Mc)t s6 nguyen tic co ban khi dich Vi~t-Anh M9t s6 tit kho dich tit Vi~t sang Anh Luy~n dich Vi~t - Anh

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2 Dich la mot ky nang kh6 trong viec hoc nqoai nget n6i chung va Anh ngii' n6i rienq. Trong nhieu tntdng hop, ta thay rang dich W tieng Anh sang tieng Vi~t thi d@ -dang hem VJ c6 su trc giup cua tu' di~n. Nhunq ly do quan tronq hon CUa u'u the nay chinh la S\f hi~u biet sau S~C nqon nglt me de va ban s~c van h6a dan toe minh. Ngan ngu truyen dat y nghi, tinh cam, cam xuc cua con ngudi. Do d6, khi dich tu tieng Vi~t sang tieng Anh thi ta phai dltng b g6c d9 ngt.toi Anh d~ dich. Lam sao d~ chuy~n ngci Ot1<;1C chinh xac, trung thanh voi ban g6c ma van gift dli<;1c y cua ngt.t&i viet khi dich. Nghla la dat dt.t<;ie ca 3 yeu cau. chan - thi~n - my. Nham giup ban nang cao ky nang dich Vi~t - Anh, chunq toi xin gioi thieu cuon: "Luyen dich Vi~t - Anh". Cu6n sach gom 4 n{>i dung chinh. PHAN 1: PHAN2: PHAN3: PHAN4: Lo! gi&i thi~u Mc)t s6 nguyen tic co ban khi dich Vi~t-Anh M9t s6 tit kho dich tit Vi~t sang Anh Luy~n dich Vi~t - Anh Tit vun. g Mong rang cu6n sach se la cam nang giup ban ngay canq hoan thien v6n tieng Anh cua minh.,, TAC GIA

3 PHAN I: MOT. so NGUYEN TAC KHI DICH. c.au Tit TIENG VItT SANG TIENG ANH Khi dich cau tu tieng Vi~t sang tie'ng Anh, sau khi da chon thci thich hop ta c:in thuc hien mot so buoc sau day: Bude 1: chon mau cau Cd ban tu b5 nghia (hay ca'u true chuc nang) thich hop Bude 2: chon yeu to mo ta ~ Bude 3: ap dung luat tuong can hay song hanh. cac MA.u c.au co BAN Khi dich m9t cau tu tieng Vi~t sang tieng Anh, ta thuong doi chieu m9t tu ngu giua hai ngon tu. Sau khi biet duoc tu loai cua tu tie'ng Anh, ta mdi h,ta chon mau cau can sl:t dung va chon m(lt thi thich hop cho d9ng tu. Trong tieng Anh, m6i cau thuong bao gom 2 phan: chu. ngft (the subject) va vi ngu (the predicate). Chu ngu goi ten mot nguoi, m9t do vat hoac su kien. Vi ngu luon noi len m<}t dieu gi d6 ve chu ngti. Chu ngu luon la m9t danh tu, dai tu, m(?t cum tu duce dung nhu danh tu hoac m9t menh de dung nhu danh tu. Vi ngu trong cau luon bat dau bang mot dc}ng tu. Phan con 5

4 lai cua ca u (phjin nam trong vi ngu, du<?,c goi la b6 ngu (the complement). M :u 1: Noun+ Verb +(Adverbial) Vi d1.,1: Everybody (n) laughed (v) The dogs (n) are barking (v) at the boys (adv) He (n) arrived (v)late (adv). theo sa u dqng tu) TS:t ca cac cau CCI ban g6m c6 danh tu, theo sau la d(mg tu va b6' ngu. Tuy nhien, b6 ngu g6m nhieu tu loai khac nhau. Do d6 ta xe'p cau Cd ban tuy theo tu loai cua b6 ngir, Co 7 m~u cau Cd ban sau:. Nhan xet: M~u nay chi' c~n 1 danh tu lam chu ngij va mqt d{mg tu. D()ng tu c6 th~ duoc b6 nghia bai mqt trang tu, trang tu co th~ la m()t tu don hay cum tu. Dqng tu a m~u so 1 nay duce goi la n9i dqng tu ( the intransitive verb), nghla la d(?ng tu kh6ng c~n m<)t tan ngfi di kem. M!u 2: Noun+ Verb+ Adverbial Vi du: John (n) is (v) at the party (adv). Mary (n) was (v) out (adv). My parents (n) are (v) in Hatay (adv). Nhan xet: D9ng tu (J m~u nay lucn la mot dang ciia d9ng tu va complement nam sau d9ng ta BE la trang tu chi thci BE, gian hoac noi chon. 6

5 MAu 3: Noun+ Verb+ Adjective Vi du: Vi du: The clerk (n) was (v) rude (adj). The coffee (n) tastes (v) good (adj). The sky (n) became (v) cloudy (adj). Nhan xet: D{lng tit trong miu s6 3 chi trang thai. Co r~t nhieu nqi d9ng tu nhung chi co hon chuc n(>i d{lng tu chi trang thai, chilng han: be, seem, appear, sound, remain, smell, taste... M :u 4: Noun+ Verb+ Noun He (n) is (v) a teacher (n) The books (n) have become (v) the best sellers (n) Toan (n) remained (v) a secretary (n) Nhan xet: 3 d(mg tu: be, become, Vi du: Peter (n) asked (v) several questions (n) Her friend (n) visited (v) Hongkong (n) remain la nhirng d(>ng tu duy nh~t duce dung a m~u sei 4. Nhfrng d{)ng tu nay con du<;fc goi la state verbs hay linking verbs. Miiu 5: Noun+ Verb+ Noun Carelessness (n) causes (v) the accidents(n) Nhan xet: M~u 4 va 5 c6 cung each cau tao nhung vi c6 chua 2 loai dqng tu khac nhau nen ta tach ra lam 2. D9ng tu trong miu so 4 tao nen nhung cau trong d6 danh tit d vi tri chu ngil va danh tu CJ vi tri complement cung am chi m()t ngttdi hoac vat, S\1 viec. Con d miu sei 5, d ng tu tao nen nhiing cau trong d6 2 danh tu d vi tri chu ngil va ba ngil am chi 2 nguoi, 2 vat khac nhau. Cac dc;mg tu nay duce gqi la ngoai d9ng tu (transitive 7

6 verb). M'u 6: Noun+ Verb+ Noun+ Noun Vf. du: We (n) told (v) our mother (n) the news (n) My uncle (n) sent (v) me (n) a. telegram (n) The sun (n) give (v) us (n) the light (n). Nhan xet: D9ng W dung trong mau cau nay la transitive verb. Sau d(mg tu la 2 danh tu di lien nhau. Danh tu di li~n sau d9ng tit duqc goi la tan ngil gian tiep va danh tit k~ tiep duqc g9i la tan ngi1 true tiep. Hai danh tu a mfiu 6 am chi 2 nguoi hoac vat khac nhau. M~u 7A: Noun+ Verb+ Noun+ Noun Vi du: They name the ship "Titanic" His mother considers him a genius Her classmates elected Maria president. Nhan xet: Dc;>ng tu dung trong mau nay la transitive verb. Sau d<}ng tu cling c6 2 danh tit di li~n nhau. Danh tu dung lien sau d(mg tu duoc goi la tan ngit true tic'p; danh tu tie'p theo c6 tac dung giai thich cho tan ngu nen duqc goi la object complement-be nghia tan ngir. Hai danh tir a m~u nay am chi cling m9t nguoi hoac m<)t v~t hay mot sl:1 viec. Voi mdt s6 d(>ng tu d mau cau 7 A, mot tinh tit c6 th~ thay the danh lu thu hai, va tinh tu nay ding dtic;1c goi la object complement nhu a m~u 7B duoi day: 8

