Trade Wars Will Linger

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1 1 Date: Trade Wars Will Linger India should concede what it must, secure what it can Baijayant 'Jay' Panda is a BJD Lok Sabha MP. As the US celebrates its 242nd Independence Day today, the global order it has dominated for many decades is again being transformed. Earlier transformations saw US influence alternately increase such as when the Soviet Union and its satellites collapsed three decades ago and undergo relative decline, as with its global clout vis-à-vis China in the years since the Iraq war. The current metamorphosis is fuelled by President Donald Trump s muscular reorientation of US policies, most notably on trade. This impacts India s interests, but not necessarily in black and white terms. There are both pitfalls to be avoided as well as advantages to be reaped. Though many pundits, including most American ones, have been sharply critical of the US policy shift, it is important to grasp that it is not some fad foisted on the world by a whimsical leader. It was only after many months of sustained fulminations about Trump s election that more balanced opinions have started appearing, attempting to understand and explain what had earlier seemed unfathomable to liberal mainstream media. In a major inflection, the global economic order that prevailed post World War II, including the consensus on rapid globalisation in recent decades, is coming unstuck. Despite the many overwhelming benefits of free trade, commitment to it as an article of faith meant being blind to its losers. There indeed were losers. It is well known that countries which rebuffed market forces, preferring grossly ineffective statist and protectionist models have without exception bitten the dust. The Soviet bloc was the biggest example, and now countries like Cuba and Venezuela. But there were losers even in countries that participated in and benefited from the freer global trade system. Ironically, even in the US, the leader of this global system, there were enough disaffected voters getting a raw deal to trigger a pushback. America had seen economic woes earlier during this era too, for instance during the stagflation years of the 1970s. But productivity gains, especially from technology, had helped it rebound in the 1980s and 1990s. In this century, however, with much US manufacturing having already shifted to cheaper-labour countries, and a dysfunctional education system, there are enormous political pressures to protect those at the bottom of the American pyramid. Of course, protectionism cannot provide a sustainable solution, with gradual pressure on competitiveness and costs, but could very well provide short to medium term benefits. On the other hand, the unequivocal winners of freer trade were nations that invested in education, embraced technology, reduced red tape, and thus ramped up their productivity and competitiveness. Singapore is the poster child of that kind of economic trajectory, succeeding beyond all expectations. Several other countries of various sizes have experienced similar upward mobility for decades, for the same reasons.

2 2 India was a latecomer to the system. With its highly controlled mixed economy model, it missed out on highh growth opportunities for nearly half a century after independence. We have been catching up for the past quarter century by gradually opening up the economy, and now with a surge in infrastructure and a substantive structural rejig, the Goods and Services Tax (GST). But we are still held back by several legacy domestic hurdles. Until we dismantle those domestic hurdles, India will continue to struggle with freerr trade regimes, because of compulsions to be protectionist due to lack of competitiveness. To be competitive, we need to drastically reform our anti-investment and anti-employment labour laws; speed up the judicial process; further slash red tape; reform agriculture; and improve education. That would propel us into the top 50 of the World Bank s Ease of Doing Business index from the current 100. China is the outlier, having harnessed market forces and the open global trading system to grow rapidly for four decades, but is now accused of lack of reciprocal openness, and of gaming the global system to secure unequal benefits. Its massive trade surpluses have spurred tensions for years, and are the direct target of Trump s attempt at forceful re-adjustment. China and India s responses to US tariffs are revealing. While both have retaliated, the former has blustered, ranted and threatened escalation, the latter has, wisely, quietly done the minimum necessary. The most significant trade war in decades, if not centuries, is now well underway. Most leaders have responded with homilies like There will be only losers (French finance minister Bruno Le Maire) and There will be no winners (Chinesee premier Li Keqiang). While that is broadly true, the harsh reality is that some have more to lose than others. It is, therefore, no coincidence, that there is reportedly a sudden slowdown in Chinese funding for its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Moreover, China has recently shown an increased willingness to co-opt rather than constrain India through economic overtures. For its part, having demonstrated resolve during the Doklam standoff last year, India has now responded positively. In discussions this week for creating the world s largest trading bloc, the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), India sought free movement of people in lieu of lowering tariffs. That is a big ask amid growing global concern about immigration. But India will need some such sweetener, perhaps capped in absolute numbers for a specified period, until its economic competitiveness is improved with further domestic reform. A More Nuanced Plan for Resolution Date: ET Editorials The move to create an alternate resolution plan for distressed assets in addition to the bankruptcy code is a good idea. The plan, proposed by a panel of bankers, entails the setting up of an asset management company (AMC) with equity contribution from banks, among others to take over bad loans and an alternate investment fund to raise money from institutional investors. Essentially, the proposed mechanism would relieve banks of their bad loans in the short run, while giving the assets underlying the bad loans more time to realise their productive potential, that can them be monetised to compensatee those who fund the purchase of the bad loans from the banks.

