Conquering the Comma. A workshop brought to you by the Purdue University Writing Lab. Purdue University Writing Lab
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1 Conquering the Comma A workshop brought to you by the Purdue University Writing Lab
2 What Is a Comma? A comma is a punctuation mark that indicates a pause is needed in a sentence. Commas help to clarify meaning for the reader.
3 Clauses and Phrases A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a verb that complement each other. A phrase is a group of words that does not contain a subject or a verb that complement each other.
4 Sentence Structure: Independent Clause A complete sentence has two components, a subject and a verb. The subject and verb must form a complete thought to be considered an independent clause. The couple dances. subject (S) verb (V)
5 Sentence Structure: Compound Sentence A sentence that contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction is called a compound sentence. A conjunction joins words, phrases, and clauses together in a sentence. Conjunctions for and nor but or yet so FAN BOYS
6 Sentence Structure: Compound Sentence The comma in a compound sentence is placed before the coordinating conjunction. S V conj. Andy built snowman, and Andy built a snowman, and Jeff played with his dog. Jeff played with his dog. S V
7 Sentence Structure: Compound Sentence Where would you place the comma in the following sentence? Dan struggled with his homework so his father helped him. Dan struggled with his homework, so his father helped him. S V conj. S V
8 Sentence Structure: Dependent Clause A dependent clause contains a subject and verb, but the clause cannot stand independently. Dependent clauses can often be identified by the use of dependent clause markers. Some dependent clause markers: because since when while until if as though although unless after before once whether
9 Sentence Structure: Dependent Phrases and Clauses Dependent phrases and clauses help to clarify and add detail to an independent clause. Dependent clauses may appear at the beginning, middle, or end of a sentence.
10 Introductory clause= dependent clause located at the beginning When a dependent clause is placed at the beginning of a sentence, place a comma between the independent clause and the dependent clause. of a sentence When Elizabeth called 911, the firemen rushed to her rescue. When Elizabeth called 911, the firemen rushed to her rescue. DCM S V S V
11 Introductory Clause Where would you place the comma in the following examples? Since it it was raining, we we decided to to go go to to the the movies. DCM S V S V Once Once the the movie movie began, I I fell fell asleep. DCM S V S V After the the movie ended, we went out for for coffee. DCM S V S V
12 Dependent Clauses When a dependent clause is located after an independent clause, DO NOT place a comma between the two. I went on the roller coaster because my brother dared me. S V DCM S V I became very sick when the S V DCM roller coaster zoomed upside down. S V
13 Sentence Structure: Essential Phrases and Clauses An essential clause or phrase is used to modify a noun. It also adds information that is critical to the meaning of the sentence. Essential clauses are NOT set off by commas.
14 Sentence Structure: Essential Phrases and Clauses The people who work in my office are so uptight! S essential phrase V Without the essential phrase, this sentence does not make complete sense : The people are so uptight!
15 Sentence Structure: Essential Phrases and Clauses The martini that I had at Joe s was much better than this one! S essential V The word that is almost always an indicator of an essential phrase or clause.
16 Sentence Structure: Nonessential Phrases and Clauses A nonessential phrase or clause adds extra information to a sentence. This information can be eliminated from the sentence without jeopardizing the meaning of the sentence. Always place commas around nonessential phrases and clauses.
17 Sentence Structure: Nonessential Phrases and Clauses My brother, who lives across town, plans to throw a party! S non-essential V Even without the phrase the sentence still makes sense : My brother plans to throw a party!
18 Sentence Structure: Nonessential Phrases and Clauses S V Steve said that he would propose to me on Valentine s Day, which is my favorite holiday! non-essential Use commas to set off additional information
19 Would you place commas in the following sentences? If so, where? I am planning a trip to Paris, which is one of the greatest cities in the world. The place that I would most like to see is the Eiffel Tower. No comma is needed. The sentence is correct. Pierre, who is one of my business contacts, will meet me at the airport.
20 Sentence Structure: Commas in a Series Place commas in a sentence to divide items in a list. The commas will help the reader to avoid confusion. The comma before the conjunction is generally required, but it can be omitted if there is no possibility of confusion.
21 Sentence Structure: Commas in a Series Consider the difference in the following: Last month, Alex dated Mary Ann Lee and Kim. Last month, Alex dated Mary, Ann, Lee, and Kim. Last month, Alex dated Mary Ann, Lee, and Kim. How many women did Alex date?
22 Sentence Structure: Commas in a Series Commas should be placed in series of words, phrases, or clauses. Place commas in the following sentences: Martina brushed her hair, put on her pajamas, and went to to bed. She fell asleep and dreamed that she was a princess, she kissed a frog, and and she she rescued her prince.
23 Commas with adjectives Use commas to separate adjectives that provide an equal description of a noun. THE TEST: Can you put and between the adjectives? Can they be described in reverse order? If so, use a comma. big blue house three hungry kittens a cranky, ungrateful man
24 A Common Comma Error: The Comma Splice A comma splice is an error in which two independent clauses are joined by a comma. We had a nice time, I hope we can meet again soon. S V S V The Internet has revolutionized the business world, S V online sales have increased dramatically this year. S V
25 To Correct a Comma Splice Insert a conjunction between the two independent clauses. Start a new sentence. Insert a semi-colon between the two independent clauses (only in cases where the independent clauses are closely related in topic). We had a nice time, and I hope we can meet again soon. We had a nice time. I hope we can meet again soon. The Internet has revolutionized the business world; online sales have increased dramatically this year.
26 How would you correct the following sentences? This semester I am taking calculus, physics, and and economics. Calculus is my best subject, I and am I certain am certain I will I get will an get A. an A. Although I am very busy, I still find time to have fun. Last weekend my brother visited me, and we went to a football game football a party game, and a party, rock and concert. a rock concert.
27 Where can you go for additional help with comma usage? Purdue University Writing Lab Heavilon 226 Grammar Hotline: (765) Check our web site: brief questions:
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