Five Traits of the Educated Man

Transcription

1 OBJECTIVES Unit 8 Five Traits of the Educated Man 制作人 : 张少林 1. Learn 185 new words and expressions and some special language points 2. Grasp the main idea and structure of the texts 3. Develop critical thinking ability through the further discussion on the important qualities of the educated man and the importance of education 4. Review English grammar: The infinitive 5. Write: Describing a phenomenon 6. Phonetics training Procedures I. Warming up Warming up Memorable quotes Pre-reading questions Background information Watch & Discuss Grammar Infinitive phrases Phonetics and WF Word pronunciation; Incomplete plosion Text Learning New words Text comprehension Structure and topics Sentence analysis Rhetorical devices Writing Describing a phenomenon After-class tasks Reading Text II; Finishing exercises Memorable quotes Pre-reading questions Background information Watch & Discuss I. Warming up _ Memorable quotes Memorable Quotes Education makes a people easy to lead, but difficult to drive; easy to govern, but impossible to enslave. Henry Peter Brougham A little learning is a dangerous thing; Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian spring; There shallow draughts ( 几口酒 ) intoxicate the Brain; And drinking largely sobers us again. Elizabeth Cady Stanton I. Warming up _ Memorable quotes the Pierian spring: the metaphorical source of knowledge about art and science. Pieria was a region of ancient Macedonia ( 马其顿王国 ), the location of Mount Olympus, believed to be the home and the seat of worship of Orpheus[ 俄耳甫斯 ( 歌手, 善弹竖琴 )] and the Muses[ 文艺 美术 音乐等的缪斯女神 ], the deities of the arts and sciences. The spring is believed to be a fountain of knowledge that inspires whoever drinks from it. 1

2 I. Warming up _ Pre-reading questions What are the generally accepted standards of an educated man? Words and phrases suggested invariable / no exception / Confucian doctrines devotion to / cultivation / justice / loyalty to... /supplemented by new elements such as... I. Warming up _ Pre-reading questions For your reference We don't think there exist invariable standards in judgment. The criteria for an educated man are of no exception. According to ancient Confucian doctrines, they include devotion to parents, family and friends; cultivation of the mind, self-control; and justice and loyalty to society, etc. But the standards of an educated man are now supplemented by new elements, such as a substantial amount of knowledge; self-confidence and self-esteem confronting challenges; responsibility to a civilized modern society, and so on. I. Warming up _ Background information -author Isaac Asimov Isaac Asimov ( ) born in Russia to Jewish parents, was an American author and professor of biochemistry, best known for his works of science fiction and for his popular science books. Asimov was one of the most prolific writers of all time, having written or edited more than 500 books and an estimated 9,000 letters and postcards. I. Warming up _ Background information County Inspector A county official whose job is to check whether something is satisfactory and that rules are being obeyed. I. Warming up _ Background information -author William of Wykeham ( ) Bishop of Winchester, Chancellor of England, founder of Winchester College, New College, Oxford, New College School, Oxford, and builder of a large part of Windsor Castle. His motto was 'Manners makyth man'. II. Text learning II. Text Learning 2

3 II. Text learning _ Introduction to the Text Introduction to the text This text is an expositive essay telling readers what are the outstanding traits a well-educated person possesses. These traits are the correct and accurate use of one s native language, refined and gentle manners, the power and habit of reflection, the power of growth, and efficiency. II. Text learning _ Text comprehension 1. What will an education make and find according to the author? (Para. 1) It will make its mark and find its evidence in certain traits, characteristics, and capacities. II. Text learning _ Text comprehension II. Text learning _ Text comprehension 2. What probably leads to the acquisition of the fine characteristics of an educated man? (Para. 1) Patient endeavor, following good examples, and receiving wise discipline and sound instructions may result in the acquisition of the fine characteristics of an educated man. 3. What do the good qualities of well spoken English consist of? (Para. 11) They consist of pure diction, correct pronunciation, and an almost unconscious choice of the right words. II. Text learning _ Text comprehension II. Text learning _ Text comprehension 4. Why does a gentleman instinctively know the difference between good manners and bad ones? (Para. 3) Refined and gentle manners are themselves the expression of fixed habits of thought and action. 5. What role does adult education play in the present society? (Para.5) It keeps human beings growing long after they have left school and college, and, therefore, to help educate them. 3