3 3 The proposal entails immediate recapitalisation of the banks, so that they can provide for the haircuts they take, and regain the capacity to lend, to finance growth, which has started showing signs of strengthening. A measured approach to clean up bad loans of banks depending on the sector, type of asset and the size of the company makes eminent sense. In the power sector, for example, defaults are mostly due to delayed or non-payments by failing state utilities that are unable to buy power from generators due to years of political patronage of theft and giveaways. The problem is not with the generation project as such, but the political failure to reform the sector. There would be few takers for such stranded assets and the insolvency route will fail to get funds. An asset management approach would fare better, in which patient capital buys the assets and holds them till politicians find the courage to tell people that power cannot come for free, persuaded by a power crisis that is bound to materialise sooner rather than later. The transfer of the asset to the AMC would rescue stalled projects from their promoters. Of course, the bank would need to take a haircut to bring down the cost of the project, taken over by the AMC, to a realistic level. Eventually, capital can also be returned to the government if the assets are sold at a premium. So, it is imperative for India to create a functional market for distressed assets. Date: अम रक और च न क ब च ट र ड व र आम आदम क लए न कस न क त लन म फ यद म द अ धक ह ड. भरत झ नझ नव ल, (ल खक व र ठ अथर श त र एव आइआइएम ब गल क प वर प र फ सर ह ) अम रक क प वर वद श म त र ल र समसर न कह ह क अम रक और च न क ब च म डर रह ट र ड व र क क रण व वक म द आ सकत ह ह ल क द र म अम रक न च न स आय तत म ल पर आय त श क बढ़ दए और इसक प र त क रय म च न न भ यह करत ह ए अम रक उ प द पर आय त श क म इज फ कर दय आय त कर बढ़ न स घर ल ब ज र म आय तत म ल क द म बढ़ ज त ह ज स अम रक म च न म न मर त फ टब ल क आय त ह रह थ त उस पर अम रक न आय त कर बढ़ दय इसस अम रक म वह फ टब ल मह ग ह ज एग समसर ज स क छ अथर श त रय क म नन ह क इस प रक र क ट र ड व र स उ य मय और उपभ क त द न क आ म व व स कम ह ग और व वक म द आ सकत ह इन अथर श त रय क अन स र, प रथम चरण म अम रक व र आय त कर बढ़ न स क च एव आय तत म ल मह ग ह ज एग इसस अम रक उपभ क त क उस म ल क खर दन म अ धक म य अद करन पड़ ग उसक क रय श क त घट ग प रण म व प ब ज र म क ल म ग घट ग क च म ल मह ग ह न स अम रक क प नय क लए म ल क उ प दन करन क ठन ह ज एग इसक ब द च न व र प र त क रय म अम रक म ल पर आय त कर बढ़ न स ए पल ज स अम रक क प नय क लए च न क म ल क नय र त करन क ठन ह ज एग

