No upper riparian chauvinism, please

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1 1 Date: No upper riparian chauvinism, please Politicians in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu are doing their people a major disservice by making the sharing of the Cauvery waters an emotive issue. Upper riparians cannot monopolise the water of a river, usurping the rights of others in the river basin. Unless this principle is respected within the country, India will find it difficult to argue a case, hypothetically, against the Chinese damming off the Brahmaputra as it runs through Tibet before entering India. The BJP and the Congress should refrain from creating regional strife over water. The Cauvery s bounty is being shared according to the findings of a tribunal that spent 16 years gathering and sifting through evidence before reaching a conclusion in Both Tamil Nadu and Karnataka insist on growing water-intensive crops like sugarcane. If water is scarce, the solution should be to change the crop mix to reduce water consumption, not to reduce the share going to the other party. In both states, there is much scope to change agronomic practices and reduce water use. In order for that sense to become operational, there must be clarity on the per-capita water entitlement in the river basin, for particular levels of rainfall in the catchment area. Water management bodies must be created that enforce these entitlements using price and quantity restrictions. When new economic activity commences in a locality, new water cannot be created; so water entitlements have to be reapportioned and there must be mechanisms to make this happen. Another possibility is opening up as well, to enhance the availability of water. This is happening, thanks to ever-lower costs of solar power. A new world benchmark was set on August 19 in Chile, when a Spanish company Solarpack won a bid to supply power at $2.91 per MWh, which works out, at today s exchange rate, to Rs 1.93 per unit. And prices are still falling. When clean power is this cheap, large-scale desalination of seawater becomes a real possibility. Water has to be valued as a scarce resource and priced accordingly, to regulate its use optimally, whatever the source of that water. CSR, business as usual By Vishnu Padmanabhan & Jasveen Bindra The introduction of mandatory corporate social responsibility (CSR) spending under the Companies Act, 2013, has unleashed a wave of spending on social sector programmes: around Rs 6,300 crore in

2 2 This has been a game-changer for Indian philanthropy. But while the quantity of largesse is impressive, can the same be said for its quality? It is less clear if CSR spending is creating the impact it seeks as many companies do not base their decisions on rigorous evidence. By definition, companies affected by the CSR rules are healthy and profitable. In such successful companies, business decisions are based on hard data and return on investment calculations. CSR decisions need to be subject to the same rigour as other business decisions. Is there compelling evidence that the programme works? Will it work in different contexts? Before launching new products, successful companies conduct due diligence: exploring the market and understanding competition. This iterative, rigorous approach is equally critical to CSR investments. Growing evidence from impact evaluations can guide companies towards implementing solutions with proven impact, and allow them to steer clear of well-intentioned, but ultimately ineffective, ideas. For instance, a substantial amount of CSR spending in India around 23 per cent of total CSR spending in has been directed towards education, an understandable cause given that nearly half of Class 5 children cannot read a Class 2 textbook, according to the Annual Status of Education Report (Aser) Yet, several rigorous evaluations have shown that many of the traditional investments in educational inputs (like more textbooks or computers) have had little impact on learning outcomes. But there can be challenges to integrating research into CSR decisions, chiefly that there are many areas in the social sector where little evidence exists. In situations like this, where there is uncertainty, companies design and test new products for their mainstream business operations. India s largest companies spend significantly on R&D because they understand the importance of dedicating resources towards generating innovative solutions. This philosophy should extend to the social sector. It is important for programmes to be piloted and evaluated. An evaluation can provide real-time feedback on implementation issues and, crucially, an assessment of programme impact. Beyond informing internal programme decisions, rigorous evaluations can also serve as a public good by answering critical policy questions. As an example, Tata Trusts is partly funding arigorous randomised evaluation of a programme to reduce anaemia by introducing fortified rice in Tamil Nadu s public distribution system. After developing a successful product, companies know it cannot be taken to scale without ensuring what sells in market A can also sell in market B. Similarly, in the social sector, a health programme that works in Tamil Nadu may not necessarily work in Punjab. A programme should demonstrate results in multiple contexts before significant resources are spent scaling it up. For companies, identifying programmes that work across contexts may be beyond their ambit. But there are policy research organisations doing this. One set of interventions proven to have worked in multiple contexts is the Targeting the Ultra Poor programme. Developed in Bangladesh by the developmental organisation Brac, the programme seeks to lift ultra-poor women out of poverty by providing them with aproductive asset, intensive coaching, access to savings and a short-term consumption stipend.

