Answers to exercises

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Anastasia Burke
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1 Answers to exercises Chapter 7 Exercise 1 (task and answers) Analyse the following sentences in terms of sentence functions: S P Od P Od 1. Grandmother wants [to do the shopping]. S P Od Co P Od 2. Grandmother wants you [to do the shopping]. S P Oi Od P Oi Od 3. Des asked Frank [to give him a cigarette]. S P Od Co P A 4. Carrie would like Jason [to come to her party]. S P Oi Od P A 5. Carrie has invited Jason [to come to her party]. S P Od Co P A 6. I was expecting my brother [to arrive on the afternoon flight from Toronto]. S P Od Co P Od A 7. The heavy rain forced us [to take cover in an old barn]. S P Oi Od P Od A 8. My boss has persuaded me [to do overtime this Saturday]. S P-pass Od P A 9. The children had been told [to stay off the grass in the garden]. A S P-pass Cs P Cs 10. For years Katie was considered [to be the best singer-songwriter in London].

2 S P Od P Od Co P Od 11. I refused [ to let her [drive my car]]. S P Od P Od 12. Sam did not manage [to get the job with Lloyd s]. S P Cs P Od A 13. MacDowell s plan is [to cross the Sahara by jeep]. S-gramm P Cs S-log P Od A 14. It is MacDowell s plan [to cross the Sahara by jeep]. S-gramm P Cs S-log P Od A 15. It was generous of them [to give so much money to charity]. S P A A A P A 16. She had sat down on the terrace with a cup of coffee [to relax after a long day at the office]. S-gramm P Cs S-log S P Od A S P Cs 17. It became difficult [for us to steer the boat] [as the sea got rougher A outside the harbour]. A S P A P Od A 18. On the way home we stopped [to have a drink at a roadside café]. A S P Od Co P A P 19. In the dusk I noticed two figures [ [climb over the garden fence] and [hide A in the bushes]].

3 S P-pass Od P Oi Od P Od P Od A S 20. I have been reminded [to tell you [not to forget [to feed the cat [while my P A parents are away]]]]. Exercise 2 (task) Identify and correct the errors in the following: 1. *We promised Mum to be back in time for tea. 2. *The tourist guide recommended to visit the Old Palace in the hunting park. 3. *Dave asked me to take my CD home with him. 4. *To go to the coast tomorrow, breakfast should be early. 5. *Delia offered Nathalie to drive her to the station. 6. *It is not allowed to smoke in this building. 7. *Mrs Frinton invited to come to her house for dinner the next day. 8. *The police inspector made all the suspects to line up against the wall. 9. *I assume my guests to arrive tomorrow. 10. *It was attempted by the firm to sack all the strikers. Exercise 2 (answers) 1. We promised Mum that we would be back in time for tea. 2. The tourist guide recommended visiting/us to visit the Old Palace in the hunting park. 3. Dave asked me to let him take my CD home with him; asked me if he could take 4. To go to the coast tomorrow, we should have breakfast early. 5. Delia offered Nathalie a lift to the station; offered to drive Nathalie to the station. 6. Smoking is not allowed in this building.

4 7. Mrs Frinton invited us/him/her, etc. to come to her house for dinner the next day. 8. The police inspector made all the suspects Ø line up against the wall. 9. I assume my guests will arrive tomorrow. 10. The firm attempted to sack all the strikers. Exercise 3 (task) State the differences in meaning between the a. and b. sentences in the following, and say how those differences arise. Provide possible contexts. How are implicative meanings involved in 3. and 4.? 1a. Clint saw Samantha crossing the road. b. Clint saw Samantha cross the road. 2a. Smoke seems to have filled the room when they opened the window. b. Smoke seems to have been filling the room when they opened the window. 3a. Kylie managed to reach the village by nightfall. b. Kylie did not manage to reach the village by nightfall. 4a. I heard the stranger threaten the barkeeper. b. I did not hear the stranger threaten the barkeeper. 5a. Simon intended to be cooking the meal by the time Chloe returned. b. Simon intended to cook the meal by the time Chloe returned. 6a. Scragg happened to meet Mullery at the station. b. Scragg happened to have met Mullery at the station. Exercise 3 (answers) 1a. Clint saw Samantha while she was in the process of crossing the road (but he did not see her get to the other side). Present participle after a verb of perception indicating imperfectivity (i.e., equivalent of progressive form, rather like a framework situation: Clint saw Samantha while she was crossing ).

5 b. Clint saw Samantha cross the road entirely from one side to the other: infinitive without to after a verb of perception indicating perfectivity (i.e., the simple form, meaning the whole act: Samantha crossed the road and Clint saw this). 2a. Catenative in present tense plus perfect infinitive indicates time discrepancy: seems relates to the present, but the action of the smoke is a past event. The perfect infinitive is in the simple or base form indicating perfectivity, i.e., semantically the equivalent of a finite simple form, meaning the whole of the event. This also suggests the meaning of sequence between open and fill: it seems that they opened the window and then smoke filled the room (in context possibly causal, i.e., the smoke came in from outside). b. Same as 2a. structurally, except that in this case the perfect infinitive is in the progressive form, indicating a framework situation: it seems that smoke was (in the process of) filling the room when they opened the window, i.e. the smoke was coming from somewhere in the room or building, and had started doing this before they opened the window. Contextually, they could have opened the window to get rid of the smoke, or to escape from the room. 3a. Manage carries the implication that Kylie reached the village by the time stated. b. Not manage carries the implication that Kylie did not reach the village by the time stated, i.e., the implication of 3a. is reversed in 3b. 4a. The sentence carries the implication that the stranger threatened the barkeeper. b. This sentence does not carry any implication at all, i.e., the implication of 4a. is destroyed in 4b. 5a. The progressive form of the infinitive produces an imperfective meaning for cook, and creates a framework situation for cook and return, i.e., what Simon intended was to be in the process of cooking at the time of Chloe s return. In other words, he intended to have started cooking before she returned. b. The base form of the infinitive is perfective in meaning, i.e., here Simon intended to have finished the cooking before Chloe returned. 6a. The base form of the infinitive indicates that the time reference is the same as that of the catenative, meaning: By chance Scragg met Mullery at the station. b. Scragg happened to have met Mullery at the station. The perfect infinitive indicates that the time reference is before that of the catenative, meaning: By chance Scragg had already met Mullery at the station. The difference between 6a. and 6b. is made clearer if we place the following sentence before each one: Scragg caught the train home. In the case of 6a. he met Mullery at his home station after his journey. In the case of 6b. he had met Mullery before his journey, i.e., at the station where he started.

Introduction to tense shifting. LEVEL NUMBER LANGUAGE Advanced C1_2021G_EN English

Introduction to tense shifting GRAMMAR LEVEL NUMBER LANGUAGE Advanced C1_2021G_EN English Goals Learn about tense shifting, using reported speech as an example. Practise tense shifting in various situations.