TRANSLATION QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF SONG LYRICS IN THE PRINCESS AND THE FROG CARTOON MOVIE

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1 digilib.uns.ac.id TRANSLATION QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF SONG LYRICS IN THE PRINCESS AND THE FROG CARTOON MOVIE THESIS Submitted as a Partial Requirement For the Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Department Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts, Sebelas Maret University by SITI FATIMAH C ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY SURAKARTA 2011 i

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4 digilib.uns.ac.id PRONOUNCEMENT Name : Siti Fatimah NIM : C Pronouns truthfully that the thesis entitled Translation Quality Assessment of Song Lyrics in The Princess And The Frog Cartoon Movie is originally made by the researcher. It is neither a plagiarism, nor made by the others. The things related to other people s work are written in quotation and included within the bibliography. If it is then proved that the researcher cheats, the researcher is ready to take the responsibility. Surakarta, November 2011 The researcher Siti Fatimah iv

5 digilib.uns.ac.id MOTTO Don t despair and never lose hope, cause Allah is always by your side (Maher Zain) v

6 digilib.uns.ac.id DEDICATION Wholeheartedly, this thesis is dedicated to: My beloved Parents My self My future vi

7 digilib.uns.ac.id ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Alhamdulillah, thanks to ALLAH SWT, for His blessing, love, guidance, so I can finish this thesis as a partial fulfillment of graduating requirement of the Sarjana Degree. I realize that this thesis cannot be completed without any help and support from people around me. Therefore, I want to give my deepest gratitude to all of the people who have given important contribution to this thesis. It goes to: 1. Drs. Riyadi Santosa, M.Ed., Ph.D, The Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts, Sebelas Maret University. 2. Drs. S. Budi Waskito, M.Pd., The Head of S1 Non-Regular English Department for the support given during my study. 3. Drs. Hendarto Rahardjo,M.A, My thesis consultant, thanks you so much for your advices and assistances. 4. Yuyun Kusdianto, S.S, M.A, My academic consultant, thanks you very much for your assistances during my study. 5. My beloved mother and father, thanks for your loves, caring, support and prays that you give to me every single day, I realize thousands thanks would not be enough to repay it. 6. My beloved brothers and sisters, for your supports and loves. 7. All of my nephews and my niece. Thanks for disturbing when I finish this thesis but make my life more colorful to. Love you all. 8. Risal Amhudo, The Mastah thanks for fixing my computer and my life too. Thanks for your love and support during I finish this thesis, like what vii

8 digilib.uns.ac.id you said it s only a stage that I must pass through and now, I MAKE IT!!!!. 9. All of my friends in EDNR 2006, Ridho, Kiki, Endang, kembar Tika- Ratna, Vivi, Karin, Galuh, Ika, Ulunk, mbak Richa, mbak Atun, Rury, Tri, Nova, Nana, Ida, Faridha, Oscar, Agung, Eros, Jiryan, Ludmi and the rest who cannot I mention one by one, thank for your support, our togetherness, our friendship. 10. My bestfriends, Dhanie, Iah, Mony, thanks for the beautiful friendship. Miss u all guys, miss our madness. 11. The three raters, Heri Nababan, S.S. M.Hum, Sumardiyono, S.S. M.Hum, and Yunita Widiantari, S.S., M.Hum, and the three readers: Dhanie, Terti, and Penni, for the valuable contribution in this thesis. I realize that this thesis is far from being perfect. Any comments and suggestions are welcomed. Surakarta, November 2011 Siti Fatimah viii

9 digilib.uns.ac.id TABLE OF CONTENT APPROVAL OF THESIS CONSULTANT... APPROVAL OF BOARD EXAMINERS... PRONOUNCEMENT... MOTTO... DEDICATION... ACKNOWLEDGMENT... TABLE OF CONTENTS... LIST OF TABLES... ABSTRACT... ii iii iv v vi vii ix xii xiii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION A. Research Background... 1 B. Research Limitation... 5 C. Problem Statements... 5 D. Research Objectives... 5 E. Research Benefits... 6 F. Thesis Organization... 6 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW A. Definition of Translation.. 8 B. Translation Techniques.. 9 C. Poetry Translation D. Poetry and Song ix

10 digilib.uns.ac.id E. Synopsis of The Princess and the Frog F. Subtitling G. Translation Quality Assessment H. 1. Accuracy H.2. Acceptability H.3. Readability CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A. Type of Research B. Data and Source Data C. Sampling Technique D. Method of Data Collection D. 1. Document analysis D. 2. Questionnaire E. Technique of Data Analysis F. Research Procedure CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS A. Research Findings A.1. Translation Techniques A.2. Translation quality assessment A.2.1 Accuracy A.2.2 Acceptability A.2.3. Readability B. Discussion x

11 digilib.uns.ac.id CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION A. Conclusion B. Suggestion BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES xi

12 digilib.uns.ac.id LIST OF TABLE Table 4.1 : Table of borrowing technique 29 Table 4.2 : Table of established equivalent Table 4.3 : Table of modulation technique Table 4.4 : Table of transposition technique Table 4.5 : Table of literal translation Table 4.6 : Table of reduction Table 4.7 : Scale of accuracy Table 4.8 : Table of accuracy level Table 4.9 : Scale of acceptability Table 4.10 : Table of acceptability level Table 4.11 : Scale of readability Table 4.12 : Table of readability level Table 4.13 : Table of the techniques and the level of accuracy, acceptability and readability xii

