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Transcription

1 ;-)

2 WORD-FORMATION PROCESSES (Conversion) 7 CONVERSION* from Noun to Verb bottle > to bottle butter > to butter brake > to brake cash > to cash mail > to mail > to fax > to fax taste > to taste network > to network * remember: change in word class

3 WORD-FORMATION PROCESSES (Conversion) 8 CONVERSION calm > to calm empty > to empty dry > to dry dirty > to dirty CONVERSION To desire > a desire from Adjective to Verb from Verb to Noun desire (a a strong desire for peace) To cover > a cover (he s on the magazine cover) To want > a want (he was in want of a shave) To go > a go Up Down CONVERSION > to up > to down (let s have a go) from Preposition to Verb up (tax rates are going to be upped again) down (the missile downed two enemy planes)

4 WORD-FORMATION PROCESSES (Compounds) 9 COMPOUNDS: : free morpheme + free morpheme COMPOUNDS (1): descriptive wine glass tea cup travel agent armchair wall workday workbook coffee spoon brick sunshine keyboard video clip boyfriend

5 COMPOUNDS (2): metaphorical red skin scapegoat playboy ghost writer couch potato snail mail skinhead killjoy honeymoon

6 WORD-FORMATION PROCESSES (Blending) 10 BLENDING: a new word is formed joining together segments of other words 1. beginning of one word + end of the other: Cineplex = cinema + complex edutainment = education + entertainment tainment podcast = ipodi + broadcast 2. beginnings of two words are combined: Cyborg = cybernetics + organism

7 3. one complete word is combined with part of another word: Wikipedia = wiki + encyclopedia Bioterrorism = biological + terrorism Alphabet = alpha + beta 4. two words are blended around a common sequence of sounds: Californication = Californi fornia a + fornication

8 WORD-FORMATION PROCESSES (Clipping) 11 CLIPPING: the reduction of a word to one of its parts 1. BACK CLIPPING: the beginning of the word is retained lab = laboratory doc = doctor ad = advertisement gas = gasoline mic = microphone math = mathematics vet = veteran eran exam = examination gym = gymnastics/nasium 2. FORE-CLIPPING: the final part of the word is retained phone = telephone chute = parachute plane = airplane 3. MIDDLE CLIPPING: the middle of the word is retained flu = influ fluenza jams = pyjam jamas 4.COMPLEX CLIPPING: clipped forms are used in compounds pop art = popular art hi-fi = high fidelity user ID = user identity op-ed = open editorial

9 WORD-FORMATION PROCESSES 12 Summing up, new words in English can be made in different ways: Affixation = Prefixes Conversion = from one Compounding = two Blending Prefixes (ex. Disorder) or Suffixes (ex. Orderly ly) from one word-class to another ex. bottle (noun) = to bottle (verb) = two free morphemes together ex. water + proof = waterproof Blending = segments of other words ex. datacasting (data + broadcasting casting) Clipping = reduction of a word (ex. prof = professor) Clipping

10 Now test yourself! (1) Affixation - Conversion Compounding Blending or Clipping? Blaxploitation (???) The word in a context and with a co-text: Blaxploitation is a film genre that emerged in the United States in the early 1970s. The target was the urban African American audience. (from Wikipedia) Black + exploitatione Blending

11 Now test yourself! (2) Takeout (???) The word in a context and with a co-text: Takeout Nation American families still manage to eat dinner together, they just don't want to cook it. How our busy lives and more sophisticated tastes are transforming the food industry. And why that fancy new kitchen is always so clean. Take + out Compound (from Newsweek, February 9, 2006)

12 Now test yourself! (3) Infomercial (???) information + commercial mercial Blending

13 Now test yourself! (4) Earsplitting (???) The word in a context and with a co-text: The sky was blue on the morning of August 6, 1945 when, suddenly, there was a blinding, intense flash of light, which was followed by a thunderous, earsplitting explosion that shook the earth, and seemed to penetrate to the center of my bones. (Testimony of Yasuhiko Taketa, a survivor of Hiroshima) Ear + splitting (to split) Compound

14 Now test yourself! (5) Reaganomics (???) The word in a context and with a co-text: "Reaganomics" was the most serious attempt to change the course of U.S. economic policy of any administration since the New Deal. (W.A.Niskanen, Reagan n + economics Blending

15 Now test yourself! (6) Spec (???) The word in a context and with a co-text: 1. We just turned up at the airport on spec, hoping that we d get tickets. 2. All products are made exactly to the customer s specs. (Cambridge Advanced Learner s Dictionary) 1. Speculation (no certainty) 2. Specification Clipping

16 Now test yourself! (7) Affixation - Conversion Compounding Blending or Clipping? The teacher chalked something on the blackboard. I bus my child to school every morning. We must bridge the gap between citizens and politicians. The boy skinned his knee when he fell down the steps. Would you mind emptying your pockets? Don t sit on the floor! You might dirty your dress. Chalk to chalk bus to bus bridge to bridge Skin to skin empty to empty dirty to dirty Conversion

17 Four ways to improve your memory (word-formation) Tax your brain in a (1) of ways. One researcher found that rats given interesting things to do had better memories than bored rats. Attach meaning to memory: the more (2) an event is, the better it will be remembered. Attach what you want to remember to something familiar to you. Let s say you need to remember ten words: start by (3) things that are well known to you (4), such as objects in your house, then associate one of the words with each. Have confidence in your ability to remember things. Don t (5) your brain. 1) VARY variety 2) SIGNIFY significant 3) MEMORY memorized 4) PERSON Personally 5) ESTIMATE underestimate

18 How lucky are you? (word-formation) Research has shown that the (1) of people believe that luck plays an important part in their (2) lives. About 60% of the people questioned thought (3) lucky in everything from health to personal (4) to money. They also expected to be (5) in the future and thought that their luck was connected to their own abilities. The 20% of people who felt they were (6),, believed their bad luck would continue. They were rather (7). It was very (8) that the lucky people were outgoing while the unlucky people often suffered from (9),, and it may be that the lucky people are remembering (10) events and putting to the back of their minds those that did not work out well. 1) MAJOR majority 2) DAY daily 3) SELF themselves 4) RELATION relationship 5) FORTUNE fortunate 6) LUCK unlucky 7) PESSIMIST pessimistic 8) NOTICE noticeable 9) SHY shyness 10) SUCCESS successful

19 Further practice wgame.asp?id= wgame.asp?id=2996