There s No Jobs Drought

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1 1 Date: There s No Jobs Drought We will have more data soon, meanwhile here s what the evidence tells us Jayant Sinha is Minister of State for Civil Aviation A dubious narrative is currently being circulated: where are the missing jobs? Actually, the truth is quite different: where is the missing data about jobs? India lacks consistent, accurate, high-frequency data on job creation. The Niti Aayog Task Force on Improving Employment Data provides an authoritative assessment of the deficiencies afflicting various current data sources on employment. Definitive data on employment will only be available in September when Niti Aayog s quarterly household employment survey will likely be published. Till we have the survey, the best way to understand the economy-wide jobs situation is to assemble accurate jobs data from various sources. This data mosaic provides a much more accurate sense of what is happening in the economy than data-free narratives. One more note of caution: we can all be victims of anecdotes. Every day many of us probably meet young people and their parents asking for guidance on finding jobs. No doubt people need help in finding jobs; however, these are just anecdotal data points coming from a self-selected sample of struggling job seekers. There is a vast and inevitable shift in employment patterns happening globally. People are moving from formal, long term employment to much more fluid, contingent employment. In addition, jobs are becoming highly knowledge intensive, requiring continuous lifelong learning and skill development. These trends are impacting employment patterns in India as well. We can also agree that we need to create high quality jobs rapidly in India to absorb the million young people joining the workforce every year. It is also important to understand the employment situation during the UPA government, which had accepted a Parliamentary Standing Committee which stated they had presided over jobless growth. Separately, according to a World Bank report, by the end of the term of UPA-2 in 2014 the employment ratio had fallen to a dismal 51.7% as against 57.9% in Despite inheriting an economy in deep distress and this terrible employment situation, the Modi government has strengthened employment prospects immeasurably. Job creation is the focal point of almost every government initiative. As a result, jobs are being rapidly generated in the private sector, the public sector, as well as in the personal sector. There has also been an increased formalisation of jobs, resulting in proper social security for all types of workers. The private sector has led the way. Two recent reports highlight strong job creation in the private sector. In January 2018 a Nasscom report documented creation of jobs in four core sectors: automotive, IT-BPM, retail and textiles. Between 2014 and 2017 a total of 1.4 crore new jobs have been created in these four sectors alone, with nearly 65 lakh new jobs in just the retail sector. Similarly, KPMG analysed travel and tourism and concluded that this sector is growing at 16% per year and adding between lakh new jobs every year. Strong job creation in many new industries such as e-commerce, aviation, mobility services, agri-processing is also not being captured in most traditional jobs data. Meanwhile, the Naukri

2 2 Job Speak Index, which tracks the overall job listing market, is registering 10-16% growth year-on-yearr every month validating strong job creation in the organised private sector. The public sector too has matched the private sector in job creation fuelled by the massive impetus given to infrastructure creation. From roads to rail, from rural electrification to digital connectivity, the pace of infrastructure creation under the present government has increased multiple times. Between , 12,005 km of roads were constructed and in , the number increased by 50% to 18,702 km. From an average of 345 km of new railway lines being laid between , the average between almost doubledd to 633 km. Between , only 358 km of broadband lines were laid but in the this number increased to 2.3 lakh km. The number of active airports has gone up from 75 to almost 100, and the pace of airport construction has dramatically increased. With this massive build-out underway, it is self-evident that job creation in the infrastructure sector must have at least doubled. But, perhaps the biggest growth in jobs has happened in the personal sector. The improvement of India s rankings on the World Bank s ease of business index testifies that entrepreneurship of all kinds is flourishing in India. The Mudra scheme has been particularly powerful in putting people to work. To date 11.5 crore people have received collateral-free loans under the scheme of which more than 8 crore women have been beneficiaries. Every new entrepreneur is likely to have not only created employment for herself but also for at least one or two more people. A kirana store will employ staff; a beauty parlourr will hire stylists; a clothes shop will hire tailors; a furniture shop will hire carpenters and so on. The Modi government has focussed not just on quantity but also on quality of jobs. Demonetisation and GST have played a transformational role in formalising jobs so that workers are now paid through their bank accounts and get PF and other benefits. The recent Ghosh & Ghosh analysis of EPFO data suggestss that nearly 70 lakh new formal jobs are being created every year. All these various sources confirm that job creation is growing strongly across the entiree economy. Our data collection has not yet caught up with these trends. This will soon be remedied with the Niti Aayog Quarterly Employment Surveys. In the meanwhile, please be careful it is election season after all, fake news is all around us, and there will be many bearing false witness. Stronger Ties With Nepal After a Break Date: ET Editorials Nepal s Prime Minister Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli s three day visit to India provided the opportunity for a much-needed reset in the India-Nepal relations. After highh expectations from the National Democraticc Alliance government s neighbourhood first policy, relations between the two countries nosedived in the aftermath of the promulgation of Nepal s constitution. Perceptions of India s high-handedness and ensuing anti-india sentiment contributed to electoral victory of the pro-china Unified Marxist Leninists (UML) led by K P Sharma Oli. The joint statement by Prime Minister Narendra Modi and the visiting Nepali Prime Minister is reflective of the desire by both leaders to make a fresh start.