13 digilib.uns.ac.id ABSTRACT Siti Fatimah. C Translation Quality Assessment of Song Lyrics in The Princess And The Frog Cartoon Movie. Thesis: English Department, Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts. Sebelas Maret University. Surakarta. The research aims to find out the translation techniques used by the translator in translating song lyrics and to describe the subtitles quality of song lyrics in term of accuracy, acceptability, and readability in the film entitled The Princess and the Frog cartoon movie. The research belongs to a qualitative research employing descriptive method. This research applies total sampling technique and purposive sampling technique. Total sampling technique is used to determine all song lyrics. Meanwhile, purposive sampling technique is used to select the respondents. The research has two kinds of data. They are song lyrics of The Princess and the Frog cartoon movie and their translation which consist of 252 data, and the data are taken from the assessment of the three raters and the three respondents. From the analysis, the researcher finds out that there are six techniques applied by the translator to translate song lyrics of The Princess and the Frog. They are borrowing consisting 2 data (0.8%), established equivalent consisting 1 datum (0.4%), modulation consisting 66 data (26.2%), transposition consisting 12 data (4.8%), literal translation consisting 149 (59.1%) and reduction 22 data (8.7%). The analysis on translation accuracy shows that there are 239 data (94.8%) considered being accurate translation, 10 data (4%) considered being less accurate translation and 3 data (1.2%) considered being inaccurate translation. It means that, in general, the translation is highly accurate. The analysis on translation acceptability shows that there are 249 data (98.8%) considered being acceptable translation, 1 datum (0.4%) considered being less acceptable translation and 2 data (0.8%) considered being unacceptable translation. It means that the translation is highly acceptable. The analysis on translation readability shows that there are 240 data (95.6%) considered being readable, 8 data (3.2%) considered being less readable, and 3 data (1.2%) considered being unacceptable translation. It means that the translation is highly readable. It can be concluded that the translation of song lyrics on The Princess and the Frog cartoon movie is highly accurate, acceptable and readable in the target language. xiii

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15 TRANSLATION QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF SONG LYRICS IN THE PRINCESS AND THE FROG CARTOON MOVIE Siti Fatimah 1 Drs. Hendarto Rahardjo. M.A 2 ABSTRACT Thesis: English Department, Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts. Sebelas Maret University. Surakarta. The research aims to find out the translation techniques used by the translator in translating song lyrics and to describe the subtitles quality of song lyrics in term of accuracy, acceptability, and readability in the film entitled The Princess and the Frog cartoon movie. The research belongs to a qualitative research employing descriptive method. This research applies total sampling technique and purposive sampling technique. Total sampling technique is used to determine all song lyrics. Meanwhile, purposive sampling technique is used to select the respondents. The research has two kinds of data. They are song lyrics of The Princess and the Frog cartoon movie and their translation which consist of 252 data, and the data are taken from the assessment of the three raters and the three respondents. From the analysis, the researcher finds out that there are six techniques applied by the translator to translate song lyrics of The Princess and the Frog. They are borrowing consisting 2 data (0.8%), established equivalent consisting 1 datum (0.4%), modulation consisting 66 data (26.2%), transposition consisting 12 data (4.8%), literal translation consisting 149 (59.1%) and reduction 22 data (8.7%). The analysis on translation accuracy shows that there are 239 data (94.8%) considered being accurate translation, 10 data (4%) considered being less accurate translation and 3 data (1.2%) considered being inaccurate translation. It means that, in general, the translation is highly accurate. The analysis on translation acceptability shows that there are 249 data (98.8%) considered being acceptable translation, 1 datum (0.4%) considered being less acceptable translation and 2 data (0.8%) considered being unacceptable translation. It means that the translation is highly acceptable. The analysis on translation readability shows that there are 240 data (95.6%) considered being readable, 8 data (3.2%) considered being less readable, and 3 data (1.2%) considered being unacceptable translation. It means that the translation is highly readable. It can be concluded that the translation of song lyrics on The Princess and the Frog cartoon movie is highly accurate, acceptable and readable in the target language. 1 Mahasiswa Jurusan Sastra Inggris dengan NIM C Dosen Pembimbing

16 digilib.uns.ac.id 1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Research Background Cartoon movie is one of entertainment movies that can be enjoyed by everyone, not only by children as its target audiences but also by adult. Colorful pictures and the story of cartoon movies become its uniqueness, make it attractive for the audiences, and make it differ from other movie genres. That is why cartoon movie is not out of date in this era and still becomes one of favorite movies in the world. One of the producers of cartoon movie is Walt Disney Picture part of Walt Disney Company. We have watched and grown up with the various stories such as Snow White and Seven Dwarfs, Cinderella, Alice and Wonderland etc; those cartoon movies are several numbers of the masterpieces of Disney. For many years we have been enchanted by fascinating stories, pictures and songs of Disney movies cartoon. At the end of 2009, Walt Disney Picture produced The Princess And The Frog cartoon movie, this movie is with happy ending love story with beautiful pictures and songs as its formula. Directed by John Musker and Ron Clements, this movie cartoon has been announced in many countries in the world, including Indonesia and it is shown on our home theater. The distribution of this cartoon movie in Indonesia, particularly, must face with the language and culture problem. That is why; the role of translation is very required 1