4 II. Text learning _ Structure of the text Structure of the Text Part 1: Paragraph 1 Part 2: Paragraphs 2-6 Part 3: Paragraph 7 II. Text learning _ Structure of the text Structure of the Text This text is an expositive essay composed of seven paragraphs. The first paragraph, the first part of the essay, raises the question which is directly related to the topic of the essay: the relationship between learning and the marks of an educated man, that between learning and education, and that between education as well as certain traits and capacities which have to be gained by conscious efforts. II. Text learning _ Structure of the text II. Text learning _ Structure of the text Paragraphs 2-6 comprise the body of the text, which presents a brief account of the five key traits of an educated man: correctness and precision in the use of the mother tongue; refined and gentle manners; the power and habit of reflection; the power of growth ; possession of efficiency. These five major traits are explained and/or exemplified respectively. In the last paragraph, the last part or the conclusion of the essay, the writer stresses that given these five traits, one possesses the outline or framework of an educated man, and that the outline may be filled in by whatever knowledge, ability, or skill that one is in possession of. II. Text learning _ Part 1 II. Text learning _ Part 1 Part 1 Main Idea of Part 1 Let s listen to and read Part 1 of the text (Para.1) This part tells us about the relationship between learning and the marks of an educated man, the relationship between learning and education, and that between education and certain traits and capacities which have to be acquired by conscious efforts. 4

5 II. Text learning _ Part 1 II. Text learning _ Part 1 What are the marks of an educated man? (L1, Para.1) What do you think of the question raised at the very beginning? The question put forward at the very beginning is both attractive and very important. It is very attractive because it holds the readers' attention and causes the readers to think about its answer. It is very important because it is directly related to the topic of the essay. What is the main idea of the first paragraph? The first paragraph first asks a topicrelated question and then points out the relationship between learning and the marks of an educated man, between learning and education, and between education and certain traits and capacities which have to be gained by conscious efforts. II. Text learning _ Part 1 II. Text learning _ Part 1 It is plain that one may gain no inconsiderable body of learning in some special field of knowledge without at the same time acquiring those habits can traits which are the marks of an educated gentleman. (L.1, Para.1) How many negative words are there in this sentence and how will you explain them? What about analyzing the syntactic structure of the sentence? Double negative A double negative occurs when two forms of negation are used in the same clause. In formal English it is used to negate a negation, and therefore, it resolves to a positive. e.g. We don't need no education. We don't need no thought control. There isn't a day when I don't think about her. I don t want to go nowhere. (?) I don t want to go anywhere. II. Text learning _ Part 1 II. Text learning _ Part 1 It is plain that one may gain no inconsiderable body of learning in some special field of knowledge without at the same time acquiring those habits can traits which are the marks of an educated gentleman. [that one may gain no inconsiderable body of learning in some special field of knowledge without at the same time acquiring those habits and traits which are the marks of an educated gentleman]. Gerund phrase as object without at the same time acquiring those habits and traits which are the marks of an educated gentleman. at the same acquiring those habits and traits which are the marks of an educated gentleman. Attributive clause Adverbial of condition 5

6 II. Text learning _ Part 1 An education will make its mark and find its evidences in certain traits, characteristics, and capacities which have to be acquired by patient endeavor, by following good examples, and by receiving wise discipline and sound instructions. (L.6, Para.1) What is the characteristic of this sentence in its structure? Part 2 Let s listen to and read Part 2 of the text (Paras.2-6) Main idea of Part 2 This part discusses the five waits of an educated man: be correct and precise in the use of the mother tongue; refined and gentle manners; the power and habit of reflection; the power of growth; and possession of efficiency. These five paragraphs, which discuss the five waits of an educated man, comprise the body of the essay. The second paragraph is concerned with the first trait of an educated man, i.e. he must be correct and precise in the use of the mother tongue. The third paragraph points out and defines the second and indispensable trait of the educated man, i.e. refined and gentle manners, presenting a contrast between good and bad manners. The fourth paragraph advances and explains the third trait of the educated man: the power and habit of reflection. The fifth paragraph puts forth and expounds the fourth trait of the educated man: the power of growth. The sixth paragraph mentions and explains the fifth trait of the educated man : his possession of efficiency. The writer presents, explains, or discusses the five traits of an educated man in a reasonable and logical manner. Do you agree that the five traits of an educated man expounded in the text are the most important characteristics of an educated man? Justify your answer. (This is an open question. ) Yes, I do. Because these five traits are the basic marks of an educated man that are acknowledged almost by all. 6