3 3 That Prime Minister Oli chose India for his first overseas trip must count as tacit acceptance of the value of partnering India. For its part, New Delhi must build on the spirit of complementarity embodied in the joint statement and rein in the tendency for foreign ministry mandarins to patronise smaller neighbours. The decision by the two leaders to broaden the existing ties, taking it beyond existing water resources and energy projects to agriculture, inland waterways and the railways is welcome. India must demonstrate to Nepal that it stands to benefit by prioritising its geographic, historical and cultural proximity in external relations. Accelerated execution of ongoing energy and water resources projects will allay anxieties and offer an alternative to other external largesse that leads to a debt trap. As the more established democracy and bigger economy, India must deepen the partnership with Nepal, including in areas such as climate change and education. India must demonstrate that Nepal will be better served by closer multifaceted ties with a democratic country than tangles with an authoritarian regime. म हल खल ड़य स र शन ह त भ रत य ख ल जगत Date: बखर व, कमज र और आश क क वपर त व त वरण म खल ड़य क उपल धय भ रत क म थ ऊ च करन व ल ह स प दक य ह द त न ख ल लग त र नय क शल और आ म व व स ह सल कर रह ह और क र ड़ क ष तज पर नई प र तभ ओ क उदय ह रह ह इस ब त क र ट रम डल ख ल म भ रत क म हल खल ड़ दमद र क स थ स बत कर रह ह व घर ल ख चत न और ल गक असम नत क ब ध ए त ड़कर भ रत क न म र शन कर रह ह र ट रम डल ख ल क ट बल ट नस म क बल म स ग प र ज स मजब त ट म क हर न व स ह ह ज स ओ ल पक म च न क पर त करन भ रत य क च म सम क त तन क लगत थ क भ रत य ट म त स ग प र ट म क प रश सक (फ न) ट म ह न क प र त पध र इस ध रण क व त करत ह ए भ रत य ट म न ऑ ट र लय क ग ड क ट म म णक बत र और म म द स क सह र वह कम ल कर दय, जस पर हम न ज कर सकत ह 2006 म प ष क ट म क वणर मल थ म हल ट म त 2002 स ह इ तज र कर रह थ इस ज त न म णक क भ ह रत म ड ल दय, क य क व जब भ स ग प र क यह न झ उ स ख लत थ त ह र ह नस ब ह त थ अक ल दम पर सव र धक प रश सन य उपल ध त मन भ कर क ह ज ह न 10 म टर क एअर प टल नश न ब ज म वणर पदक ज त

4 4 भ रत क सबस कम उम र क वणर पदक वज त भ कर महज 16 वषर क ह झ जर क यह खल ड़ इतन अ हड़ ह क म डल ज तन क ब द उस अपन ब तर क सरह न रखकर ट बल ट नस ख लन म लग गई इस लए क च जसप ल र ण म नत ह क ऊज र और प र तभ स भरप र भ कर भ रत क लए बड़ स भ वन ह प नम य दव न भ 222 कल क वजन उठ कर न सफर इ ग ल ड क सर ह ड वस क हर य ह ब क भ रत क झ ल म वणर पदक ड लकर द श क ख ल क तर पर ऊ च उठ य ह स इन न हव ल न हम श क तरह अपन दमद र उप थ त दजर क ह म हल खल ड़य क यह उपल धय प ष खल ड़य क प र रण द न व ल ह यह स र उपल धय तब ह सल क गई ह, जब भ रत य ख ल तम म तरह क र जन त क शक र ह और इ डयन ओ ल पक एस सएशन न ख ल ग व म रह भ रत य खल ड़य क लए आच र स हत क ल ब च ड़ स च ज र क ह इसम च र, शर ब, ज आ और य न द र च र स बचन क हद यत द गई ह बखर व, कमज र और आश क क वपर त व त वरण म खल ड़य क उपल धय भ रत क म थ ऊ च करन व ल ह नए द र म ह नई र जग र न त Date: ड भरत झ नझ नव ल, (ल खक व र ठ अथर श त र व आईआईएम, ब गल क प वर प र य पक ह ) म स स र पहल ह र ब ट स त र त थ र ब ट व र अ धक धक क यर ज स अस बल ल इन पर क र क नम र ण कय ह ज रह थ अब क य टर व र ब द धक क य क भ कय ज न लग ह इस आ टर फ शयल इ ट लज स य न एआई कहत ह ज स य द आपक क टर म क ई म मल द यर करन ह त आ टर फ शयल इ ट लज स प र ग र म स आप ज न सकत ह क उस स ब ध म क न स प वर नणर य दए गए ह प वर म यह क म वक ल व र कय ज त थ अब एक स टव यर व र कय ज सकत ह र ब ट और आ टर फ शयल इ ट लज स क स ध प रभ व ह क मक क ज रत कम ह ग और र जग र घट ग, ल कन द सर ओर इन तकन क स र जग र क नए अवसर भ बन ग ज स क य टर क म यम स ई-क मसर क बढ़ व मल ह छ ट कर न द क नद र भ इ टरन ट क ज रए ग र हक स ऑडर र ल कर उनक घर पर म ल पह च रह ह उनक क र ब र बढ़ ह इस तरह आ टर फ शयल इ ट लज स स व धक श ध करन स य द स ख य म म मल द यर कए ज सक ग, ज ह नपट न क लए य द वक ल क ज रत पड़ ग तम म र ग क पहच न आ टर फ शयल इ ट लज स व र क ज सकत ह जसस उपच र सह ह ग, मन य क आय बढ़ ग और उसक व र ब ज र स अ धक म ल क खपत क ज एग द सर क छ क यर ह, ज ह क य टर, र ब ट य आ टर फ शयल इ ट लज स व र कय ज न लगभग अस भव ह ज स ब म र क उपच र करन ह त नसर, छ ट ब च क पढ़ न क लए नसर र ट चर और बग च क स भ लन क लए म ल इस प रक र क क य म र जग र क व त र क प र स भ वन ह, क य क र ब ट और आ टर फ शयल इ ट लज स स क ल आय बढ़ ग व ब ज र म इन स व ओ क म ग बढ़ ग