7 Mflu 7B: Noun+ Verb+ Noun+ Adjective Vi du: His mother considers him quite handsome. The meat made our dog very happy. The news made her dissapointed. They found the machine useless. N6i den ye'u t6 mo ta thi ra'.'t nhieu, b day ta xet tdi met s6 modifier cua danh tu chu yeu va thuong duce SU dung. Cac tu loai sau day c6 th~ la yeu to' m6 ta cua m()t danh tu: Ex: Ex: YEU TO MO TA- MODIFIER Ta dich modifier la yeu to mo ta. 1 Mao t\:i (the article): a, an, the a factory, an employer 2 Tinh tu chi th! (the demonstrative adjective): This, that, these, those. This center, that car. Trong tieng Anh, modifier c6 th~ la mc)t tu ngu don dc)c, mc)t cum tu hoac m9t menh d~ c6 chuc nang mo ta hoac b6 nghia cho m(>t tit ng'u khac trong cau noi nham lam cho y nghia cua ca u trb nen r6 rang hem, dfty du hon. 3 Tinh tu sd hiru (the possessive adjective): my, your, his, her, our, their, its Ex: his job, the man's office 4 Tinh tu ba't dinh (the indefinitive adjective): some, many, several, much... 9

8 Ex: some books, many products 5 Tinh tu chi s6 dem (The numberal adjective): one, nine, second, third... Ex: the second time, two factories 6 Tinh tu (the adjective): young, small, difficult... Ex: a young man, some big companies 7 Danh tu (the noun): tea, history, return, college... Ex: a tea cup, a history book, 8 Phan tu (the participle): running, coming, spoken... Ex: the following sentences; a swimming pool, an invited guest, a stolen car 9 D(?ng tu nguyen mau (the infinitive): to finish, to do, to come... Ex: a report to finish, the right to vote 10 'I'rang' tu (the adverb): down, above, then, here, after... + Truong hop trang tu dung sau danh tu: Ex: the boy upstair, the sky above + Trirong hep trang tu dung truce danh t\t: Ex: 'the down train, the up train, a black and white TV Ngoai ra, trong tieng Anh, yeu t6 mo ta con c6 th~ la m t p. group {prepositional phrase); m(?t V-ing group (present participle) hay m9t V-ed group (past participle phrase); hay togroup (infinitive phrase). Tuy thufc vao tung cau tieng Vi~t khi dich sang tieng Anh ma ta ap dung cho phu hep. 10

9 QUI TAC TU'dNG c!n, SONG HANH IJ Qui tic tudng c~n Trong tieng Anh, tu Proximity c6 nghia la gtin. The rule of proximity duoc dich la qui t~c tuong can, Qui t~c tuong can qui dinh rang, khi mot y u t6 mo ta b5 nghia cho m<?t tu mao, thi no phai diroc d~t gan tu d6. Vi du: The. morning paper; garden flowers; the coming year; a used car... Hay xet vi du dudi day. Khi ta thay d<5i vi trf cua tit only, y nghia cua cau hoan toan thay d6i: Only Gary hit his classmate on the nose. Chi co Gary ddnh. ban. ct;iu ta vao miii. Gary only hit his classmate on the nose. Gary chi danh. ban. c4u ta uao miii thoi. Gary hit only his classmate on the nose. Gary chi ddnh. minh ban. ctiu ta vao miii. Gary hit his only classmate on the nose. Gary danh. ngttiji ban. duy nhdt cua c9,u ta vao miii. Gary hit his classmate only on the nose. Gary danh. bon cau ta chi vao miii thoi Gary hit his classmate on his only nose. Gary ddnh vao ctii miii duy nhat cua ban minh. II/ Qui tac song hanh Tu Parallelism trong tieng Anh c6 nghia la su tuong d6ng, song song hoac di doi. Ta dich Rule of Parallelism la qui t~c song hanh. 11

10 Lien tu AND noi cac yeu t6 giong nhau trong cau n6i. N6 n6i 2 danh tu, 2 cum tu hoac 2 menh de lai vdi nhau. Cac y(u to nhu v~y dttqc goi la tuong d6ng. Qui t~c song hanh qui dinh: cac yeu t6 trong cau n6i c6 cung chuc nang ngfr phap nhu nhau phai duoc trinh bay 9Ang nhiing hinh thuc cau tao giong nhau. Hinh thuc ca'.'u tao giong nhau d6 c6 th~ la mqt tu don hay m<)t C\J.m tu. Ex: Cac tu sau thuong duce su dung trong qui t:ic song hanh: 11 Cac lien tu (and, but, or) He enjoys reading plays and poetry. She sings and dances beautifully. 12 Cac lien tu cap doi (either... or; neither... nor; both... and; not only... but also; whether... or) Ex: He came both in the morning and in the afternoon. He not only sings songs but also composes music. 13 And who, and which: Mc;>t so nguoi thuong m~c l6i lien quan tai. dai tit who, which, that. Nen nho ring, lien tu AND khong bao gid duoc su: dung trudc nhimg tu nay tru khi who, which, that da xua't hien trirdc d6 trong cau. Ex: Sai: He is an engineer and who works for a big company Dung: He is an engineer who works for a big company Sai: There is a sign at the crossroads and which will dcrect you to our farm. Dung: There is a sign at the crossroads which will derect you to our farm. 12

11 ,,... PHAN II:..,,....,.,,. " "' A MOT SO TU TIENG VIET KHO Df CH SANG TIENG ANH 1. Ai: Those who (khong' dung d~ hoi mad~ noi trong khfmg) Vd: Ai mong dqi di~u xau nhat hiiu nhu la nguoi ft bi tuyet vong. Those who expect the worst are less likely to be disappointed. 2. Phai chi: That (dung d~ di~n ta ullc muon) Vd: Phai chi roi co th~ g~p lai anh ~y. That I could see him again. 3. Gia ma: if only (d(}ng tit di sau chia lj thi qua khu d<>'n gian V d: Gia ma toi giau c6. If only I were rich. Gia ma toi bie't ten anh fy. If only I knew his name 4. N e'u khong thi: if not Vd: Toi se di neu anh cung di, neu khong thi toi tha o nha con hon. I will go if you are going, if not, I'd rather stay at home.. 13

12 5. Chi khi nao: only if (dao chii ngft ra sau d{)ng tu) Vd: Chi khi nao thay giao cho phep thi sinh vien mdi duc;ic vao phong. Only if the teacher has given permission are students allowed to enter the room. 6. Coi, xem: if, whether (dung trong cau gian tie'n, thu~t 1,i cac cau hoi) Vd: Anh fiy hoi xem chung ta c6 muon uong chut gi khong, He asked whether we wanted a drink. 7. Diu c6.. hay khong: whether or not Vd: DAu c6 yeu dtt<;tc co fiy hay khong anh ta cfing vui ve. He will be happy whether or not she loves him.. 8. Co nen: whether V d: TOi khong chac co nen nghi viec hay la tie'p tuc lam. I am not sure whether to resign or stay on. 9. Li~u: do you think hay if hay whether Vd: Lieu trdi c6 sap mua hay khong? Do you think it is going to rain? 10. Tha: Would rather... than, better. V d: Ba ~Y tha ch t con hon mfit con gai, She would rather die than lose her daughter. 11. Nen lam gi do thi ho'n/co khon thi: do better to do something. Vd: Dl!ng mua bay gib, nen cho d~ gia ha Li hon, Don't buy now, you would do better to wait for the reduced price. 14