3 3 Multiple rigorous evaluations have found that the programme leads to large and lasting improvements in consumption, food security, asset holdings and savings. Driven by these powerful results, many Indian companies such as ITC, IndiGo and Axis Bank have already invested in the scale-up of this programme in partnership with the NGO, Bandhan Konnagar. Since the introduction of the CSR rules, much of the debate has revolved around whether companies are meeting their minimum spending requirements. An equally important focus ought to be in whether these investments can be made more impactful. Doing this should come easily to companies: they should simply adopt the same approach they use to make important business decisions understanding what works, what can be scaled and what still needs to be tested to their CSR portfolio. With so many CSR programmes seeking to make a difference to the lives of the poor, the stakes cannot be higher. A double bottom-line will allow companies to reshape the trajectory of India s development: an evidence-informed approach can bring them closer to achieving this. The writers are with J-PAL South Asia, Institute for Financial Management and Research, Chennai Date: Builders beware: SC reaffirms protections for homebuyers, real estate sector must clean its act In yet another ruling upholding the rights of homebuyers, the Supreme Court directed real estate company Supertech to refund money to those who wanted to opt out of one of its projects in Noida, Uttar Pradesh. Using strong language, the apex court told the builder that it wasn t concerned if the latter were to sink or die and that it must pay back the homebuyers. This comes after the builder indicated that it wasn t in a position to make the refunds. But the top court affirmed that the company could not use the excuse of being in bad financial condition to deny the rights of homebuyers. Supertech is the third real estate company in recent weeks to come under judicial scrutiny for not refunding money to homebuyers. The cases highlight the opaque manner in which the real estate sector has been operating. Money raised by builders for a project is often diverted to other projects. Other questionable practices include selling flats on the basis of super area which substantially exceeds the usable area available to homebuyers. Plus, several builders have sold apartments without the necessary clearances and have violated regulatory norms during construction. Sometimes the real estate sector has looked like one giant casino, attracting fly-by-night operators and unscrupulous middlemen, punishing genuine homebuyers investing their life s savings with inordinate delays in project completion and delivery. It was with this in mind that Parliament passed the Real Estate (Regulation & Development) Bill, 2016 in March this year, seeking to protect homebuyers and create a transparent regulatory framework for the sector. Accordingly, all states are to set up real estate regulatory authorities and appellate tribunals. Further, builders are to deposit 70% of the money collected from buyers into a separate account that will be utilised only for construction and payment for land.

4 4 The new legislation seeks to boost investor confidence by forcing builders to make their activities open and public. This in turn will provide a fillip to the overall real estate sector, creating jobs and revenues. For far too long builders have taken homebuyers for a ride. They should now view the new real estate legislation as an opportunity to clean up their books, rejig their internal workings to match regulatory requirements, focus on quality and service, and put the customer first. Whose water? Cauvery crisis needs better water management not more brinkmanship The Karnataka government s decision, following an all-party meeting, to heed the Supreme Court directive to release Cauvery water to Tamil Nadu is welcome. It will provide immediate relief to millions of farmers whose livelihoods depend on agriculture in the river basin. At a time when the two neighbouring states were unwilling to work out a compromise formula, it