17 digilib.uns.ac.id 2 for rendering messages from source language (in this case is English) to target language (Indonesia) and to bridge the gap between the two different cultures. However, English is not the mother tongue of the Indonesian people, the distributor of movies should translate those movies into Indonesian Language, either by dubbing or subtitling. Dubbing and subtitling techniques have been used for large numbers of imported movies. Those techniques have their own characteristics, superiority and weakness. According to Bernschütz (2010), dubbing technique is the technique to replace original audio of the movie, dialogues, the effects, and background noises with other audio signal that should be matched to the lip movement of the actors. ( 51subtitling.htm. accessed on January 10, 2011). While subtitling, as stated by Ameri (2007), is linguistic practice that consists of providing, usually at the bottom of the screen, a written text that intends to account for what has been said (or shown in written form) in the audiovisual product. accessed on January 10, In fact, subtitling is more often used since it is more neutral than dubbing; besides, this technique gives more opportunity to the audiences to learn a foreign language and culture. As Disney s cartoon movie, The Princess And The Frog cartoon movie does not only provide happy ending love story, and beautiful pictures, but it also serves songs as original soundtracks. All of the dialogues and songs are subtitled. It gives challenges to the translator to provide good subtitling with certain rules of in it, for instance, regarding to the rule of space limitation of subtitling, the

18 digilib.uns.ac.id 3 translator should adjust the text in space carefully, it means that he/she has to decide the correct and appropriate translation. In subtitling a movie, the translator does not only face the rules of subtitling, but also faces the rules of songs translation, since the characteristic of song is similar with the characteristic of poem. In fact, the translator does not obey the rules of song translation. As a result, the translation sounds like a translation text, not as literary works. This phenomenon can be found in many movies, includes The Princess And The Frog cartoon movie. To understand more about those phenomena, here is the example of translation song lyrics on The Princess And The Frog cartoon movie as we can see on its subtitling. Example 1: A. Down in New Orleans In the South Land there's a city Way down on the river Where the women are very pretty And all the men deliver Di selatan, ada sebuah kota Berada di sekitar sungai Dimana para wanitanya sangat cantik Dan semua prianya hidup bebas This song is the prologue song, which tells about the beauty of New Orleans as the setting of place of The Princess And The Frog cartoon movie. In the example above, the messages are rendered accurately, readable and acceptable, although the stanza has free rhymes, the translator need not pay attention to the aspects of poem; that make it sounds like a translation text.

19 digilib.uns.ac.id 4 However, it makes the translator does not find any difficulties to translate that stanza. Most of the songs in this cartoon movie are similar to the example above. Example 2: They got music, It's always playin' Start in the day time, go all through the Mereka selalu bermain musik Sepanjang hari night When you hear that music playin' Hear what I'm saying, it make you feel alright Ketika kau dengar musik itu dimainkan Percayalah itu akan membuatmu merasa lebih baik The example above shows that translator applied free translation, for instance in the first line they got music; it s always playing translated into mereka selalu bermain musik. Then, for the second line start in the day time, go all through the night only translated into sepanjang hari shows that the translator used deletion technique, it concerns with the limitation space of subtitle. It makes the translation less accurate, but readable and acceptable. From the example above, it can be seen that there are various kinds of translation phenomena in the subtitled song in The Princess And The Frog cartoon movie. In accordance with the phenomenon, the researcher is eager to find out the technique that is used and the translation quality of subtitled songs in The Princess And The Frog.

20 digilib.uns.ac.id 5 B. Research Limitation This research focuses on analyzing the quality of songs lyrics translation of The Princess And The Frog cartoon movie. There are eight song lyrics translation which are present in this cartoon movie, they are Down in New Orleans, Almost There, Friends on the Other Side, When We're Human, Gonna Take You There, Ma Bell Evangeline, Dig A Little Deeper, Down In New Orleans (Prologue). The object of the research is limited to the translation technique and the translation quality assessment of song lyrics in term of accuracy, acceptability and readability. C. Problem Statement In this research, the research proposes the following problems: 1. What are the translation techniques used by the translator to translate song lyrics of The Princess And The Frog cartoon movie? 2. How is the subtitles quality of song lyrics in The Princess And The Frog cartoon movie in terms of accuracy, acceptability and readability?

21 digilib.uns.ac.id 6 D. Research Objectives The objectives of this research are: 1. To find out the translation technique used by the translator in translating song lyrics of The Princess And The Frog cartoon movie. 2. To describe the subtitles quality of song lyrics in The Princess And The Frog cartoon movie in terms of accuracy, acceptability and readability. E. Research Benefits This research is expected to be able to give benefits for: 1. The students of English Department - The result of this research could give references for students who are going to conduct research of subtitling especially subtitling of song on the movies. - The result of this research could give additional information about subtitling. 2. The Lecturers of English Department - The result of this research could give additional information and references in teaching translation studies especially in subtitling. 3. The Readers - The result of this research could give knowledge to the readers who interested to subtitling.

