DARI BASIC COURSE. SEMESTER 1 Lessons STUDENT COPY VALIDATION EDITION 2005 DEFENSE LANGUAGE INSTITUTE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CENTER

Transcription

1 DARI BASIC COURSE SEMESTER 1 Lessons STUDENT COPY VALIDATION EDITION 2005 DEFENSE LANGUAGE INSTITUTE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CENTER

2 DARI Basic Course SEMESTER 1 Lessons June 2005 DEFENSE LANGUAGE INSTITUTE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CENTER

3 Acknowledgments Permission to use text and/or graphic images in this Dari language course has been received from the following copyright holders: Luke Powell (photographs from Rahmatullah Omid (photographs from personal collection) Homayoun Seddiq (photographs from personal collection) Wida Ahmad (photographs from personal collection) Najib Rezai (photographs from personal collection) Kiyoshi Inoue (photographs from AGSL American Geographical Society Library, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Libraries (photographs from the Harrison Forman collection) ASC (photographs from courtesy of Saudi Aramco World / PADIA / Aramco Services Corporation) UNESCO (photographs from UNEP (photographs from Robert W. Kranz (photographs from Keith Cook (photographs from Mustafa Rasuli (photographs from John Patton (photographs from Dominic Medley/Jude Barrand (photos from Kabul: The Bradt Mini Guide - The Survival Guide to Kabul Gary W. Bowersox The Gem Hunter, President GeoVision, Inc., PO Box 89646, Honolulu, HI 96830, , MrGary77@aol.com (photos from Shahab Azim (photographs from Ellyn Cavanaugh, Ph.D. (photographs from personal collection and from Rosemary Stasek (photos from Kerry Saner (photographs from Farhad Darya (photograph from Christina Manuel (photographs from personal collection) Crown Copyright/MOD (photographs from John Pike (photographs and maps from Moumina Dorgabekova: Pharmacy in Afghanistan Boston: Management Sciences for Health Aseem Koshan (excerpts from Omaid Weekly newspaper) Ryan Azimi (excerpts from Afghan-Iranian Yellow Pages of Northern California) Nick Noori (excerpts from Afghan Yellow Pages by N&N Express) Shahbaz Taheri (excerpts from Northern California Iranian Yellow Pages by Pezhvac Corp.) Ali Parvin (excerpts from TASVIR Persian American Yellow Pages) Assad Manely (excerpts from Afghan Yellow Pages of California by Ariana Advertising) ii

4 Serajuddin Wahaj (excerpts from Dard-e-Dil-e Afghan monthly publication) Nasir Durani (poster published by Afghan Center of Fremont, CA) License was obtained from Nova Development Corporation (Nova) to reproduce digital images of clipart and photos from Art Explosion CD ROMs. Photos from are used in accordance with the copyright owner s specified restrictions, as posted on the website. Photos from and are used in accordance with guidelines provided by FirstGov@mail.fedinfo.gov on public domain. Additional photos were obtained from: Other images are courtesy of royalty-free Stock Exchange ( MorgueFile ( and Pixelquelle ( no permission or photo credits are required. Permission to use copyrighted material was granted on the condition that it be used exclusively for nonprofit educational purposes. Further reproduction is unauthorized. Cover photograph by Luke Powell. iii

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6 Table of Contents Lesson 25: Renting a Car...1 Conditional tense if ; respectful titles ا قا Mr. and خانم Ms. Lesson 26: A Holiday Celebration...19 خوش ا مدن and خوش داشتن /aa-na/; comparison of انه Adjectives with the suffix to like ; usage of قصد داشتن to intend Lesson 27: Farming...39 Past progressive tense; not only but also ; adjectives used as adverbs; counters used with nouns Lesson 28: A New Face in Town...59 Sentences with multiple clauses and phrases; expressing name and age in Dari; usage of اگرچه although Review Glossary...79 v

7 Glossary 1 28 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari GLOSSARY کمی درباره a little / a bit ء ] = درمورد] ] = راجع به [ about ache / pain درد address ا درس بزرگسال ] = کلان سال [ adult / grown up advertisement / announcement اعلان بعد از[ = بعد] ] = پس از [ after بعد ازظهر (بعد ازچاشت) (بعد ازپيشين ( afternoon سن ] = سن وسال [ age agricultural زراعتی agriculture زراعت air conditioning ایرکندیشن airport ميدان هوایی all / every همه ] = تمام] ] = تماما [ همگی ] = تماما ] (ک لگی ن قل بادامی (ن قل اگرچه ] = با ا نکه] ] = با اینکه] ] = هرچند always هميشه (مدام) (دایم ( ( all / exclusively / entirely ( almond candy [ although / even though ambulance امبولانس (nationality) American امریکایی American Embassy سفارت امریکا and و another یکی دیگر(یکی د گه ( antique seller انتيک فروش antique shop انتيک فروشی any کدام apple سيب ء appointment وعده ملاقات ] = قرارملاقات [ approximately تقریبا arm بازو art رسم ء as / in the capacity of به حي ث ] = به مثابه [ 79

