DECLARATION. Jakarta, October Yuli Wahyuni

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4 DECLARATION I hereby declare this submission is my own work and to be the best of my knowledge and belief. It contains no material previously published or written by another person before nor material, which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any degree or diploma of other universities or institutes of higher learning, except where due to acknowledgement has been made in the text. Jakarta, October 2011 Yuli Wahyuni

5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Bismillahirahmanirrohim. In the name of Allah. The most beneficent and the most merciful. All praise is to Allah the Lord of the universe, the Cherisher and Sustainer of the universe who has authority of all creation in the whole world and bestowed upon the writer completing this paper. Salutation be upon our beloved prophet Muhammad SAW who saved the believer from destruction into safety and has guided them into the right way of Islam, his relatives and followers. This paper is presented to the English Department at Adab and Humanities Faculty of State of Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta as a partial requirement for Strata 1 (S1) degree. In this great occasion, the writer would like to convey his heartfelt thanks to these amazing people, especially to Dr. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd, the Advisor of the writer for his time, valuable guidance, and encouragement in correcting and helping her finishing this paper. And her beloved parents, Mr. and Mrs. Sugiono for their prayers, affection, support and trust to the writer. They have been struggling and very patient to assist his education morally and materially until finishing this paper on their ways, she conveys her truly grateful to have them. Then the writer also would like to say thanks to beloved young sister, Poet-Poet for her support. The writer too would like to say her thanks to these following amazing figures whose have helped her finishing this paper, namely:

6 1. Dr. H. Abdul Wahid Hasyim, M.Ag, the Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty. 2. Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd, the Head of English Letters Department, and Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum, the Secretary of Letters Department. 3. All Lectures in English Letters Department for teaching precious knowledge and wonderful experience during studying. 4. All her beloved friends and classmate in English Letters Department, especially Ibra, yanti, Ewis, Feni and Sandra. 5. The Librarians of UIN Jakarta, Atmajaya Chatolic University, UI and the British Council. May Allah SWT, the All Hearer and Knower, always bless and gives you more than you have done the writer. And last but not least, the writer realized that this paper is far from the perfect, thus to make it much better the writer would like to accept any constructive suggestion with pleasure. Jakarta, October 2011 The Writer

7 ABSTRACT Yuli Wahyuni, An Error Analysis on English Indonesian Subtitle Translation in Romeo and Juliet Film by William Shakespeare for the Degree of Strata 1 (S1). A thesis, Jakarta: Letter and Humanities Faculty, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah, The main objective of the research is to know the errors does the translator commonly make in translating the English subtitle into Bahasa Indonesia as presented in Romeo and Juliet film and also to find out the causes of those errors. The method of the research is a qualitative method, the writer analyzed the text translation to know the types of errors the translator did most in the subtitle of Romeo and Juliet Film and to know the causes of those errors. Afterward, the writer described the number of errors in the table form as the recapitulation of the errors the translator has made. The writer described the errors in each sentence and gave an analysis. For this research, the writer analyses translation, finds out and classified the error he or she made, and list them in form of tables. Then, from those errors the writer concludes what the causes of these errors are. After analyzing the corpus of the data, the writer found that there are two classifications of causes of errors, these are Developmental Error, Communication-Based Error, and Overgeneralization. Developmental Error is divided into three types of errors that are Singular and Plural (1 sentence in this case), Tense (2 sentences in this case) and Kinds of Sentence (2 sentences in this case). There are ten sentences in Communication-Based Error. There is a case in Overgeneralization that is Word Order (1 sentence in this case).

8 TABLE OF CONTENTS APPROVEMENT LEGALIZATION DECLARATION. i.. ii.. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv ABSTRACT.. vi TABLE OF CONTENT.. vii CHATER I INTRODUCTION. 1 A. Background of the Research. 1 B. Focus of the Research... 5 C. Research Question. 5 D. Significant of the Research 5 E. Research Methodology Objective of the Research The Method of the Research 6 3. The Data Analysis Instrument of the Research The Unit of Analysis.. 6 CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMWORK.. 8 A. Errors.. 8

9 1. The Definition of Errors 8 2. The Causes of Errors 9 B. Errors Analysis.. 11 C. Translation The Definition of Translation The Method of Translation The Process of Translation 16 D. The Equivalent of Translation 17 CHAPTER III RESEARCEH FINDINGS. 18 A. Description of the Data. 18 B. Analysis of the Data Error Reconstruction Analysis Error Causes Analysis 30 CHAPTER IV CONCLUTION AND SUGGESTION 36 A. Conclusion 36 B. Suggestion 37 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 42 APPENDICES (Script of Romeo and Juliet Film into Languages)