5 5 य न द क आय बढ़न क ब द भ र ट त प वर वत उतन ह ख ई ज त ह, ल कन य ट शयन, नसर र ट चर, ग स ट चर आ द स व ओ क खपत य द बढ़ ह इस प रक र र ब ट और आ टर फ शयल इ ट लज स क द वपर त प रभ व हम र स मन आत ह एक ओर स ध र जग र क हनन त द सर ओर नए क ष त र म र जग र म व द ध ज नक र क ब च सहम त नह ह क इन द न म स क न स प रभ व य द क रगर ह ग एक अ ययन क अन स र 48 प र तशत ज नक र म नत ह क र जग र पर नक र मक प रभ व पड़ ग जब क 52 प र तशत म नत ह क र जग र पर सक र मक प रभ व पड़ ग इस अ न चतत क ब च ह हम र त बन न ह हम र ब ट तथ आ टर फ शयल इ ट लज स स र जग र क हनन क र क नह सक ग हम यह कर सकत ह क जन क ष त र म नए र जग र बनन क स भ वन ह, उ ह बढ़ व द जसस जतन र जग र घट, उसस य द र जग र हम प द कर सक एक अ ययन क अन स र च न म 65 प र तशत ल ग नई तकन क आन स आश वत ह उ ह भर स ह क आ खरक र उनक र जग र बढ़ ग, ल कन व व तर पर क वल 29 प र तशत ल ग ह ऐस आश रखत ह य न द नय क त लन म च न क ल ग नई तकन क क प र त अ धक आश वत ह हम र स मन च न त ह क हम अपन ल ग क भ इन तकन क क स थर क पक ष क ओर य न दल ए, जसस र जग र हनन क ब र म च त करन क थ न पर हम र य व नए क ष त र म र जग र स जन पर य न क द रत कर सक नसर र ट चर और म ल ज स स व क ष त र क र जग र बढ़ ग ऑनल इन य शन और ऑनल इन म डकल ज च म तम म स भ वन ए उ प न ह ग अत: सरक र क च हए क अपन द श क य व ओ क फ र व ईफ ई उपल ध कर ए और इ ह इन नए क ष त र क प र त म ड़ र ब ट तथ आ टर फ शयल इ ट लज स क द सर प रभ व ह क उतन ह म ल क उ प दन करन क लए अब कम म क ज रत पड़ ग ज स प वर म कस क र फ क ट र म हज र मक थ त अब उनक स ख य म त र द स रह ज एग यह ब त हर एक उ य ग पर ल ग ह ग मन य क ज रत क स म न क उ प दन करन क लए क ल म क ज रत घट ग अब यह ज र नह रह ज एग क हर य क त म कर अभ तक हम यह म नत ह क हर य क त क र जग र कर अपन ज वक चल न च हए और हम र प रय स उनक लए पय र त स ख य म र जग र बन न क ह, ल कन जब अथर यव थ म म क ज रत ह घट रह ह त र जग र क स ख य क बढ़ न लगभग अस भव ह ग 18व सद म मन य स त ह क स त दन क म करत थ 19व सद म उस स त हक एक दन क अवक श मल और वह छह दन क म करन लग 20व सद म वह प च दन क म करन लग गय और कई द श म अब ल ग स त ह म क वल च र दन क म करत ह स त ह म क यर दवस क कट त इस ब त क दश र त ह क उतन ह उ प दन क लए म क ज रत कम रह गई ह ज म ल पहल प र द श क मक स त दन तक क म करक बन त थ, अब व उसस य द म ल क वल च र दन क म स बन ल रह ह म र आकलन ह क आन व ल समय म हर य क त क र जग र उपल ध कर न एक तरह स अस भव ह ग इस प र थ त क द प रण म ह सकत ह य द हम ब र जग र क स थर क दश म म ड़ ल गए त यह एक व णर म य ग क उदय ह ग, ल कन य द हम उ ह स थर क दश नह द सक त यह हम र लए भय कर थ त प द कर ग ब र जग र ल ग अपर ध क र ह पकड़ सकत ह आज स लगभग ड ढ़ स वषर प वर क लर म क सर न क पन क थ क आन व ल समय म य क त क लए स भव ह ग क वह स बह शक र कर, द पहर म मछल पकड़, श म क ग प लन कर और र त र भ जन क ब द आल चन म भ ग ल इस प रक र क व णर म य ग आन व ल समय म थ पत ह सकत ह य द हम हर य क त क उसक ज वक क लए म ल रकम उपल ध कर द हम हर य क त क र जग र त नह द सकत, ल कन उस इतन रकम त द सकत ह जसस वह अपन ज वक चल सक सरक र क च हए क र ब ट तथ आ टर फ शयल इ ट लज स पर ट क स लग ए और इस ट क स क उपय ग हर य क त

