English Level B2. Course 1 (Academy)

Transcription

1 English Level B2. Course 1 (Academy)

2 Doing market research / At the sports centre / The bus route VOCABULARY At least Average Ballet Board game Bookworm Cards Chess Classical music Comic Disco music Discount Facility Full-time Fully-equipped Gym Gymnast Heavy metal Indoor football Leisure Lounge Market research The minimum. Normal, usual, mean, typical. Classical dance. Usually performed to music. A game played at a table. Often you use a dice and small markers or counters. Some common board games are Snakes and Ladders and Trivial Pursuit. To refer to someone who reads a lot. Small, rectangular pieces of card with numbers and pictures. Used to play games, e.g., poker. A game for two players. There is a white set of pieces and a black set of pieces with various names: pawn, knight, bishop, etc. The aim is to take your opponent's pieces and attack their king. Traditional, serious and refined type of music. Often performed by an orchestra. A type of magazine with stories illustrated by pictures. Music that people dance to in discos. Very lively. A reduction in price or cost. A service or area that is part of a hotel or similar. All day. E.g.: I have a full-time job, I work from nine to five, five days a week. Complete. With everything you need. A place where people go to do exercise on machines or in group classes. A person who performs difficult physical moves. A type of music associated with very loud electric guitars and drums. A modified version of the sport football, played inside a building on a smaller field with artificial grass. Indoor: An adjective describing the inside of a house or building, not the outside. Covered. Inside. E.g.: I go swimming in an indoor pool in the winter. Free time. The area of a house where we relax. Usually with a sofa and television. The study that companies do to ask consumers questions.

3 Doing market research / At the sports centre / The bus route Meeting Nurse On average Outside Part-time Photography Pop music Quick Separated Snack Soft drinks Song Sport Stamp Surprise Table tennis Team Theatre To catch up on To do exercise To get ready To get together To give a ring To have a rest To support To take a year out An organised encounter of two or more people. Often for work. E.g.: We need to arrange a meeting to talk about the new plan. A person who works in a hospital, helping doctors and patients. Usually, normally. Exterior. To work less than a full day or fewer hours than a full-time job. The act of taking photographs. Hobby or profession. E.g.: I am interested in photography. Popular, modern and commercial type of music. Fashionable with young people. Fast, with speed. To be apart. Food that we eat in between meals. Drinks that do not contain alcohol. Often fruit flavoured. A piece of music with lyrics. E.g.: She sang a song about love in the school play. Football, tennis, swimming are all examples of sport A small, adhesive square that we buy and stick on envelopes to send letters. Something that we weren't expecting to happen. E.g.: People often plan a surprise party for someone's fortieth birthday. A game using small round bats and a small plastic ball, played on a table with a net. Ping pong. A group of people who compete or participate in a sport or activity. E.g.: Liverpool United is a famous football team. A place to see plays and performances. To do work that has been delayed. To do physical activities, e.g. running or gymnastics. To prepare for something. To meet friends. To call by telephone. To take a short break, relax. To follow or back a particular team or political party. E.g.: I support Liverpool football club, I go to all their games. To leave study or work for a year in order to travel or do something different.

4 Doing market research / At the sports centre / The bus route To train Unemployed Widow Yoga To practise specific skills to improve in a certain area. Especially in sport. E.g.: Footballers usually train every day. To be without a job. A woman whose husband has died. A type of exercise. Exercises to help relaxation and flexibility. VOCABULARY SENTENCES Ballet is very good for posture. We haven't played table tennis in a long time. Scientists recommend that children start to do sport because it is such a healthy habit. Her husband is dead, she is a widow now. Before companies launch new products, they complete interviews with their customers as part of their market research. Nowadays, people don't go to the theatre as much because they stay at home or go to the cinema instead. Would you like to come to the classical music festival with me? She loves disco music so if you want to go dancing, just ask her. There's a heavy metal concert on tonight if you want to go. Our band plays all kinds of music, but we like pop music the best. I listen to songs with my headphones on. When I was young we used to play cards after dinner. I started collecting comics when I was 10 and I've got quite a few rare ones. I want to use this meeting to discuss our new advertising campaign. I am keen on photography. I'm on a diet so I shouldn't eat snacks. He has a large stamp collection from all over the world. My brother enjoys board games. We only serve soft drinks, no alcohol. The lounge is the most comfortable room of the house, where we sit on the sofa and read or watch television. I've joined a very modern gym with lots of the most high-tech equipment.

5 She's an amazing gymnast because she trains every day. My son is really keen on indoor football. Jimmy is very good at playing chess. Which team do you support? I have been doing yoga for years now. It helps me to stay relaxed and flexible. If you want to stay healthy, you should do exercise three times a week. He trains every day for six hours. Nurses are professional health workers that help doctors and patients in the hospitals they work. I wanted to give you a surprise. She works in an office full-time, from Mondays to Fridays. Doing market research / At the sports centre / The bus route They're not divorced, they're separated while they see what will happen next. Let's be quick! The train is leaving soon and we must go faster. I support the local football team and always go to their games when I can. SENTENCES I really don't have much leisure time. There are facilities for young mothers. Peter's such a bookworm! He never plays with his computer. If you are over 65, you get a discount. The average English family has a house, a car, two children and a dog. Why don't we have lunch outside? Where do you work? I haven't got a job at the moment. I'm unemployed. She's having a rest; she's very tired. Come in! Sarah's getting ready. Sit down and have a drink. The classrooms are fully-equipped.