4 4 ए पल व र अम रक म नव श और र जग र द न क हनन ह ग त सर ब द पर अम रक उ य मय एव उपभ क त ओ क आ म व व स कम ह ग और व क म म चल ज ए ग इसस क ल मल कर व वक म द क आश क ए ह बढ़ ग अब इस घटन क रम क द सर स भ वन पर वच र कर अम रक म आय तत म ल मह ग ह न स घर ल उ यम क ग ड़ भ ज र पकड़ सकत ह ज स च न म बन फ टब ल पर अम रक म आय त कर अ धक लगन स व अम रक म मह ग ह ज ए ग, ल कन अम रक म फ टब ल बन न व ल इक ई क क र ब र म त ज आएग अम रक म उ प दत फ टब ल क द म अव य ऊ च ह ग, पर त अम रक म फ टब ल बन न व ल क पन म नव श बढ़ ग इसस र जग र क अवसर म भ इज फ ह ग घटन क रम क द सर ब द पर यह सह ह क च न व र प र त क रय म अम रक म ल पर आय त कर बढ़ न स अम रक व र ए पल फ न ज स म ल क नय र त कम ह ग, ल कन अम रक व र च न स म ल आय त अ धक कय ज रह ह और नय र त कम कय ज रह ह प रण म व प अम रक क नय र तक क न कस न कम ह ग, क य क नय र त व स ह कम ह इसक त लन म आय त कम ह न स ल भ अ धक ह ग, क य क आय त अ धक ह च न क स थ म ल क य प र कम ह न स अम रक क ल भ ह ग घटन क रम क त सर ब द ह क समसर ज स अथर श त रय क अन स र अम रक क प नय और उपभ क त ओ क व व स कम ह ग, क य क उ ह मह ग म ल खर दन ह ग, ल कन म र आकलन म अम रक क प नय क आ म व व स बढ़ सकत ह, क य क वह फ टब ल क फ क ट रय लग न क अवसर मल ग अम रक उपभ क त ओ क भ आ म व व स बढ़ सकत ह, क य क उ ह फ टब ल क रख न म र जग र मल ग ट र प व तव म अम रक जनत क प र थ त क समझ रह ह और उ ह न एक स च समझ रणन त क तहत ह यह ट र ड व र श कय ह जसस अम रक क फ यद ह न क उ म द ह प र न ह क फर तम म अथर श त रय व र ट र ड व र क क रण व वक म द क ब त क क य कह ज रह ह? म र म नन ह क ट र ड व र उन बह र ट र य क प नय क लए न कस नद ह ह ग ज ह न च न म फ क ट रय लग रख ह इनक च न म ध ध च पट ह ज एग यह ट र ड व र च न क लए भ न कस नद ह ह ग अम रक म फ टब ल पर आय त कर बढ़ न स अम रक बह र ट र य क प नय क लए च न म नव श करन क अवसर कम ह ग और च न म भ म द आ सकत ह इसस च न म र जग र भ घट ग अब इस घटन क रम क व वक अथर यव थ पर प रभ व द ख ट र ड व र क अम रक पर स प रभ व पड़ ग जब क च न पर क प रभ व द न ज ड़ द ग त व वक अथर यव थ पर प रभ व श यप र य ह ग अ तर यह ह ग क ज र जग र एव उ प दन आज च न म ह रह ह वह आन व ल समय म अम रक क थ न त रत ह ज ए ग ट र ड व र क व वक अथर यव थ पर प रभ व क एक और पक ष ह स म य प स बह र ट र य क प नय व र म ल ऑट म टक मश न व र उ प दत कय ज त ह जब क छ ट घर ल उ यम व र इसम म क उपय ग य द ह त ह इसस र जग र य द बनत ह ज हर ह क बह र ट र य क प नय क सक ड़न एव घर ल क प नय क बढ़न स क ल र जग र बढ़ ग नक र मक प रभ व यह ह ग क व वक तर पर म ल क द म बढ़ ग, क य क अम रक म उ प दत फ टब ल मह ग ह ग, ल कन म र आकलन म म ल क मह ग ह न जनत क फर भ व क र ह सकत ह, क य क