10 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of The Research Language is a means of communication. By using a language, people can communicate each other. When people discuss about language skills they usually refer to listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Furthermore, there is another important skill in language and sometimes forget, it is translation. Each country has different language and culture which are difficult to understand of each other. It can be solved by translation theory, according to Frans Sayogy s book: Permasalah tersebut dapat diatasi dengan adanya ilmu dan prosedur penerjemahan yang bermanfaat dalam proses penerjemahan, agar penerjemahan dapat selalu menyesuaikan dengan perubahan bentuk gramatikal yang sesuai dengan makna yang ada dalam bahasa sasaran. 1 Translation has solution which can connect between source language and Target language. Translation is an activity enormous importance thing in the modern world and it is a subject of interest not only to linguist, professional and amateur and language teachers, but also to engineers and mathematicians and so forth 2. Translation has the importance role in entertainment too that is closed with our life, such as film. Not only story and picture in film that can make audience interested, but also film maker must be presented in many languages (Multilanguage) or known 1 Frans Sayogie. Teori dan Praktek Penerjemahan Bahasa Inggris ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia (Tangerang: Pustaka Anak Negeri, 2009), p J.C. Catford. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. (London: Oxford University Press, 1965), p. 7

11 by Subtitle (text of translation that appear in the bottom of screen). According to Lina Ho (2005), the Principle of subtitling is subtitling must help the audience to understand the content of film, not make they are busy to read it 3. That is why, language of subtitling should be short, simple and clear without forgetting language style that compatible with culture of the target language. So, the product of translation will get the best, innovative and informative agree that compatible with the meaning and message from the author. It is an assignment of the translator that requires a huge attention. Nowadays, people find so many films in English translated into Bahasa Indonesia, but sometimes not all of the people can understand the meaning of the translation written in those films. It may be caused by language style that is used in translation. Eugne A. Nida and Charles R. Taber, have give definition: translating consist in reproducing the receptor language the closet natural equivalent of source language message, first in term of meaning and secondly in term of style. 4 Based on the definition, the writer tries to give conclusion. Translation is the replacement of textual-material in one language SL (source language) into another language TL (target language) that is contained by two important aspects, balancing of meaning and language style that is caused by culture too. It was covered by diction. Moreover, translator must translate that easily understood by the readers. The writer tries to analyze the subtitle of Romeo and Juliet film because Romeo and Juliet film uses a variety of language forms in some the texts. It is in sorts or long of the conversation which are found in it. For example, in the text A 3 Frans Sayogie. (2009), op. cit., p Eugne A Nida and Charles R. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation, ( Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1969), p. 12

12 challenge, on my life. translated into Bahasa Indonesia Tantangan hidup atau mati. The translator of Romeo and Juliet film has freest form of translation. It is used mainly for plays (comedies, poetry; the themes, characters, plots) are usually preserved, the SL culture converted to the TL culture and the text rewritten. So, it has possibility in error translation that finding the equivalent in TL (Target Language) translation. Furthermore, the audience must interpret those words to get the right point. The central problem of translation-practice is that of finding TL translation equivalents. 5 According this statement, finding the equivalent is a hard thing and always become one of important difficulties for translator. A textual translation equivalent is thus: that portion of a TL text which is changed when only when a given portion of the SL text is changed. 6 The translation is not equivalent of meaning would be an error translation. Errors reveal the portion of the learner s competence in the target language. 7 It shows that the competence of the learner is same of the competence of the translator in translating. In order to use a language well, translation should learn the rules of a language or to know how they work. They cannot avoid errors because errors mostly occur in learning process. It happens because they use different forms to deliver their ideas, feelings or messages so they need considerable amount of time to be able to master the target language well. Therefore, it is important to analyze the errors because by learning the errors there are many advantages such as (a) a device which the translator uses in order to learn, (b) to fully grasp and understand the nature of errors, and (c) instead of 5 J.C. Catford. op. cit., p.21 6 Ibid., p H. Doughles Brown. Principle of Language Learning and Teaching, (New York: Prentice Hall Regents, 1987), p. 217

13 just being able to recognize errors, the translators are now able to explain the rules and correcting the errors. Besides, by making errors, translators will build their new knowledge to use the target language that means making errors during studying the second language can be considered as a means of building learners abilities because they can learn something from making errors. The errors usually occur in the productive skills, speaking and writing, but to analyze the errors in productive skills in short time is not easy. Referred to the explanations above, the writer is interested in analyzing the result of translation equivalent deeply in the text of Romeo and Juliet. This research uses the theory of translation compatible with the text. For example, the writer takes one of text in Romeo and Juliet; Rebellious subjects, enemies to peace throw your distemper weapons to the ground, translation into Bahasa Indonesia; Subjek pemberontak, musuh kedamaian jatuhkan senjata kalian ketanah. In this paraphrase, rebellious subject translated as subjek Pemberontak. The result of translation is not equivalent of the meaning, because it is hard to understand for the audience. It is advisable to translate as para pemberontak. Based on the example above, the sentence contains of error translation. Analyze of the research focus on the texts that had equivalent of the meaning in Bahasa Indonesia. The research does not only to find the error translation in equivalent of the meaning in Romeo and Juliet film text, but also reveal the meaning compatible with the picture. Furthermore, it can help easily the audience to get the point of the story in this film. Romeo and Juliet is film that based on the tragedy written early in the career of playwright William Shakespeare. The film tells about two young star-cross lovers whose deaths ultimately unite their feuding families. It was among