6 Doing market research / At the sports centre / The bus route SHOWROOM: LIKES AND DISLIKES - FREQUENCY ADVERBS AND EXPRESSIONS He always does exercise. She does exercise every day. She often does exercise. He does exercise twice a week. She sometimes does exercise. He hardly ever does exercise. She does exercise once a year. He never does exercise. SHOWROOM: THE PRESENT - PRESENT CONTINUOUS My father is driving home from the office. My mother is cooking the dinner. My grandfather is having a rest. My little brother is playing in the garden. My big sister is getting ready to go out. I am doing my English homework. USEFUL PHRASES On average, I wrote 7 or 8 pages a day. I've got at least 10,000 stamps. We are looking for a part-time bartender (evening only). Please phone: I think it's a good idea to take a year out and travel before you go to medical school. We must meet and catch up on all your news... Give me a ring before you go out tonight. I think we should get together to talk about the new project.

7 Doing market research / At the sports centre / The bus route GRAMMAR Expressing like or dislike All the verbs that express like or dislike of an activity go with a verb in the gerund form: LOVE: She loves walking on the sand. LIKE: I like cooking pastries. DON T MIND: I don t mind ironing. DISLIKE: We dislike being late for the cinema. HATE: I hate going shopping. CAN T STAND: I can t stand being disturbed when I m reading. Sports Play basketball Play tennis Play football Play chess Play cards Do yoga Do gym Do ballet Go swimming Go running Go skiing

8 Doing market research / At the sports centre / The bus route Frequency expressions Frequency adverbs: Use: Adverbs of frequency are used, as the name suggests, to express the frequency of an action. That is the reason why these adverbs usually stand with the Present Simple, which is usually used for actions that are a habit. Position in the sentence: The frequency adverbs go before the main verb: He usually answers the phone. He has never eaten Indian food. except the verb To be : This room is never quiet. List of frequency adverbs: never hardly ever rarely occasionally

9 Doing market research / At the sports centre / The bus route sometimes often / frequently / regularly usually / normally always Other expressions of frequency: We can also express frequency using time expressions like: once a week, twice a month, everyday, etc. Position in the sentence: These time expressions go at the end of the sentence according to the usual English sentence structure: Subject + Verb + Object + Complements (1st modal + 2nd local + 3rd temporal) She goes running in the park every day. He studies hard at home every weekend.

10 Doing market research / At the sports centre / The bus route Present Simple vs. Present Continuous a) Forms: PRESENT SIMPLE Affirmative form Negative form Interrogative form Affirmative form Negative form Interrogative form Subj. + V (-s) + Compl. I work for that company. She lives in New York. Subj. + DO/DOES + not + V + Compl. I don t believe in aliens. She doesn t know your address. DO/DOES + Subj. + V + Compl.? Do you like my new hairstyle? Does it often rain here? PRESENT CONTINUOUS Subj. + To be + V-ing + Compl. I am reading a magazine. This girl is asking for you, Tom. Subj. + To be + not + V-ing + Compl. They aren t enjoying this party. He isn t talking on the phone. To be + Subj. + V-ing + Compl.? Are you learning Japanese? Is Jerry coming to the party tonight? b) Use:

11 Doing market research / At the sports centre / The bus route PRESENT SIMPLE Actions that happen again and again, routines and habits: - I get up at 8 o clock everyday. - It rains a lot in Ireland. Facts that are always true and never change, or that stay the same for a long time: - The world is round. - He works as a university lecturer. Verbs that are not used in continuous forms: - Jim doesn t want to study French. * (See list below) To refer to the future according to a schedule or a calendar: - The course finishes on June 20th. PRESENT CONTINUOUS Actions that are happening at the moment of speaking: - Don t forget the umbrella! It s raining. Activities that are happening this week, this month, this year, although they are not happening in the moment of speaking: - I m reading a very interesting book this month. To express a planned future arrangement: - I m visiting my penfriend in Paris next Spring. Verbs that usually are not used in progressive or continuous forms: - Verbs of the senses: HEAR, TASTE, SMELL, SEE - Verbs of thinking and opinions: KNOW, BELIEVE, THINK, UNDERSTAND, RECOGNISE, REMEMBER, MEAN

12 Doing market research / At the sports centre / The bus route - Verbs of having and being: POSSESS, OWN, HAVE, BELONG - Verbs of emotions and feelings: WANT, PREFER, NEED, APPRECIATE, LOVE, LIKE, HATE, DISLIKE - Verbs that express appearance: SEEM, LOOK, APPEAR Pronunciation of the final s Remember that in English the -s or -es that we add in the Present Simple of the third person singular can be pronounced in three different ways. 1. We say /s/ when a words ends in an unvoiced sound like: /f/, /k/ /p/, /t/, /θ/. For example: coughs and stops. 2. We say /z/ when a word ends in a voiced sound like: /b/, /d/, /g/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /r/, /ò/, /v/. For example: comes and goes. 3. We say /iz/ when a word ends in: /s/, /t /, /dʒ/, /z/, / /, /ʒ/. For example: watches and misses.

