示语的分类及社交身份的相对性 6 社交指示表示虚拟关系时翻译中的应对策略 7 敬语与谦辞的语用目的及翻译方法 ( 三 ) 翻译的文学原理 1 文学作品的语言特色 1 文学作品的民族性及翻译策略 2 文学语言的语体特征与风格的关系 3 文学语言的模糊性及不确定性 4 作者 译者 读者三者之间的关系 2 文学作品的翻译 1 小说的语言特色及翻译 2 诗歌的语言特色及翻译 3 散文的语言特色及翻译 4 影视剧的语言特色及翻译 3 比较修辞与翻译 1 英汉辞格的异同 2 英汉互译中的辞格转换机制 二 主要参考书目 1. Peter Newmark, (1988) A Textbook of Translation ( 翻译教程 ) 上海外语教育出版社,2001 年版 2. Larry A Samovar 等 (1998),Communication Between Cultures ( 跨文化交际 ) 11

12 外语教学与研究出版社,2000 年版 3. Leo Hickey (1998) The Pragmatics of Translation( 语用学与翻译 ) 上海外语教育出版社,2001 年版 4. Catford, J.C. (1965) A Linguistic Theory of Translation ( 复印件 ) 5. 周方珠,(2002) 英汉翻译原理, 安徽大学出版社,2002 年修订版 6. 廖七一等 (2001) 当代英国翻译理论, 湖北教育出版社,2001 年版 三 思考题 1. 简述语言 文化 翻译三者的关系 2. 中英文化在渊源上有何不同? 3. 举例说明东西文化在道德价值观上的差异 4. 何谓翻译中的空缺? 翻译中如何应对? 5. 何谓超额翻译? 何谓欠额翻译? 如何避免这两种现象? 6. 何谓文化负载词? 如何翻译文化负载词? 7.G. Leech 是如何划分语义的? 8. 何谓历时性语义? 何谓共时性语义? 两者对翻译选词有何影响? 9. 何谓语境? 语境有哪些主要功能? 10. 举例说明语境与翻译选词的关系 11. 简述双语词典与单语词典在释义原则上的不同 12. 简述英汉句法结构的异同 13. 你认为应如何划分翻译单位, 为什么? 14. 指示语分为哪几类? 15. 语用学上的人称指示同语法学的人称代词有何不同? 16. 参照点在翻译指示语时有何意义? 17. 何谓虚拟关系? 翻译中如何应对? 18. 亲属称谓用作社交指示语时两者的区别何在? 翻译中如何处理? 19. 汉译英时如何处理汉语中的敬语与谦辞? 20. 通过具体译例简述英汉互译中翻译等值的可能性与否 21. 翻译时如何处理文学语言的民族性? 22. 文学模糊的功能及翻译方法 23. 文学不确定性有何意义, 翻译中如何处理文学作品中的不确定性? 24. 诗歌的语言特点及翻译要点是什么? 25. 简述作者 译者 读者三者的关系 四 考试题结构及各科分值比例说明三科合一份试卷, 卷面总分为 100 分 1. 英语语言学 30 分 2. 英美文学作品分析与评论 20 分简答题 5 分论述题 15 分 3. 翻译翻译实践 10 分翻译理论 20 分 12