14 Shakespeare s most popular plays during his lifetime. It has been adapted numerous times for stage, film, musical and opera. That is why, the writer interested to analyze the translation of the film subtitle. B. Focus of The Research The research is limited on translation from source language (English) into target language (Indonesia) in the text of Romeo and Juliet film that was translated by human translation. The writer discusses an equivalent of the meaning of text translation in Romeo and Juliet film. C. Research Question Based on the background of the research stated above, the writer has a problem to be analyzed in this paper. The research question of this research is: 1. What errors does the translator commonly make in translating the English subtitle into Bahasa Indonesia as presented in Romeo and Juliet film? 2. What are the causes of common errors in translating English subtitle into Bahasa Indonesia as presented in Romeo and Juliet film? D. Significance of The Research The significance of the research is to identify and discuss the error translation in equivalent of the meaning of text translation that presented in Romeo and Juliet film. The writer hopes that the research can give students, educative information and guidance especially in English Letters Department to comprehend the use of translation method as well. Besides that, the writer hopes that the research will give the contribution for others who want to read the translation of the film text from English to Bahasa Indonesia.

15 E. Research Methodology 1. Objective of The Research Based on the research question the objective of the research is to know the types of errors does the translator commonly make in translating the English subtitle into Bahasa Indonesia as presented in Romeo and Juliet film. Finally, to explants the factors that cause of common errors. 2. The Method of The Research The research uses a comparative method, it compare the equivalent of the meaning of text translation between English and Bahasa Indonesia in Romeo and Juliet film subtitle. 3. The Data Analysis The collected data are analyzed comparatively. The writer will compare the translation text in Romeo and Juliet film with the compatible theory. The writer will make a comparative analysis to understand the meaning of content the text. 4. Instruments of The Research The writer will employ by writer self technique. It read the texts of Romeo and Juliet film, to understand, to give mark, and tabulate the data, then to analyze which have error translation in equivalent of the meaning of text translation in English into Bahasa Indonesia. 5. The Unit of Analysis The unit of analysis of the research is the film text of Romeo and Juliet adapted for the screen by Craig Pearce and Baz Luhrmann. This film

16 is released on March, 28 th 1997 based on novel Romeo and Juliet the Play by William Shakespeare.

17 CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK A. Errors 3. The Definition of Errors In English dictionary, it is recognized that the word error and the word mistake are two synonymous words. Sometimes the term of error and mistake are considered as the same and used interchangeably. Based on the Oxford Advanced leaner s dictionary, error is a mistake. Errors are caused by lack of knowledge about the target language or an incorrect hypothesis about it. Errors are noticeable and can t be self corrected. Nevertheless, the term error and mistake in some dictionaries are used differently. Errors are representing the side defect of learner s writing. An error is share of conversation or composition deviating standard norm (or chosen norm) from performances of adult language. According to Douglas Brown, A mistake refers to a performance error that is either a random guess or a slip, in that it is a failure to utilize a known system correctly. 8 So, between two words error and mistake have the differently use. Mistake can avoid if the learner is more carefully and focused. The learner made mistake because of carelessness, while error is caused by competence factor. It means, the learner doesn t understand the 8 H. Douglas Brown. Principle of Language Learning and Teaching, (New York: Prentice Hall Regents, 1987), p. 217

18 language system. In conclusion, an error that reveals the portion of the learner s competence in the target language. 9 Competence refers to one s underlying knowledge of a system, event, or fact. In reference of language, competence is one s underlying knowledge of the system its rules of grammar, its vocabulary, all the pieces of a language and how those pieces fit together The Causes of Errors Talking about the causes of errors, according to Prof. Dr. Henry Guntur Tarigan, A basic distinction is drawn between intralingual and interlingual errors. Intralingual error classified as: a. Simplification Kesalahan yang diakibatkan oleh reduksi atau pengurangan yang berlebihan. b. Developmental error Kesalahan yang mencerminkan tahap-tahap yang terjadi dalam perkembangan linguistik. c. Communication-based error Kesalahan yang diakibatkan oleh siasat-siasat komunikasi. d. Induced error Kesalahan yang berasal dari pengurutan dan penyajian unsur-unsur bahasa sasaran. 9 Ibid., 10 Ibid., p. 31

19 e. Error of avoidance Kesalahan yang diakibatkan oleh kegagalan menggunakan tipe-tipe tertentu ciri-ciri bahasa sasaran karena adanya kesukaran yang terasa. f. Error of over production Kesalahan yang diakibatkan oleh penggunaan ciri-ciri bahasa sasaran yang benar tetapi terlalu sering. 11 g. Overgeneralizations Kesalahan yang disebabkan oleh perluasan kaidah-kaidah bahasa sasaran pada konteks-konteks yang tidak tepat. According the other definition, overgeneralization is a process that occurs as the second language learner acts within the target language, by generalizing a particular rule or item in the second language irrespective of the native language beyond legitimate bounds. 12 Brown also supports this case by stating Overgeneralization is the incorrect application negative transfer of previously learned second language material to a present second language context. 13 The writer considers overgeneralization as a natural problem usually happens in anyone learning a foreign language. It cannot abandon just like that only in a short time. Learning English (or perhaps structure 11 Henry Guntur Tarigan dan Djago Tarigan. Pengajaran Analisis Kesalahan Berbahasa, (penerbit Angkasa, Bandung, 1998), p H. Doughles Brown. op.cit., p Ibid., p. 97