is the Supreme Court s timely intervention that has ensured the release of 15,000 cusecs of water for 10 days from Karnataka to Tamil Nadu. But even as the Karnataka government accepts the apex court directive, farmers and other social groups in the state are protesting this decision in a big way. The protesters have called for bandhs and also choked traffic on the busy Bengaluru-Mysuru highway. All political parties must resist the temptation to fuel such disruption or derive political mileage from it, because this hurts the economy and doesn t solve the problem at hand. The Centre must also shrug off its lethargy and constitute the long pending Cauvery Management Board, which was mandated in 2013 to ensure a fair mechanism for sharing the river. The energy that the states are wasting in bickering should be invested in more constructive work, like encouraging farmers to switch from water intensive crops. Even as agriculture needs a serious upgrade, with the last agricultural census showing negative growth in the number and area of operational farm holdings in Tamil Nadu, rapid urbanisation and industrialisation have added to water woes. Also, the Cauvery region is very vulnerable to the climate change threat. This really is the time for cooperative federalism. Centre and the states need to resolve walls of mistrust and look for solutions as a team. Date: ह थ स फसलत समय ज म -क म र म ह ल त स म य बन न क र ह तल शन गए सवर दल य प र त न धम डल क न त व करन व ल ग हम त र र जन थ स ह इसक पहल भ इस इर द स नगर गए थ और इस द र न उ ह न कर ब त न स ल ग स म ल क त क थ इस ब च प क त न न भ क म र पर ब तच त क प शकश क ह ह ल क द न ह प रय स सर हन क क बल ह, ल कन इनम द स त न स ल तक क द र ह ई ह क म र उस समय ब तच त क ज रय सम ध न च हत थ य स न म लक और श ब र श ह न द ल और नगर म ह ई कई ग पन य ब ठक म भ ग भ लय थ उस समय यह वषय थ क नई द ल क समझ य ज ए क र य न भ रत य स घ म सफर त न म मल क श मल कय थ -रक ष, वद श म मल और स च र ल कन अ त-उ स ह जगम हन और एनएन व हर ज स र यप ल और उनक पहल क ल ग हर तरफ छ ए रह उ ह न यह य न नह रख क वलय सफर त न वषय तक स मत थ क म र न त न ख श थ, ल कन असह य महस स कर रह थ आज, नई प ढ़ उसस आग नकल गई ह जसक व यद उनक ब ज ग न कय थ न जव न आज वद श न त तय करन क वत त रत क स थ आज द च हत ह व तव म स प रभ त क उनक वच र उस तरह क आज द ह ज द नय क कस भ म क क मल ह ई ह उनक प र त न धय न पछल मह न म झ नगर ब ल य थ म न उ ह सच म बह त उ त जत प य, ल कन व इस ब र म ब क ल स फ थ क व क य च हत ह उ ह कट टरप थ य भ रत- वर ध कहन उ चत नह

5 5 ह ग व क म र क व श गटन य ल दन बन न च हत ह और इ ल म ब द स नह ज डऩ च हत ह उनक दल ल ह क व अपन वद श न त र य वध नसभ क च न ह ए प र त न धय स तय कर न च हत ह, नई द ल य यह तक क इ ल म ब द क नद श पर नह म न उ ह बत य क म झ लगत ह क उनक म ग समझ म आन ल यक ह, ल कन भ रत अपन स म पर कस तरह एक और इ ल मक र य बन सकत ह जब क उस एक इ ल मक र य प क त न क बनन क ब र अन भव ह च क ह उ ह न अपन क ध सक ड़ लए जब म न दल ल द क ल कसभ, जसम बह मत प रध नम त र नर द र म द क स थ ह, उनक म ग क नह म न ग उ ह न कह यह आपक सम य ह इस पर बहस क ज सकत ह क व य तत कतन ह, ल कन वलय पर नह प क त न बनन क उ य क सव ल पर ल टकर हम एक और बहस श कर द ग और एक असम न प र थ त क ब वज द ह द और म सलम न न ज स त लन बन लय ह उस बग ड़ द ग नगर म ज ह न प थर फ क व एक अथर म भटक ह ए न जव न ह सकत ह, ल कन द सर अथर म व आज द क आक क ष क प र त न ध व करत ह व ज ल म ब द य स न म लक और श ब र श ह स बह त आग नकल गए ह न जव न भ रत क स थ वलय क ह वर ध करत ह, ल कन व प क त न क भ उतन ह वर ध म ह, ह ल क क छ चरमप थ इस ढकन क क शश कर रह ह म र ख य ल म क छ स ल पहल म स लझ य ज सकत थ, ल कन आज र य क भ व य क ब र म ह न व ल कस भ ब तच त म क म रय क ह स द र बन न ह ग क म र म जनमत स ग रह क स य क त र ट र क प र त व और इ दर ग ध तथ प क त न क ज फक र अल भ ट ट क ब च ह आ शमल समझ त अपन प र स गकत ख च क ह थ तय आज एकदम अलग ह अफस स क ब त ह क भ रत य प क त न म स क ई भ इस समझन क त य र नह ह य कम स कम ऐस ह दख त ह यह अब त रक ण य ह और कस श तप णर सम ध न क लए सभ त न ब द ओ क छ न पड़ ग एक और प र त न धम डल क नगर ल ज न ब क र क प रय स ह स बत ह ग, क य क क म रय क लगत ह क पहल ज व यद कए गए उ ह प र नह कय गय प वर म ख यम त र उमर अ द ल,ज अभ न शनल क फ र स क न त व कर रह ह, ठ क कहत ह क उ ह नह लगत ह क कस प र त न धम डल क नगर ज न क क ई फ यद ह, जब क पहल क प र त न धम डल क रप टर ग ह म त र लय क ग लय र म ध ल ख रह ह स त र पहल जह छ ड़ गय थ, वह स पकडऩ क लए नई द ल क