22 digilib.uns.ac.id 7 F. Thesis Organization CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION consists of Research Background, Research Limitation, Problem Statement, Research Objectives, Research Benefits and Thesis Organization. CHAPTER II : LITERATURE REVIEW consists of definition of Translation, Types of Translation, Translation technique, Poetry Translation, Poetry and Song, Synopsis of The Princess and the Frog, Subtitling, Translation Quality Assessment. CHAPTER II : RESEARCH METODOLOGY includes Research Type and Design, Data and Source of Data, Sampling technique, Method of Data Collection, Technique of Data Analysis, Research Procedure. CHAPTER IV : RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION includes research findings and discussion. CHAPTER V : CONSLUSION AND SUGGESTION consists of conclusion and suggestion.

23 digilib.uns.ac.id 8 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW A. Translation Some experts propose different definitions of translation. One of them is Newmark who defines translation as rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that author intended the text (1988:5). This definition is still weak because Newmark only focused on the transferring the message. Furthermore, Bell stated that translation is the replacement of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in the second language (1991:6), it means that translator does not only try to transfer the message of source language to target language but also he/she tries to find the closest equivalent meaning in target language. More complete definition of translation defined by Weber, who defines it as the transposition of a text written in source language into a target language, the translated version must be absolutely accurate in meaning, contains all nuances of the original, and must be written in clear, elegant language that can be easily understood by the reader (1984:3). This definition explains that a translator should consider the aspects of translation such as, accuracy, acceptability, and readability besides transferring the message into TL. 8

24 digilib.uns.ac.id 9 From the definition above, generally, translation is not only a process of transferring message from one language to another, but also a process of producing expression and style that are familiar with the target language. B. Translation techniques In translating a text from source language to target language, a translator applies translation techniques. According to Molina and Albir, translation technique is the result of choice made by a translator, its validity will depend on various question related to the context, the purpose of the translation, audience expectation, etc. (2002). According Molina and Albir, there are eighteen translation techniques, they are: Adaptation Adaptation is a translation technique that replaces a cultural term in Source language with one cultural term in target language. Example: ST TT : The resolution had a sting in the tail : Ada udang dibalik batu dalam resolusi itu In the example above sting in the tail was translated using adaptation technique because if it was translated literally would be unacceptable in target language because the idiom is unfamiliar in the target language.

25 digilib.uns.ac.id 10 Amplification Amplification is a translation technique that used to introduce details that are not formulated in the source text: information, explicative paraphrasing. Example: ST TT : The White House is located in D.C : Gedung putih terletak di kota Washington D.C The example above D.C is translated into kota Washington DC to give additional information to the target reader the meaning of DC which is refers to Washington D.C. Borrowing Borrowing technique is used to take a word or expression straight from another language, it can be pure (without any change) or it can be naturalized (to fit spelling rules in the target language). Example ST TT : Reformation : Reformasi The word Reformation is translated into reformasi in the Indonesian language by naturalization. Calque Calque is literal translation of a foreign word or phrase. It can be lexical or structural.

26 digilib.uns.ac.id 11 Example: ST TT : Interest rate : Suku bunga Compensation Compensation is used to introduce a source text element of information or stylistic effect in another place in the target text because it cannot be reflected in the same place as in the source text. Description Description is a technique that is used to replace a term or expression with a description of its form or/and function. Example: ST TT : Thanksgiving : Perayaan yang diadakan sebelum datangnya hari natal Discursive creation This technique is used to establish a temporary equivalence that is totally unpredictable out of the context. It is usually used in translation of the title of books or movies. Example: ST TT : The School of Essential Ingredients : Kelas memasak Lilian Establish equivalent A technique that is applied by using a term or expression recognized (by dictionaries or language in commit use), as to an user equivalent in target language.

27 digilib.uns.ac.id 12 Example: ST TT : Attorney General : Jaksa Agung Generalization Generalization is a technique that use more general or neutral term in target language, in order to make it easy to understand and acceptable in the target language. Example: ST TT : I need to buy scallion : Saya ingin membeli bawang merah Linguistic amplification This technique is a technique to add linguistic elements; this is often used in dubbing. Example: ST TT : whale : ikan paus In the example, the word ikan is added to make it easy to understand and acceptable in the target language. Linguistic compression Linguistic compression is used to synthesize linguistic element in the target text. It use often used in subtitling.

28 digilib.uns.ac.id 13 Example: ST TT : Just leave me alone : Pergilah Literal translation Literal translation is a technique that is used to translate a word or an expression word for word. Example: ST TT : I will go to Jakarta tomorrow : Aku akan pergi ke Jakarta besok Modulation Modulation is a technique that is used to change the point of view, focus or cognitive category in relation to the source text; it can be lexical or structural. Example: ST TT : I broke my legs : Kakiku patah Particularization Particularization is a technique that uses a more precise or concrete term in target language. Example: ST TT : I want to eat Rice : saya ingin makan Nasi

29 digilib.uns.ac.id 14 Reduction Reduction is to suppress a source text information item in the target text. It is in opposition to amplification. Example: ST : Please, read these instruction carefully TT : Bacalah petunjuk ini secara seksama In the example above word please is deleted, because it does not have important meaning in the sentence. Substitution Substitution is used to change linguistic elements for paralinguistic elements (intonation, gestures) or vice versa. e.g. to translate the Arab gesture of Put your hand on your heart as Thank you. It is used above all in interpreting. Transposition Transposition is used to change a grammatical category. Example: ST TT : If you relax, it will enable me to do anything I please : Ketenangan kalian membuatku mudah melakukannya. There is a class shift in the example above; the clause If you relax is translated into ketenangan which is word class.