उसक पहल म ग र जग र क ह त ह र जग र क स मन मह ग म ल क क प रभ व कम ह ग इस प रक र व वक अथर यव थ क लए यह ट र ड व र न कस नद ह नह, ब क ल भद यक ह ग ट र ड व र क एक और सक र मक पहल यह ह क अम रक म आय तत म ल पर आय त कर बढ़ द न स अम रक सरक र क र ज व मल ग जसक उपय ग क य णक र य जन ओ म कय ज सकत ह इस प रक र आम आदम क ट र ड व र स द हर ल भ ह सकत ह र जग र बढ़ ग और सरक र क य णक र य जन ए भ बढ़ ग स थ ह स थ खर द क द म भ बढ़ ग खर द क द म बढ़न स ह ए न कस न क त लन

5 5 म र जग र और क य णक र य जन ओ स ल भ अ धक ह ग इस क प र थ त म ल प स अम रक क सम न ह प रक र यह ट र ड व र जनत क लए अ छ ह भ रत अम रक क तरह भ रत भ आय त य द करत ह इस लए ट र ड व र भ रत क लए भ ल भक र ह ग हम र व र आय त कर बढ़ न स आय त म भ र गर वट आएग, जब क च न और अम रक व र हम र नय र त पर आय त कर बढ़न स गर वट कम आएग इस लए यह ट र ड व र भ रत क लए भ ल भक र ह ग इस प रप र य म हम अम रक व र भ रत य ट ल एव ए य म नयम पर ह ल म बढ़ ए गए आय त कर क समझन च हए अम रक क यह कदम हम र र लए एक स नहर अवसर थ हम ट र ड व र क आग म घ ड ल सकत थ य द हम अम रक आय त क स थ ह च न आय त पर भ आय त कर बढ़ त त अपन द श म भ फ क ट रय लगन लगत और र जग र भ बनत ह हम स त च न म ल उपल ध नह ह त, ल कन र जग र क स ख क स मन मह ग म ल क क ट बह त कम ह त ह भ रत क प र त क र रय म अम रक क स थ च न स आय तत म ल पर आय त कर बढ़ द न च हए और घर ल उ यम तथ उपभ क त क हत स धन च हए Date: आ मह य बन म म क ष स प दक य र जध न द ल म एक प रव र क ग य रह सद य क स म हक म त क घटन त ध करन व ल ह यह ह य क म मल ह य आ मह य क, यह त व त त ज च क ब द ह पत चल ग ज च स श यद यह ब त भ स मन आए क कस तथ क थत ग य त त रक क प रभ व म इस प रव र न ऐस त र सद कदम उठ य ल कन श आत स क त स म हक आ मह य क ओर इश र कर रह ह च र शव क प टम टर म स भ आ मह य क ब त ह स मन आई ह ज स क कह ज रह ह, सभ न इस तरह क कदम म क ष प र त क लए उठ य इस अ ध व व स म सतह तर स ल क व द ध स ल कर ब रह-प द रह स ल क ब च तक न म त क गल लग लय द दश म इस तरह क श यद यह पहल घटन ह उस प र प रव र क प ठभ म पर ग र कर त कई सव ल खड़ ह त ह ह र न क ब त ह क यह घटन एक ऐस प रव र म ह ई जह सब ल ग मलनस र और सहय ग प रव त क थ, आस-पड़ सस क स ख-द खख ब टन व ल थ प रव र क एक ब ट न वज ञ न म न तक तर कय थ और बह र ट र य क पन म न कर कर रह थ फर, आ मह य क क स म क ष प र त क र त म न लय?? ऐस भ नह ह सकत ह क इस तरह क कदम उठ न क फ फसल अच नक कय ह ग घटन स प ट ह क इस अ ज म द न क म न सक त य र कई दन तक चल ह ग इसस पत चलत ह क हम र सम ज म दम ग ग णत बढ़ रह ह क छ स ल पहल एक ध मर क क यर क रम क द र न एक लड़क क न अपन म क ड ड स इस लए प ट-प ट कर म र ड ल थ क उस म म हन म नन आत दख रह थ अ ध व व स क चलत, य उसक आड़ म ब ल द न क भ घटन ए ह ज त ह इस लए सव ल उठत ह क हम कस धमर क प छ भ ग रह ह, धमर क क स बन रह ह ज ज न ल रह ह, सम ज क र ग बन रह ह अभ तक क ई ऐस त य स मन नह आय ह जसस लग क यह प रव र कस ग भ र आ थर क स कट य अ य कस म कल म रह ह ग