अपन स च ई स बत करन ह ग आ खरक र श ख अ द ल क क य म ग थ ज ह द क षण भ रत क क ड ईकन ल म 12 स ल बत न पड़? वह च हत थ क नई द ल इस व क र कर क र य सफर त न म क ल कर स घ म श मल ह आ ह भ रत य स घ क लए यह उ चत नह क वह उस इक ई, ज स घ म श मल ह ई ह, स मश वर कए बग र य द अ धक र हड़प ल स भव ह, उस समय स अब तक झ लम म क फ प न बह गय ह, ल कन प र थ तय बदल ज सकत ह अगर त न वषय क द यर स ब हर क वषय पर बन क न न व पस ल लए ज ए श यद न जव न इसस ख श नह ह, ल कन यह एक स भ वन ह फलह ल यह बह त द र क ब त ह छ त र स अपन नगर क ब तच त क ब च म न उनस कह क आज द क म ग क प र करन भ रत क लए स भव नह ह भ रत पहल स ह प क त न क ओर स च भ य ज रह क ट क प ड़ झ ल रह ह क म र क आज द द कर नई द ल अपन सम य और बढ़ ल ग छ त र क म न दल ल द क च र ओर म द न इल क स घर ह न क क रण य प र क लए क म र घ ट क भ रत य प क त न पर नभर र रहन ह ग जव ब म उ ह न कह क व व जरल ड क तरह ह ग य न एक पयर टन- थल और व भ न जगह स आन व ल ल ग स आमदन कर ग उनक प स क ई थ ई स न नह ह ग, क य क इसम क फ खचर लग ग फर भ उ ह अपन ल ग और म ल क लए ब ज र प न क सम य ह ग, ल कन इस समय व इस व त वकत क प र त अनज न ह नई द ल एकदम सह ह क क म र पर बहस क पहल आत कव द पर बहस ह प क त न न जस ब तच त क प शकश क ह वह आत कव द क स थ श ह सकत ह और इसम क म र क भ श मल कय ज सकत ह, क य क द न एक ह सक क क द पहल ह प क त न स न क प स अपन एज ड ह सकत ह, ल कन वह द द श क स म ओ पर थ त स म य करन क लए ह न व ल ब तच त क वर ध नह कर सकत ह प क त न क स थ ब ठन क पहल भ रत क क म र क सम य क नपट न च हए यह न ह क मत र श ख अ द ल क म ग क व क र कर कय ज सकत ह श ख अ द ल न कह थ क भ रत क उन त न वषय क द यर स ब हर क सभ क न न क व पस ल न च हए ज वलय क समय तय कए गए थ [ ल खक क लद प न यर, प रख य त त भक र ह ]

6 6 Date: य य ध श क भ प रद शर त दख न क ह ज रत भ रत य य यक यव थ क समक ष स कट गहर त ज रह ह द श क श षर अद लत म नय क त और थ न तरण करन व ल क ल जयम तथ र जन तक न त व क ब च ग तर ध बढ़ रह ह इसक वजह स नई नय क तय नह ह प रह ह ज ल बत म मल स बदह ल य य लय क ह लत और बग डऩ क क म कर रह ह प र वव द म नय म ड़ उस समय आय जब क ल जयम म श मल य यम तर ज. च लम वर न यह कहत ह ए ब ठक म ह स ल न स इनक र कर दय क इसक प र क रय ठ क स नध र रत नह ह और न ह प रदश र ह इस बय न न क ल जयम म श मल व र ठतम य य ध श क बच व क म द र म आन क लए मजब र कर दय ह इन य य ध श न प र त वत र ट र य य यक नय क त आय ग (एनज एस ) क ल कर कई आप तय क ह एक द खद पहल यह ह क य यक नय क त पर खड़ वव द म आम जनत सरक र और य यम तर च लम वर क रव य क ब च ब ट नजर आ रह ह एनज एस वध यक क भ रत य जनत प ट र (भ जप ) और क ग र स द न क ह स म लत समथर न स रक डर समय म प रत कर दय गय थ ल कन र जन तक तबक क अ धक च इस ब त म दख रह ह क य यक नय क तय क म मल म य यप लक स अ तम र य क हक ल लय ज ए वह य यम तर च लम वर द श क श षर अद लत म य य ध श क नय क त क लए एक प रदश र यव थ क म ग उठ रह ह वतर म न ग तर ध क सम ध न यह नह ह क व र ठ य य ध श क नय क त क अ धक र र जन तक तबक क द दय ज ए इसक जगह व र ठतम य य ध श क एक ऐस प रदश र प रण ल ल कर आन च हए जसक सह तर क स प लन कय ज सक इस ब त क ल कर स द ह नह ह क म ज द समय म य यप लक म श षर पद पर नय क त क अ धक र म ख य य य ध श सम त क छ व र ठ य य ध श क क ल जयम तक ह स मत ह इस ब त क भ क ई वजह नह ह क य य ध श क नय क त क लए स प रभ षत म पद ड एव प र क रय क य न ह? इसक स थ ह च न गए उ म दव र स स ब धत आ कड़ क ववरण भ रख ज न च हए द श क श षर य य ध श जतन द र तक इस पहल क आग बढऩ स र क रहत ह, तब तक र ट र य हत क न कस न पह चत रह ग अगर इस ज जहद म र जन तक सम ह न ब ज म र ल और म मल कह प वर प रध नम त र इ दर ग ध क द र क तरह ह ज त ह त इ तह स श यद ह य य ध श क प र त दय ल त दख एग इस ब त म श यद ह स द ह ह ग क आज क द र म ह ल त उस समय क त लन म ब हतर ह जब य य ध श क नय क त प र क रय म अपन ब त रखन क अ धक र नह मल थ उ चतर य यप लक अ धक श म क पर अपन स च स स च लत दख ई द त ह और अ य वक प क न क म ह न क ब द प डत क य य प रद न करन म भ सफल रह ह इसक ब वज द ह ल त म स ध र क पय र त स भ वन ए ह और य य ध श क अपन एक अहम कमज र क फ यद उठ न क र जन तक सम ह क म क नह द न च हए द श क श षर य य ध श क व वसन यत र जन तक दल क त लन म क फ अ धक ह य यक प रद शर त और प र क रय स न चत करन क सह र त क य ह सकत ह? र ट र य य यक स व क गठन एक वक प ह सकत ह जसम ल खत पर क ष और स क ष क र क म यम स चयन ह इस चयन पर क ष क कम न स घ ल क स व आय ग ज स स थ क द ज न च हए च न गए ल ग क उ चतम य य लय तक म क म करन क म क दय ज न च हए प र प र क रय क प रदश र बन न क लए य यक स व आय ग क नगर न म क म ह न च हए इस आय ग म पद न सद य क बज य स वर ज नक ज वन क अलग-अलग क ष त र म श नद र क म करन व ल ल ग क प णर क लक सद य क प म नय क त कय ज न च हए ब रट न म इस तरह क एक यव थ बन ह ई ह और वह अ छ ढ ग स क म कर रह ह बहरह ल भ रत म ज भ यव थ अपन ई ज त ह, उसक लए यह ज र ह क प र क रय सह तर क स नध र रत क गई ह और उसस स ब धत त य और वच र क भ दजर कय गय ह द सर तरफ र जन तक सम ह क पक ष म ल मब द करत ह ई दख रह सरक र क स च क अ द ज य यक नय क त आय ग क गठन क प र क रय क ल कर बन मतभ द स लग य ज सकत ह इसम सबस अहम ब द क ल जयम क तरफ स प र त वत न म क र ट र य हत क न म पर ख रज कर द न स स ब धत ह र ट र य हत एक त अपन आप म बह त य पक और व त रत वच र ह, वह यह म नन भ क फ ब त क ह क स वध न क स रक षक म न ज न व ल व र ठ य य ध श