6 6 क म सक म त रकम उपल ध कर न क लए कर, जसस व अपन ज वक चल सक और अपन मनपस द क यर म लग सक य द ल ग क यह म त र श नह द गई त ब र जग र क भय कर प रण म ह ग आन व ल समय सवर थ अलग तर क क ह ग र ब ट और आ टर फ शयल इ ट लज स स म क प रम ण घट ग और द श क लए ज र उ प दन कम मक व र भ कय ज सक ग इस नई प र थ त क सह दश द न ह त हम त क ल द -त न क म करन च हए पहल यह क व नम र ण स र जग र क अवसर स जत करन क थ न पर स व क ष त र पर य न द न च हए, जसक व त र ह ग द सर, प र द श म फ र व ईफ ई उपल ध कर न च हए, जसस इ टरन ट क म यम स य व ल ग व व ब ज र म दखल द सक त सर, र ब ट और आ टर फ शयल इ ट लज स पर ट क स लग कर हर य क त क एक म ल रकम उपल ध कर द न च हए, जसस वह अपन प र तभ क मनव छत दश म लग सक न प ल स घ न ठत स प दक य Date: न प ल क प रध नम त र र क. प. शम र ओल क भ रत य त र क द र न ह ए समझ त और ब तच त द न द श क स दय प र न घ न ठ स ब ध क व कई और स ढ़ कर ग य नह इसक आकलन इस समय जर क ठन ह ह ल क भ रत न अपन ओर स इसक प र क शश क ह क वक स म सहय ग क स थ न प ल क भर स म लय ज ए ब रग ज म नय इ टग र र ट ड च कप ट क उ घ टन स ल ग एव स म न क आव गमन क र त य द स गम एव त ह ग यह नह द न प रध नम त रय न म तह र और अमल खग ज क ब च त ल प इपल इन क ज आध र शल रख, वह एकपक ष य प स न प ल क हत म ह न प ल क त ल भ रत क सड़क म गर स ज त ह, जसम कई ब र ब ध भ आ ज त ह प इपल इन स इस बन ब ध क न नप ल पह च य ज सकत ह य त र क द र न द न द श क ब च रक स ल स क ठम ड तक र लल इन व त र समझ त क हर ट स मह वप णर म नन ह ग अगर ऐस ह ज त ह त द ल स क ठम ड तक र लम गर ख ल ज एग इस क छ ल ग च न व र त बत क र त क ठम ड तक र ल म गर वक सत करन क जव ब क प म द ख रह ह ब वज द इसक क र ल स पकर क द न द श क आम ल ग एव क र ब रय क ब च सम गमम बढ़ ग इसम द र य नह इस तरह जल प रवहन पर ज सहम त बन ह, उसक प रभ व द रग म ह ग न प ल क स म कस सम द र क नह छ त ह न दय क अ दर प रवहन क क रण न प ल क भ रत ह त ह ए सम द र तक प रव श मल ज एग ऐस और भ ब त ह, जनक आध र पर कह ज त ह क भ रत न ओल क वच र क ज नत ह ए भ बड़ दल दख य ह जब व पछल ब र प रध नम त र बन थ, उनक ख ख ल आम भ रत वर ध थ च न क प र त अ य धक झ क व भ रत क प र त क रय म प द ह आ थ ओल उस न त स अलग हट ग इसक क ई स क त नह ह प क त न क प रध नम त र क न प ल ब ल कर जस तरह क आवभगत ओल न क वह भ भ रत क लए एक स क त थ

7 7 ल कन समय क नज कत क द खत ह ए भ रत प र त क र रय मक ह न क जगह श तप णर वक स क लए सहय ग क रणन त पर क म कर रह ह हम त यह उ म द ह कर सकत ह क भ र बह मत स स त म आए ओल भ रत-न प ल क ऐ तह सक स ब ध क स थ न प ल क प र त आम भ रत य क स व दनश लत क समझ ग एव क ई ऐस कदम नह उठ ए ग, ज आपस हत क च ट पह च न व ल ह न प ल क स थ Date: द न द श क ब च क स म ख ल ह ई ह भ रत न न प ल क ल ग क अपन यह और शक ष ग रहण करन ज स कई अहम स वध ए द रख ह क म करन स प दक य भ रत और न प ल क र त ज स रह ह, उसक त लन कस और वपक ष य स ब ध स नह क ज सकत भ रत और न प ल न सफर पड़ स ह ब क इ तह स, स यत, स क त, भ ष आ द और भ बह त-स त र उ ह ज ड़त ह द न द श क ब च क स म ख ल ह ई ह भ रत न न प ल क ल ग क अपन यह क म करन और शक ष ग रहण करन ज स कई अहम स वध ए द रख ह द न क ब च दशक स एक म त र स ध चल आ रह ह ज आपस स ब ध क प रग ढ़त क एक और प रम ण ह यह नह, न प ल सरक र क हर म खय अपन पहल वद श य त र क लए भ रत क च नत रह ह न प ल क प रध नम मत र क प ओल न भ इस पर पर क नव र ह कय इस स ल फरवर म व द सर ब र प रध नम त र बन न, और अपन पहल वद श य त र क लए उ ह न भ रत क च न यह ब त न प ल क कस और प रध नम त र क त लन म ओल क स दभर म म य द म यन रखत ह, क य क भ रत उ ह च न क तरफ झ क ह आ म नत रह ह ओल भ म नत रह ह क 2016 म स त स उनक ब दखल ह न, मध श अस त ष और स म पर आ थर क न क ब द क प छ भ रत क ह थ थ ओल न अपन पछल क यर क ल म च न क स थ दस स त र ढ च गत नम र ण कर र कय थ यह भ रत क इतन न गव र ग जर क ओल क उ तर धक रय न उस कर र क त क पर रख द न म ह भल ई समझ तब भ भ रत क ब र लग जब न प ल न च न क वन ब ट इन शए टव म श मल ह न क फ सल कय, क य कक भ रत च न क इस ब हद मह व क क ष प रय जन क अपन रणन तक और आ थर क हत क प र तक ल म नत ह न प ल म च न क मदद स जल व य त प रय जन श ह न भ भ रत क र स नह आय इस प ठभ म म ओल क भ रत आन म यन रखत ह ओल न कह क व एक मशन पर आए ह, मशन यह क द न द श क र त क एक नई ऊ च ई पर पह च य ज ए, ज इक क सव सद क व तव कत ओ स म ल ख त ह य व त वकत ए क य ह? न प ल क वक स-क य क लए प ज क दरक र ह इस लए ओल न न प ल क नव श क लए स र क षत ठक न बत त ह ए भ रत य क प नय क नव श क य त दय