20 specifically) several years in o non-english spoken country as if Indonesia is an obvious reason why overgeneralization problem happens here then. B. Errors Analysis Making errors is human being and natural. In learning process, errors have been perceived as a device a learner uses in order to learn. Indeed human learning is fundamentally a process that involves the making of mistakes. Mistakes, misjudgment, miscalculation, and erroneous assumption form an important aspect of learning virtually any skill or acquiring information. 14 In another explanation is also stated that errors analysis is the examination of those errors committed by student in both the spoken and written medium. 15 Prof. Dr. Henry Guntur Tarigan give definition, errors analysis is procedure used by researcher to know the mistakes by collection of a sample of learner language, identification of errors, description of errors, explaining the errors and evaluation of errors. Analisa kesalahan berbahasa adalah suatu prosedur yang digunakan oleh para peneliti dan para guru, yang mencakup pengumpulan sampel bahasa pelajar, pengenalan kesalahan-kesalahan yang terdapat dalam sampel tersebut, pendeskripsian kesalahan-kesalahan tersebut, pengklasifikasiannya berdasarkan sebab-sebab yang telah dihopetesiskan, serta pengevaluasiannya H. Doughles Brown. op.cit., p Available at www. Melta.org.my/ET/1996/main4.html, accessed on 4 th of April Henry Guntur Tarigan dan Djago Tarigan. op.cit., p. 170

21 Those three definitions concerning with errors analysis are basically leading to the same by the students learning a foreign language, and this is what the writer is conducting in his research paper. C. Translation 1. The Definition of Translation In era globalization, translation is needed to transfer the knowledge that comes from aboard. A translator has a big role that can give big contribution to his or her country and to the world. The theory of translation is concerned with a certain type of relation between languages and is consequently a branch of comparative linguistic. Translation equivalences may be set up, and translation performed, between any pair of languages or dialects related or unrelated and with any kind of spatial, temporal, social or other relationship between them. 17 However, in simply, translation is an operation performed in languages: a process of substituting a text in one language for a text in other. 18 Therefore, to make it clear about translation term, it may be worth to consider the summed up theories of expert below: 1. Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual in another language (TL) J.C. Catford. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. (London: Oxford University Press, 1965), p Ibid., p Ibid., p. 20

22 2. Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closes natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in term of meaning and secondly in term of style Translating means the study of lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation and culture from source language to find the equivalent expressed in the target language s lexicon, structure and culture Translation is rendering in the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. 22 From the definitions above the writer can conclude that translation is to find out the equivalent of meaning or reproducing the equivalent messages from the source language into the target language. In translation both, source and target language, the translator has a big responsibility and play an important role to produce the translation that has equivalent of meaning. 2. The Method of Translation Method of Translation is various as well since the translator cannot faith with one method only to translate SL into TL. Method is the way used in translation process that works on the whole text as a united 20 Eugene A. Nida and Charles R. Teber. The Theory and Practice of translation, (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1982), p Mildred L. Larson. Penerjemahan Berdasarkan Makna Pedoman untuk Pemadanan Antar Bahasa, (Jakarta:Arcan, 1989), p Peter Newmark. A Text Book of Translation. (New York: Prentice Hall International, 1988), p. 5

23 context. Newmark distinguishes the method into eight types that four types the method that emphasizes on the source language as follow 23 : a. Word-for Word Translation This often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with the TL immediately below the SL words. The SL word-order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meaning, out of context. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use of word for word translation is either to understand the mechanics of source language or to construe a difficult text as a pre translation. b. Literal Translation The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents, but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context. As a pre translated process, this indicates the problems to be solved. c. Faithful Translation A faithful translation attempt to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within constrains of the TL grammatical structures. It transfers cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical abnormality (deviation from SL norms) in the translation. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text realization of the SL writer. 23 Ibid., pp.45-47

24 d. Semantic Translation Semantic translation differs from faithful translation only in as far as it must be taken more account of the aesthetic value (that is, the beautiful and natural sound) of the SL text, compromising on meaning where appropriate so that no assonance, word play or repetition jars in the finished version. The method that emphasizes on the target language as follow: e. Adaptation This is the freest form of translation. It is used mainly for plays (comedies, poetry; the themes, characters, plots) are usually preserved, the SL culture converted to the TL culture and the text rewritten. The deplorable practice of having the play or poem literally translated and the rewritten by an established drama poet has produced many poor adaptations, but other adaptations have rescued period plays. f. Free Translation Free Translation reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original. g. Idiomatic Translation Idiomatic translation reproduces the message of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquium and idioms where these do not exist in the original (Authorities as diverse as Salescovith and Stuart Gilbert tend to this form of lively, natural translation).