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14 Remembering old times / Future parents-in-law / Country house for sale VOCABULARY Appointment Brother-in-law Bucket Ceiling Chimney Clever Cosy Countryside Cousin Crazy Dessert Downstairs Exciting Father-in-law Fireplace Floor For ages Front door Fun Furnished Greenhouse Hole Luxurious Mother-in-law Nephew Niece Old-fashioned On your own Parents-in-law Pushchair Responsible A designated time to see someone. E.g.: I have an appointment with the dentist at four o'clock. Your husband or wife's brother. A container. Often used to carry water. The inner roof or upper limit of a room. A passage, which directs the smoke and fumes from an openfireplace to the outside. Intelligent. Bright. Giving a feeling of comfort and security. The area of land outside a city. There is usually little or no development or industrial activity. Your aunt or uncle's child. Mad, a little insane. The last course of a meal, usually sweet. The lower or ground floor of a house. Something that is very interesting, stimulating, pleasurable or new. Your husband or wife's father. The place where you can have a real fire inside a house. The surface under your feet inside a house. For a long time. The main door of a house or building. Enjoyable, good. A house or flat which has furniture. E.g.: We can rent furnished or unfurnished accommodation. Often made of glass. A place to grow plants in a protected environment. A cavity, a pit, a hollow place. A place with very comfortable and expensive decoration and furniture. Your husband or wife's mother. Your brother or sister's son. Your brother or sister's daughter. The opposite of modern. Without company or other people. Your husband or wife's parents. The three or four wheeled vehicle we use to transport babies and young children. Reliable, someone who can be trusted.

15 Remembering old times / Future parents-in-law / Country house for sale Roof Sister-in-law Spacious Staircase Suburbs Teenager Tiring To adopt To cope To garden To get on To look forward to Unfurnished Upstairs View Wall Worry Writer The upper covering of a building. Your husband or wife's sister. To describe an area with a lot of room or space. The steps between two floors of a building or house. The residential area outside a city. A young person between the ages of thirteen and nineteen. Something that causes a person to feel tired or fatigued. To care for and be responsible for a child. To take the legal role of a parent. To manage a situation. E.g.: I have a lot of work but I can cope; I am doing it little by little. To do physical work in a garden or to look after plants. To enter a bus, train or plane. To feel positive about a future event. A house or flat without furniture. The upper floor or level of a house. The sight you have from a window or place. E.g.: We had a view of the sea from the hotel window. The vertical parts of a house that separate rooms. To be preoccupied with something. To spend time thinking about a problem. Someone who writes books, stories or articles.

16 VOCABULARY SENTENCES Remembering old times / Future parents-in-law / Country house for sale Your results at school are fantastic. You are very clever. It was really exciting to move into our new flat. Mum, there is a hole in my sweater. Put Molly in her pushchair, we're going for a walk. He can't stop thinking about the problems that make him worry. Now that I'm a writer, I can decide how many hours I work a week and when I do them. The bucket is full of water. I will use it to clean the floor. My parents-in-law are lovely people. This is Jack, my father-in-law. He lives with us. We're taking my mother-in-law for a special day out. My brother-in-law is younger and taller than me. My sister-in-law and I often go out to the cinema together. I don't think you've met my cousin from London. My nephew has been sad all day because his brother broke his toy. My niece likes reading so I bought her this book. You are a teenager now! Sitting here on the sofa is so comfortable and cosy. After the main course, I fancied some fresh fruit and chocolate cake for dessert. Gardening is the kind of hobby that helps you to relax and feel in touch with nature. Do you rent the flat furnished? Yes, it has everything I need. I'm looking for a flat to rent. But I want it unfurnished. My new studio is much more spacious. This farm grows vegetables in the warmth of a greenhouse. He loves going for long walks in the countryside.

17 Remembering old times / Future parents-in-law / Country house for sale SENTENCES She wears very old-fashioned clothes. She is not modern at all. Lovely! We've got a view of the sea. They live in the suburbs and take the train to the city every morning. Parties are always fun. Looking after small children is very tiring. Are you responsible for this? You are crazy to go swimming in this weather! We bought a luxurious car last month. I have an appointment with Dr. Ryan at three o'clock. We adopted Chan as a baby. How are you getting on with your book? Slowly... SHOWROOM: SIMPLE PAST VS. PAST CONTINUOUS - SENTENCES We were walking in the park when it started to rain. John called while you were working. You were dancing with a beautiful girl when I saw you. She was cleaning the kitchen when the children came in. They were talking about him when he came into the room. I was having a bath when I had an idea. We were travelling on the same bus and we started talking. Someone entered the house while the family was sleeping.

18 USEFUL PHRASES Remembering old times / Future parents-in-law / Country house for sale He's really looking forward to Christmas. I look forward to hearing from you. Come on. You've been in there for ages! It's ages since you bought me flowers! How did you get on at the interview? OK, I think. But I don't know if I'll get the job. I can't cope with all this work! Look at your room! There are clothes and books all over the place. Clever boy! You did it all on your own. I don't like going to restaurants on my own. Why on earth did you do that? CONSOLIDATION - SIMPLE PAST VS. PAST CONTINUOUS She was ironing, when the lights went out. They were playing cards, when the lights went out. He was having a shower, when the lights went out. The baby was crying, when the lights went out. The children were watching television, when the lights went out. She was making a salad, when the lights went out. It was starting to rain, when the lights went out. We were doing our homework, when the lights went out.