13 12. Tha ring: better Vd: Hoa ra c6 fiy la nguoi yeu cua anh trai toi.,. It turned out that she was my older brother's girlfriend. Hoa ra cong' viec vllt va hon toi tuljng. The job turned out to be harder than we thought. 14. Thanh thit, thanh ra: therefore, that is why, hence. Vd: Hom qua toi bi nga xe dap thanh thi't mdi bam I fell off my bicycle yesterday, hence the bruises. 15. Den muc do: That Vd: TrC1i khong lanh de'n muc d6 dau. It isn't all that cold 16. Th~ tat, the nem evidently Vd: The' nen ong ta quyet dinh ra di. Evidently he has decided to leave. 17. Pham: no matter whether, as, being V d: Tha rang muon con hem khong. Better late than never. 13. Hoa ra: as it turned out; turn out to be sth/sb; turn out that. Vd: Hoa ra toi khfmg clin de'n o. I didn't need my umbrella as it turned out. Pham lam nguoi thi khong' song ngoai xii hqi clu<)c. Being a man, one can't lioe apart from society. 15

14 18. Chu: But 21. Xong: finish 16 Vd: Anh da mua nharn cai ao so mi r6i. xanh chu khong phai cai mau vang. Vd: Toi da an sang xong. I have finished my breakfast. Chung toi da xay xong ngoi nha d6. We have finished.that house. 22. Lc.U con... nua: yet more Vd: Lai con m(>t di6n hinh mra ve viec buong long t9i pharn. Yet one more example of criminal negligence... Lai m9t dua be ra doi ma khong c6 cha mra. Toi can cai rnau You have bought the wrong shirt. It is the blue one I wanted but the red one. 19. Khong ai ma khdng: no man but Vd: Khong ai ma khong cam thay tqi nghiep cho nguoi an may d6ca. There is no man but feels pity for that begger. 20. Trit phi: unless, but that Vd: Toi da b] chet du6i rdi, trii phi anh khong nhin tha'y toi dttoi niroc. I would have drowned, but that you had seen me in the water. Yet one more newly born-child without having father.

15 23. S{J di.: if, that is way Vd: So much for last university entrance exams, we can wait for the next year exams. 26. Khong hin la: not so much sth as sth Vd: bac. She is not so much poor as careless with money. Chi ay khong h n la dep ma chfnh la mac quan ao d~t tien. She is not so much beautiful as wearing expensive clothes. 27. Vita moi...thi: no sooner... than Vd: Sb di chung ta phai d.'u tranh la vi quan xam luoc If we had to put up a fight, it was because of aggressors. sa di co ay met la vi da lam viec qua vat va. If she was tired, it was because she worked too hard. 24. Th~ chi khongr without so much as. Vd: H~n da bo di tham chi khong m(>t loi chao tarn biet. Off he went without so much as 'goodbye" 25. Khong c~n noi them nii'a: so much for sth/sb V d: Khong dn noi them ve ky thi dai hoc vira qua mra, chung ta hay co gling d9i ky thi nam sau. Co ta khong hin la ngheo ma chinh la phung phi tien Anh ta vua mdi den thi lai bi sai di ngay. No sooner had he arrived than he was asked to leave again. 17

16 ~ I 28. Vita muon... vita muon: just as soon do sth as do sth. Vd: T6i vua muo'n o nha, vua ~u6n di xem phim. I'd just as soon stay at home as go to the cinema. 29. Moi: Just (after) Vd: Mbi an cam xong dung lam viec gi nang. Not to do any heauy work just after having a meal. 30. Ho, hoin: once in a while Vd: Hoa hoan lam chung ooi moi di an nha hang. Once in a while we go to a restaurant. 18

17 PHAN III:... LUYEN DICH VIET.. ANH Ml)C 1: KINH TE... ;{,.,/ }Jiii.~ "#,,.,.. BAI 1. GO CHE BIEN XUAT KHAU 1. Trang nhitng niim gdn r:tay do qudn lj vd. bao v~ kem, tai nguyen. ritng bi tan plui rat nghiem trong. 2. San lu(/ng g6 khai thiu: danh. cho che bien tieu dung trong nuck vd xuat khdu trong nhitng niim 1992 va 1993 da giam rat nhihi. 3. Di thuc hi~n nghiem chlnh. Luq,t Bao v~ va Phat triln ritng ban hanh. ngay va d(ic bi~t la chi thi 462 I TTg ngay 11/3 I 1993 cua Thu Tuang Chtnh phu vl quan lj ch(i,t che vi~c khai tluic, v<zn chuyen ua xurit khdu g6, nganh lam nghi~p dii thuc hi~n bien pluip quiin. lj, bao v~ tai nguyen rung, bd.o v~ moi sinh, do'ng thiti 6n dinh. va plui: trien nguo'n nguyen li~u g6 danh cho c6ng nghi~p che' bien, trong do co chl bien xuat khdu. 4. San lu<jng khai tluic g6 ruim 1998 theo di! kien ke'ho~ch cua B9 Lam nghi~p se tang len m3 so vdi m3 niim 1996 va m3 ruim Cung theo du kien kt hooch: do, niim 1998 se danh m3 g6 tu nh6m 1 cho r:ten nhom 8 di che' bien xuat khdu (trit m(>t so loai r:t{ic bi~t quj hiem da bi Nha nude cdm khai thdc va sa d1,mg toi Nght dinh. s6' 18/ HDBT ngay 17I1/1992). 19

18 6. Chi each day vai niim g6 cao SU duae cho la loai t6i, chi dung di lam chat dot. 7. Hien. nay do lai ta nguyen. li~u rat c6 gui tri trong uiec sdn xudt va xuat khdu cdc miit hang g6 dang rat Ila chuong tai ccic thi truimg cac nude tu ban pluit trien (Chau A, Chau Uc, Chau Au, Bcic My). 8. Hang niim nganh. cao su phdi thanh ly khoang c6 khi Mn ha cay cao SU gia al tr6ng mdi. 9. l.ffjc tinh binh quan hang niim co thl thu duqc uai ba tram ngan met khoz g6 Cao SU gia thanh [y CO chat llt(/ng dung cho eke' bien. xuat khdu. 10. Ngoai. ra ciing nen luu tam ctic nha nghien. cuu, san xudt ua xudt kh<iu cac san phdm. g6 ui m<jt nguon. nguyen. li~u klui d6i dao nhung chua dlt<;lc khai thtic sit dung d6 la g6 dita. 11. Mqt so' nude nhu' Indonesia, Philippin, Malaysia dii thanh. c6ng trong vi~c chi bien. g6 dita lam u9,t li~u xay dung, san xutit hang m<;>c, trong do c6 hang moc xuat khdu mang lai hieu. qua dang khich l~. NOTES: - Chl bien: to process (= to treat material in order to preserve it). Nhu u~y d&u dl c6 thl dich: To process wood for export = processing wood for export (eke' bien g6 di xudt khdu). Neu dich: processed wood for export = g6 ( dt.i<jc) che' bien g6 dl xuat khdu. 20

