Semantic alignment in Chitimacha
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1 Hieber, Daniel W Semantic alignment in Chitimacha. Talk presented at the Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas (SSILA), Jan. 4, 2014, Minneapolis, MN. Semantic alignment in Chitimacha Daniel W. Hieber University of California, Santa Barbara Slides available at
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4 Swanton: Perfect Suffix kuː kʼasti-kʼi water be.cold-prf the water is cold kuː kʼasti-kʼi water be.cold-azr the water is cold ʔis sǎ wis -ki my mouth burn-prf my mouth is burnt ʔis sǎ wis -ki my mouth burn-1sg.p my mouth is burnt
5 Swadesh: Subject & Object Agreement -ik -ki 1sg Subject 1sg Object kʼet-ik beat-1sg.sbj I beat (him) kʼet-ki beat-1sg.obj (he) beat me Deponent Verbs tʼatʼiwa-ki be.cold-1sg.obj I feel cold nuːp-ki-cǔː-s die-1sg.obj-fut(sg)-cond if I die
6 Mithun: Agent-Patient Alignment kʼet-ik beat-1sg.a I beat (him) tʼatʼiwa-ki be.cold-1sg.p I feel cold kʼet-ki beat-1sg.p (he) beat me nuːp-ki-cǔː-s die-1sg.p-fut(sg)-cond if I die
7 Forms of the Person Markers 1sg 1pl Agent -k(i), -ik(i) -naka, -nuk Patient -ki -kuy
8 Distribution of the Person Markers (PREVERB) STEM PATIENT TENSE AGENT hi -ki 1sg.P Ø PERFECTIVE -ik(i) after PFV 1sg.A his -kuy 1pl.P -(p)uy IMPERFECTIVE -k(i) after FUT kap -c uy (sg.) FUTURE -naka, -nuk 1pl.A kaːpʼs -tʼi (pl.) -i, -iʔi NFsg.A kas -na, -naʔa NFpl.A ni ʔap ʔaps
9 Ambiguous Case #1 ʔucǐ- + -ki + -cǔy + -i ʔucǩicǔyi do 1sg.P FUT(sg) NFsg.A you will do to me ʔucǐ- + Ø + -cǔy + -ki ʔucǐcǔki do NFsg.P FUT(sg) 1sg.A I will do to it
10 Ambiguous Case #2 ʔucǐ- + -ki + Ø + Ø ʔuc ki do 1sg.P PFV NFsg.A he did to me ʔucǐ- + Ø + Ø + -iki ʔuc iki do NFsg.P PFV 1sg.A I did to it
11 Ambiguous Case #3 wopma- + -ki + Ø + Ø wopmaki ask 1sg.P PFV NFsg.A he asked me wopma- + Ø + Ø + -iki wopmiki ask NFsg.P PFV 1sg.A I asked her
12 Ambiguous Case #4 heːcť- + -ki + Ø + Ø heːcťki meet 1sg.P PFV NFsg.A you meet me heːcť- + Ø + Ø + -iki heːcťiki meet NFsg.P PFV 1sg.A I met you
13 Intransitives Patient Forms ʔisǩ neːm-ki I be.afraid-1sg.p I am afraid Agent Forms nens wi-cǔ-ki cross.water-fut(sg)-1sg.a I will cross the water ni sǐk-ki ʔasť DTRZR forget-1sg.p how I have forgotten how ʔaps ʔeh-iki REFL arrive-1sg.a I returned
14 Choice of Person Forms him pan ki nuːp-cǔ-ki-s you before LOC die(sg)-fut(sg)-1sg.a-cond if I die before you (Agentive) him pan ki nuːp-ki-cǔː-s you before LOC die(sg)-1sg.p-fut(sg)-cond if I die before you (Patientive)
15 Lexically-Selected Person Marking nit i-k believe-1sg.a I believe (Agentive) kima-ki believe-1sg.p I believe (Patientive)
16 Patientive Objects (repeated) kʼet-ik beat-1sg.a I beat (him) (Agentive) kʼet-ki beat-1sg.p (he) beat me (Patientive)
17 Transitives ʔam haːnaː ne kaːkw-iki what happened.to.them even know-1sg.a I do not know what happened [to them] (Agentive) kaːkwa-ki kʼan ʔasť know-1sg.p not how I do not know how (Patientive)