19 Remembering old times / Future parents-in-law / Country house for sale GRAMMAR Used to Use: The form Used to expresses: - an action that was a habit in the past, but isn t anymore: He smokes just a couple of cigarettes a day, but he used to smoke a lot. - a fact that was true in the past, but isn t anymore. This souvenir shop used to be a greengrocer s. Compare: Finished action in the past: Last night I watched that film you had recommended to me. Action taking place in a particular moment in the past (of certain duration): I was watching a film when my brother came in. Action that was a habit in the past: I used to watch a lot of films. Form: Used to is only used in the past form. It is never used in the present form. Compare: I usually go to the cinema on Sunday. (Present) I used to go to the cinema on Sunday. (Past) They live in the country. (Present) They used to live in the country. (Past) Affirmative I used to do I used to live with my parents. Negative I didn t use to do I used not to do I didn t use to eat sweets. He used not to smoke. Interrogative

20 Remembering old times / Future parents-in-law / Country house for sale Did you use to...? Did you use to like milk? There was / There were The forms there was and there were in past tense are equivalent to the forms there is and there are in present tense: There was a book here a moment ago. (Singular) There were three pictures on the floor. (Plural) EXAMPLES: There is a picture on the wall. There isn t any milk in the fridge. PRESENT SINGULAR PLURAL Affirmative There is There are Negative There isn t There aren t Interrogative Is there...? Are there...? PAST SINGULAR PLURAL Affirmative There was There were Negative There wasn t There weren t Interrogative Was there...? Were there...? Excuse me, is there a supermarket near here? There are some flats to rent. There aren t any windows in the bathroom. Are there a lot of people waiting? There was a book here a moment ago. There wasn t any bread left in the shop. Was there a man looking at us? There were three pictures on the floor. There weren t any flowers in the vase. Were there many trains at the station?

21 Remembering old times / Future parents-in-law / Country house for sale Past simple vs. Past continuous a) Forms: PAST SIMPLE Affirmative form Negative form Interrogative form Subj. + V -ed (regular verbs) + Compl. I talked to him yesterday. She asked him about his age. * (See list of irregular verbs at the end of this manual) Subj. + DID + not + V + Compl. I didn t believe him then. She didn t answer my question. DID + Subj. + V + Compl.? Did you enjoy the party? Did you take the train yesterday? PAST CONTINUOUS Affirmative form Negative form Interrogative form Subj. + was/were + V-ing + Compl. They were reading a magazine. A girl was asking for you, Tom. Subj. + was/were + not + V-ing + Compl. They weren t watching that film. She wasn t studying for her test. Was/were + Subj. + V-ing + Compl.? Oh, sorry. Were you sleeping? Was Jerry talking to Jenny in the lounge?

22 Remembering old times / Future parents-in-law / Country house for sale b) Use: These tenses are used to express... PAST SIMPLE Actions and situations that started and finished at a particular moment in the past. I bought a new house last year. PAST CONTINUOUS Actions that were in progress at a determined moment in the past, although they started before and finished afterwards. At ten o clock last night, I was watching a film. When two past tenses appear in one sentence: Past simple + Past simple: We talk about two consecutive actions, one happened (usually introduced by when ) and then the other happened. When it started to rain I ran to my house. Past continuous + Past simple: We talk about two actions happening at the same time. While I was having a bath the phone rang. I was having a bath when the phone rang. We use the Past simple to denote a short action and refer to a specific point in time. In contrast, the Past continuous stands for a long action that lasted a certain amount of time. In the example shown, the phone will have rung for no more than a minute, whereas a bath may take an hour or more. So the bath started before and ended after the phone rang and, thus, is a longer action than the ringing of the phone. Past continuous + Past continuous: We talk about two simultaneous actions in the past. Both happening at the same moment. While I was trying to study, he was making a terrible noise.

23 Remembering old times / Future parents-in-law / Country house for sale Comparatives El comparativo se utiliza para hablar de una cosa en relación a otra. En español, cuando queremos decir que algo o alguien es más grande, alto, bajo, inteligente, interesante, etc., que otra cosa o persona, utilizamos el adverbio más seguido del adjetivo + que. En inglés es muy similar, pero tenemos que distinguir entre comparativos con adjetivos cortos y con adjetivos largos. 1.- Para hacer el comparativo con adjetivos de una o dos sílabas (cortos), se añade al adjetivo el sufijo -er, seguido de la conjunción than en caso de que sea necesario. slow + -er slower (más lento) This car is slower than my car. Este coche es más lento que mi coche. Si el adjetivo acaba en -y, la -y cambia a i y se añade -er : happy heavy early happier heavier earlier I am happier than you. Yo estoy más feliz que tú. Si el adjetivo acaba en consonante más vocal más consonante y la vocal está acentuada, la última consonante se dobla (con la excepción de palabras que terminan en w ): hot big thin hotter bigger thinner P. ej.: That house is bigger than your house. Esa casa es más grande que tu casa. Comparativos irregulares: good bad far little better worse farther / further less 2.- Para hacer el comparativo con adjetivos de más de dos sílabas (largos), la estructura es similar al español, ya que sería more + adjetivo + than (en caso de que sea necesario).