25 h. Communicative Translation Communicative translation attempts to renders the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership. 3. The Process of Translation The process of translation can be acquired as in the figure 24 below: Source language text Receptor Language Target Analysis Restructuring X Transfer of the Figure Y The figure explains that the translation process starts in analysis of phase, where the message is understood and decoded from the Source Language Text (SLT). The message got from understanding of SLT, then, results proposition X which will be transferred into Target Language (TL) proposition, Y, in second phase. The proposition Y is decoded in the third phase then, where the message is restructured into TL in the form of TLT. The result of this phase is receptor language translation. There are two groups of translation methods emphasize on the source language, and the methods that emphasize on the target language. 24 Eugene A. Nida and Charles R. Teber. op.cit., p. 33

26 D. The Equivalent of Translation Since translation talks about transferring meaning, replacing SL with TL that having equivalent meaning, the statement of the SL phrase is replaced by a TL phrase that serves the same purpose in the TL culture, and the process here involves the substitution of SL sign for TL sign 25 may be understood as the process of making equivalent in translation. Eugene Nida distinguishes two types of equivalence, formal equivalent and dynamic equivalent. Formal equivalence is quality of a translation in which the features of the form of the source text have been mechanically reproduced in the receptor language. Typically, formal equivalent distorts the grammatical and stylistic pattern of the receptor language and hence distorts the message, so as to cause the receptor to misunderstand or to labor unduly hard. The opposite principal is dynamic equivalent that means quality of a translation in which the message of the original text has been so transported into the receptor language that the response of the receptor is essentially like that of the original receptor. Frequently, the form of the original text is changed, but as long as the change follows the rules of back transformation in the SL, of contextual consistency in the transfer, and of transformation in the receptor language, the message is preserved and the translation is faithful Susan bassnett. Translation Studies, (new fetter lane, London: routledge, 2002), p Eugene Nida and Charles R. Teber. op.cit., pp

27 CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS A. Description of the Data The writer analyzes the number of error translation from the film text of Romeo and Juliet written by William Shakespeare adapted for the screen by Craig Pearce and Baz Luhrmann that released on March, 28 th The original text has been translated into Bahasa Indonesia by Kitotsky. Table 1: The Errors of Translation No. Times English Indonesia 1 00:37 From ancient grudge break Mulai dari pertentangan kuno, to new mutiny. berubah melawan kekakuan hukum. 2 05:07 You know not what you do. Kau tahu perbuatanmu. 3 05:16 Put up your sword. Kenakan pedangmu. 4 08:26 Give me my long sword, ho! Berikan pedang panjangku! 5 08:47 Rebellious subjects, enemies to peace, Throw your mistemper'd weapons to the ground! 6 11:22 So please you, step aside; I'll know his grievance, or be much denied. 7 16:31 Thus then in brief: The valiant Paris seeks you for his love. Subjek pemberontak, musuh kedamaian, jatuhkan senjata kalian ke tanah! Jadi, kumohon anda menyingkir dahulu, aku paham kepedihannya, atau perasaan sangat diacuhkan. Baru teringat: Paris yang gagah menyukaimu. 8 17:09 Women grow by men. Wanita besar karena pria. 9 27:30 Make a mutiny among my guests? 10 34:18 I ll to my truckle-bed; this field-bed is too cold for me to sleep. Kau mau membuat keributan di pestaku. Aku diranjang laci; ranjang ini terlalu dingin untuk ditiduri.

28 11 37:30 Art thou not Romeo and a Kau bukan Romeo seorang Montague? Montague? 12 38:20 I have night's cloak to hide Malam menyelubungiku dari me from their eyes, and but thou love me, let them find me here. penglihatan mereka, kecuali kau mencintaiku, biarkan mereka menemukanku :21 A challenge, on my life. Tantangan hidup atau mati :05:49 Mercutio's soul is but a little way above our heads staying for thine to keep him company! 15 01:08:12 Tybalt hit the life of stout Mercutio :10:07 O deadly sin, O rude unthankfulness! Jiwa Mercutio sedikit diatas kepala kita. Diam untuk milikmu dan menemaninya! Tybalt menembak Mercutio yang berani. Oh dosa! Rasa terima kasih yang kasar B. Analysis of the Data 1. Error Reconstruction a. Table 1.1a From ancient grudge Mulai dari Dari break to new pertentangan kuno, pertentangan mutiny. berubah melawan kuno berubah kekakuan hukum. menjadi pemberontakan baru. From the table above, the writer finds an error that lies in Indonesia sentence, that is Mulai dari pertentangan kuno, berubah melawan kekakuan hukum., as a translation of English phrase From ancient grudge break to new mutiny. Semantically, the words new mutiny mean pemberontakan baru. To get the nearest equivalent, the words new mutiny should be translated into menjadi pemberontakan baru with added word menjadi. According the explanation above, the error is caused by Communicative Translation Method that means the translator attempts to renders the exact contextual meaning of the

29 original in such a way that both content and language are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership that is translated into melawan kekakuan hukum. Therefore, the Indonesia translation should be reconstructed into Dari pertentangan kuno berubah menjadi pemberontakan baru. b. Table 1.2a You know not Kau tahu Kalian tidak tahu apa what you do. perbuatanmu. yang telah kalian lakukan. From the table above, the writer finds an error that lies in Indonesia sentence, that is Kau tahu perbuatanmu., as a translation of English phrase You know not what you do. Semantically, the words you know not mean kamu tahu tidak. To get the closest equivalent, the words you know not should be translated into kalian tidak tahu. Based on the statement above, the writer finds out that error is caused by Free Translation method. Free Translation reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original. In English sentence, there is word not which means tidak on the sentence You know not what you do. The word you is plural not singular which means kalian not kau, because there are some persons in the picture. Therefore, the Indonesia translation should be reconstructed into Kalian tidak tahu apa yang telah kalian lakukan. c. Table 1.3a Put up your sword. Kenakan pedangmu. Kenakan pistolmu (jenis: sword).