8 8 प रध नम त र नर द र म द क स थ और द न तरफ क प र त न धम डल क ब च जलम गर और र लम गर क ज रए स पकर और आव ज ह बढ़ न पर भ ब त ह ई द सर तरफ, ओल क यह आन भ रत क लए भ अहम थ, क य क यह आपस भर स क बह ल क म क थ, ख द क आ व त करन क भ, क न प ल च न क प ल म नह ह भ रत क पड़ स द श म अपन प रभ व बढ़ न क लए च न जमकर नव श कर रह ह, ख लकर व त य मदद भ द रह ह च न क इस ख स ओल ल भ उठ न च हत ह, बग र इस ब त क परव ह कए क च न क प ठ बढ़न क आग चलकर क ई द सर नत ज भ ह सकत ह ओल न भ रत क यह उल हन द न म क ई स क च नह कय क न प ल म भ रत क मदद स श क गई प रय जन ए ब हद ध म ग त स चल रह ह, क छ त दशक स ल बत ह यह शक यत व जब ह अगर भ रत च न क प र त न प ल क आकषर ण क र कन च हत ह त उसक पहल तक ज यह ह क न प ल म भ रत क मदद स श क गई प रय जन ए ज द स ज द प र ह इ स फ क डगर Date: भ रत य य य यव थ म यह पहल म क थ जब स प र म क टर क य य ध श न प र स व त र करक अपन वर ध जत य थ तबस प रध न य य ध श क ल कर वपक ष वर ध क त वर अपन ए ह ए ह स प दक य य यम तर ज च लम वर क बय न स एक ब र फर अद लत क क मक ज क ल कर बहस श ह गई ह उ ह न कह ह क प र य य प रण ल क द त करन क ज रत ह च लम वर प रध न य य ध श क ब द स प र म क टर क सबस व र ठ य य ध श ह इस स ल जनवर म उनक स थ त न अ य जज न प र स व त र ब ल कर कह थ क य य प रण ल म सब क छ ठ क नह चल रह अगर इस प रण ल क द त नह कय ज त, त ल कत त र क लए बड़ खतर ह ग भ रत य य य यव थ म यह पहल म क थ जब स प र म क टर क य य ध श न प र स व त र करक अपन वर ध जत य थ तबस प रध न य य ध श क ल कर वपक ष वर ध क त वर अपन ए ह ए ह यह तक क उनक खल फ मह भय ग चल न क म ग क गई ह इस पर य यम तर च लम वर क कहन ह क मह भय ग इसक सम ध न नह ह, प र य य प रण ल म स ध र ल न क ज रत ह ह ल क यह ब त बह त पहल स क ज रह ह क य य प रण ल क द त करन क लए स वध न म क छ स श धन कए ज न च हए इस दश म क छ पहल भ ह ई, पर उसक क ई नत ज नह नकल प य च लम वर क इस बय न क कतन असर ह ग, कहन म कल ह पछल क छ स ल म य यक स क रयत बढ़ ह कई म क पर फ सल स न त वक त य य ध श सरक र पर ऐस ट प णय भ कर च क ह, जसस व सम च र क स खर य बन यह तक क क छ क न न म बदल व क नद श द न क अल व ख द भ उनम स श धन कर च क ह इस लए य यक स क रयत क ल कर भ बहस ह त रह ह इसक अल व सबस ग भ र आर प ह क ऊपर अद लत र जन तक प रभ व म आकर फ सल करत ह ह ई क टर तक क क छ जज पर

9 9 भ र ट च र क आर प लग च क ह ऐस म जज क नय क त क अ धक भर स म द और न पक ष बन न पर ज र दय ज त रह ह इस मकसद स र ट र य य यक नय क त आय ग क गठन कय गय, क ल जयम प रण ल क ख म कर जज क नय क त म सरक र क सहभ गत स न चत करन क प र त व रख गय, मगर सव च य य लय न उस अम य कर दय इस तरह द श क सव च अद लत म भ जज क ज म द रय आब टत करन,, प ठ क गठन आ द क ल कर पक षप त क आर प लगत रह ह इन स र ब त क ल कर स प र म क टर क य य ध श म अस त ष बन रहत ह, ज जनवर म च लम वर और द सर जज क भ वन ओ क प म प रकट ह आ थ च लम वर र ट र य य यक नय क त आय ग क गठन और क ल जयम प रण ल सम त कर जज क नय क त म सरक रर क भ मक तय करन क पक ष म थ, पर बह मत उनक खल फ थ, इस लए य द न च ज अम य कर द गइर नचल अद लत म जज क नय क त चयन आय ग करत ह, पर ह ई क टर और स प र र म क टर म यह क म स प र म क टर क य य ध श क क ल जयम करत ह वह क बल वक ल म स कस क जज क ज म द र स प द त ह इस तरह कई वग और सम द य क ल ग क प र त भ दभ व क आर प भ उस पर लगत रहत ह इस लए च लम वर क प ड़ क ग भ रत स समझन क ज रत ह स प र म क टर पर ल ग क भर स ह, उनम व व स ह क अगर वध यक और क यर प लक उनक क अ धक र क रक ष करन म वफल ह त ह, त य यप लक उ ह ज र बच ल ग लह ज, ल कत त रत र क मजब त बन ए रखन क लए ज र ह क य यप लक क सशक त और भर स म द बन य ज ए Flight to safety Date: The current rush among farmers to grow sugarcane, cereals is a reflection returns from other crops of falling Editorial Sugarcane farmers in Uttar Pradesh are owed over Rs 8,300 crore for the crop they have supplied to mills this crushing season at the state government s advised price (SAP). Maharashtra s cane growers had similar unpaid dues of Rs 2,213 crore as on March 31, that too, against the Centre s lower mandated fair and remunerative price (FRP). Yet, cane area in Maharashtra for the coming season from October is nearly 19 per