24 Remembering old times / Future parents-in-law / Country house for sale more + adjetivo + (than) difficult dangerous beautiful more difficult (más difícil) more dangerous (más peligroso) more beautiful (más bella, más guapa) Anna is more beautiful than Jane. Anna es más guapa que Jane. This exercise is more difficult. Este ejercicio es más difícil. Hasta ahora hemos tratado el comparativo de superioridad, pero también existe el comparativo de inferioridad que, en español, se traduce por menos + adjetivo + que. En inglés, la forma de construir este tipo de comparativo es muy similar, ya que no tenemos que hacer distinción entre adjetivos cortos y largos. less + adjetivo + than Esta forma de comparación puede ser utilizada como alternativa al comparativo de superioridad, ya que se puede decir: Ella es más alta que yo. She is taller than me. y Yo soy menos alta que ella. I am less tall than her. Comparison with adjectives and nouns ADJECTIVES Comparative of superiority more... than... (long adject.) She is more intelligent than you. -er than... (short adject.) She is taller than Jim.

25 Remembering old times / Future parents-in-law / Country house for sale Comparative of inferiority Comparative of equality Comparative of superiority Comparative of inferiority Comparative of equality less... than... Jim is less tall than her. not as... as... Jim is not as tall as her. as... as... Ron is as tall as her. NOUNS more... than... She has more problems than Bill. I drink more milk than juice. less... than... (uncountable nouns) People now drink less wine than before. fewer... than... (countable nouns) He has fewer children than Sean. as much as (uncountable nouns) We have used as much sugar as wheat to make the biscuits. as many as (countable nouns) There were as many adults as children at the cinema. The comparative forms of superiority and inferiority can go with quantifiers in order to emphasise or to soften the comparison: MUCH, A LOT, FAR are used in the same way. Travelling by bus is much cheaper than by car. My last exam was a lot more difficult than this one. He is far less interested than I expected.

26 Remembering old times / Future parents-in-law / Country house for sale A BIT, A LITTLE, SLIGHTLY are used in the same way. Could you speak a little more slowly, please? That meeting was a bit less short than today s. This box is slightly bigger than the other one. Superlative of superiority Superlative of inferiority Superlative of superiority Superlative of inferiority ADJECTIVES the most (long adjectives) He s the most interesting guy in the group. the -est (short adjectives) His hair is the longest in the class. the least She is the least shy person I ve ever known. NOUNS the most He has got the most money. the least He has got the least work. the fewest He has got the fewest worries. Irregularities in comparative and superlative forms: As we have seen in the units before, the adjectives of one and two syllables that end with -y, -er, -le, -ow, form the comparative adding -er at the end of the basic adjective form (happy: happier). For the superlative we add -est (happy: happiest). However, some of the adjectives are irregular: On short adjectives that end in -e, we add only -r and -st : Late Later Latest Fine Finer Finest On adjectives that consist in one syllable and end in Vocal + Consonant, we double the final consonant before adding the suffix:

27 Thin Thinner Thinnest Fat Fatter Fattest On short adjectives that end in -y, we replace y for i before adding the suffix: Happy Happier Happiest Lucky Luckier Luckiest There are also a few adjectives that are totally irregular in their comparative and superlative forms. These are: Good Better Best Bad Worse Worst Far Further Furthest (sometimes also: Farther, Farthest) Remembering old times / Future parents-in-law / Country house for sale

28 Time to exercise - Additional vocabulary VOCABULARY Adolescence Agenda Aggressive Assistance Award Breathing Central Challenge Contestant Fitness Frequency Group Horrible Improvement Independent Invitation Javelin Overweight Pace Reply Similar Slim To cope (with) To keep down To keep up (with) To kick To miss out Top Towards The ages between 13 and 19 when a child is becoming an adult. Similar to a diary. Violent or abusive. Showing a very violent attitude. Help. To give physical or other aid to someone. Prize or recognition for work or performance. The act of inhaling and exhaling air. We use our lungs to breathe. Near the centre. In the general area of the middle of a town or area. Something that is difficult to do. A person who enters a competition. Being physically healthy. How regularly something happens. Various things in a common unit. Not at all nice, disagreeable. Disgusting, nasty. To make something better than it was. Without any external influence or power. A letter or card to ask if a person wants to attend a party or celebration. A long and light stick with a pointed end that is used in a sporting event. The condition related to weighing too much for one's height. Speed or rhythm. An answer or response. Almost the same in some ways. Having many aspects that are the same as another thing. Thin, not at all fat. To deal with something difficult successfully. To make someone or something stay at a low level; to avoid increasing something. To make a great effort to stay at the same level as someone or something. To hit something or somebody with your foot. To fail to benefit from something. The highest point. To go in the direction of something.