7 The quite shocking slovenliness and vulgarity of much of the spoken English, as well as not a little of the written English, which one hears and sees, proves beyond peradventure that years of attendance upon schools and colleges that are thought to be respectable have produced no impression. (L3, Para. 2) Can we paraphrase this long sentence?. The shocking fact that much of the spoken English, as well as quite a lot of the written English, which one hears and sees, is not arranged in a proper order, or is carelessly organized, and shows a lack of fine feeling or good judgment in the choice of what is suitable or beautiful demonstrates or confirms beyond any shadow of doubt that years of attending classes in schools and colleges which are considered to show socially acceptable standards have turned out no good results. Attributive clause The quite shocking slovenliness and vulgarity of much of the spoken English, as well as not a little of the written English, which one hears and sees, proves beyond peradventure that years of attendance upon schools and colleges that are thought to be respectable have produced no impression. (Para. 2) Prepositio nal phrase as attribute Object clause In the object clause (underlined part), which parts form its main clause? Attributive clause [that years of attendance upon schools and colleges that are thought to be respectable have produced no impression]. (Para. 2) Object or Subject Complement People think years of attendance of school and college to be respectable (O.C). Years of attendance of school and college are thought to be respectable. (S.C) We call him Tom. He is called Tom. 源词 respect (v. & n.) Comparison respective: individual 各自的 ; 分别的 respectful: showing respect toward sb./sth. 恭敬的 ; 表示尊重的 ( 对待某人 / 某物 ) respectable: considered by society to be good, proper or correct ; deserving respect 体面的 ; 正确的 ; 值得尊敬的 7

8 Blank filling respective respectful respectable 1. They listened in respectful silence. 2. He was born in a respectable family. 3. We went to visit our respective mothers. Attributive clause [that years of attendance upon schools and colleges that are thought to be respectable have produced no impression]. (Para. 2) slovenly: untidy, marked by negligence; slipshod. e.g. His appearance is even more slovenly than usual. Such slovenly work habits will never produce good products. He is such a sloven (?) that nobody would like to live or work with him. How can you bear to live in such conditions of slovenliness? When one hears English well spoken, with pure diction, correct pronunciation, and an almost unconscious choice of the right word, he recognizes it at once. (L.7, Para.2) When we hear somebody speak English in a way that words are pronounced perfectly well, not mixed with any nonstandard sound, and speaker chooses the right words in the absence of conscious awareness or thought. We recognize this trait. diction: choice and use of words in speech or writing; degree of clarity and distinctness of pronunciation in speech or singing e.g. His diction is noted for its freshness and vividness. We can see very poor diction in the essay. He speaks standard English, with pure diction. Bad diction marred the effectiveness of her speech. How much easier he finds it to imitate English of the other sort! (Para.3) Formal object He finds it much easier to imitate English of the other sort. Real object More example: We consider it to be of strategic importance. The government makes it of great importance to learn English well. I think it best that you should stay here. 8

9 Special cases in which formal object is used: When enjoy, like, dislike, love, hate, prefer, appreciate, etc. are followed by if or when subordinate clause,it is often used as formal object. She won t like it if you arrive late. He hates it when people use his bike. I d prefer it if I didn t have to do so much work. I would appreciate it very much if you would help me with it. refined and gentle manners, which are themselves the expression of fixed habits of thought and action. (L1, Para.3)... good manners showing education, delicacy of feeling and gentleness of behavior, which express or embody established habits of thought and action. "Manners make the man." (Para.3) This is a quotation from Wykeham William. It means "A person's habits and behavior tell us much about him." When manners are superficial, artificial, and forced, no matter what their form, they are bad manners. (L.4, Para.3) Adverbial clause of concession omitting is If ways of behaving are insincere, strained or unnatural, showing a lack of true feelings, they are impolite or poor manners, no matter how they are embodied. Adverbial clauses of concession introduced by no matter e.g. No matter what you do, don t touch this switch. (= Whatever) No matter how carefully you drive, you will probably have an accident eventually. (=However) I ll give this to the first person I see this morning, no matter who he/she is. (whoever) You should use English to think, no matter where you are,just describe something you look at in English for your friends or yourself! When, however, they are the natural expression of fixed habits of thought and action, and when they reveal a refined and cultivated nature, they are good manners. (L5, Para.3) When manners naturally express or convey ever fixed habits of thought and action, and when they show a gentle and cultured nature, they are known as good manners. 9