7 7 क त लन म र जन तक न त व कह ब हतर तर क स र ट र य हत क समझ सकत ह ह सकत ह क सरक र क प स कस उ म दव र क ब र म क ई स व दनश ल स चन ह त वह उस क ल जयम क भ स प सकत ह जसक आध र पर ग पन य रप टर लग ई ज सकत ह प र कव यद क मकसद यह ह न च हए क कस उ म दव र क सफर इस आध र पर ब हर न कर दय ज ए क एक वक ल क प म उसन कस अ तव द क प रव क ह इस वव द क द सर पहल उस थ त स ज ड़ ह जब सरक र क ल जयम क तरफ स भ ज गए न म क व पस कर द म ज द समय म त अगर क ल जयम द ब र उस न म क भ जत ह त सरक र उस नय क त करन क लए ब य ह त ह ल कन नई यव थ म क ल जयम क वह न म द ब र भ जन क अ धक र नह दय गय ह दरअसल यह एक ऐस श क त-प रदशर न ह जसम यह जत न क क शश ह रह ह क कसक ब त क तव ज मल ग? स क ष प म कह त य य ध श क नय क त क अ धक र य य ध श क ह ह न च हए ल कन इसक तर क अ धक प रदश र ह न च हए स ब र र य Date: The Grumbling 20 A noble mission of far-sighted global cooperation to avoid a looming economic crisis brought together a doughty group of nations, representing 85 per cent of the world s GDP and two-thirds of its population, under the banner of the G20. However, after the dark days of the 2008 crisis inspired then-freshly-elected U.S. President Barack Obama to take over the reins of financial regulatory reform, the annual gathering of the group has, it would appear, degenerated into a publicity opportunity for divergent national concerns. As Hangzhou played host to the G20 meeting, there were reports that the Chinese government had emptied the city of its original inhabitants for the duration of the summit an act that seemed symbolic of the final communiqué of the G20 itself, pretty on the outside but lacking in substance. Among the major issues that found mention in the summit was the question of excess steel capacity in China resulting in a flood of cheap imports into India, the U.K. and other economies. Despite reports of resistance from China to any mention of steel policy coordination in the 7,000-word communiqué, the document had a call for increased information sharing and cooperation through the formation of a Global Forum on steel excess capacity. Climate change was the other major agenda point. Notwithstanding Mr. Obama s disappearing dream of securing full global support for the Paris Agreement before his second term ends, a symbolic show of solidarity towards this goal in the form of the U.S. and China ratifying the Agreement last week failed to produce any dramatic commitments in Hangzhou. Contrarily in India, media reports struck a note of relief that Prime Minister Narendra Modi s negotiators had fobbed off any attempts to insist that the deal be done before a December 2016 deadline. Numerous low-key objectives shared by multiple G20 members, such as strengthening enforcement against international tax avoidance and advancing cooperation on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting, certainly got a shot in the arm from this G20 gathering. Yet, there is no comparison to the patchy and vague nature of progress in these smaller goals to the collaboratively evolved financial regulation architecture that emerged from the ashes of the 2008 meltdown and put the brakes on excessive risk-taking by banks. This only begs the question: has the G20 lost its way, outlived its usefulness? Would it be more institutionally efficient to revert to other regional groupings that have overlapping conversations on these very subjects? It may well be time to re-examine the G20 s purpose and, if necessary, recast its vision and mission entirely. The need for a totaliser revolution Introducing totalisers for mixing votes before counting would eliminate the biases that creep in on account of disclosure of booth-level trends.