29 Time to exercise - Additional vocabulary Trophy An object that is offered as a prize for winning a competition. VOCABULARY SENTENCES There were several important items in the meeting's agenda. One of them was the new personnel schedule. After falling over during the match, the player needed assistance from the doctors. She is an organised person and that is why she can cope with so much pressure at work. In order to improve your running skills, you need to train with enough frequency; at least 3 times a week. People try to improve their fitness when they go to the gym. My waist is too slim for these trousers. They are too big. I know that at the moment I am a few kilos overweight, but I am trying to reach my ideal weight. The school's football team is formed by a group of children from different classes. She won the competition and her award was a gold cup. The prize for the contestant who wins tonight's show is a 2,000 cheque. The trophy they gave him for winning the cycling race was a gold cup. It is hard for me to keep up with your rhythm when you train. I need you to go slower. In Javelin Throw you need to throw a metal-tipped javelin using one arm. I am talking on the phone, can you please keep the volume down? He kicked the ball as hard as he could and scored a goal. I am really sorry I missed you out in my last . I will include you in my next . All these keys are similar in shape, but different in colour. Climbing Mount Everest is a big challenge. It is difficult and you need to make a great physical effort. During that period of your life called adolescence, you need to get the habit of exercising frequently. Rugby can be an aggressive sport if players are violent against each other. Breathing efficiently brings in more oxygen for your body to use each minute. It will improve your running skills. She saw a horrible spider and started to shout. She is scared of all types of spiders and insects. She is always on her own. I think she is too independent to play in a basketball team.

30 Time to exercise - Additional vocabulary I am happy to accept your invitation to the basketball game. I can't miss it! The runners in the marathon try to keep a fast pace in order to arrive to the finish line and improve their lap times. Renting offices that are in a central location is more expensive than renting those in the outskirts. In the last years, one of the greatest improvements in cameras are the lenses. Their sensors are much better than in the past. Can you please reply to my question? Your answer is very important for me. Thundery clouds are moving towards the north of the country. There will be storms later this afternoon. He climbed to the top of the mountain just to admire the beautiful landscape.

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32 Making plans for holidays / A ticket to Edinburgh / The list of things to do VOCABULARY Abroad Accommodation Adventure Air hostess Anyway Brochure Camping site Castle Chance Coach Cultural appreciation Cultural centre Guest house Hill Hitchhiker Honeymoon Lucky Museum In a foreign country. In a country that is not one's place of birth. Somewhere to stay, e.g. a hotel. A genre of film or literature that is based on the idea that the characters will encounter lots of challenges and excitement. The person who looks after the passengers on a plane. Also known as a "flight attendant". In spite of something. E.g.: It was raining a little but we decided to go for a walk anyway. To continue speaking after an interruption. E.g.: Anyway, as I was saying before the phone rang. Similar to a magazine. It gives us information. E.g.: We often take a holiday brochure from a travel agent when we are looking for a holiday. A place where people can pay to stay in tents. A large stone building. E.g.: Kings and queens often lived in castles. Coincidence. E.g.: I saw her by chance as I was walking down the street. Opportunity. E.g.: I have to go to the audition - it's my big chance. A large vehicle like a bus. Popular for tourists. The person who trains sports people. When you enjoy or give thanks to something that's from a different country or background. A place in a town or village where people can perform plays or put on exhibitions. A small house where people can stay for a night or for a short holiday. Geographical feature. Similar to a small mountain. A person who stands by the side of the road waiting for a car to stop and let them travel in their car or lorry for a short while. The holiday people go on after they get married. To describe someone of something that has luck. E.g.: He was lucky to find his wallet, I'm surprised that someone didn't take it. This is my lucky pencil - I always take it to exams with me. A place with exhibitions and artifacts. Often dedicated to specific themes or subjects.

33 Making plans for holidays / A ticket to Edinburgh / The list of things to do Optional Passenger Passport Resort Rucksack Sand Sea Sightseeing Skiing Sleeping bag Suitcase Sunbathing Telly To bring up To have a look To mean To tour Tourism Tourist guide University Youth hostel Not essential. One can choose if one wants it or not. E.g.: There are a lot of optional extras to choose from when you buy a new car. A person who is travelling on any form of transportation. The official identity document used to travel between countries. An area of land which is dedicated to tourism. A type of bag we can carry on our back. It's common to use a rucksack when we go walking or camping. The fine substance on the beach. The salt water that covers a large surface of the planet. To go and visit the famous places in a town or area. A winter sport. Two long thin skis are attached to the feet. A large, warm bag where you can sleep when outside the house. It is usually fastened with a zip. Where we carry our clothes when we go on holiday. To lie in the sun to get a suntan. Colloquial word for television. To care for, protect and educate a child until they are adult. To raise. To look at, to examine or study. To signify. E.g.: What does 'jolly' mean? It's similar to happy. To go from one place to another on holiday or to give a performance of a play or music. The activity of travelling to a place and visiting it for pleasure. A person who takes tourists to important or interesting places and tells them about the local history etc. A place of study. People go to university after school or college. A place where young people can stay at low cost.

34 VOCABULARY SENTENCES Making plans for holidays / A ticket to Edinburgh / The list of things to do Have you seen this brochure about monuments in this area? A guest house is cheaper than a hotel. I always carry my shopping in a rucksack. The air hostess was very nice and helpful. Sunbathing is safer early in the morning. The coach was new and very comfortable. They are planning to tour the country. I wasn't sure I was going to like skiing, but I love it. This student is unpacking her bags because she has moved into her new accommodation today. Doing adventure sports like climbing or windsurfing gives you a lot of adrenalin, risk, and excitement. As well as being a fantastic piece of modern architecture, the museum is full of contemporary paintings and exhibits. This beach stretches for miles and is covered with fine white sand. The sea is a large expanse of salt water between islands and continents. Now she has started studying at university, and she is beginning to feel more adult and independent. You can see he's been to a lot of countries by just looking at his passport. This is my grandfather's suitcase, it's very old-fashioned. Trying all this delicious new food is really helping me gain cultural appreciation. She works in the tourism industry so she spends a lot of time travelling. I haven't got a sleeping bag! We picked up a hitchhiker as we were coming back. We preferred staying at a camping site more than spending our holidays at a hotel. She switched on the telly because there was something she fancied watching.