6 6 अगर घर-प रव र क एक य द ल ग कस स कट य म न सक तन व म ह त भ, त ब क ल ग त उ ह समझ त आ खर ऐस क य ह आ क सभ न ज वन ख म करन ह ब हतर समझ? ज हर ह, सब ल ग एक-स मन दश क शक र थ एक प र प रव र क ख म क यह घटन, उस ब म र सम ज क ओर भ इश र करत ह, जसम ल ग क लए र त और भ वन ए ख म ह गए ह वरन न चत ह आस-पड़ स क क ई त ऐस ह त ज इस प रव र क ऐस अनह न क ब र म भ प प त इस घटन स पत चलत ह क इक क सव सद म भ भ रत य सम ज क एक ह स कतन क द और क पम ड प ह आ पड़ ह, जह धमर -आ थ ज नल व प म क यम ह अ धस ख य ल ग त कर क ढ ग स स च नह प त ह, गलत-सह तथ करण य-अकरण ण य क वव वक ख ब ठत ह सम ज म आ रह बखर व इसक बड़ वजह ह भ रत य सम ज क सह ज कर रखन व ल हम र यव थ ए त र-त र ह च क ह और उनक जगह ऐस छद म धमर - यवह रर न ल ल ह ज ठग रह ह, ज न ल रह ह ह इस लए कर ड़ ल ग ढ ग ब ब ओ क शक र बनत ज रह ह ऐस म, यह एक ग भ र च न त ह क ल ग क क स तकर कश ल और वव कव न बन य ज ए ल कप ल क समय स प दक य Date: स प र म क टर क स क रयत अगर इस तरह बरकर र रह, त ज द ह द श क उसक पहल ल कप ल मल ज एग स प र म क टर न क द र सरक र स कह ह क वह एक हलफन म द कर यह बत ए क ल कप ल क नय क त कब तक ह ज एग?? क यर प लक क ऊ ऊच तर पर भ र ट च र क र कन क लए ल कप ल क न य क त क ज अवध रण 1963 म द गई थ, वह स ढ नह ल कप ल क ब त करत थ, व भ जब स त म आए, दय सफर श छह दशक ब तन क थ, और ल कप ल हक कत क तरफ थ इसक ब द सरक र और तकर बन सभ दल एक ठ क-ठ कक ल कप ल वध यक पर सहमत ह ए यह वध यक न स सद म प श ह आ, ब क दन-र त एक करक तम म स श धन क स थ 2013 म फट फट प रत भ ह आ 2014 ह त ह र ट र रप त न इस पर द तखत ब द भ अभ तक स क र नह ह सक ह यह भ सच ह क इसक र ह इतन आस न बढ़त ह आ कदम नह, ब क एक न र और एक त उ ह न क छ नह कय कई स र स म तय म थ ज वपक ष दल बन, ढ र स र स झ व आए, इसक तम म वध यक भ त य र ह ए, उनक ख मय पर ढ र स र चच र ए भ ह ई, वध यक स सद म प श भ ह ए, मगर ब त कभ आग बढ़ नह ब त क बढ़न तभ श ह आ, जब ग ध व द न त अ न हज र न इस मसल क उठ य और द श म एक आ द लन ज स म ह ल बन इस म ह ल क बनन क एक बड़ क रण यह भ थ क उन दन भ र ट च र क कई बड और बह त बड म मल एक क ब द एक उज गर ह ए, जसक वजह स ल ग क मन म ग स थ और अ न हज र न इस ग स क एक आक र द भ कर दए और द श क पहल ल कप ल क न न मल ह ल क च र स ल ब त गए और द श अभ भ ल कप ल क नय क त क इ तज र कर रह ह यह हम च ह, त पहल क तम म सरक र क तरह ह इस सरक र क भ द ष द सकत ह क उसन ल कप ल मसल पर क ई दलच प नह दख ई, वह भ तब, जब इसक क न न बन च क थ और ल कप ल क नय क त उसक ज म द र थ ल कन इसक लए सरक र क ज तकर

