203 Handout Verb/Adjective Conjugation

Transcription

1 203 Handout Verb/Adjective Conjugation Tomonori Nagano Spring ADJECTIVES There are two major groups in Japanese adjectives; -adjectives and -adjectives, and one related group, Copula /. The past forms are omitted in the tables below, but they can be formed quite systematically. -adjectives POLITE PAST AFFIRMATIVE: in POLITE PRESENT AFFIRMATIVE to (e.g., ) PLAIN PAST AFFIRMATIVE: in PLAIN PRESENT AFFIRMATIVE to (e.g., ) POLITE PAST NEGATIVE: in POLITE PRES. NEG. to (e.g., ) PLAIN PAST NEGATIVE: in PLAIN PRESENT NEGATIVE to (e.g., ) -adjectives & Copula + / POLITE PAST AFFIRMATIVE: in POLITE PRESENT AFFIRMATIVE to (e.g., ) PLAIN PAST AFFIRMATIVE: in PLAIN PRESENT AFFIRMATIVE to (e.g., ) POLITE PAST NEGATIVE: in POLITE PRES. NEG. to (e.g., ) PLAIN PAST NEGATIVE: in PLAIN PRESENT NEGATIVE to (e.g., ) 203 Handout Verb/Adjective Conjugation 1 of 5

2 Table 1: -adjectives / big, large / small / new / old / spacious / narrow / bright, cheerful / dark / high, expensive / cheap / good / interesting / fun / kind, easy / / difficult busy Table 2: -adjectives / beautiful / quiet / lovely / splendid / free, not busy / / tough regretful Table 3: Copula + / / am (a) student 203 Handout Verb/Adjective Conjugation 2 of 5

3 2 VERB Here is a comprehensive list of plain verb forms as well as -forms. The polite negative form is omitted, but you can get them by simply replacing in the polite/-form with. The past forms are also omitted, but they can be formed quite systematically. POLITE PAST AFFIRMATIVE: Change in POLITE PRESENT AFFIRMATIVE to (e.g., ) PLAIN PAST AFFIRMATIVE: Change in -FORM to (e.g., ) POLITE PAST NEGATIVE: Change in POLITE PRES. NEG. to (e.g., ) PLAIN PAST NEGATIVE: Change in PLAIN PRESENT NEGATIVE to (e.g., ) 2.1 -type Remember that the stem is the part of the verb which is found in ALL forms of the verb. Unfortunately, many of the -forms involve sound changes which hide this link.. : If this were regular, if would be pronounced. : The plain negative of is (NOT ). : The w-sound of the stem (kaw-) appears in the plain negative () 203 Handout Verb/Adjective Conjugation 3 of 5

4 Table 4: -verb conjugation list POLITE PLAIN PLAIN NEG -FORM ENGLISH STEM k-type to ask, listen (kik-) k-type to walk (aruk-) k-type to write (kak-) k-type to swim (oyog-) k-type to go (ik-) s-type to speak (hanas-) s-type to bring out, put out (das-) t-type to wait (mat-) t-type to hold, carry, have (mot-) t-type to stand (tat-) n-type to die (sin-) h-type to have fun, play (asob-) h-type to call, call out to, invite (yob-) m-type to drink (nom-) m-type to read (yom-) m-type to wrap (a package) (tutum-) m-type to live, reside (sum-) m-type to rest, relax (sum-) r-type / to take (a photograph) (tor-) r-type to understand (wakar-) r-type to return (home) (kaer-) r-type to gain weight (hutor-) r-type to climb (a mountain) (nobor-) r-type to become (nar-) r-type to need (ir-) r-type to get on, ride (a train) () r-type to have, be, exist (ar-) w-type to buy (ka-/kaw-) w-type to sing (uta(w)-) w-type to meet (a(w)-) w-type to laugh, smile (wara(w)-) 203 Handout Verb/Adjective Conjugation 4 of 5

5 2.2 -type The -form of -type verbs is the stem plus. Table 5: -verb conjugation list POLITE PLAIN PLAIN NEG -FORM ENGLISH STEM to be, exist () to wake up, get up () to eat () to put in () to show () to attach, apply (medicine) () to come out, leave () 2.3 Irregular verbs These few verbs have sometimes unexpected forms which have to be learned one at a time. and (and any compound which ends with such as ) are the most irregular because they don t have a regular stem. Table 6: Irregular verb conjugation list POLITE PLAIN PLAIN NEG -FORM ENGLISH STEM to come to do (irregular) to have, be, exist (ar-) (irregular) to go (ik-) 203 Handout Verb/Adjective Conjugation 5 of 5