35 Making plans for holidays / A ticket to Edinburgh / The list of things to do SENTENCES I lived abroad for many years. Benidorm is one of Spain's most important holiday resorts. She has never left her village. A youth hostel is the cheapest place to stay. My son is working as a tourist guide in Greece. The passengers are leaving the train. We're going sightseeing. Do you want to come? Students don't have to study German. It's optional. You are lucky. It's the last one. You must visit the church if you get the chance. It's very beautiful. The children were brought up by their grandmother. SHOWROOM: PRESENT PERFECT Darling, when was the last time you went to France? Well, mum... I think I haven't been to France for 7 years! Oh really? That means that you haven't travelled to France since Exactly, it has been 7 years since the last time I went there. What about you? When was the last time you travelled? It has been a long time. I haven't travelled for almost 10 years. I can't believe it! That's such a long time! I know! Actually, I haven't been on a plane since We have to travel together soon! I am going to plan a trip! Great! Good idea.

36 Making plans for holidays / A ticket to Edinburgh / The list of things to do SHOWROOM: PRESENT PERFECT VS. SIMPLE PAST - SENTENCES We bought this house ten years ago. We've lived here for ten years. I got married when I was twenty. I've been married for ages. The dog was a present for his birthday last week. He's only had it for a few days. He started working here as a young man. He's worked here for thirty years. They met at school. They've known each other all their lives. USEFUL PHRASES You lucky thing! All those presents... It's very hot today. You're telling me! I have to tell you something. Yes? Well, mm, what I mean to say is... What? I love you. I can't come to work tomorrow. What do you mean, you can't come to work? Mm. I have to go to the doctor's. Do you have change for a note, by any chance? Yes, I think so... here you are. I've just had a letter from Eileen. Oh, have you? Can I have a look?

37 Making plans for holidays / A ticket to Edinburgh / The list of things to do GRAMMAR Still, Yet, Already YET: Is used with the Present Perfect to express if the action has taken place until the moment of speaking or not. Yet is used in questions and in negative sentences. Yet goes always at the end of the sentence. Have you eaten yet? I haven t eaten yet. ALREADY: Is used with the Present Perfect to express that an action has taken place before the expected time. Already is used in affirmative sentences and it goes at the center of a sentence between the auxiliary and the main verb. I have already eaten. Already can also be used at the end of the sentence to emphasise and indicate great surprise about the action that has been finished before expected. Compare: With: I m hungry. Has he prepared the dinner yet? Has he prepared the dinner already? What a pity! I wanted to invite him out. I can t believe it! He finished preparing the dinner already! STILL: Is used to express a situation or continuous action that has not changed or finished. It is used in affirmative sentences and questions. It goes before the main verb: He still works there. Is he still getting dressed? Still can also be used in negative sentences, but in this case it goes before the negative verb. The meaning is not the same as when using yet. Compare the two sentences in English: We agreed to meet here at three but she hasn t come yet. (But it still isn t three or just a little bit after three, so it is possible that she will arrive any moment.) We agreed to meet here at three but she still hasn t come. (It is a lot later than three and she still isn t here. Still expresses impatience or surprise that something expected hasn t happened yet and probably won t.)

38 Making plans for holidays / A ticket to Edinburgh / The list of things to do Have a look at the diagram to see the different uses and meanings of already, yet and still : STILL / YET Affirmative sentences Negative sentences Interrogative sentences STILL I m still waiting for you. YET I haven t eaten yet. STILL It s four o clock and I still haven t eaten. STILL Is it still raining? ALREADY / YET Affirmative sentences Interrogative sentences ALREADY He has already refused to go. YET Have you finished your work yet? ALREADY Have you finished all that work already!? Have + just JUST: Is used with the Present Perfect to express that an action has taken place in the moment of speaking. It goes between the auxiliary and the main verb. I have just eaten. I have just been to Austria.

39 Making plans for holidays / A ticket to Edinburgh / The list of things to do Have + ever EVER: Is used with the Present Perfect in questions and means any possible moment until now. It goes before the main verb. Have you ever travelled in a hot-air balloon? Have you ever tried African food? Present Perfect vs. Past Simple PRESENT PERFECT Affirmative form Negative form Interrogative form Affirmative form Negative form Subj. + HAVE/HAS + Participle + Compl. I have travelled a lot. She has read many books. Subj. + HAVE/HAS + not/never + Participle + Compl. They haven t seen that film yet. He has never been to Italy. HAVE/HAS + Subj. + Participle + Compl.? Have you talked to him today? Has she spent all her money yet? PAST SIMPLE Subj. + V -ed (regular verbs) + Compl. I talked to him yesterday. She asked him about his age. Subj. + DID + not + V + Compl. I didn t believe him then. She didn t answer my question.