8 8 Strategic exercise: Most parties use specific communities as an important variable for booth-level management. File photo of a polling official near Sirikhola Basic School, the highest polling booth, in Darjeeling. Photo: Arunangsu Roy Chowdhury limited and staggered use before full roll-out. One doesn t get a clear sense from the official statements of various political parties if they unequivocally welcome the recent Supreme Court directive to the government to take a final decision on introducing totaliser machines for mixing votes from various booths before counting. The machine, which is connected to the control unit of electronic voting machines (EVM) after polling, gives out an overall, not booth-wise result. While the Bahujan Samaj Party, the Congress and the Nationalist Congress Party have welcomed the directive, the Left has supported the move in principle but cautioned for a The ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), on the contrary, has expressed reservations citing the fact that booth-wise performance is important for parties to devise booth-management strategies. The party s stand is understandable as besides other factors, one factor which contributed to its massive victory during the 2014 Lok Sabha elections was its effective strategy of booth management, identity being a very strong variable in devising the booth-level strategy. A big team of BJP workers, along with workers from the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, worked hard at the booth level to mobilise voters what is popularly termed as booth management. What is surprising to note is the opposition to this move by parties such as the Trinamool Congress and Pattali Makkal Katchi, whose workers have been victims of intimidation in the past at the hands of workers of other political parties. Battle of the booths When votes are counted at the booth level, the parties and candidates get a fair sense of who voted for them or not, which helps them in planning strategy at the booth level for the next electoral battle. If booth-level results are used for this limited but useful political purpose, there is no harm in continuing with the present practice of booth-wise counting of votes. But the numerous instances of prepoll intimidation and post-poll reprisal by candidates and political parties of voters at the booth level in recent years have necessitated the need for a totaliser. Booth-level results have been often used by losing candidates to harass voters of specific villages or castes/communities which voted against the candidate. As such, the Supreme Court s decision in this direction is a welcome step. But the question is, will totalisers really adversely affect political parties in devising a booth-level strategy before and during elections? The mixing of votes of different polling booths, per se, should not hamper political parties from devising booth-level mobilisation strategies. Parties and candidates contesting elections anyway have a fair sense of the social composition of voters of specific booths because of information collected by local party workers. Poll surveys also give a good sense of which party a particular community is leaning towards ahead of an election. Empirical evidence suggests that voters have a fair sense of which party cares for the interests of their caste and community. All this information is sufficient to help parties and candidates devise booth-level political management strategies even without booth-level results. Of course, the efficiency of the booth-level strategy is a function of the financial and human resources at a party s disposal but in theory, the information available is equal. The EVM precedent When votes are counted booth-wise using EVMs, it is not as if candidates know which way each voter voted, but they can get an overall sense of which caste or community largely voted for or against them. The totaliser may not completely eliminate the possibility of victimisation of voters, but it will nonetheless go a long way towards maintaining the basic principle of secrecy of votes. In elections, the workers of a political party play an important role in booth management, which includes devising a strategy of mobilising voters, motivating them, and facilitating their arrival at the polling station to cast their ballot. Most parties use caste as an important variable for booth-level management, i.e. having workers as far as possible from the same castes managing the booth as the dominant castes of voters in that particular booth. It is a strategic exercise all political parties engage in but few acknowledge.

9 9 Given the social diversity of Indian voters and the frequency of elections at various levels, there is no harm in revising the rules of conduct of elections if the need arises. The introduction of the totaliser would be a move forward. Some parties may have reservations about its use initially, but in due course of time they would realise the importance of this new, simple but immensely useful technology. After all when EVMs were introduced, there were many sceptics; their utility for such a vast country as India is now beyond dispute. Sanjay Kumar is a Professor and currently the Director of Centre for the Study of Developing Societies, New Delhi. Views are personal. Return of the Cauvery crisis With the Southwest monsoon falling short this season, the story of any other monsoon-deficient year is being repeated: Tamil Nadu rushing to the Supreme Court citing the crisis faced by its farmers, the court ordering release of some water, and protests erupting in Karnataka. The reason for this endless cycle of sporadic litigation and ad hoc adjudication is that the two States continue to avoid any mutual engagement to share the shortfall during distress years. And there is no permanent, independent mechanism to ensure this. The Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal, which gave its award in 2007, has asked the parties to share the deficiency on a pro rata basis. However, a major problem in implementing this aspect is the absence of a Cauvery Management Board and a Regulatory Authority, which the Tribunal had wanted created to oversee implementation. Instead, after notifying the final award in 2013, the Union government set up a Supervisory Committee comprising officials from the Union government and the Central Water Commission and representatives of both States. The court has now asked Tamil Nadu to approach the committee, which will decide on further releases. The Supreme Court s direction, when implemented, will ensure about 13 thousand million cubic (tmc) feet of water to Tamil Nadu over 10 days. This will not be adequate to save the entire samba crop, Tamil Nadu leaders argue, while their Karnataka counterparts contend that this itself is a huge burden, given the State s own storage deficit. It is understandable that the political leadership of any State would not want to be seen as betraying the interests of its farmers. Yet, the desire to protect one s own interests should not shut out empathy for one s neighbour. Ideally, any distress-sharing formula should come from a technical body. It would have helped if the Centre, which dilly-dallied for six years before notifying the final award under a judicial direction, had set up the Cauvery Management Board and Regulatory Authority. In the longer term, experts will have to devise a sustainable agricultural solution for the Cauvery basin, as the river does not seem to have the potential to meet the farming requirements of both sides. In a world of depleting water resources, fewer crop seasons and lower acreages, a resort to less water-intensive crops and better water management hold the key. Non-political initiatives, such as the Cauvery Family, a body formed a few years ago covering farmers of both States, could help disperse the clouds of hostility that gather over the border whenever the Cauvery crisis erupts. Politics and passion should not be allowed to hold sway Crying over CauveryDate: Karnataka-Tamil Nadu look set for another face-off. A solution to the dispute may be beyond the court. The Supreme Court s directive to Karnataka to release 15,000 cusecs of water daily from the Cauvery to Tamil Nadu for the next 10 days has triggered tensions. Local farmer bodies in Karnataka have called for a state bandh and Chief Minister Siddaramaiah has scheduled an all-party meeting. Karnataka contends that there is not enough water to meet Tamil Nadu s demand, which is based on the Cauvery tribunal award. There is some truth to Karnataka s claim. The monsoon failed the catchment area of the Cauvery and its tributaries in Karnataka and major reservoirs have reported poor water levels. A more delicate intervention from the Supreme Court that recognised the plight of Karnataka may arguably have helped prevent a flare-up.