10 The gentleman instinctively knows the difference between those things which he may and should do and those things which he may not and should not do. (L9, Para.3) What parts each and in the sentence joins? Human beings for the most part live wholly on the surface or far beyond the present moment and that part of the future which is quickly to follow it. (L1, Para.4) How do the coordinate conjunctions help us to understand the structure of this sentence? Human beings for the most part live wholly on the surface or far beyond the present moment and that part of the future which is quickly to follow it. (L1, Para.4) Adverbial on the surface or far beyond the present moment and that part of the future which is quickly to follow it. Attributive clause Attributive clause They do not read those works of prose and poetry which have become classic because they reveal power and habit of reflection and induce that power and habit in others. (L3, Para.4) Adverbial clause of reason because they reveal power and habit of reflection and induce that power and habit in others. A fourth trait of the educated man is the power of growth. (L.1, Para.5) How does the Writer explain the power of growth? The educated man continues to grow and develop from birth to his dying day. "His interests expand, his contacts multiply, his knowledge increases, and his reflection becomes deeper and wider." It would appear to be true that not many human beings, and even not many of those who have had a college education, continue to grow after they are twenty-four or twenty-five years of age. (L3, Para. 5) Is the syntactic structure of this sentence clear to you? 10

11 It would appear to be true that not many human beings, and even not many of those who have had a college education, continue to grow after they are twenty-four or twenty-five years of age. (L.3, Para.5) that not many human beings, and even not many of those who have had a college education, continue to grow after they are twenty-four or twenty-five years of age. Real subject Attributive clause Adverbial clause By that time it is usual to settle down to life on a level of more or less contented intellectual interest and activity. (L6, Para. 5) By that time when they are in their midtwenties it is normal for most people to live a stable and satisfactory life, engaged in intellectual activities in which they are interested and with which they are somewhat satisfied. Word comparison intellectual: of the ability to learn and reason; a person of great such ability e.g. The game of chess requires intellectual skill. An intellectual should not only be the expert in some field but be socially responsible. intelligent: having capacity to acquire and apply knowledge e.g. The most intelligent students do additional reading to supplement the material in the textbook. The whole present day movement for adult education is a systematic and definite attempt to keep human beings growing long after they have left school and college, and therefore, to help educate them. (L7, Para. 5) Which word does the underlined part modify? The whole present day movement for adult education is a systematic and definite attempt to keep human beings growing long after they have left school and college, and therefore, to help educate them. (L7, Para. 5) Appositive to keep human beings growing long after they have left school and college, and therefore, to help educate them. The mere visionary dreamer, however charming or however wise, lacks something which an education requires. (L.2, Para. 6) What is your understanding of this sentence? 11

12 II. Text learning _ Part 3 The power to do may be exercised in any one of a thousand ways, but when it clearly shows itself, that is evidence that the period of study, of discipline, and of companionship with parents and teachers has not been in vain. (L.3, Para. 6) What does it refer to? What parts do the three coordinate conjunctions join? Part 3 Let s listen to and read Part 3 of the text (Para.7) II. Text learning _ Part 3 II. Text learning _ Part 3 Main Idea of Part 3 This paragraph, the concluding part of the essay, makes it quite clear that the five traits discussed above comprise the outline of an educated man, and that so long as one boasts this outline, the specific content can be filled in by whatever knowledge, competence, and skills that one possesses. What does the last paragraph point out? The last paragraph points out that the five traits discussed in the body comprise the outline of an educated man, and that so long as one is in possession of this outline, the specific content can be filled in by whatever knowledge, competence, and skills that one possesses. II. Text learning _ Part 3 II. Text learning _ Part 3 Given these five characteristics, one has the outline of an educated man. What does the outline of an educated man refer to? The outline of an educated man refers to the five traits or characteristics of the educated man explained in the body of the text. So long as the framework or outline is there, the content may be pretty much what you will, assuming, of course, that the fundamental elements of the great tradition which is civilization, and its outstanding records and achievements in human personality, in letters, in science, in the fine arts, and in human institutions, are all present. How many subordinate sentences are there in this sentence and what functions do they play? 12

