PUNCTUATION RULES FIFTH GROUP

Transcription

1 PUNCTUATION RULES FIFTH GROUP

2 LECTURER: NS. WIWIL KURNIA ILHAM, S. KEP NAMES OF GROUP MEMBERS : KARMIZA ( ) ANIKE FITRIYENI ( ) RIZA WAHYUNI ( ) DENI USMAN RASYID ( ) EKA MUSTIKA PUTRI ( ) VIONA ZHUCYO A ( ) LINA MANDASARI ( ) RAHMIYATI ( ) REZI MAWALDI ( ) FIRDA DAMBA WAHYUNI ( ) MARDHIYA ( ) HONESTY PUTRI ( ) RISKA AULIA ( ) SARI ANDIKA PUTRI ( )

3 Using correct punctuation is important because punctuation conveys meaning just as words do. There are four punctuation rules; 1. Commas 2. Semicolons 3. Colons 4. Quotation Marks

4 COMMAS Commas are sometimes troublesome to learners of English because they are used differently in other language. There are many comma rules in English, but you may remember than more easily if you realize that they can be organized into just four main groups : 1. Introducers commas 2. Coordinators commas 3. Inserters commas 4. Tags commas

5 1. Introducer Commas Word Phrase Dependent clause An introducer comma follows any element that comes in front of the first independent clause in a sentence., INDEPENDENT CLAUSE. Recently, the smoking laws changed to prohibit adults from smoking in the presence of children in vehicles. Unfortunately, our picnic was rained out. Consequently, most adult smokers changed their behaviour when travelling with children. Until 2008, society criticised the habit of smoking in vehicles with child passengers instead of legislating against the practice. At 6:00, the family sat down to dinner. In conclusion, the law needs to be changed. After she finished her paper, she fell into bed and slept. If I won the lottery, I would travel. Because we had never met, we felt awkward at first.

6 2. Coordinator Commas Two independent clause Words Phrases Together with a coordinating conjunction, a comma links coordinate (equal) elements in a sentence. INDEPENDENT CLAUSE,coordinating conjunction EX; She wanted to have oysters, but the restaurant had run out of them. They loved the chocolate cake, yet the pieces were too big to finish. The service was excellent, so they left a big tip. and,,, or. but Is she learning English, Russian, or French? INDEPENDENT CLAUSE A doctor has to work on weekdays, on weekends, and at night.

7 3. Inserter Commas Words Phrases Nonrestrictive phrases and clauses An inserter comma is used after and before any element that is inserted into the middle of an independent clause. INDEPENDENT,, CLAUSE. My results, however, were not convincing. John s results, on the other hand, were reliable. The temperature readings, according to him, were satisfacory. Charles IV, the founder of Charles University, died in 1378 (???) John, having returned from China, decided to learn Chinese. Francis, working on that problem, decided to apply for a grant. Jean, who has just returned from Africa, is glad to be back.

8 4. Tag Commas Words Phrases Tag Questions Direct Quotations A tag comma is used when adding certain elements to the end of a sentence. INDEPENDENT CLAUSE, I like whisky, too. He also plays tennis, beating me almost every time. It is not logical, is it? He laughs as he says, I will outlive all of you.

9 SEMICOLONS Using semicolons is not difficult if you remember that a semicolon (;) is more like a period than a comma. It is a very strong punctuation mark. Semicolon are used in three places: 1. Between 2 sentences that are closely connected in idea and are not linked with conjunctions 2. Before conjunctive adverbs and some transitional phrases 3. Between items in a series if the items themselves contain commas

10 1. Between Sentence Use a semicolon at the end of a sentence when the following sentence is closely connected in meaning. You could also use a period, but when the sentence are connected in meaning, a semicolon indicates the connection. A semicolon is used between the two independent clauses of a compound sentence when they are not joined by a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so = FANBOYS). Structure; Independent clause ; independent clause Ex: Alice is going to Harvard; She isn t going to M.I.T. I hope to do well on my final; my scholarship depends on a high GPA. My cat never gets full; she could eat all day.