19 Caul: csu s. - San lztdngg6 khai thac =the exploited wood production. - Cho che' bitn tieu dii.ng n6i dia... = chi ctin dich = for domestic use. C6 the' thay domestic= inland; interior; internal... - Rat nhi u: Very much; a lot... d day ta co thil dich. b&.ng "dramatically" (= m9t each thiim. h.oi, m9t each the tluim) cte' cau van them s6ng dqng han. csu s. - Df! = due to: owing to; because of; caused by; on account of.. E.g: The accident was due to careless driving = tai nq,n do lai xe bat cdn (due to= owing to; caused by). - Quan N va bao ve hem: ill management and protection. Ill = kem, t6i (nghia thong thuimg = om dau). M9t uai vi du hluic: - She has ill luck = ruing hem. may miin. Ill fame = tieng xfiu. Ill health = sue khoe kem, (sue khoe hem chi: khong phai benh. hoan). - Nghiem chinh: strict (adj.); stern (adj.); severe [sivitj] (adj.)(= demanding and enforcing obedience) =>adverbs; strictly; sternly; severely. - Be strict with yourself: hay nghiem. kh&c v(ji chink ban than (anh, chi...) ban. - A strict (= stern) rule against smoking at a petrol station: luiit l~ nghiem kh&c cho'ng hut thuoc toi tram xiing ddu. 21

20 Cciu 4: Cau5: f)l thztc hien nghiem chlnh: to strictly carry out... ho{i.c to severely implement... - Chi thi: instructions (p.l); directions; orders. Verbs: to instruct; to order; to direct... E.g: Instruct them to start early = hay chi thj bon chung khdi lumh. sdm. M6i sinh = ecosystem (n) (m6i sinh = moi truimg sinh. tluii = an ecological unit consisting of a group of plants and living creatures interacting with each other and with their surroundinge.), - Sit che' bien: processing(= verbal noun; gerund). San lztdni! khai thdc g6: the production of exploiting wood. Ki.'lux:wh: plan (n); arrangement (n); project {n); outline (n).... Du kien: to estimate (vt & ui); to calculate; to target (thztimg dung c1 d<;ing "passive")... So vai nen. dich. "against" (trong bai nay). Cung theo du kien kt hoach do: chi dich. don. gian also according to that plan. Looi guy hitm (bo bet, "d(ic biet") rare and precious kind (=sort). - Cam: to prohibit; to forbid; to ban... To forbid a marriage: ngiin cam cu(k hon nhan.. Smoking is strictly prohibited at gas stations: hut thuoc bi triit de' (ngiin) cfim tai ccic cay xiing. 22

21 csu «Cau 7: CauB: Dztdc cho la: to be considered; to be regarded; to be seen... - G6 to'i: poor quality wood ditng dich. bdng "bad wood". C}ui't dot: fuel (n); material for burning. Co gia tri: valuable (adj) hoij,c useful; of great value (= use)... Ccic mat hang go: wood items. - Dang rat zta chu6ng tai... : are highly appreciated (= evaluated) at... (= dit<jc dcinh gia coo vi chat lll<jng totj. We greatly appreciate all your help = chung toi danh. gi6. (rat) cao moi sl;i giup d(j cua ban. - Thi trrt(mg cac nztac tli ban: the markets of capitalist countries. Nganh cao su: the rubber branch. =Thanh. N: (nghia trong bai) = to destroy; to make useless; to demolish, to pull down... Eg: Ditng plui ccii h<;p do, no c6 the hitu ich day = don't destroy that box, it may be useful. - De tro'ng mcti = al tr6ng lai nh~ng cay truii =... to re plant new ones.. Tr6ng cay: to plant trees. 23

22 Ciiu 9: Cau 10: 24 - Tr6ng rang: to put in false teeth. - Tr6ng chuot: to stand on one's head. Eg: Look at! Nam is standing on his head, (nhin kia, Nam dang tro'ng cluuii {=dung biing ct&u; di ddu xuong dfit]). - Binh quan: average (adj.) - Sri ride tinh: estimation; judgement; calculation ride tinh binh qudn hang nam... : people estimate (= calculate) that... hoac The approximate judgement ( = average estimation) is that... - Dude dung cho che' bien xurit khdu = to be treated for export; to be processed for export... - Ngoai ra: Besides: in addition; moreover; further (also furthermore)... Eg: She said that the key was lost and further, that there was no hope of its being found = ruing bdo r&.ng chia khod dii bi mat va ngoai ra cluing co hy vqng tim th<iy duac (chia kluxi). - Lllu tam: to call the attention of sb, to something. Co thl thay to call = to attract (trong bai nay ma thoi) va attention = respect (n); heed (n); interest (n)... neu dung,,. t t" h' d.e,.,. ' ''t,,,,.,,. t. th in eres t z or. gun. tr.t o = in ~ in erest... ins. - Nha nghien cuu: a researcher. - Nha sd.n xuat: a producer; a manufacturer...

23 Cau 11: - Mot sc/- some (chi dung trong cdu. xdc dinh). Trong cau nghi uffn ua phu dinli Some nen. thay b&ng ANY)... Eg: I have some milk; give me some tea. Luu y: - Do you have any milk? (ho(jc have you...?) - I haven't any milk... - Nhll = like (preposition). E.g: Don't talk like that (= dung noi nhu u~y) ( in that way). - If everyone worked hard like you... = neu moi nglliji lam ui~c cluim. chi nhu ban.... truflc cdc danh tit rieng chi ten nuac th.uang khong co 'THE" tuy nh.ien. c6 m9t sf) nude phai c6 ma ta can hoc thu9c: Vi du: Phi-lip-pin My ius xo Ha Lan C{)ng hoa Do-mi-nic =The Dominican Republic Vr.t<!ng quoc Anh =The United Kingdom... - Thanh cong: to succeed in: to be successful in; E.g: Tuyet succeeded in that examination (= Tuyet da d:,u ky thi ayj. Thanh c6ng qua site (hoij,c mite) mong d<?i = to succeed beyond one's hopes. - Hang m6c: furniture (n); wood items. = The Philippines =The United States = The Soviet Union =The Netherlands 25

24 - Hiku qua: efficiency (n); effect; result (n); output (n)... Phuang phdp hi~u qud nhat de' lam diiu gi: the most effective method of doing sth Bai djch tham hhiio: PROCESSED WOOD FOR EXPORT 1. Due to ill management and protection, forest resources have, in recent years, been seriously destroyed. 2. The exploited wood production for domestic use and export decreased dramatically in 1992 and To strictly carry out the law on Protecting and Developing Forests proclaimed on 12 August 1991 and specially Instruction 462. TTg dated 11 Sept of the Prime Minister about keeping tight control on exploiting, transporting and exporting wood, the forestry branch has taken several measures to manage and protect forest resources and ecosystem and at the same time to stabilise and develop the source of wood material reserved for processing industry, of which there is processing for export. 4. The production of exploiting wood- in 1998, according to targeted plan of the Ministry _of Forestry, will increase to 1 690,000 m3 against 638,000m3 of 1996 and 618,000m3 of Also according to that plan in ,000m3 of wood from group 1 to group 8 will be used in processing for export (except a number of rare and precious kinds which have been prohibited for exploitation and use at Decree HQ 18 HDBT dated 17 Jan. 1992). 26

25 6. Just a few years ago, rubber wood in our country was considered poor quality wood and was used as fuel. 7 At present, it is very valuable material used in producing and exporting wood items which are highly appreciated at the markets of developed capitalist countries (Asia, Australia, Europe, North America). 8. Every year the rubber branch has to destroy about 7,000-8,000. or sometimes 10,000 ha of old trees to re-plant new ones. 9. The average estimation is that every year there will be about 300,000 or 400,000 m3 of good quality wood of old rubber trees, which are destroyed, can be used or processing for export. 10. In addition, we would like to call the attention of researches, producers and exporters of wood products to an abundant source of material which has not yet been exploited: coconut wood. 11. Some countries like Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia have succeeded in processing coconut wood into building material, producing furniture, of which there are exported furniture bringing encouraging efficiency. BAI 2. THI TRUONG XE HOI T~I vrtt NAM 1. Theo so' lieu thong ke cua B9 Giao thong V~n uii trong b6n ruim. trd lai <fay trung binh. m6i niim Vi~t Nam nh~p khod.ng xe hai ccic loai. 2. Tdng c9ng hien. nay ca nude Vi~t Nam c6 khoang xe hai. 27