10 10 The Cauvery dispute has been in the Supreme Court for long. Though the tribunal declared an award in 2007, all four states which have claims on the river challenged the allocations. The appeals are pending. The administrative mechanism instituted by the court too has been ineffective whenever the monsoon fails: The river takes care of everyone s needs on its own in a normal monsoon year. The tribunal award itself has been criticised for the way it assessed water availability it didn t factor in ground water in the river basin, which is more in the lower riparian region and less in the upper riparian state. But rather than lean on the judiciary for solutions, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Puduchery need to shed their present regional approach and plan collectively for the whole river basin. Farmers in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu need to understand each other s needs and fears and collectively seek solutions. Initiatives like Cauvery Family, an inter-state collective of farmer groups in the two states, could facilitate this process. Besides, transmission of quick and accurate information rainfall to reservoir storage could help dispel the current mistrust among the different stakeholders. The fact is the Cauvery basin is overdeveloped and legal instruments are insufficient to address the recurring water crisi Date: स प दक य: ज -20 क स मन च न क ह गझ उ शहर म ह ए ज -20 क त ज शखर स म लन क स ब धत करत ह ए प रध नम त र नर द र म द न कह क द क षण ए शय म एक अक ल द श आत क क एज ट फ ल रह ह प रध नम त र नर द र म द न ज 20 द श क स मट म आत कव द क म पर प क त न पर हमल ब ल भ रत क इस ब त क स त ष ह सक त ह क उसन स म प र आत कव द क मसल उठ न क लए ज -20 और ब रक स क म च क इ त म ल करन म क ई कसर नह छ ड़ ल कन ज - 20 क त ज स म लन क समग रत म द ख त यह बन कस ख स नणर य क सम त ह गय च न क ह गझ उ शहर म ह ए ज -20 क त ज शखर स म लन क स ब धत करत ह ए प रध नम त र नर द र म द न कह क द क षण ए शय म एक अक ल द श आत क क एज ट फ ल रह ह इसक स थ ह उ ह न इस ब त पर ज र दय क आत कव द क प र य जत करन व ल क प र तब धत और अलग-थलग कय ज न च हए इसस ऐन पहल, ब रक स क ब ठक म भ म द न आत कव द क म द ज र-श र स उठ त ह ए कह थ क आत कव द स गठन क प स न क ई ब क ह न ह थय र क फ क टर ; फर व व त य मदद और ह थय र कह स प त ह! ज हर ह, उ ह यह और स ह सल ह त ह आत कव द क ऐस मददग र व प र य जक क अलग-थलग कए ज न क ज रत ह इसम द र य नह क इन द न वक त य क इश र स फ त र पर प क त न क तरफ थ इस तरह बन प क त न क न म लए, म द न त न दन म अ तरर ट र य म च पर प क त न क लग त र घ रन क क शश क यह तक क स क त म उ ह न च न क भ नह बख श, जब उ ह न कह क आत कव द क र जन तक हत क हस ब स नह द ख ज न च हए द सर मसल ज म द न ज -20 क ब ठक म प रम खत स उठ य वह क ल धन क थ उ ह न ज -20 क न त ओ स कह क व आ थर क अपर धय क लए स र क षत पन हग ह और अ य धक ब क ग ग पन यत ख म कर सव ल ह क क य अ तरर ट र य म च पर इस तरह क आ व न पय र त ह? यह सह ह क कई द श म ग त ख त क स वध