18 Contextually-Determined Person Marking ʔis ʔaːy ʔatin hi kow-iki my mother big TLOC call-1sg.a I called to my grandmother (Agentive) ʔis hup ʔap koː-ki-ʔi me to CIS call-1sg.p-nfsg.a he called to me ho wasťas Misye koː-ki these day Monsieur call-1sg.p (from) these days (on) I call you Mister (Patientive) (Patientive)
19 Ditransitives ʔis hoku=nk-i neh-ki-cǔː-s my mortar=loc-nzr strike-1sg.p-fut(sg)-cond if you hit me on my mortar wetks we nitiyanks ʔis hi sǎnkint-ki then the boat.master me CIS put.off-1sg.p then the boat master put me off [the boat] ʔisǩ kacinkhokt-aː-ki. me bones leave-aff-1sg.p They left [for] me only the bones. (Patient) (Theme) (Affectee)
20 Active & Stative Verbs kaːkwi kʼay-ki knowing be.not-1sg.p I do not know [why] tʼatʼiwa-ki-ːkʼ be.cold-1sg.p-ptcp because I felt cold kaːkwi knowing kʼay-ik be.not-1sg.a I do not know [anything more] ʔis tʼatʼiwa-ːs -iki I be.cold-prog-1sg.a I felt cold
21 External Possession ʔis mahcǐs kap ʔic ʼima-ki my tail INCH be.yellow-1sg.p my tail turned yellow ʔis kamikis kap kʼet-aː-ki my wolf STAT kill-aff-1sg.p you have killed my wolf
22 Non-Oligatory External Possession himsis ʔis kani ʔaps huktma-ki-cǔy-i-nkʼ-s you my eye REFL close-1sg.p-fut(sg)-3sg.a-nec-cond you must close my eyes himsis ʔis kani ʔaps huktmi-cǔy-i you my eye REFL close-fut(sg)-3sg.a you will close my eyes
23 Conclusions 1. Agent vs. Patient is not just a morphological alternation 2. Agent-Patient, not Active-Stative 3. The Agent-Patient distinction is contextually determined ( fluid ) The semantic basis for the distinction is control The basis for grammatical relations is semantic and not syntactic
24 Future Directions Interaction with aspect, mood, or negation Interaction with reflexive/reciprocals (but ask me afterwardsǃ) Complex clauses ( subject raising, causatives ask me afterwardsǃ) Interaction with pluractionality (but ask me afterwardsǃ)
25 Daniel W. Hieber Slides / handouts available at: Huyaǃ
26 Causatives cǔː-pa-ki-tʼi-na go-caus-1sg.p-fut(pl)-nfpl.a they would have made me go away (Causative)
27 Deverbals hananki hi hokt-ki-ːkʼ, haniscʼin hup hi sǎns wiːkʼ in.the.house TRANS leave-1sg.p-ptcp porch to CIS going.out [leaving me in the house, and going out onto the porch] wey hi natma-ː-ki-nk-i-s wek-ki. that TLOC say-aff-1sg.p-loc-nzr-temp laugh-1sg.p When he told me that, I laughed. ni kaːkw-iki=nk-i DTRZR know-1sg.a=loc-nzr when I found out
28 Reflexives / Reciprocals siʔ ʔaps kʼahm-ki-k lip REFL bite-1sg.p-1sg.a I have bitten myself in the lips
29 Pluractionality hus naːncǎːkamanks wetk hi hok-mi-ʔi his brothers that.one TLOC leave-pluract-nfsg he left his brothers (Agentive transitive; -ma = pl. obj.) kaːku-mi-ːkʼ-s naki kʼan know-pluract-ptcp-subord be.1pl not we do not know [that] (Patientive transitive; -ma = pl. sbj.)
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