30 digilib.uns.ac.id 15 Variation Variation is a technique used to change linguistic or paralinguistic elements that affect aspect of linguistic variation: changes of textual tone, style, social dialect, and geographical dialect. Example: ST TT : It s ok never mind : Gapapa koq C. Poetry Translation According to Lafevere (in Bassnett-McGuire, 1980: 81-82) there are seven methods that are usually used by English translators in translating Catullus's poems, they are: 1. Phonemic translation This method attempts to reproduce the SL sound in the TL while at the same time producing an acceptable paraphrase of the sense. Therefore, although this works moderately well in the translation of onomatopoeia, the overall result is clumsy and often devoid of sense. 2. Literal translation This method emphasis on word-for-word translation but misrepresents the sense and the syntax of the original.

31 digilib.uns.ac.id Metrical translation Similar to Literal translation, this method only concern to the aspect of SL text at the expense of the text as whole. 4. Poetry into prose This method results communicative value and syntax of the SL text. 5. Rhymed translation This method tends to maintain the pattern of rhyme. It can maintain the style but it neglects the semantics factor of the poetry. 6. Blank verse translation This method is used to maintain the semantics aspect of poetry than the physical aspect. 7. Interpretation. Lavefere states two types of interpretation, they are version and imitations. Version is method where the substance of the SL text is retained but the form is change. Whereas imitations is method where the translator produces a poem of his own with the similar title or topic. D. Poetry and Song Song is a short lyric or narrative text set to music. Song has resemblance with the poetry. Further, according to Oxford Dictionary, lyric is words of song. Lyric is a short poem, usually divided into stanzas and directly expressing the thoughts, but it has its own characteristic.

32 digilib.uns.ac.id 17 According to RJ. Rees (in Hendarto 2009:2), poetry is a part of literature that evokes a concentrated imaginative awareness of experience or a specific emotional response through language chosen and arranged for its meaning, sound and rhythm Thus, it can be concluded that poetry is one kinds of literature that convey message and emotional feeling with certain rules. While, according to Griffee, song is pieces of music that have words (1995:2), further he distinguishes three characteristic of song: 1. Songs convey a lower amount of information than poetry. In otherwise, poetry can be heard, and more often read, it provides longer and denser information. 2. Songs have more redundancy than poetry. Songs have redundancy by devices such as the borrowing of lines from other songs, proverb, catchphrase and cliché as well as alliteration. 3. Songs have a personal quality that makes the listener react as if the song were being sung for the listener personally. Songs create their own world of feeling and emotion, and as we participate in the song, we participate in the world it creates. E. Synopsis of The Princess And The Frog The Princess and The Frog, according to some critics as movie was a great addition to the Disney arsenal and a wonderfully American interpretation of a fairy tale. By turns audience s feeling of amusing, exasperating, heart-warming,

33 digilib.uns.ac.id 18 bittersweet, and ultimately triumphant, The Princess And The Frog shows that Disney can still make a movie as iconic and breathtaking as those from its earlyto-mid-90s peak. ( accessed on January 10, 2011). The setting of this movie gives strong nuance of magical, in New Orleans in 1920s, there is a girl named Tiana, she is a working girl in New Orleans whom the be-frogged foreign prince, called Prince Naveen, mistakes for a princess when he sees her at a masquerade ball. She kisses him when he promises to give her the money to make her restaurant come true, unfortunately, she is not a princess, and then she is turned into a frog as well. In Bayou, they met alligator named Louise and firefly called Rays who accompanied them to see Mama Oddie the voodoo queen of Bayou- in order to break the spell. Mama Oddie said that Prince Naveen should kiss a Princess Charlotte, a friend of Tiana- only until midnight, when Mardi Grass over. But before they met Charlotte they faced some difficulties that is made by Dr. Pacifier, who turns Princess Naveen becomes a frog. Finally, he met Charlotte, and kissed her but he still be frog. In the end, he married to Tiana, and when he kissed her, they turned to be human and live happily ever after. F. Subtitling There are two types of translation movie, subtitle and dubbing. Subtitle as stated by Ameri (2007), is linguistic practice that consists of providing, usually at the bottom of the screen, a written text that intends to account for what has been said

34 digilib.uns.ac.id 19 (or shown in written form) in the audio-visual product. ( accessed on January 10, 2011). While according to Finlay, dubbing is the replacement of the original soundtrack by a new one in another language (1971:82). In fact, subtitle is applied more often in many movies than dubbing. Since, subtitle has superiority than dubbing, such as it is cheaper, does not take longer time, and the result is more neutral. According to Nida, there are five factors in translating movie, (1) timing, syllables, and breath group, (2) synchronization of consonant and vowels with obvious lip movement by the actors, (3) words appropriate to the gesture, (4) the characteristics differences of dialect in the various actors, and (5) timing of humour or expression which produce special responses from other actors (1964:177). The rules of subtitling according to Ameri (2007): 1. A maximum of two lines of horizontal subtitles at a time. 2. A maximum of 35 characters for each line. 3. An average of 70 characters in two lines for duration of about 6 seconds. 4. The size of a subtitle is 1/12 of the total screen height. 5. The subtitle projection has to be synchronised with the actual dialog and removed when the actors stop speaking. 6. There has to be some time lag between subtitle projections. 7. A subtitle should not run over a cut or change of scene. 8. Helvetica and Arial typeface are recommended.