13 II. Text learning _ Part 3 II. Text learning _ Part 3 Adverbial clause of condition So long as the framework or outline is there, the content may be pretty much what you will, assuming, of course, that the fundamental elements of the great tradition which is civilization, and its outstanding records and achievements in human personality, in letters, in science, in the fine arts, and in human institutions, are all present. Participle phrase as adverbial Object clause, assuming, of course, that the fundamental elements of the great tradition which is civilization, and its outstanding records and achievements in human personality, in letters, in science, in the fine arts, and in human institutions, are all present. II. Text learning _ Part 3 II. Text learning _ Part 3 elements of the great tradition which is civilization, and its outstanding records and achievements in human personality, in letters, in science, in the fine arts, and in human institutions... What does its refer to? As long as there exists the outline, the content may well satisfy your wish or aspiration if the basic components of civilization and its remarkable achievements in human character, in literature, in science, in the fine arts, and in human institutions, are all contained in the outline. / So long as you are in possession of this framework, you may be very satisfied if you boast the basic elements of civilization, possess wonderful human qualities, and have achieved great success in literature, in science, in the fine arts, and in human institutions. II. Text learning _ New words and expressions II. Text learning _ New words and expressions 1. endeavor v.& n. make (an) effort 2. discipline v. & n. to train; controlled behavior Examples 我们努力使客户满意 We endeavor to make our customers happy. The climbing of Mt. Qomolangma was an outstanding example of human endeavor. Examples 背诵优秀散文不仅可以大大提高语文能力, 而且可以训练并增强记忆力 Reciting excellent pieces of prose can not only enhance our language competence, but also discipline our memory and render it much stronger. The teacher demands discipline in the classroom. 13

14 II. Text learning _ New words and expressions II. Text learning _ New words and expressions 3. instinctively ad. in a way resulting from one's instinct, i.e. one's natural ability or tendency Examples 有理性的人本能地知道, 什么事情该做, 什么事情不该做 A person with reason instinctively knows what should be done and what should not be done. He ducked instinctively as the bullet whistled past his head. 4. vulgarity n. (vulgar a.) the state or quality of being indecent Examples 他的习惯和举止以某种程度的粗俗为特征 His habits and manners are characteristic of a certain degree of vulgarity. 她是一个俗不可耐的人 She's an unbearably vulgar person. II. Text learning _ New words and expressions II. Text learning _ New words and expressions 5. beyond peradventure prep. beyond any shadow of doubt; undoubtedly Examples 毫无疑问,2010 年世博会将给上海带来许多机遇, 促使上海的经济进一步发展 It is beyond peradventure that the 2010 World Exposition will bring Shanghai many good opportunities, which will stimulate Shanghai s economy to greater development. 6. respectable a. showing standards of behavior, appearance, etc. that are socially acceptable Examples 你怎么能指望我这样一个受人尊敬的已婚嫂妇女做这种事情? How could you expect me, a respectable married woman, to do such a thing? It is not respectable to get drunk in the street. II. Text learning _ New words and expressions II. Text learning _ New words and expressions 7. persist v. continue in a course of action or way of behaving 8. multiply v. to greatly increase in number or amount Examples 尽管困难重重, 然而她不懈努力完成了大学的学业 Despite hardships, she persisted in her efforts to complete her university education. If you persist in causing trouble, the company may be forced to dismiss you. Examples 只要认真学习, 不断进步, 成功的机会就会大大增多 As long as you study hard and make progress constantly, your chances to succeed will multiply. He has acquired a good knowledge of Chinese and English, which has multiplied his chances of success. 14