26 .'3. V&i 70 trieu. dan dem. tinh binh qutin. dau nguai thi chi mai da: du~lc 0,04 chiec. 4. Thuc te' hien. nay triin. m<;t ruta sf/ xe hoi dang luu hanh. tai Vi~t Nam qua cu ky, khong dam bdo duac cdc tieu cluuin. v~ ky thud: va v~ sinh. moi truang, do do nhu cdu thay the' cac loai xe mdi la didu hi&'n nhien. 5. Tren linh. uuc thuang mai hang TOYOTA cua Nhii: dii buoc ddu hlui thanli cong. 6. Hang nay trong ui>ng 4 tluing tit thdng 4 den thang 7 I 2000 da ban sang Vi(!t Nam gan chiec xe hai moi v6i m9t s<j' kieu chu yiu: HIACE, CORONA, COROLA, CROWN, LAND CRUSER. 7. Nhiing ngtti.ji thong thao trong gi6i ban xe hai (J TP Ho' Chi Minh cho biet, trong uai niim gan &iy, gan m(>t nll'a s{/ xe hoi nluip oao Vi~t Nam mang nhiin hieu TOYOTA, tiep theo la m{jt s{/ loai xe hluic ciing rtu~lc nguoi Vi~t Nam ua dung nhi: HONDA (ACCOR, CIVIC), NISSAN (BLUEBIRD, SUNNY, STANZA), MITSUBISHI (LANCER) MERCEDES BENZ la nhitng nhdn. hi~u xe hai ban chr;iy ii thi trliijng Vi~t Nam. 8. Ngoai ra, HYUNDAI ua KIA cila Han Quoc ding Ia nhiing nhiin. hieu dl tieu thu. vi gid ca tuong d{/i n!..9. Sil di cdc loai xe Iuti Nh t tieu thu duqc (/ Vi~t Nam la do nguai Vi~t Nam, thich nhiing xe nho gon, t<fo it nhien. lieu, kieu dang phong plui ua gici ed. tuang dt/i phii hap. 10. Xe Mercedes-Benz.. BWN chl co m~)t.wj' trong gi(li kinh doan.h co mite thu nh(ip cao mdi mua. 28

27 11. Neu nhin bd ngoai thi th? truang xe hoi tai Vi~t Nam khon.g soi d(}ng nhi» cac thi truang kluic; the' nhung ben. trong no la mot cuoc cluiy dua ngiim. ngam ua quye't li~t giita ctic cong ty che' tao xe hai Mn cua the' giai. NOTES: - Xe hai: Nen dung tit "Automobile" thong dung hon. Automobile n6i g9n la [:J:tm]... Mi n B&c ciing goi "xe hai" la o to (doc theo each doc cua ngltiji Pluip: lune] auto). Caul: <Car = xe hoi con, xe du lich. - Xe c6 = Vehicle: Nguai Anh doc {'vioko ho(ic I 'vi.hikt]. NguiJi My thi doc [uihihl], Vehicle dung chi tat ca cdc loai xe c(} c6 d9ng co cung nhii tm so do sue v(it hoiic ngu:ili. keo, ddy... - Theo: according to (prep); on the authority of.. &!,: On the authority of the Bible, God created the earth in six days = theo Thanh Kinh, Chua eta tao ra trdn. the' trong (uong) 6 ngay. - Sf/lieu tho'ng ke: Statistical figures hoic Statistics(n). Statistics (dung udi Verb lj so' nhieu. [pl.u] = cdc dit ki~n, cdc tai liqu da du<jc th6'ng ke (facts shown in numbers). Eg: Statistics suggest that the population of our city will be doubled in twenty years' time = cdc drj ki~n thong ke neu len. j kien la dan. thanh. ph6' cluing ta se tang gap doi trong uong 20 ruim niia. 29

28 Cau2: Cau3: Cau4: - Statistics (with sing. VJ = Khoa hoc thong ke, khoa th6ng ke hoc (= the Science of Statistics) Eg: She's studying statistics at Open University = chi ay dang hoc man thong ke tai truimg Dr;zi hoc MC!. - Bo Giao thong van uii: The Communications and Transport Ministry. B6 Giao thong Cong chdnh = The Ministry of Communications and Public Works. Xe hdi du loai: Dung dich. = automobiles of all kinds ma nen thay all kinds = different kinds; various types hoij.c assorted sorts... - Co thl dich. nhi~u each: Presently, (hoijc Currently; At present...) Vietnam has about automobiles. Hoiic: At present, the total of autos in VN is... ho(fo Currently, there are about 280,000 autos in VN... - Binh quan ddu neuai: per capita (adv.) & (adj) Eg: Per capita income of the Vietnamese has risen considerably = loi tuc binh qtuui dau nguai cua nhtin dan Vi~t Nam dii va dang gia tang dang ki... m{ji dat dll(jc = ty l~ chi mm dc;it duac = the ratio {ho(ic proportion) is 0.04 auto. - Thztc te' hien nay tren.: co the' dich: In reality, at present, over a half of the autos... ho{ic: In actual fact, over a half of the autos currently circulating in Vietnam...

29 Cau5: Die'u hien nhien: evidence (n); clearness (n); obviousness (n); conspicuousness... Hien nhien (adj.) = evident; clear; obvious; conspicuous; manifest; plain; patent; easily seen; noticeable; remarkable... Va al cho j cau uan tlj,em manh. hem ta c6 thi them tiep dau to'"self' dung truce danh tit ho<:j,c tinh tit. Eg: Important = quan trong. Self-important = len. mg,t ta day, tlj cho minh la quan trong, Eg: Tieu chudn vi ky thutit = The standards of techniques: the criteria of techniques; the technical standards... Ve sinh moi trlti!ng: environmental hygiene; enuiornmental sanitation... -Lnuited e duo: mai. - Self-invited = kh6ng mai ma den (tlj minli mai minhj. They are self-invited guests = bon cluing la (nhilng) khach. khong ai mai ma ciing cte'n. Self-evident (adj) = tlj ban than da ro rang, hiln nhien. khong ccin chung minh, lj luan. (ctic ban. nen t"'p Srl dung thudn thuc tiep to' nay): introduction. self introduction... (tlj gidi thi~u); control (n) => selfcontrol (slj tlj clui); help (n) => self-helf (sf! tl;l giup)... - Trong liinh v c thltdng mai = in the field of commerce; in the domain of business (= trade)... da buoc dau kha thanh c6ng = has made a rather successful start (= beginning) hog,c... has caried out a first step forward...