35 digilib.uns.ac.id Type of characters should be coloured pale white (not snow bright). 10. Italics or quotation marks are used for off-screen (O.S) voices, radio or TV or loudspeaker, an inner thought, phone calls and narration. 11. Subtitles are usually placed at the bottom of the screen to guarantee minimum pollution of the central image. They should be placed in a different area when the background does not allow its reading or, alternatively, be superimposed on a dark-coloured box that will contrast with the written message and favour its reading. Using a font which ensures their clear visibility and easy legibility whilst distracting as little as possible from the picture. ( accessed on January 10, 2011) G. Translation Quality Assessment Translation quality assessment covers three things, namely accuracy, acceptability, and readability (Nababan, 2003: 86). 1. Accuracy Accuracy is one of the components for assessing the quality of translation. Accuracy cannot be separated from the transfer of the message of source language into target language. Simatupang states in transferring message from one language to the other language the translator should keep the message without omitting or adding (2000:131).

36 digilib.uns.ac.id 21 In line with Simatupang, Finlay (1971:2) states, Normally, it is universally accepted that any translation worthy of the name must reproduce the full sense of the original, omitting nothing, and adding nothing From the definitions above, it can be concluded that accuracy deals with how the message of source language conveyed accurately into target language, without omitting or adding. 2. Acceptability Acceptability deals with the natural feeling of the text as an original of the target reader. According to Sadtono (in Budiharjo, 2007:15) a good translation is a translation which does not replicate the characteristic of source language. Moreover, Simatupang states that the meaning that is transferred to the target text must be delivered as natural as of target language according it norms (2000:131). From those statements, to produce acceptable translation, a translator should make translation sounds natural in TL; adjust the linguistic structure and cultural bounds of TL. 3. Readability Readability is important in translation because translation cannot be separated from reading activity (Nababan, 1999:61). According to Richards et al, readability refers to how easily written materials can be read and understood (in Nababan, 1996:62).

37 digilib.uns.ac.id 22 Nababan states there are four factors that influence the readability of a text. First, the diction used in a text that includes the use of new words, foreign words and ambiguous words. Second factor is the factor that is related to the sentences a translator writes. This factor includes (1) the use of foreign sentences, ambiguous sentences, and incomplete sentences, (2) the length of the sentences and (3) the complexity of the sentences. The third factor is how the translator arranges the ides of his or her translation. The last one includes other factors that have been mentioned. They are the content of a text, the appearance of a text, and the ability of both the translator and the reader (in Budiharjo, 2007:16).

38 digilib.uns.ac.id 23 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A. Type of research The type of this research is descriptive qualitative research, consisting of collecting the data, classifying the data, analyzing data, and drawing conclusion. The data used as the samples of research are not figures, but they may be some words, or description of something (Hadi, 1983:2). Through this type of research, the researcher tries to analyze the techniques used by the translator and to describe the quality of the translation of the song lyrics of The Princess And The Frog cartoon movie in term of the accuracy, acceptability and readability. B. Data and Source of Data According to Arikunto (1987: 162) source of data is the subject from which the data are obtained. The data of the research can also be in the form of a text or the whole or parts of certain documents. This research has two kinds of data. They are eight song lyrics from the original soundtrack of The Princess And The Frog cartoon movie, and their subtitles, and the data obtained from the assessment of the three raters and the 23

39 digilib.uns.ac.id 24 three readers. The raters assessed the accuracy and the acceptability of the song lyrics in the movie, while the three readers assessed the readability. The reasons why the researcher used this source of data are: 1. The Princess And The Frog is one of cartoon movies made by Disney Picture. 2. The Princess And The Frog contains eight song lyrics that were already translated into Indonesian and most of the viewers are children and teenagers. That is why the researcher is curious about the translation result and eager to find out how the translator adjusts the translation for children and teenagers audience in order to make them understand easily. The source of data in this research consists of: (1) eight song lyrics of the original soundtrack of The Princess And The Frog cartoon movie and their translations, (2) the respondents, who assessed the quality of translation in term of accuracy, acceptability, and readability of translation. C. Sampling technique In this research, the researcher used total sampling and purposive sampling technique. It means that the researcher uses all of the song lyrics from the original soundtrack of The Princess And The Frog cartoon movie and their translation as the source of data. Meanwhile, the purposive sampling technique was applied to determine the respondents. According Sutopo (1998:26), purposive sampling is