7 7 ह, उस पर भ हम ग र करन श मल कय ज न ह ह ग ल कप ल क नय क त क ज प र क रय ह, उसम ल कसभ म वपक ष क न त क भ 2014 क आम च न व क ब द ल कसभ क ज ग णत बन ह, उसम कस भ दल क प स वपक ष दल क ह सयत नह ह वपक ष दल नह ह, इस लए वपक ष क न त भ नह ह म मल स प र म क टर क प स पह च, त उसन कह क नय क त क सफर फ वपक ष क न त न ह न क क रण नह र क ज सकत, इस लए इस प र क रय क आग बढ़ न च हए उसक क ब द भ प रग त ध म थ, इस लए अद लत न अब समयबद ध प रग त और इस ब बत हलफन म क ब त क ह यह अ छ ब त ह क ल कप ल क नय क त क क म उस समय ह न ज रह ह, जब भ र ट च र क बड़ मसल पहल क तरह स र ट र य वमशर म नह ह वजय म य य न रव म द ज स क छ उद हरण ज र दए ज सकत ह, ल कन य ऐस म मल ह, जनस म ज द क न न यव थ ओ स ह नपट ज सकत ह आज क म ह ल म अगर द श क ल कप ल ज स स ढ़ यव थ मलत ह, त इसस उ च तर पर ऐस म मल म कम भल ह श म न दख, ल कन व बढ़ ग नह Date: Mob vs State Maharashtraa lynching cannot be blamed on social media alone. It calls for a political and administrative response. Editorial July 1 saw two incidents of mob violence in villages in Maharashtraa and Tripura, triggered by social media posts which draw strength from an old fear in pockets of rural India of child-lifters. Five nomads seeking alms were lynched in a remote Maharashtra village. In Tripura, an announcer was killed for delivering a message from the government, urging people, ironically, not to believe rumours about child- lifters. He was in a government vehicle and accompanied by an official. In Maharashtra, a police party sent to spot of the lynching was attacked by villagers. In neither case, evidently, was the mob deterred by the apparatus of the state. This should be a matter of serious concern to politicians, administrators and the police. Over time, the lynch mob has acquired the mystique of impunity, and it will take determined action by the administration and the political leadership to regain control of the situation. To blame social media and WhatsApp would be to shoot the messenger. These are merely communications tools to which no particular moral value adheres. Instead, the government should drive home the message that while the misuse of thesee media with disruptive and murderous motives is unacceptable, acting upon the messagee will invite immediate and clear consequences. Such internet messages usually advertise themselves as forwarded as received, apparently absolving the sender of complicity. They are difficult to trace to the origin because of encryption, but those who act upon incitement to violence are much more easily identified and should be firmly discouraged.