30 Cciu 6: Nen dich. xuoi: Trong uong 4 thang tit... den = within four months, from... to July 1996, this firm sold nearly... to Vietnam. - Vui mot so' kilu chu. yeu: with such marks as:.. ciing co the' thay "marks"= designs; patterns; models.... I Ctiu 7: - Nguai thong thao: a connoisseur(= a person with good judgment on matters in which taste is needed). Eg: He is a connoisseur of (ho{ic in) old porcelain = ong ta la nguin. thong thao d6 sanh: sit co~ A connoisseur of wine... - Gim ban xe hdi: car selling circle.,,. Business circle = giai thuang mai, kinh doanh *Theatrical circle= guti hich. nghf.. Eg: He is well - known in political circle = 6ng ta rat ndi tieng trong gi(ji chinh tri (= well known among people connected with politics). - Mot sf{ loai xe kh<ic cilng dt.t<jc nguai Viet Nam ua dung = favourite ones by the Vietnamese (favourite (adj) = best liked) luxic.: cars favoured by the Vietnamese lihe HONDA...) nhftng nhan hieu xe hdi... = nhftng xe hai ndy ban chay = which are best sellers... hoiic These (autos) are best sellers on the Vietna.mese market SELLER (n) = ngoai nghia "ngt.ti'ji ban" con co nghia "mori hang duoc ban ra" (sth that is sold).

31 I Eg: fjay la quyln ti 'u thuyet ban (r{ft) chay = this novel is a best seller(=... is a book that sells in large number). Ctiu B: Cciu 9: Cau 10: - Ngoai ra: besides (adv): moreover; in addition.... Eg: * Di rdo b9 bay gia tre qua r6i, ngoai ra trai dang b&t ddu mua = it's too late to go for a walk, besides, it's beginning to rain. - Nen bo "nhisng nhiin. hi~u": HYUNDAI and KIA of Korea are easily consumed... - Vi gia cd tli<lng d6'i re = because of rather cheap price; due to fairly cheap cost... C6 the' dich: Japanese cars can be used in Vietnam because the Vietnamese like small and economical cars of various forms hoij,c: The reason why Japanese autos can be consumed in VN is that the Vietnamese favour small and... (Nh(J: The Vietnamese khong thay do'i hinh dang du (J "sing form" hog,c "p7form". - Gia cd trtdng dot phu hc!jj: The price i{ relatively within their reach ho(j,c the price is moderately reasonable (Reach [n] = t&m v<ji tm [den & bong]. Nen. hie'u: Mercedes... chi duqc mua boi giili kinh doanh co mite thu nh{j.p cao. - Co mac thu nhap cao: = to have high income; to receive high revenue. 33

32 Cau 11: C6 thi dicli nhieu each: If we look at the surface, the Vietnamese auto market is not... hoiic: looked at the surface... ho(ic Examined from the outside, the Vietnamese auto marhet.: Hoiic thay nhom. tit. "looked at the surface... = "superficially; on the surface... Va thay "Examined = observed; seen; considered; regarded; deemed... Thay surface = appearance; superficies (n) (pl. unchanged).~. Eg: Don't judge sb by appearances= dung xet doan nguiti ta qua bi ngoai. Mot cuoc chay dua ngam ng&m va quyet liet = a harsh and silent race. [Hearsh (adj)]: stern; severe; cruel; violent; drastic [droestih]...). - Gifia. ccic cong ty "gi~a nen. dich. =AMONG (nhiiu hon 2 cong ty) chu khong = between. C6 the' thay "auto" companies = auto firms hoij.c = auto manufacturers... Bai dich. tham khiio: AUTOMOBILE MARKET IN VIETNAM 1. According to the statistical figures of the Communications and Transport Ministry, within four years.. Vietnam annually imports about 20,000 automobiles of different kinds. 34

33 2. At present, the total of autos in Vietnam is about 280, With a population of 70 million, if we base on per capita, the ratio is 0,04 - auto 4. In reality, at present, over a half of the autos circulating in Vietnam is too old so they cannot guarantee the standards of techniques and environmental hygiene. The need to replace them with new ones is self evident. 5. In the field of commerce, Japanese TOYOTA has made a rather successful start. 6. Within four months, from April to July 2000 this firm sold nearly 2,500 new cars to Vietnam with such marks as HIACE, CORONA, COROLA, CROWN, LANDCRUSER. 7. A number of connoisseurs in car - selling circles in HCM City say that in recent years, nearly half of imported cars into Vietnam bear TOY OT A mark and coming next are favourite ones by the Vietnamese like HONDA (Accord, Civic), NISSAN (Bluebird, Sunny, Stanza), MITSUBISHI (Lancer). MERCEDES - BENZ. which are best sellers on. the Vietnamese market. 8. Besides, HYUNDAI and KIA of Korea are easily consumed because of rather cheap price. 9. The reason why Japanese cars can be consumed in Vietnam is that the Vietnamese like small and economical cars of different forms and the price is relatively within their reach. 10. MERCEDES - BENZ and BMW are only bought by business circles having high income.

34 11. Looked at the surface, the Vietnamese auto market is not so busy as other markets, but inside it is a harsh and silent race among big world auto companies. 1. Khi dot hoa long (LPG) la h6n hap chu yeu g6m PROPANE (Cps). BUTANE (CJ{,r) thu duoc tit khi defog hanh. khi khai thac dau tho, ho{ic tit khi thien. nhien. sau khi da qua nha may tcich khi, ho{ic trong qua trinh tinh luy~n tai nha may loc dau. 2. LPG dli<tc sit dung ldn dau tien vao niim 1930 va sau d6 da phat trien nhanh ch6ng, r9ng riii tren. kh&p the' gwi. u<ji Wig dung kluic nhau: nhli blp gas, den gas, thank trung, say, c&t, han, nhien. lieu cho 0 to Tai Vi~t Nam, LPG dit<jc dua tru<jc tien. uao mien Nam tuim udi muc tieu thu. ban ct&u la 400 uin, tang ctan ta'n vdo ruirn va tan vao ruim V~c nluip LPG da ngitng tu ruim 1984_ va khong con cung Ung cho liinh. ou«d/in. dung tit sau ruim Thuc ra ui c sa d1,mg LPG trong dan dung hay trong cong nghi~p d~u vita tien. lai, vita tiet ki~m nhieu Lan han. so odi aic loai ruing lli<;jng kluic. 6. fjiiu nay vita hon che' nan. pha rung, vita g6p phan ma r9ng edc hoat a9ng dich. V San xuat, dieh. V1,l phi: di kem. nhu: San xu{ft toan b9 ho(j,c m9t ph6.n binh. chua, CaC dr:tng C LPG nhi: den gas, sudi dm, dp tnmg, dot co ',,,.,, 9 "' BAI 3. KHI DOT HOA LONG TREN TH! TRUONG VItT NAM

35 7. Trong ruini 1993, cac cong ty ELF Gas Saigon, Saigon Petro ua Petrolimex da budc ddu dua LPG tr/j lai thi truang Vi~t Nam. 8. Gia tri kinh doanh ban ctciu la defog I kg nay da xuong dll<ti muc dong I kg. 9. C6 nhiing dau hi~u cho thfiy th? truang LPG se tang nhanh trong nhftng niim s&p tdi. 10. Trong tuang lai khong xa, khi du an thu khi d6ng hanh. ngoai kh<1i vao bil hoan. tat thi ui~c nhij,p kh<iu LPG se cluim dut. 11. LPG san xudt tai Vi~t Nam khong nhitng co the' ddp Un.g nhu c&u trong nu<jc ma con co thl xuat kh<iu sang cdc nllac ltin. ciin. NOTES: - Khi dot hoci long = Liquefied Petrolium Gas thuang viet t&t LPG dl phan biet udi ccic loai khi hhac. Vi du: Khi Heli-um. (dung trong ~ th6'ng lam Ianh) =Helium gas. Khi Oxy =Oxygen gas. Khi d9c =poisonous gas(= hai d9c). M9t cu<?c tdn c6ng b&ng hcli (l9c = a gas attack. Chi. ay dll<jc gay me khi gidi phdu = She was given gas when she had an operation. (gas = h6n hap khi dung lam thu6c gay me trong gidi phdu [=a mixture of gases used as an anesthetic in surgery]). Gas (US) = d&u xiing = Petrol (Brit) Eg: a gallon of gas= m<)t galong xiing. In Britain, a gallon= 4 litres. In the United States, a gallon = 3, 79 litres. 37