40 digilib.uns.ac.id 25 when the researcher tends to choose informants which are considered competent in case and they can be trusted to be source of data. The respondents were taken purposively and they must meet some criteria. For the raters, they should be mastering both English and Indonesian language, having adequate knowledge of and experience in translation. While, for the readers should have good capability in speaking and reading the Indonesian language. D. Method of Data Collection In this research, the researcher applied two kinds of method of data collection; they are document analysis and questionnaire. D.1. Document Analysis In this research, the researcher carried out document analysis by: 1. Watching The Princess And The Frog cartoon movie 2. Replaying the film several times by using a set of computer in order to understand the whole story. 3. Transcribing all the song lyrics of the film and their subtitles. 4. Coding the data In this research, the data were given codes to make the analysis of each datum easier. The data coding was done as follow: Datum 1: 1/A/ 00:00:59 1 : number of the datum A : number of song

41 digilib.uns.ac.id 26 00:00:59 : refers to hour: minute: second when the datum appears in the film. D.2. Questionnaire Questionnaire was used to gain information from the raters and the respondents about translation quality assessment in term of accuracy, acceptability and readability. The questionnaires will be presented in open-close form, which means that the questionnaire has optional answer and gives opportunity for the informants to give comment in the available space related to their answer. The raters were asked to assess the accuracy and acceptability, while the respondents were asked to assess the readability of song lyrics of The Princess And The Frog cartoon movie. E. Technique of Data Analysis The data of this research were analyzed in the following ways: 1. The researcher analyzed the translation techniques used by the translator in translating song lyric of The Princess And The Frog cartoon movie based on Molina and Albir s (2002) theory, that consists of eighteen translation techniques in order to find out what techniques that are used by the translator to translate song lyrics of The Princess And The Frog cartoon movie.

42 digilib.uns.ac.id The researcher analyzed the accuracy, acceptability and readability of song lyric in The Princess And The Frog cartoon movie from the score of accuracy and acceptability of the raters and the score of readability of the three readers. 3. The researcher drew the conclusion. F. Research Procedure 1. Watching the movie The researcher watched the movie and took notes the resulted translation. 2. Collecting the data The researcher collected the data, both the English script and its subtitle in the Indonesian language. 3. Coding the data The researcher gave code to each data in order to make the data classification and the data analysis easy to understand. Example: Datum 1: 1/A/ 00:00:59 2 : number of the datum A : number of song 00:00:59 : refers to hour: minute: second when the datum appears in the film.

43 digilib.uns.ac.id Distributing a questionnaire The researcher made a questionnaire and then she asked the three raters to rate the accuracy and acceptability, and asked the three readers to give score to readability of the song lyrics on the movie. For the raters, they should be mastering both English and Indonesian language, having adequate knowledge of and experience in translation. The readers should have good capability in speaking and reading the Indonesian language. 5. Collecting the second Data The second data is the score of quality assessment in term of accuracy, acceptability, and readability. The data are obtained from the respondents by means of questionnaires. The respondents consist of two groups; they are the three raters and the three readers. The raters are Herianto Nababan, S.S. M.Hum, Sumardiono, S.S. M.Hum and Yunita Widiantari, S.S. M.Hum, all of them are lecturers in UPTP2B UNS. The readers are Tertiera Safira (student of SMA N 1 Kartasura), Adhani Fajrin (student of Sebelas Maret University), and Penny fauziyah (student of MTSN 2 Surakarta). 6. Analyzing The Data The researcher analyzed translation technique that is used by the translator in translating song lyrics based on Molina &Albir s (2002) theory and the quality assessment in term of accuracy, acceptability and readability. 7. Drawing conclusion. Based on the data analysis and the research findings, the researcher drew the conclusion.

44 digilib.uns.ac.id 23

45 digilib.uns.ac.id 29 CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS This chapter is divided into two parts, the first is some research findings and the second one is discussion. This research focuses on the two problem statements to find out the technique used by translator in translating song lyrics of The Princess and the Frog cartoon movie and the translation quality in terms its accuracy, acceptability and readability. A. RESEARCH FINDINGS 1. Translation Techniques This sub chapter presents the technique used by translator in translating the song lyrics from source language into target language. Firstly, the researcher analyzes whole data in both source text and target text, to find out the techniques used by the translator in translating the song lyrics of The Princess and the frog. A Borrowing Borrowing is to take a word or expression directly from another language. It can be pure (without any change) or it can be naturalized (to fit the spelling rules in the target language). This technique can be found in the data as follow: 29

46 digilib.uns.ac.id 30 Table.4.1. Table of borrowing technique Technique Data number Total Percentage Borrowing 74, % Example: Datum 74:74/D/ 00:17:56 ST TT : I got voodoo, I got hoodoo : Aku punya voodoo, aku punya hoodoo This song entitled Friends on the other side. This song is sung by Dr. Facilier when he tells a fortune of Prince Naveen and Lawrence, Prince Naveen s assistant. In this song, he mentions some words that relate to black magic. This datum belongs to borrowing technique. It is clearly that the translator maintains cultural term voodoo and hoodoo in the target language. It can be seen that the translator cannot find equivalent words of voodoo and hoodoo in the target language, then he/she took the word directly from the source language. Datum 197: 197/ G/00:08:13 ST TT : Mais oui : Mais oui (ya) The datum above is a part of a song entitled Ma Belle Evangeline, it is sung by Raymond for his girlfriend. He says mais oui which means yes in English.