cent up, while there are reports of UP farmers, too, planting more, undeterred by mounting payment arrears. One reason for this could be sugarcane s hardiness and ability to withstand hail, frost, fire, water, nilgai and wild boar, making it practically a default crop in areas where there is assured irrigation. The fact that its green top leaves can meet the fodder requirements of animals during the crushing period from October to April furtherr adds to the attractiveness. But the current rush to grow sugarcane has less to do with its profitability, as much as the falling returns, if not losses, from other crops. We are, indeed, witnessing a disturbing trend now of farmers going back to planting not just cane, but also paddy and wheat. Thesee are safe crops, where there is reasonablee guarantee of receiving minimum support price (MSP) through government procurement. Sugarcane

10 10 farmers, likewise, know that mills will eventually be forced to pay the FRP/SAP, though the monies may come with a few months delay. There s no such certainty of return or even yields vis-à-vis other crops. Bt cotton has lost its bite, with the existing hybrids becoming increasingly susceptible to white-fly and pink bollworm attacks. Oilseeds and pulses have been trading below MSPs over the last 2-3 harvesting seasons. Farmers aren t making money even in vegetable cultivation: Tomatoes in Kolar (Karnataka), onions in Lasalgaon (Maharashtra) and potatoes in Agra (UP) are currently selling or were just sold at Rs 6-7 per kg. Given these realities, it is not difficult to see why farmers are seeking a flight to safety from chana to wheat in Madhya Pradesh, tur, soyabean and ginger to sugarcane in Marathwada, cotton and maize to paddy in Punjab. This is more akin to distress migration rather than a response to any profit signals. The policy prescription to address it is simple: The Centre and state governments should desist from hiking MSPs/FRPs/SAPs of paddy, wheat and sugarcane, which will further incentivise the cultivation of these relatively water-intensive crops. Instead, farmers should be ensured of getting MSPs and reasonable returns at least in oilseeds, pulses, tomatoes, onions and potatoes, whether through physical procurement or price deficiency payment transfers directly into their bank accounts. Broken Houses Date: The Budget session shamed democracy; the damage can be undone with a new session EDITORIAL With the two Houses of Parliament adjourned sine die on April 6, the institutional crisis afflicting the legislature has been framed by both statistics and the solutions being offered by the Treasury and Opposition benches. While each side is stacking the blame at the other s doorstep, neither will emerge unscathed; within the heavily polarised, disruption-at-any-cost strategising inside Parliament there is no sign of wiser counsel to reach across the floor and forge a via media. The session began on January 29, the Union Budget was presented on February 1, and the first part concluded on February 9. In the second part of the session, starting March 5, the productivity of both Houses was less than 10%. Against a long list of pending Bills, just one was passed by both Houses, the Payment of Gratuity (Amendment) Bill That was it for the Rajya Sabha. The Lok Sabha passed three other bills related to the Budget: the Finance Bill 2018 and two Appropriation Bills. These are money bills that do not need the Rajya Sabha s nod, and with the National Democratic Alliance s numbers in the Lok Sabha, their passage was never going to be in doubt. But it must be an occasion of shame