36 Cau 1: csu s. - Khi dot = Petroleum gas - PETROLEUM la d&u mo(~ oil which found underground or under the sea bed). Con PETROL la ddu. xiing, san phdm co dll<jc tii d&u mo (Petrol [Brit] is a product obtained from petroleum.) - Hoa long = to liquefy; to cause to become liquid. Liquified (p.p) use as adj. Eg: Nhiip 200 ngati tan khi thien. nhien. hoci long cho thanh. pho' = To import 200,000 tons of liquefied natural gas for the city. H6n hdp = mixture; combination; mingling. * The mingling of the uiater and wine = h6n hap (st! pluin. triin) nuoc va ruau. * The mingling of truth and falsehood = thq,t tui 16.n l9n pha tron. giii chem. - Thu dlidc tii khi d6ng hanh = to be got (hoij,c gotten (US) from the gas. Co the' thay "got" = obtained; gained; received; taken... - Dau tho= crude oil; raw oil... - Sau khi da qua nha may tcich khi = after it has been processes (= manufactured, prepared...) in the gas separating plant. Qua trinh tinh luyen = the process of refining; the method of manufacturing... - Phc:it trien = to develop. EJ9ng tit nay vita la "ti! d9ng tithay n()i <!()ng tit" (intransitive verb) vita la tha d9ng tit - hay ngoai d()ng tit (transitive uerb). 38

37 a/ (ui): Her friendship with Nam developed very slowly = Tinh ban cua chi ay u<ji Nam da pluit trien rat cluim. chq.p. b I (ut): We must develop the natural resources of our country = Chung ta phai phat triin ngu6n tai nguyen. thien. nhien. cua dat nuoc cluing ta. Ung dung= to application ==:>sf:( itng dung, Eg: # To apply a new method = itng dung (= tip dung) m(jt phuctng pluip mdi. # To apply for a job = n9p dan. xin ui~c. # Thu&: nay chl tip dung cho di~u tri ngoai khoa = This medicine is only applied for external treatment = this medicine is for external application only (= it is used only on the surface). Thanh trung = to sterilize (-se); to make sterile... STERILE (adj.) US: {sterd] = uo trung; khong sinh sdn, sanh de(= completely clean and free from germs; not able to produce young or children). Eg: # T{Li Vi~t Nam ngay nay nhie'u phu. nit c6 tren. 3 con dtt<!c triet sdn = In Vietnam today, a lot of women of more than 3 children have been sterilized. * Cdc xet nghiem y khoa chilng to anh ta bat luc (= kh6ng co khii ruing sinli con) = Medical tests showed that he was sterile. Stt thanh trung hoac triet san c: sterilization. Vi du: # S(I thanh trung cdc dung Cf:l y khoa nay la rat cdn thiet cho cusc giai phdu kt tiep = The sterilization of these medical Instruments is extremely necessary for the next operation. 39

38 caa». Cau4: ~ Tai An D9, vi~c triet scin co tinh. each bcit bw?c d6'i uai cdc cha me c6 tren 2 con = In India, sterilisation is compulsory for parents of more than two children. - Mlle tieu thu ban ddu = The early consumption level - Tang dsn 1,900 ta'n = then it (=that level) inereased to 1,900 tonnes... - Cung llng = to supply sth to (ho{i,c for) sb, to supply sb with sth. C6 the' thay to supply = to provide; to furnish... Eg: To supply food for (hoijc to) children. = to supply children with food... - Lanh vuc dan dung = civil field; civil domain... - Civian (n) & (adj): d/ui SI/ Ca hai tinh tit "Civil" va "Civilian" nhi u tit die'n dlu dicti la DAN Sr/, nhung can luu y al pluin bi~t ro rang: Civil: Lien quan den m9t xii hqi, m9t c(jng a6ng (of human society; of people living together). BC!i v~y LU~T DAN S~f hoij.c DAN LU~T pluii dich. la Civil Law. N6i chien = civil war (war between two parties of the same State). Cong chuc: Civil servant(= day t{j nluin. d/in), Civilian (n) & (adj): noi ve' ca nhtin khong phue Ul,l trong luc [1.lf!ng uii trang hodc luc lliqng cdnh. sat ({person} not servicing in the armed forces or the police force). 40

39 csa s. * C6 hai qu/in. nhan. ua m9t d/ui thuang bi gitt Vi du: trong u11- no' d6 = Two soldiers and one civilian were killed in that explosion. * Anh ta dii roi qiuin. ngu va trlj lai cuoc song dtin. SlJ = He left the army and returned to civilian life.' - That ra = In fact; in reality; really; actually; it is true that...; the fact is that... Vi du: # Th~t ra anh ta da chet lj f>r1c, phai u~y khong? = He actually died in Germany, didn't he? - Viec sit dung LPG trong dan dung hoac trong cong nghiep = The use of LPG in houses or industry hoij,c... for household purpose or industry (Household (n) = h9 gia dinh - ui~c n9i tro. - Househol appliances= do' dung gia dinh, - Househol art = (ngh~) thutj,t ti gia, n{)i tro. - Con gcii t6i quan lj (tr6ng coi) tocin b9 vi~c te' gia n9i tro = My daughter manages the entire household... - Vita tien lcti vita tiet kiem nhiiu l&n h<:jn =Both far more convenient and economical than... Far dung (J day la (adu) chu khong pluii (adj) va co nghia =much; considerably... ~ # This is far better= Cai nay t6t hon. nhiiu. Your story is far different from hers = Cau chuyen. CUa ban hluic xa chuy4n cua cht ay (hluic xa = hhac nhieu. = much different:.) 41

40 Cau6: Ctiu. 7: Cau8: Cau9: Vua... vita = both... and; not only... but also M(J r6ng hoat dong san xuat = to expand production activities; to increase (= to speed up) production situations... Dich vu phu di kem = secondary services. D6t co = hay burning; dried grass burning dlta trlj lai (= dua vao szi dung trl! lai; gi<fi thi~u trlj lai) = to bring sth into use again; to introduce sth again... Gia kinh doanh = business price; trade price... # Gia mua = buying price # Gia ban = selling price Gidm xuo!ig d&n dzt<!i muc... = it gradually to under 6,500 d/kg. "Under" lj day c6 nghia =less than; lower than. Eg: # Tre em du<ji 16 tutli = Children under sixteen years of age.. Ldi tuc du<!i d mot thang = incomes under 300,000 VND per month. C6 nhitng ddu hieu cho thtiy = There are signs showing that. 42

41 Cau 10: Cau 11: - Trong tudng lai khong xa = In the near future. - Dz.t cin thu khi di5'ng hanh ngoai kh<li vao bij ( = di! an dua khi do'ng hanh. vao bit) = The project of bringing the gas to shore. hoic the plan of carrying (= leading; driving...) the gas to shore. - Hoan tti't (= dz.tqc hoan. tat)= to be completed; to come to an end; to be finished; to reach an end... - D<ip ttng = to meet; to answer; to satisfy; to respond to; to fulfil... - Nhu cau = needs (used in pl.); requirements; demand (dung d so' it, si{ nhilu nghia kluic)... Vi du: # Nha hang cluing toi rat can tiep oien nit chu khong cdn thu ky = Our restaurant has a great demand for uiaiteresses, but no demand for clerks. ~ Nhu cdu xi truing thcing nay ouat quci muc cung (cap) = The demand for cement this month exceeds the supply. Bai dicb. tham khao: LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS ON THE VIETNAMESE MARKET 1. The liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the combination mainly including propane (C3Hl!) and Butane (C1H1o) got 43