47 digilib.uns.ac.id 31 The datum above belongs to borrowing technique. Obviously, the translator took a word from another language directly, and then he/she put the meaning of that word in the bracket. The translator tends to apply borrowing technique when he/she finds difficulty to find out equivalent word in target language. A.1.2 Established Equivalent Established equivalent is applied by using a term or expression recognized (by dictionaries or language in use). The data that belong to this technique are: Table Table of established equivalent Technique Data number Total Percentage Established equivalent % Example: Datum 87: 87 / D / 00:17:56 ST TT : It s the green, it s the green, it s the green you need : Uang, uang, uanglah yang kau butuhkan In the song entitled Friend on the other side Dr. Facilier tells a fortune of Prince Naveen, he emphasizes that money is what Prince Naveen needs, and he mentions green which refers to money. From the example above, the translator tries to find the equivalent word in target language; the word green in English, especially American English refers

48 digilib.uns.ac.id 32 to money ; it is a kind of slang words in American English. Thus, green in this datum is translated into uang in the Indonesian language. The researcher finds that established equivalent tends to be applied by the translator when he/she finds a word of source text recognized by language in use or slang word as an equivalent in the target language. A.1.3 Modulation Modulation is a technique that is used to change the point of view, focus or cognitive category in relation to the ST. The data that belong to this technique are: Table Table of Modulation Technique Data number Total percentage Modulation 2,7,9,10,11,14,15,16,17,20,24,33,34,35,36, % 40,46,47,55,62,75,83,86,96,115,116,117, 118,119,120,126,127,128,129,130,132,134, 136,138,139,141,144,146,147,149,153,160, 161,170,171,172,174,180,187,190,191,208, 210, 215,217,218,223,230,236,238,240, 246 Example: Datum 9: 9 / B / 00:07:16 ST TT : And all the men deliver : Dan semua prianya hidup bebas

49 digilib.uns.ac.id 33 This datum is a line of song entitled Down in New Orleans. This song describes the setting of this movie. New Orleans is a town where jazz music comes up for the first time, a town where the population always happy and feel to be free express the feeling. In this datum, the translator applies modulation technique, which means trying to change the perspective. It can be seen that the word deliver is translated into hidup bebas rather than membebaskan. However, the translator made an appropriate decision to translate this datum into hidup bebas since it is suitable with the context of the situation itself. Datum 240: 240/H/00:12:56 ST TT : What he had in him you got in you : Kau mewarisi semua sifatnya The datum above is a line of a song entitled Dig a little deeper. This song is sung by Mama Odie when she gives advice to Tiana. In the datum above, the translator applied modulation technique, which means to change point of view in translating the source text. If the datum above is translated literally, would be Apa yang dia punya ada padamu, the result will be clumsy and out of context. Thus, the translator changes the perspective of the clause what he had in him into semua sifatnya. However, this is appropriate decision and maintains the message of SL. The researcher finds that the translator tends to apply modulation technique when he/she tries to change the perspective of the source text into target text in order to maintain the message.

50 digilib.uns.ac.id 34 A.1.4 Transposition Transposition is a technique that is applied by changing grammatical category. The list of data using this technique can be seen in the table below: Table.4.4. Table of transposition Technique Data number Total Percentage Transposition 27,30,69,71,88,93,135,156,186,211,213, % 229 Example: Datum 213: 213 / H / 00:12:56 ST ST : Just like I be telling you : Sama seperti perkataanku pada kalian This datum is a line of song entitled Dig a Little Deeper. This song is sung by Mama Odie (The queen of voodoo), and she gives advices for Prince Naveen and Tiana. In the datum above the translator applies transposition technique; he/she changes I be telling you which is in sentence ranks into perkatanku which is in word ranks. The translator applies this technique to reduce ineffective word. However, he/she maintains the message from source text into target text. Datum 69: 69/D/ 00:17: 56 ST TT : If you relax, it will enable me to do anything I please : Ketenangan kalian membuatku mudah melakukannya.

51 digilib.uns.ac.id 35 This datum taken from song entitled Friend on the other side, this song is sung by Dr. Facilier before he tells a fortune of Prince Naveen and Lawrence, and he asks them to relax. From the example above, if you relax which is in clause ranks in ST translated into ketenanganmu which is in word ranks. It means the translator applies transposition technique which means by changing grammatical category. However, the usage of this technique is appropriate decision and does not change the message. From the example above, it can be seen that the translator tends to use transposition technique when he/she find an ineffective sentence or a phrase or a clause then he/she decides to change the grammatical categories. A.1.5 Literal Translation The most dominant technique used by the translator in translating the song lyrics is literal translation. Literal translation is a technique that is used translator to translate a word or an expression word for word. Most of the data in this research are translated literally. The list of data using this technique can be seen in the table below: Table Table of Literal translation Technique Data number Total Percentage Literal translation 1,3,4,5,6,8,12,18,21,22,25,26,28,29,31,32, 37,38,41,42,44,45,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,56, 57,58,59,60,61,63,64,65,66,67,68,70,73,76, %