11 2. Before Connectors Use a semicolon before conjunctive adverbs such as however, therefore, nevertheless, moreover, and furthermore. Also use a semicolon before transition phrases such as for example, as a result, that is, or in fact when they are followed by an independent clause. Structure; Independent clause ; conjunctive adverb or transition phrase, independent clause I ve always wanted to go to London; however, I never have the money. My friend doesn t know how to swim; therefore, she never goes to the beach.

12 3. Between Items in a Series Semicolons are used to separate items in a series when some of the items already contain commas. I cannot decide which instrument I like best: the cello, with its deep, sonorous tones; the piano, with its ability to play all kinds of music; or the guitar, with its portability and its haunting, plaintive chords.

13 COLONS Using a colon at the end of an independent clause focuses attention on the words following the colon. After a colon, we often write lists, appositives, and direct quotations. Colons (:) are usually used to introduce: 1. Before lists 2. Before appositives 3. Before long quotations 4. Before subtitles 5. In expressions of timer or day 6. After formal salutations

14 Definition: Use a colon to introduce a list. Before Lists Before Appositives Before Long Quotations On our farm we grow three crops: wheat, alfalfa, and soybeans. This is what I know: She picked up the money, deposited it in my bank account, and gave me the receipt. Definition: Use a colon after an independent clause to direct attention to an appositive (a word group that renames another word or word group). One of the lamps is cyan: a combination of blue light and green light. Gina stated the first portion of the Apostle s Creed: I believe in God, the Father Almighty, Creator of heaven and earth. Definition: Use a colon to introduce a quotation longer than three lines. This type of quote is indented on both sides, and no quotation marks are used. There is no such thing as uniformity in language. Not only does the speech of one community differ from that of another, but the speech of different individuals of a single community, even different members of the same family, is marked by individual peculiarities.

15 Before Subtitles In Expressions of Time or Day After Formal Salutations Definition: Use a colon between the main title and the subtitle of a book, article, or play. The title of an article that I used for my reference is concept of self-elderly Use a colon between the numbers for hours and minutes when indicating the time of day. Your order arrived at 2:25 a.m. Mark left the class at 1:40. Definition: Use a colon after the salutation of a formal letter Dear Mr. Darcy: To Whom It May Concern:

16 Quotation Marks Quotation marks (. ) have three basic uses: 1. To enclose direct quotations 2. To enclose unusual words 3. To enclose titles of short works

17 1. Around Direct Quotations Separate a quoted sentence form a reporting phrase with a comma Periods and commas go inside the second quotation mark of a pair Colons and semicolons go outside quotation marks Use quotation marks around a direct quotation that is shorter than three lines. A direct quotation states the exact words of a speaker and is usually introduced by a reporting phrase such as he said or as the report stated. The detective said, "I am sure who performed the murder. As D.H. Nachas explains, "The gestures used for greeting others differ greatly from one culture to another." He said, "I may forget your name, but I never forget a face. History is stained with blood spilled in the name of "civilization." Williams described the experiment as "a definitive step forward"; other scientists disagreed.

18 Cont Exclamation points (!) and question marks (?) go inseide quotation marks if they are a part of the quotation; otherwise, they go inside. Phillip asked, "Do you need this book?" Does Dr. Lim always say to her students, "You must work harder"? Begin each quoted sentence with a capital letter> When a quoted sentences is divided into two parts, the second part begins with a lowerease letter unless it is a new sentence. Use single quotation marks ( <.. ) to inclose a quotation within a quotation. I thought he was responsible, he said, but he isn t. He said, "Danea said, 'Do not treat me that way.'"

19 Around Unusual Words Use quotation marks around words with an unusual, especially ironic, meanings. It seems difficult to know everything about the human body. The police arrested some overzealous protesters today. Around Titles of Short Works Use quotation marks around the titles of articles from periodical journals, magazones, and newspapers; chapters of books; short stories; poems; and songs. The book, Blood Meridian, by Cormac Mccarthy, is a western. The movie Pulp Fiction is my favorite movie of all time.

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