15 II. Text learning _ New words and expressions II. Text learning _ New words and expressions 9. refined a. showing education, delicacy of feeling and gentleness of manners Examples 待人有礼, 举止文雅, 这是有教养的人一个必不可少的特点 One of the inevitable traits of the educated man is his possession of refined and gentle manners. 10. competence n. ability and skill Examples 小王工作卓有成效, 因为他专业能力强, 并讲究方法 Xiao Wang works very efficiently, because he possesses strong professional competence and, moreover, he pays particular attention to methods. Their language and linguistic competence should be improved. II. Text learning _ New words and expressions 11. assume v. suppose; believe something to be true without actually having proof that it is Examples 如果他五分钟内不到, 我们可以认定他不会来了 If he is not here in five minutes, we shall assume that he is not coming. Assuming that you are right about this, what shall we do? inconsiderable influence a considerable body of knowledge to acquire some traits after all patient endeavour to receive wise discipline slovenliness and vulgarity to look very vulgar vulgar names for an animal species slovenly appearance a typical sloven U8A.1, B1 微不足道的影响 大量的知识 习得某些特征 毕竟 坚持不懈的努力 接受明智的训练 邋遢和粗俗 满脸俗气 动物种类的通俗名称 不修边幅的外表 典型的懒散之人 U8A.2, B1 U8A.3, B1 financial capacity adaptive capacity city capacity beyond peradventure If peradventure you fail, pure diction baddiction unconscious choice refined manners refined oil to refine our speech to know sth instinctively 财政的承受能力 适应能力 城市容量 毫无疑问 万一你失败了, 纯正的措词 措词不当 下意识的选择 优雅的举止 精炼油 使我们的言谈优雅 本能地知道 an instinctive mistrust of cultivated manner to cultivate the appreciation to cultivate plants to induce others to break the law a superficial wound a superficial knowledge superficial prosperity the reflection in a mirror to do sth. without reflection a German philosopher to multiply 8 by 4 出于直觉的不信任 有教养的举止 培养鉴赏力 栽种植物 诱人犯罪 表皮伤 肤浅的知识 表面的繁荣 镜中的映像 未经深思熟虑做 一位德国哲学家 以 4 乘 8 15

16 to multiply quickly visionary objectives artificial vision a leader of vision in vain to show zeal for one's work excessive zeal to make its mark marks of an educated man the sound instruction to stand out outstanding achievements to acquire the mother tongue U8A.4, B1 繁殖很快 不切实际的目标 人工视力 有远见的领导 徒劳地 对工作热心 狂热 留下痕迹 受过教育者的标志 正确的指导 突出 突出的成就 习得母语 years of attendance upon schools to produce impression an indispensable trait fixed habit of thought works of prose and poetry to settle down to life sb s possession of efficiency topossess nuclear weapons a body of water a body of teachers to accompany an education to accompany sb home U8A.5, B1 数年的上学 产生印象 不可缺少的特点 固有的思维习惯 散文与诗歌作品 安定下来过日子 拥有效率 (n.) 拥有核武器 一泓水 教师团体 伴随着教育 陪伴某人回家 U8A.6, B1 U8A.7, B1 It is plain that a plain face the girl in a plain dress aprecision instrument precise figures a respectable old cadre respectful behavior to point to a great truth the classics of Marxism Chinese classical poetry to reflect on a problem to expand the influence of to expand by heat 很明显 平常的相貌 穿着朴素衣服的女孩 精密仪器 精确的数字 一位可敬的老干部 恭敬的行为 指出一个伟大的真理 马克思主义经典著作 中国古典诗歌 仔细思考一个问题 扩大 的影响 受热而膨胀 to keep in contact with to wear contact lenses to contact him people who are never contented a contented look to content sb the chief contents adefinite answer a charming portrait a companionship of many years a bosom companion 保持接触 / 联系 戴隐型眼镜 与他联系 永不知足的人 心满意足的神色 使某人满意 / 满足 主要内容 确定的回答 迷人的肖像 多年的交谊 亲密的同伴 U8A.8, B1 U8A.9, B1 the outline of an educated man the outline for review scholarship leaders to sit for a scholarship a literary masterpiece the framework of organization the fundamental elements ancient civilization personality development a man of letters in the fine arts 受过教育的人的轮廓 复习提纲 学术带头人 为奖学金而参加考试 文学名著 组织结构 基本要素 古代文化 / 文明 个性 / 人格发展 文学家 在美术方面 the affiliated school to live a stable and orderly life in aconventional manner toexhibit a line of product to exhibit impatience a piece of exposition to expose a crime to illuminate with a floodlight to illuminate differences an adequate exposition to insist on self-reliance to wipe out poverty 附属学校 过稳定有序的生活 按传统方式 展出一类产品 显出不耐烦情绪 一篇说明文 揭发罪行 用探照灯照明 阐明不同点 适当 / 足够的说明 主张自力更生 消除贫困 16