42 .. from the gas during the exploitation of crude oil or from the natural gas after it has been processed in the gas separating plant or during the process of refining at the refinery. 2. LPG was first used in 1930 and after that it developed quickly and widely throughout the world with more than 1,500 different applications like gas stove, gas lamp, sterilisation, drying, cutting, welding, fl.jel for automobiles. etc. 3. In Vietnam. LPG was first introduced to the South in.1957 with early consumption level of 400 tonnes, then it increased to tonnes in 1964 and 15,000 tonnes in The import of LPG has stopped since 1984 and has not been supplied to the civil field since after In fact, the use of LPG for household purposes or industry is both far more convenient and economical than other kinds of energy. 6. This both prevents forest destruction and contributes to expending production activities and secondary services like producing part or the whole of containers, and LPG instruments like gas lamp, heating, egg warming, hay burning, etc. 7. In 1993 ELF Gas Saigon, Saigon Petrol and Petrolimex began introducing LPG into the Vietnamese market again. 8. The business price was 12,000 dong/kg at first but now it decreased to under 6,500 dong/kg. 9. There are signs showing that the consumption of LPG will increase quickly in the coming years. 44

43 10. In the near future, when the project of bringing the gas to shore is completed, the import of LPG will stop. 11. LPG made in Vietnam can meet not only the domestic needs but can be also exported to the neighboring countries. BAJ 4. sir PllAT TRIBN 6.,.T KINH TE NHrEU THANH PHAN 1. Thai gian qua dii c6 luc Nha nt.t<jc cho phep phat trien ne'n kinh u nhiiu thanh. phan m{)t each 6 q,t al thi't ngh~m va thai gian d6 qua du al Nha nuoc thay r&ng pha: triin nhieu. md khong quan lj (do thieu chucln bi va thieu dqi ngu can b9 qudn lj gioi) dii gay ra nhftng thi?t hai khong sao sll'a albjc va nhftng sai sot nghiem. trong. 2. Cung may Nha nude dii sdm. thay at.t(jc va da kien quyet sua, ae' den Mm nay mdi co dt.t<jc canh "trai quang may tanh". 3. V~y mu6n c6 all<;jc d9i ngii can b9 quan lj gioi, di thuc hif.n thitnh cong chinh. sdch mai trong n n kinh te' thj truimg cho tuang lai, Nha nude nen. gap rut co mot chinh. sach. dao tao quy m6 ve' con nguai. 4. Con ngztili la yeu tr/ quyet dinh: trong moi Linh vl:fc. 5. Vi m{i.t phdp luij,t, di t<;uj all<jc niem tin ua ky cuang cho gi<ji kinh. doanh trong toan quoc. Nha nude nen gap rut ban hdnh lu4t ddu tu quoc nt?i, l p toa tin kinh tt (chu khong phiii trong tai kinh te) giup tiep tay qtuin. lj t<ft, n&m sat moi hanh. vi sai trtii cua cdc doanh nluin, kf p thi'li ran de u6n ncin! cha kh(mg de' xtly ra sv co' r6i mdi stia. 45

44 6. Trang qudn lj Nha. nude, vdn d~ bat h(jp lj no'i Zen la thue. Chu truang cua Nha nude la dung thut lam don btiy al pha: trien san xuiit, nhung c6 Luc Nha nlt(jc thuc hi~n chu truang nay khong dung. 7. Theo Lug,t thi tdt ca cdc don v~ sdn xudt hang xuat khtiu diu dl.t<;jc miin thut doanh thu di khuyen hhich, nhung trong thuc te' cac Cd quan thut 00 khong ao'ng y mihi, guim thue' cho cac nha may d t ra vdi, du vdi nay ali(/c dung di may hang xudt khdu. 8. Nha nude c&n tao dieu ki~n di cdc nha doanh nghi~p tu nluin. duac vay Von dai hari liii suat thap CUa cdc t6 chuc phi chinh phzl nude ngoai de' plui: trien. 9. Rat mong Nha nuoc hay lii.ng nghe va guii quytt nhiing nguy~n uong cua cdc nha san xuiit va doanh nghi~p ngoai quoc doanh, neu xet thay dung va can thilt. NOTES: Caul: 6 at: impetuous; hasty; full Thanh phdn: sector; branch; part. Nhiiu thdnli ph&n: multi - sectored; multi - branched; multi-parted: IJ6.u bai co nhieu each dich: the impetuous f ormation. of an economy of various parts (sectors); the full development of multi - sectored econom:v. Da co Luc Nha nuac cho phep = chi dich. dun guin: the State has allowed... Pluit trien (= s(! pluit triln) = development. 46

45 Cau2: Cau3: De' thi nhiem:... as a test; as an experiment... - Do thieu chudn bi = due to lack of preparation. Dilng dicli them m<)t menh. al.. because the state did not prepare.. dl b{lt ram rd. - Ph&i chang dii gay ro... nghiem trong = has caused irreparable losses and grave mistakes. Co the' thay "irreparable" b&ng "regrettable" va "grave mistakes" bdng "serious faults". - Cung may: fortunately, luckily (adv) by good chance. Eg: Cung may cho toi, tau den tre nen. toi ddp du<;1c tau = luckily for me, the train was late so I caught it. Thdy dude = (nhan. thttc duoc, hiiu al.t<jc) to realize; to. understand; to be fully conscious of al den hom nay... "canh tri!i quang may tanh ". Ditng dich: = today there is "a fine weather" ma nen djch... there are "[auourable conditions": - Mot croi ngil: a contingent of; a body of; a group of; a quantity of; a number of; an amount of.. - Quy mo = overall (adj); including everything; complete (adj)... Eg: - Dung day anh co the' c6 m9t cdi nhin quy m6 ve' thanh. pho' = standing here you can have an overall view of the town. 47

46 Cau4: Eg: Ciiu 5: - Chung ta nen. c6 m(jt giili pluip quy mo cho van cte do = we should haue an overall solution for that problem. - Chink sach dao tao guy m.o ue con ngrtc!i = an overall training programme for man. - Yeu to': feature; factor; element. Justice is an important element in good government = cong l:j la yeu to' quan. trong trong chink quyen tot. - Quyet dinh = decisive (adj.); definite (adj.); firm (adj.)... - Vi mat ph<ip luiit: As far as law is concerned (= related). Neu ta dich: In the lawful fields: thi nghia se la: trong cdc liinh. V C luiit phdp cho phep (=. hdp pluip). Neu ta dich. ''In the field of laui" thi tam dtt(jc nhung khong o'n ldm. - Niim tin= trust (n). - Toa an kinh tt The Economy Tribunal. - Ky crtdng =discipline (n); order (n)... - Trong tai kink te'. The economic auditor. Ditng dich. trong tai blfog cdc tit thong thuang nhu: umpire, referee; arbitrator. Trong tai kinh te' co quyen kiem tra s6 sach. ua cap giay phep hoat d9ng cho xi nghi~p... Auditor phdt sinh tit d(mg tit ''to audit" = to examine accounts officially (kiem tra so' sdch kt toan). 48