40 Making plans for holidays / A ticket to Edinburgh / The list of things to do Interrogative form DID + Subj. + V + Compl.? Did you enjoy the party? Did you take the train yesterday? Past participle The past participle of the regular verbs is formed by adding -ed to the infinitive of the verb: listen ask listened asked The past participles of the irregular verbs must be learned by heart. b) Use: PRESENT PERFECT To refer to actions in the past without time specification: - I have been to the USA twice. To refer to actions in the past that are not finished yet: - I have learnt to drive this week. With ever, never, before, already, yet, this week, this year, etc.: - Have you ever read this book? PAST SIMPLE To refer to an exact moment in the past: - I went to the USA in To refer to a finished action in the past: - I learnt to write when I was six. With yesterday, then, ago, last week, last year, etc.: - I read it last year. The Present Perfect is, as the name suggests, a tense that is related to the present, because the time reference in which the action is taking place has not finished yet (today, this week, this month, etc.), or because the effects of the action are still felt in the present. Compare:

41 Making plans for holidays / A ticket to Edinburgh / The list of things to do Mathew has lost his notebook and now he can t do his homework. (Present Perfect) Mathew lost his notebook but he has found it and now he s doing his homework. (Past Simple)

42 One fortnight in Austria / It's a beautiful day / Plans for the new year VOCABULARY Ability Advice Amateur Audience Category Comedy Competition Concert Creativity Documentary Enjoyable Equipment Excursion Fortnight Hand-made Help yourself Horror film I'd rather I'm afraid Judges Membership card Night on the town On hand Overall Something a person can do. A talent or skill. Suggestion about how to act or what to do. E.g.: She works in a bank so I'm going to ask her for advice about saving money. Not a professional. Often used to talk about sports people. The people who go to watch a performance of a play or music group. A section or type. E.g.: I have to put all these books into the correct categories - fiction, history, etc. A type of film, book or television programme that is humorous. In the theatre, a play that has a happy ending. A game or contest where teams or individuals use their skill to win against others. Also to refer to a company who sells the same product as yours. You are in competition for customers. They are the competition. A live musical performance. The act of being creative, imaginative. An informative programme. Often featuring wildlife or other general interest subjects. Pleasant, nice, agreeable. The necessary items or tools to do a job or play a sport. You need a bat and ball to play baseball. A day trip. A visit. Two weeks, fourteen days. Not made by a machine. Expression to invite someone to serve themselves. Film with ghosts or scary scenes. To express preference of one thing over another. Expression used in formal situations when giving bad news. E.g.: I'm afraid the flight has been delayed by two hours. The people who decide the winner of a competition. E.g.: The judges voted for contestant number three. Public officials with the authority to decide cases in a court of law. The proof that a person is a member of a club or team. An evening when you enjoy the nightlife of a city or town. Near, close. E.g.: My family are always on hand when I need help. Global. Entire. Total.

43 One fortnight in Austria / It's a beautiful day / Plans for the new year Pastime Play Plenty Prize Professional Scenery Science fiction Souvenir shop Suspense Technical To admire To book To fill in To miss To participate To sound To throw away Unfriendly War film Like a hobby. Something to do in our free time. A work for the theatre. E.g.: Shakespeare is most famous for plays like Romeo and Juliette. More than enough. A reward for winning or doing well. A person who is trained in and is earning a livelihood in a specific field or activity. The background in a theatre. E.g.: The scenery is very realistic. The things we can see when we are outside. E.g.: This is such beautiful scenery, I could live here. Genre that focuses on the future and space. A place where people can buy small objects to remember their holiday. The feeling of excitement or anticipation that one feels when we are waiting for something to happen. E.g.: Go on, tell me what happened - don't keep me in suspense. Referring to anything that involves mechanics or computerised systems. Detailed. E.g.: This computer manual is very technical, it's difficult to understand if you are new to computers. To regard with approval and respect. To look up to. To reserve. E.g.: We have to book a holiday soon. To complete a form. To feel sad that one is away from one's family. E.g.: I like this city but I miss my Mum and Dad. To arrive late for something such as a train. E.g.: We woke up late and so we missed our train. To take part or to join in with others in an activity. To seem or give the impression of something. To reject or eliminate something that is not useful. The opposite of friendly. Someone who is unfriendly towards another person makes them feel that they do not want to be their friend. A film with a story based on war.

44 VOCABULARY SENTENCES One fortnight in Austria / It's a beautiful day / Plans for the new year I love pastimes. You're a wonderful audience! Let's have a competition! There's nothing better than seeing a comedy show to make you laugh. At the concert the audience raised their hands and danced and sang to the live music. They were terrified during the horror film, but couldn't stop watching the scary scenes. War films that tell the story of battles and fighting armies are a popular genre in cinemas worldwide. Have you ever been to the theatre to see actors perform a play? Let's have a look in the souvenir shop. He was an unfriendly man who was quite cold and distant towards me. We have been friends for years and admire and respect each other for the things we do and say. Did you see the documentary about zebras last night? Yes, it was really good. We love science fiction because it imagines the future of civilisation and technology on our world and on others. Some artists show great creativity by using their imagination to make something original. I won this prize for a story I wrote. The judges have come to a decision. Can I see your membership card, please? Have you got time to participate in a short survey? I've just started to work as a professional photographer. Have you got all your equipment? I think so. Your overall mark is excellent. Well done! We must always remember to throw away empty containers.