30 From the table above, the writer finds an error that lies in Indonesia sentence, that is Kenakan pedangmu., as a translation of English phrase Put up your sword. Semantically, the words your sword mean pedangmu. Implicitly, the translation is true in semantic, but is not in the picture. In the picture, the characters use the guns not the sword. To get the nearest equivalent, the words your sword should be translated into pistolmu (jenis: sword). Concerned the statement above, the error is caused by Word-for Word Translation Method. This often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with the TL immediately below the SL words. The SL word-order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meaning, out of context. The words your sword is translated into pedangmu that out of context and not compatible the picture. Therefore, the Indonesia translation should be reconstructed into Kenakan pistolmu (jenis: sword). d. Table 1.4a Give me my long Berikan pedang Berikan laras sword, ho! panjangku! panjangku (jenis: Long sword). From the table above, the writer finds an error that lies in Indonesia sentence, that is Berikan pedang panjangku!, as a translation of English phrase Give me my long sword, ho!. Semantically, the words my long sword mean pedang panjangku. Implicitly, the translation is true in semantically, but is not compatible in the picture. In the picture, the characters use the guns not the sword. To get the nearest equivalent, the words my long sword should be translated into laras panjangku. That is why, the words laras and pistol has

31 equivalent meaning with gun. Referred to the explanation above, the error is made by Word-for Word Translation Method. This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with the TL immediately below the SL words. The SL word-order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meaning, out of context. The words my long sword is translated into pedang panjangku that is out of context and not compatible the picture. Therefore, the Indonesia translation should be reconstructed into Kenakan pistolmu (jenis: sword). e. Table 1.5a Rebellious subjects, enemies to peace, Throw Subjek pemberontak, musuh kedamaian, Para warga your mistemper'd weapons to the ground! jatuhkan senjata kalian ke tanah! pemberontak, musuh kedamaian, jatuhkan senjata kalian ke tanah! From the table above, the writer finds an error that lies in Indonesia sentence, that is Subjek pemberontak, musuh kedamaian, jatuhkan senjata kalian ke tanah!, as a translation of English phrase Rebellious subjects, enemies to peace, Throw your mistemper'd weapons to the ground!. Contextually, the words Rebellious subjects mean Warganegara-warganegara pemberontak. To get the nearest equivalent, the words Rebellious subjects should be translated into Para warga pemberontak with added the word para that shows the plural of the word warganegara. The words warga and warganegara have equivalent meaning in Indonesia language. According the explanation above, the error is caused by Literal Translation Method. The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents, but the lexical words are again

32 translated singly, out of context. Therefore, the Indonesia translation should be reconstructed into Para warga pemberontak, musuh kedamaian, jatuhkan senjata kalian ke tanah!. f. Table 1.6a So please you, Jadi, kumohon Jadi, kumohon anda step aside; I'll anda menyingkir menyingkir dahulu, know his dahulu, aku paham aku akan paham grievance, or be kepedihannya, atau kepedihannya, atau much denied. perasaan sangat perasaan yang sangat diacuhkan. teracuhkan. From the table above, the writer finds an error that lies in Indonesia sentence, that is Jadi, kumohon anda menyingkir dahulu, aku paham kepedihannya, atau perasaan sangat diacuhkan., as a translation of English phrase So please you, step aside; I'll know his grievance, or be much denied. Semantically, the words I'll mean aku akan. To get the nearest equivalent, the words I'll should be translated into aku akan. Referred to the explanation above, the error is made by Free Translation Method that reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original, specifically the translator doesn t pay attention with the tense in use. So, the word I'll know translated into aku paham. Therefore, the Indonesia translation should be reconstructed into Jadi, kumohon anda menyingkir dahulu, aku akan paham kepedihannya, atau perasaan yang sangat teracuhkan.

33 g. Table 1.7a Thus then in Baru teringat: intinya: Paris yang brief: The valiant Paris seeks you for his love. Paris yang gagah menyukaimu. gagah menyukaimu. From the table above, the writer finds an error that lies in Indonesia sentence, that is Baru teringat: Paris yang gagah menyukaimu., as a translation of English phrase Thus then in brief: The valiant Paris seeks you for his love.. Contextually, the words Thus then in brief mean briefly in Romeo and Juliet play that mean dengan singkat. To get the nearest equivalent, the words Thus then in brief should be translated into intinya. Based on the statement above, the writer finds out that error is caused by Free Translation Method that reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original. So, the words Thus then in brief translated into baru teringat. Therefore, the Indonesia translation should be reconstructed into intinya: Paris yang gagah menyukaimu. h. Table 1.8a Women grow by Wanita besar Wanita mengandung men. karena pria. karena pria. From the table above, the writer finds an error that lies in Indonesia sentence, that is Wanita besar karena pria., as a translation of English phrase Women grow by men. Historically, the word grow means by being made pregnant in the text of Romeo and Juliet play. To get the nearest equivalent, the word grow should be translated into mengandung. Concerned the statement