17 the Prime Minister to urge sb to do to bring about prosperity to deserve to be rewarded to deserve death a sense of fair play to enjoy thecompany of one s relatives to show compassion for to give sblegal aid all in all to trust him all in all in all U8A.10, B1 首相 催促某人做 带来繁荣 应该受奖 该受死刑 公平意识 喜欢亲戚的陪伴 对 表示同情 / 怜悯 给某人以法律援助 总而言之 完全信任他 总共 variable capital avariable mood varied tactics toimitate adults to imitate a trademark todeduce the operating principle of a dominant position a dominant figure of the family to bemodest and prudent (sb)toperfect the work constantly 可变资本 反复无常的情绪 各式各样的战术 模仿成年人 冒牌 推断出 的工作原理 统治地位 一家之主 U8A.11, B1 谦虚谨慎 工作精益求精 U8A.12, B1 U8A.12, B1 so/as long as to grasp specialized skills the world exposition a person with reason despite/in spite of hardships to possess professional competence to recite excellent pieces of prose to enhance our language competence to discipline our memory to render sth much stronger 只要 掌握专业技能 世界博览会 有理性的人 尽管困难重重 拥有专业能力 背诵优秀散文 提高语言能力 训练记忆力 使 更强 a perfectholy person to live a holy life to be aware of sb s intellectual strengths nonprincipal contradiction to contradict each other the contradictary emotions the technique of teaching to enliven a lesson to award praise to be mentally alert an alert bank guard tostagnate intellectually 十全十美的圣人 过着圣洁的生活 认识到知识的力量 非主要矛盾 互相矛盾 矛盾的情结 教学方法 / 技巧 使一节课生动 给予表扬 头脑敏捷 警觉的银行保安 智力上停滞 U8B.1, B1 U8B.2, B1 to major in literature to launch into one complaint to irritate listeners irritating whimpering to utter in a whimper on the spur of the moment to spur industrial investment to bellyache about sth to wrestle with the words (plan) to jell in one s mind to need constant revision to give reverent attention to sb 主修文学专业 开始抱怨 让听者恼火 让人恼火的抱怨 呜咽着说 一时冲动 刺激工业投资 对 牢骚满腹 绞尽脑汁选词 在脑海里成形 需要一次次的修改 恭敬地听某人说话 a reverent silence to know better a new vaccine to dedicate oneself unstintingly one s unstinting help to gamble on an ultimate achievement to require enormous dedication to reeducate oneself periodically tankwarfare 虔诚的安静 有头脑, 不会上当 一种新疫苗 无私地奉献 某人的不吝相助 在巨大成就上下注 需要极大的奉献精神 定期进行自我再教育 坦克战 17

18 U8B.3, B1 U8B.3, B1 to be doomed to mediocrity a carrier admiral the head of our outfit to counter that the next tier of officers army colonels voluntary study groups to toy with sth widely scattered jobs byfantastic luck fantastic hopes to givesbgrandeur 注定成为庸才 航空母舰司令 我们部队的领导 反驳说 下层军官 陆军上校 自愿学习小组 心不在焉地做某事 各种差异大的工作 由于好运气 异想天开 令某人地位显赫 intellectual grandeur to be accustomed to being heckled to heckle the candidate 知识的殿堂 习惯于被人质问 诘问候选人 Old to new U8A.5, B1 Old to new U8A.6, B1 eagerness ability not knowing about very small deep and careful though effort increase greatly useless trait zeal capacity unconscious inconsiderable reflection endeavour multiply in vain character ability and skill literature in general basic or most important nature or character the position of a leader friendship continue natural ability or tendency insincere competence letters fundamental personality leadership companionship persist Instinct artificial Infinitive phrases An infinitive phrase will begin with an infinitive [to + simple form of the verb]. It will include objects and/or modifiers. to smash a spider to kick the ball past the dazed goalie to lick the grease from his shiny fingers despite the disapproving glances of his girlfriend Gloria 18