11 11 न द नय भर म क ल धन क सम य क बढ़ य ह ल कन जब ग पन यत स परद उठ ज त ह तब भ क य क रर व ई ह त ह, यह पन म प पसर क ख ल स न बत दय ह क ल धन क त द श क भ तर ह ह उसक प रव ह तथ प र क रय ओ क पत आय कर वभ ग, प रवतर न नद श लय स ल कर तम म भ र ट च र नर धक एज सय क रहत ह लह ज, क ल धन क खल फ अ तरर ट र य म च पर गरजन स ब हतर ह ग क द श क भ तर क रर व ई पर य न दय ज ए जह तक ज -20 क त ज स म लन क सफलत क प र न ह, यह बन कस नए और बड़ फ सल क सम त ह गय च न क ह गझ उ शहर म यह ज -20 क ग य रहव स म लन थ कस ए शय ई द श म ह आ त सर स म लन ए शय म ज -20 क पहल ब ठक 2010 म द क षण क रय म ह ई थ इस सम ह क पहल स म लन 2008 म अम रक क त क ल न र ट रप त ज जर ब श क पहल क नत ज थ उस समय द नय भर म फ ल रह म द स उबरन क तक ज स उ ह न ब स सबस बड़ अथर यव थ ओ व ल द श क र ट र यक ष क ब ठक ब ल ई थ अपन इस मकसद म यह पहल क फ हद तक सफल रह व वक व त य थरत क य न म रख कर कई नणर य लय गए और क छ स ल तक स झ प रय स भ चल पर अब ज -20 क क ई स य क त उ यम नह दखत क य इस लए क व वक अथर यव थ क स मन अब व स क ई ग भ र स कट नह ह जसन आठ स ल पहल वक सत और वक सश ल, द न ख म क प रम ख द श क एकज ट कय थ? स प दक य: आल चन क हक र जद र ह क न न क ब बत स प र म क टर न उ चत ह जनत त रक यव थ और जनत त रक म य क अन प यव थ द ह र जद र ह क न न क ब बत स प र म क टर न उ चत ह जनत त रक यव थ और जनत त रक म य क अन प यव थ द ह स प र म क टर न एक ब र फर यह स फ कय ह क अगर क ई य क त सरक र क कड़ आल चन भ करत ह त वह न म नह न क द यर म आत ह और न ह र जद र ह क इस वषय म उस र जद र ह क न न क द ब र य ख य करन क क ई ज रत नह ह क द रन थ स ह बन म बह र र य क म मल म प च सद य य स वध न प ठ 1962 म सब क छ पहल ह प ट कर च क ह सव च अद लत न म तहत अद लत क जज और प लस अ धक रय क य द दल य ह क र जद र ह क म मल म व स वध न प ठ व र दए गए फ सल क न भ ल ख डप ठ न यह ट पण क मन क ज न मक एक ग रसरक र स गठन क ओर स द खल जन हत य चक पर स नव ई करत ह ए स मव र क क पछल क छ दन स जस तरह क म ह ल द श म बन ह आ ह, उसम सव च अद लत क त ज ट पण क प र स गकत समझ ज सकत ह यह म न ज त ह क क ई र जन त कस क प र त प र तश ध भ व रख भ सकत ह और स त म आन क ब द अपन वर धय क व द ध कस क न न क ह थय र क तरह इ त म ल कर भ सकत ह, ल कन प लस और जज उसस नरप क ष रह ग ख डप ठ इस स दभर म क ई नय दश - नद श ज र करन क रज म द नह ह आ, ज स क य चक क म ग थ ल कन पहल क फ सल क य द दल कर अद लत न एक ब र फर स फ कर दय क उसक ख क य ह अद लत न कह क जज ह य प लस मह नद शक, स वध न प ठ क फ सल क अनद ख नह कर सकत फर भ, उ ह एक ब र और यह य द दल य ज रह ह क व क द रन थ स ह बन म बह र र य म मल म 1962 म प च सद य य स व ध नक प ठ क फ सल क य न म रख इस फ सल म भ रत य द ड स हत क ध र 124 (ए) (र जद र ह) क ल कर प ट कय ज च क ह इसक म त बक कस भ न ग रक क यह अ धक र ह क वह सरक र क ब र म मनच ह तर क स आल चन य ट पण कर सकत ह क ई भ य क त जब तक कस व धस मत सरक र क खल फ ल ग क ह स क लए नह भड़क त य इर दतन ल क-अ यव थ नह फ ल त तब तक वह र जद र ह क द ष नह ह सकत अद लत न कह क प लस अ धक र ह य द ड धक र, व स वध न प ठ क फ सल क म नन क ब य ह य चक म कह गय थ क र जद र ह एक ग भ र अपर ध ह और आजकल सरक र डर प द करन और असहम त क दब न क लए म नव धक र क यर कत र ओ, छ त रन त ओ, ल खक, अ भन त ओ, क वय, क ट र न ट वग रह क अपन नश न बन रह ह य चक न र ट र य अपर ध रक डर य र क हव ल स बत य थ क 2014 म र जद र ह क छय ल स म मल द खल ह ए, जनम अट ठ वन य क तय क गर त र क गई, मगर सज सफर एक म मल म ह ई प रख य त ल खक अ ध त र य, स म जक क यर कत र बन यक स न, क ट र न ट अस म त रव द, छ त रन त क ह य क म र, त मलन ड क ल कग यक एस क वन, उ तर प रद श म पढ़ रह 67 क म र छ त र क खल फ र जद र ह क म कदम दजर ह आ य चक म कह गय ह क सरक र न य क रर व इय सफर डर न क लए क ल जम ह क सव च अद लत क ख क द खत ह ए सरक र भ श यद अब यह स चन पर मजब र ह क सबक सख न क लए व आए दन ज र जद र ह क न न क द पय ग करत ह, वह नश न उलट भ सकत ह

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