34 above, the error is caused by the translator emphasizes on the target language and out of the message in the story. Therefore, the Indonesia translation should be reconstructed into Wanita mengandung karena pria. i. Table 1.9a Make a mutiny Kau mau membuat Kau mau membuat among my keributan di keributan ditengah guests? pestaku. tamu-tamuku? From the table above, the writer finds an error that lies in Indonesia sentence, that is Kau mau membuat keributan di pestaku., as a translation of English phrase Make a mutiny among my guests?. Semantically, the words among my guests mean diantara tamu-tamuku. To get the nearest equivalent, the words among my guests should be translated into ditengah tamu-tamuku. According the explanation above, the error is caused by Free Translation Method that reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original. The translator didn t translate the word among and translated the word guest into pesta. The translation has to add question mark? in last sentence. Therefore, the Indonesia translation should be reconstructed into Kau mau membuat keributan ditengah tamu-tamuku?. j. Table 1.10a I ll to my Aku diranjang laci; Aku akan keranjang truckle-bed; this ranjang ini terlalu berodaku; ranjang ini field-bed is too dingin untuk terlalu dingin untuk cold for me to sleep. ditiduri. ditiduri.

35 From the table above, the writer finds an error that lies in Indonesia sentence, that is Aku diranjang laci; ranjang ini terlalu dingin untuk ditiduri., as a translation of English phrase I ll to my truckle-bed; this field-bed is too cold for me to sleep. Contextually, the words I ll to my truckle-bed means I ll to my bed which has wheels in Romeo and Juliet play that mean aku akan ke ranjang berodaku, because there is word will that means akan or future tense. To get the nearest equivalent, the words I ll to my truckle-bed should be translated into aku akan ke ranjang berodaku. Based on the statement above, the writer finds out that error is caused by Free Translation Method that reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original. Besides that, the translator doesn t pay attention with the tense in use. So, the word I ll to my truckle-bed translate into Aku diranjang laci; ranjang ini terlalu dingin untuk ditiduri. Therefore, the Indonesia translation should be reconstructed into Aku akan keranjang berodaku; ranjang ini terlalu dingin untuk ditiduri. k. Table 1.11a Art thou not Kau bukan Romeo Bukankah kau Romeo and a seorang Romeo seorang Montague? Montague? Montague? From the table above, the writer finds an error that lies in Indonesia sentence, that is Kau bukan Romeo seorang Montague?, as a translation of English phrase Art thou not Romeo and a Montague?. Contextually, the words Art thou not mean Apakah kau bukan. The words art thou or thou are are old use English that used to mean are you or you are, when talking to one

36 person. To get the nearest equivalent, the words Art thou not should be translated into Bukankah kau. Concerned the statement above, the error is caused by Word-for Word Translation Method. This often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with the TL immediately below the SL words. The SL word-order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meaning, out of context. The words Art thou not is translated into Bukankah kau that is out of context. Therefore, the Indonesia translation should be reconstructed into Bukankah kau Romeo seorang Montague?. l. Table 1.12a I have night's Malam Malam cloak to hide me menyelubungiku menyelubungiku dari from their eyes, dari penglihatan penglihatan mereka, and but thou love mereka, kecuali jika kau mencintaiku, me, let them find kau mencintaiku, biarkan mereka me here. biarkan mereka menemukanku. menemukanku. From the table above, the writer finds an error that lies in Indonesia sentence, that is Malam menyelubungiku dari penglihatan mereka, kecuali kau mencintaiku, biarkan mereka menemukanku., as a translation of English phrase I have night's cloak to hide me from their eyes, and but thou love me, let them find me here. Contextually, the words and but mean if only in Romeo and Juliet play that means kalau or sekiranya. To get the nearest equivalent, the words and but should be translated into jika. Referred to the explanation above, the error is made by Word-for Word Translation Method. This often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with the TL immediately below the SL words. The SL word-order is preserved and the words translated singly by their

37 most common meaning, out of context. The words and but is translated into kecuali that is out of context and not compatible the message in Romeo and Juliet play. Therefore, the Indonesia translation should be reconstructed into Malam menyelubungiku dari penglihatan mereka, jika kau mencintaiku, biarkan mereka menemukanku. m. Table 1.14a A challenge, on Tantangan hidup Sebuah tantangan my life. atau mati. dalam hidupku. From the table above, the writer finds an error that lies in Indonesia sentence, that is Tantangan hidup atau mati., as a translation of English phrase A challenge, on my life. Contextually, the words on my life mean dalam kehidupanku. To get the nearest equivalent, the words on my life should be translated into dalam hidupku. Based on the statement above, the writer finds out that error is caused by Free Translation Method that reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original that is translated on my life into hidup atau mati. Therefore, the Indonesia translation should be reconstructed into Sebuah tantangan dalam hidupku. n. Table 1.15a Mercutio's soul is Jiwa Mercutio Jiwa Mercutio dekat but a little way sedikit diatas diatas kepala kita. above our heads staying for thine kepala kita. Diam untuk milikmu dan Diam untuk milikmu dan menemaninya! to keep him menemaninya! company!