19 Infinitive phrases can function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. Look at these examples: To finish her shift without spilling another pizza into a customer's lap is Michelle's only goal tonight. To finish her shift without spilling another pizza into a customer's lab functions as a noun because it is the subject of the sentence. Lakesha hopes to win the approval of her mother by switching her major from fine arts to pre-med. To win the approval of her mother by switching her major from fine arts to pre-med functions as a noun because it is the direct object for the verb hopes. The best way to survive Dr. Peterson's boring history lectures is a sharp pencil to stab in your thigh if you catch yourself drifting off. To survive Dr. Peterson's boring history lectures functions as an adjective because it modifies way. Kelvin, an aspiring comic book artist, is taking Anatomy and Physiology this semester to understand the interplay of muscle and bone in the human body. To understand the interplay of muscle and bone in the human body functions as an adverb because it why Kelvin is taking the class. Punctuating an infinitive phrase correctly When an infinitive phrase introduces a main clause, separate the two sentence components with a comma. The pattern looks like this: infinitive phrase, + main clause. To avoid burning another bag of popcorn, Brendan pressed his nose against the microwave door, sniffing suspiciously with every breath. When an infinitive phrase breaks the flow of a main clause, use a comma both before and after the interrupter. The pattern looks like this: start of main clause, + interrupter, + end of main clause. Those basketball shoes, to be perfectly honest, do not complement ( 添彩 ) the suit you are planning to wear to the interview. 19

20 When an infinitive phrase concludes a main clause, you need no punctuation to connect the two sentence parts. The pattern looks like this: main clause + Ø + infinitive phrase Janice and her friends went to the mall to flirt with the cute guys who congregate at the food court. 1. 观察动词不定式的结构? 举例说明 2. 观察动词不定式有哪些 式 ( 一般式? 被动式? 完成式? 进行式? ) 举例说明 1. 动词不定式的结构 : (1) to + 动词原形 : There is nothing to do. (2) 不带 to 的动词不定式 : I would rather go than stay. You d better apologise. I cannot but admire his courage. I saw him come in. The boss made them work 12 hours a day. (3) 带逻辑主语的动词不定式 : for + 名 / 代词 + 动词不定式 For a child to do that job is unimaginable. It is necessary for goods to be packed in strong cases. That is for you to decide. 有一部分形容词后面接 of + 动词不定式 It s kind of you to say so. It was cruel of Tom to tease that disabled boy. (4) 动词不定式否定结构 : not /never + 动词不定式 Try not to be late. This is some information not to say. She wished never to see him again. Let s not go. (5) 疑问词 + 动词不定式 结构 : what to do, when to do, how to do, whether to do, When to start has not been decided. How to earn daily bread by my pen was then a problem. The question is where to go. I don t know what to do. 2. 动词不定式的 式 : (1) 一般式 : to + 动词原形 ; 不带 to 的动词不定式 I didn t want to let another day go by without doing anything. I want you to be happy. I ll leave you to attend the matter. He helped me (to) lift the box onto the bike. 20

21 (2) 被动式 : to be + 动词的过去分词 The Olympics to be held in Beijing in 2008 will be an important event in Chinese history. It s a great honour to be invited to the banquet. (3) 完成式 : to have + (been +) 动词的过去分词 ( 表示不定式所表的动作发生在谓语动词之前 ) This house seems to have been built by a good architect. There is no need to have bought a new pair of shoes for me. ( 已经买了 ) (4) 进行式 : to be + 动词的现在分词 ( 不定式的动作正在进行, 与谓语动词同时发生 ) The weather seems to be improving. You are too young to be meeting young men. IV. Writing Describing a phenomenon Describing a phenomenon General topic: Name out a phenomenon. Supporting details: describe some incidents or occurrences to support your general point. (A judgment: express your opinion on this phenomenon.) IV. Writing IV. Writing Example: Children in our country lack physical exercise. On the one hand, too much homework confines most of them to the classroom or home. On the other hand, some of them spend too many hours watching TV or play computer games. This phenomenon could lead to health problems. Topics for practice 1. Lack of honesty is a serious problem in China nowadays. 2. Foreign festivals are popular with young people. 21

22 V. Phonetics Phonetics Training V. Phonetics Word pronunciation and stress educated discipline variously precision vulgarity recognize cultivate instinctively multiply contented intellectual possession visionary literary assuming V. Phonetics VI. After-class tasks Incomplete plosion Page A question often asked is: What are the marks of an educated man? Do the dictation. Free from Debt Trouble Read Text II and write a summary. Collection of Sayings Finish all the exercises in Unit 8 Manage to remember words in Unit 9. 22