that the Budget was passed in the Lower House without any debate whatsoever. Other numbers deepen the reading of the crisis: both Houses lost more than 120 hours each to disruptions; and the Rajya Sabha took up just five out of 419 listed starred questions (that is, questions that Ministers answer orally, with MPs allowed to ask supplementary questions). However, the crisis is defined by more than numbers; it is the quality of interaction that is damaging India s democracy. The Lok Sabha Speaker, most glaringly, failed to use the powers at her command to

11 11 suspend unruly MPs so that a notice for a no-confidence motion could be considered. Certainly, for all the expedient calculations that guided Opposition parties and the government at different points to have the Houses disrupted, eventually neither benefits. Both come across looking effete the Opposition for failing to keep the government answerable (especially by failing to use Question Hour), and the government for not mustering the grace and conviction to debate a no-trust motion. Some ruling party MPs proposed that their salaries be docked, as if the crisis is nothing but budgetary. A special session before the monsoon session to finish pending business has been mooted. Although this is bound to raise the question why Parliament was held to ransom if the Opposition had indeed wanted it to function, it is an idea worth considering seriously by all parties. For one, it provides an opportunity to fix a broken parliamentary calendar and finish unfinished legislative business. For another, even the process of reaching an understanding to hold another session may help in repairing, at least to a degree, the very image of our parliamentarians who seemed to be unabashed about creating and sustaining an institutional crisis. Smoke in the woods Date: The draft Forest Policy re-emphasises production forestry, raising many ecological and social concerns Sharachchandra Lele is Distinguished Fellow, Centre for Environment & Development, ATREE, Bengaluru Government policy documents are statements of goals, priorities and strategies. If old strategies have failed or circumstances have changed, they should be revised. Given that our Forest Policy was last revised in 1988, changes are perhaps overdue. The new draft Forest Policy 2018, however, ignores the lessons from this period and returns to the state-managed forestry of the 1950s, but with a neoliberal twist. Policy conundrum India s diverse forests support the livelihoods of 250 million people, providing them firewood, fodder, bamboo, beedi leaves and many other products. The timber currently benefits the state treasury. Forests also regulate stream flows and sediment, benefitting downstream communities. Finally, they provide global benefits of biodiversity and carbon sequestration. However, these multiple goods and services, flowing to different beneficiaries, cannot be simultaneously maximised. Forest policy, therefore, focusses primarily on which benefits (and beneficiaries) to prioritise, where and through what process. Another focus area is to decide when and through what process to allow diversion of forest land for non-forest activities such as dam building, mining and agriculture. Forest policy in colonial India focussed on maximising products and revenues for the state through the imperial forest department as sole owner, protector and manager of the forest estate. Unfortunately, post-independence policy continued this statist approach. Forests were seen as sources of raw material for industry and local communities were simply treated as labour.