8 8 Some state police forces practise deterrence with outreach campaigns warning against disseminating rumours, and it is encouraging to see that in Maharashtra, the first step has been taken to bring the culprits to book. Some of the members of the mob have been arrested. It is a step forward from filing an FIR against persons unknown, the common practice following mob violence. Prosecution should be transparent, to ensure that the equally common practice of rounding up the usual suspects is not followed. A firmly articulated political response to the menace is also required. Because not only is public safety at stake here, the climate of insecurity and fear which electronic rumour-mongers generate and feed off also has a chilling effect on the very idea of a free and open society. Two of the guardians of this idea, the political leadership and the administration, have an immediate stake in the matter, since the state is being challenged by the mob. Date: How to list cases better The quality and efficiency of court functioning can be improved with simple tweaks Amrita Pillai & Sumathi Chandrashekaran, (Amrita Pillai and Sumathi Chandrashekaran are Research Fellow and Senior Resident Fellow, respectively, at the Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy, Delhi) Chief Justice of India Dipak Misra recently flagged rising pendency in appeals lying with High Courts based on the findings of the Supreme Court s Arrears Committee. He has since directed High Courts to prepare action plans for disposal of five and 10-year-old cases. He has also asked for High Court Arrears Committees to periodically review the situation. While it is crucial that a disposal review mechanism is put in place, the manner in which judicial performance is measured and accountability is exercised must be carefully revisited. For decades, the primary measure of court efficiency has been case disposal rates. Public perception of court performance and individual judges now hinges on the number of cases pending before them. Though a crucial indicator, it also puts pressure on judges to dispose of as many cases as possible, a problematic situation as it does not consider the quality of adjudication itself. Neither does it shed light on the exact nature of cases that have remained pending the longest, or the stage at which pendency recurs the most. Since these parameters are not measured, they are often disregarded in the discourse on court performance. To begin with, courts themselves must start analysing historical case data and introduce focussed interventions to counter specific case types or stages at which the case pipeline is clogged. Impact of listing techniques The discourse on case pendency has largely revolved around delayed appointments and vacancies. Our study of case data of a High Court over five years showed how certain cases listing practices influenced case movement and harboured pendency.

9 9 First, listing patterns were generally erratic, with the number of matters listed for the same courtroom ranging from 1 to 126 a month. In some courtrooms, it was cases for a month. Second, a large number of cases listed in a day meant that inevitably, matters listed towards the end of the day remained left over. Thus, cases in the final stages of hearing most often clogged the case pipeline. Third, old pending matters barely made it to court. Our case data over three years showed that 91% of them remained unheard despite being allotted a separate day and specific judges. Some experts point out that these cases were listed for the second half of the day but would eventually never come up for hearing because of the large number of other urgent and routine matters listed. Advocates also tend to become disinterested in older cases in which clients have given up or stopped paying. Spurring case movements One way to accelerate case movement is by making case listing more systematic. Here, courts must assess their performance based on the actual number of cases being heard. Listing more than 100 cases a day may look to be an impressive work schedule for a judge, but we found that it is very rare for all of them to be heard. Cause list preparation can be made more scientific if supported by a consistent study of the variance in the number of cases listed across courts, identifying the exact stages at which cases are clogging the pipeline for the longest duration, and the nature of cases left over. This will also ensure that only as many cases as can be reasonably heard will be listed on a daily basis. Second, the cause list should have cases methodically distributed by type and stage. The court can decide on a minimum and maximum number for particular matters. A senior counsel of the Supreme Court emphasised the need to tweak listings such that final hearings are the first matters a judge hears in a day as it requires his complete attention. In the cause list we studied, such hearings were listed at the end, inevitably accounting for the largest leftovers. Third, disposing of old and pending matters must be prioritised. Despite allotting two days in week to hearing these matters for most of the day, the High Court we studied had a massive docket of old pending cases. Their rate of case movement in newer matters (taken up on all other days of the week) was much faster than case movement recorded on specific days where old cases were listed. A solution would be to implement a policy where no adjournments are granted for frivolous reasons. Scientific listing has clear benefits. It will introduce standardisation across courts and help disincentivise judges from using discretionary practices in the number and nature of cases listed before them. It will promote fairness a reasonable number of cases would be listed every day, and distributed across the day based on stage and case type. Another benefit would be better quality of adjudication. With an ever-increasing caseload, it is only fair to question the quality of decision-making. The Supreme Court, in April, remanded a case back to a High Court due to the poor quality of judgment (there were neither recorded submissions of the parties nor references to the relevant legal provisions used). The quality and efficiency of court functioning can be improved with simple tweaks. Therefore, it is time that the judiciary as an institution opens itself to the services of competent external agencies that can help them record, manage and analyse their data better, to build and sustain a healthy institution.

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