38 From the table above, the writer finds an error that lies in Indonesia sentence, that is Jiwa Mercutio sedikit diatas kepala kita. Diam untuk milikmu dan menemaninya!., as a translation of English phrase Mercutio's soul is but a little way above our heads staying for thine to keep him company!. Contextually, the words a little way mean sedikit jarak. To get the nearest equivalent, the words a little way should be translated into dekat. Concerned the statement above, the error is caused by Adaptation method that was poor in used, because there is wrong word choice. the translation will be awkward. Therefore, the Indonesia translation should be reconstructed into Jiwa Mercutio dekat diatas kepala kita. Diam untuk milikmu dan menemaninya! o. Table 1.16a Tybalt hit the life Tybalt menembak Tybalt membunuh of stout Mercutio. Mercutio yang Mercutio yang berani. berani. From the table above, the writer finds an error that lies in Indonesia sentence, that is Tybalt menembak Mercutio yang berani., as a translation of English phrase Tybalt hit the life of stout Mercutio. Contextually, the words hit the life mean memukul kehidupan. To get the nearest equivalent, the words hit the life should be translated into membunuh. Referred to the explanation above, the error is made by Adaptation method that was poor in used. In one hand, the word menembak is not equivalent meaning with the words hit the life, while the word menembak is one of ways to kill someone or something. In the other hand, the word menembak is not compatible with the action in the picture. In the picture, Tybalt used bottle which was broken to attack Mercutio s stomach.

39 Therefore, the Indonesia translation should be reconstructed into Tybalt membunuh Mercutio yang berani. p. Table 1.18a O deadly sin, O Oh dosa! Rasa Oh dosa, Rasa tidak rude unthankfulness!. terima kasih yang kasar. bersyukur!. From the table above, the writer finds an error that lies in Indonesia sentence that is Oh dosa! Rasa terima kasih yang kasar., as a translation of English phrase O deadly sin, O rude unthankfulness!. Semantically, the word unthankfulness means rasa tidak bersyukur. To get the nearest equivalent, the words unthankfulness should be translated into rasa tidak bersyukur. Based on the statement above, the writer finds out that error is caused by Free Translation method. Free Translation reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original. In English sentence O deadly sin, O rude unthankfulness, there is word un equivalent meaning not which means tidak. Therefore, the Indonesia translation should be reconstructed into Oh dosa, Rasa tidak bersyukur!. 2. Error Causes Analysis Based on the data above, the writer classifies that errors are commonly caused by developmental error, communication-based error, and overgeneralization. Here is a brief explanation of the causes of errors with their example that made by translator in translating English subtitle into Bahasa Indonesia as presented in Romeo and Juliet film.

40 a. Developmental Error From sixteen texts above, the writer finds out that there is case of error on count nouns and the error made by the translator is caused by developmental error. It is because Indonesian has different pattern to show plural such as by repeating the same word or by adding the word para. Here the example from the subtitle text: 1. Tabel 1.5b Rebellious Subjek Para warga subjects, enemies to peace, Throw pemberontak, musuh kedamaian, pemberontak, musuh kedamaian, your mistemper'd jatuhkan senjata jatuhkan senjata weapons to the kalian ke tanah! kalian ke tanah! ground! From the table above, the words Subjek pemberontak should be added by word para to show a plural in Indonesia sentence, because the word subjects indicates that is more than one and letter s is commonly used to show it. The correct sentence is: Para warga pemberontak, musuh kedamaian, jatuhkan senjata kalian ke tanah!. According to sixteen texts above, the writer finds out that there are future tenses in these sentences that are showed the time in event. This is normal, because Indonesia does not have the tense in sentence. Here the examples from the subtitle texts:

41 1. Table 1.6b Source Language So please you, step aside; I'll know his grievance, or be much denied. Target Language Jadi, kumohon anda menyingkir dahulu, aku paham kepedihannya, atau perasaan sangat diacuhkan. Reconstruction Jadi, kumohon anda menyingkir dahulu, aku akan paham kepedihannya, atau perasaan yang sangat teracuhkan. 2. Table 1.10b Source Language I ll to my truckle-bed; this field-bed is too cold for me to sleep. Target Language Aku diranjang laci; ranjang ini terlalu dingin untuk ditiduri. Reconstruction Aku akan keranjang berodaku; ranjang ini terlalu dingin untuk ditiduri. According to sixteen texts above, the writer finds out that there are cases of errors on negative sentence and all the errors made by the translator is caused by developmental error because the translator does not pay attention with the tense in use. because the translator does not pay attention what kind of sentence in use. There is the word not or prefix -un that are showed the negative sentence. Here the examples from the subtitle texts: 1. Table 1.2b You know not Kau tahu Kalian tidak tahu what you do. perbuatanmu. apa yang telah kalian lakukan.