12 12 In a paradigm shift, the 1988 Forest Policy recognised the multiple roles of forests and prioritised environmental stability over revenue maximisation. It also acknowledged that the needs of forestdependent communities must be the first charge on forest produce. Equally important, the policy emphasised people s involvement in protecting and regenerating forests, thus formally recognising the limitations of state-managed forestry. Post-1988 experience Joint forest management (JFM) was initiated in the 1990s to implement the concept of people s involvement. But what began with great expectations eventually ended up as a nation-wide charade. Foresters created thousands of village forest committees but severely limited their autonomy and jurisdictions. Donor money was spent on plantations but activities were stopped once funds ran out. People s participation by executive order was too weak and lopsided a concept. Instead what was required was substantive devolution of control over forests. The Forest Rights Act (FRA) of 2006 created a historic opportunity for such devolution. Its community forest resource provisions gave communities rights to both access and manage forests. Today, thousands of villages in Maharashtra and Odisha have received these rights, and hundreds have begun to exercise them. The 1990s also saw the Supreme Court getting involved in forest governance. To regulate forest diversions, it introduced a high net present value (NPV) charge on the lands diverted. But the court refused to assign any role to local communities affected by such diversion, not even a share in the NPV received. Again, the FRA democratised the diversion process by requiring community concurrence for forest diversion once community forest rights are recognised. The Adivasis of Niyamgiri in Odisha exercised this provision to prevent bauxite mining in their sacred hill tracts. Production and plantations Does the 2018 Forest Policy draft build on the new direction of 1988 and incorporate the lessons learnt since then? Unfortunately, the answer is a no. But in the haze of poorly written text with its platitudes and confusion, one intent is visible. Carping about the decline in forest productivity, it identifies production forestry and plantations as the new thrust area. Forest development corporations, white elephants of the statist era, are to be the institutional vehicle. But in a neoliberal twist, they will now enter into public-private partnerships (PPPs) to bring corporate investment into forest lands. In the past, production forestry led to replacing natural oak forests with pine monocultures in the Himalayas, natural sal forests with teak plantations in central India, and wet evergreen forests with eucalyptus and acacia in the Western Ghats. All this has decimated diversity, dried up streams and undermined local livelihoods. PPPs will entail more such destruction, with even the profits ending up in corporate hands. If local communities had a say in forest governance, they would challenge this production forestry model. So there is little about decentralised governance in the draft policy though the term community participation is tossed around liberally. The draft talks of ensuring synergy between gram sabhas and JFM committees, when the need is to replace JFM committees with statutorily empowered gram sabhas, and revamp the colonial-era Indian Forest Act by incorporating FRA provisions.

13 13 Carbon and CAMPA So, what is the impetus behind this new draft policy? Granting the private sector access to public resources is one. But an additional driving force seems to be India s commitment made in Paris in 2015 to sequester 3 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide in our forests. Carbon neutral timber is listed as the first benefit from forests and a subsection on integrating climate change concerns highlights its importance. Conveniently, the accumulated 50,000 crore of NPV monies (called CAMPA, or Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority, funds) provides the means to achieving this carbon target. The CAMPA Act and its recently released rules demonstrate the government s intent to fall back on state-managed forestry to meet new national goals; the draft policy ropes in the private sector as well. This overlooks the ecological and social implications of carbon and production forestry and the need for decentralised democracy.

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