8 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Glossary 1-28 assignment / duty / task وظيفه (کار ( at / in در (ده ( (maternal) aunt خاله (paternal) aunt عمه (nationality) Australian ا ستراليایی (transmission) automatic اتومات baby طفل (ا شت ک ( bad بد baker نانوا (نانوای ( bakery نانوایی Bamyan باميان bank بانک bank manager مدیربانک barracks بار ک barren بيحاصل (خاره ( (military) base قشله bathroom / restroom تشناب beard ریش beautiful / pretty مقبول ] = قشنگ] ] = زیبا [ because زیرا ] = چونکه][ = به خاطری که][ = اینکه] اتاق خواب (اتاق خ و پيش از ] = قبل از کریمی برای ( bedroom [ before beige berry توت برعلاوه ] = علاوتا [ besides / in addition bicycle بایسکل کلان ] = بزرگ [ big / large تولد ] = ولادت [ birth ء روزتولد ] = سالگره تولد] ] = سالگره [ birthday black سياه bleeding خون ریزی blue ا بی body بدن ] = جسم] ] = وجود] (جان ( 80

9 Glossary 1 28 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari book کتاب bottle بوتل bouquet دسته بوتيک ] = دکان [ boutique نان خشک ] = نان [ bread bride عروس bridge پل broad-shouldered چارشانه broken / out of order خراب نصواری عمارت ] = تعمير][= ساختمان بس ] = سرویس تجارت ] = ب زن س ء جوازنامه تجارتی ] = جوازتجارتی brother برادر brown [ building [ bus [ business [ business license businessperson تاجر but ولی ] = اما] ] = مگر [ butcher قصاب butcher shop / butchering قصابی buttermilk دوغ by ازپهلوی way, By the راستی... می تانين مه ره کمک کنين café کافی camel شتر Can you help me? car موتر carpet / rug قالين cattle گله cellular phone تيلفون جيبی center مرکز centigrade سانتی گراد ء شفاخانه مرکزی مراسم chair چوکی central hospital ceremony / festivity 81

10 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Glossary 1-28 cheap ارزان chicken مرغ child فرزند (اولاد ( child / baby طفل chocolate چاکليت cigarettes سگرت cinema / theater سينما صنف همصنف (همصنفی city شهر class / grade ( classmate clean پاک climate اقليم closed بسته clothes / outfit لباس (کالا ( cloudy ابری ] = ابرا لود [ (temperature) cold سرد ) خی ( colorful رنگين درون بيایين قوماندان company تولی computer کمپيوتر computer lab اتاق کمپيوتر. Come in. commander / leader condolence تسليت Congratulations! مبارک باشه! ] = تبریک [! جواری دانه نشده کورس contract / written agreement قرارداد cook ا شپز cookies کلچه corn جواری corn on the cob course / class coworker همکار crops حاصلات crowded / busy مزدحم (بيروبار ( Cultural Center مرکزفرهنگی 82

11 Glossary 1 28 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari dangerous خطرناک Dari دری (color) dark تاریک ] = تيره [ date تاریخ daughter / girl دختر day روز death فوت ] = وفات] ] = مرگ [ definitely / by all means حتما (حتمی ( degree(s) درجه delicious خوش مزه (مزه دار ( dentist داکتردندان desert دشت diesel دیزل difficult / hard مشکل ] = دشوار] ] = سخت [ dining room اتاق نانخوری ] = اتاق طعام خوری] (اتاق نان ( diplomat دیپلومات مدیر راه خامه dizzy سرچرخ doctor داکتر dog سگ director / manager dirt road dollar دالر خر ] = مرکب [ donkey (occupancy) double دونفری down the hallway درا خردهليز ء طبقه پایين ] = منزل پایين] (منزل پایان ( downstairs جمع نظام ] = مشق [ drill (دریور) ) موتروان ( راننده driver each / every هر همدیگر ] = یکدیگر [ each other / one another ear گوش early زود (وخت ( east شرق easy ا سان ] = سهل [ 83

12 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Glossary 1-28 educated تحصيلکرده Eid عيد Eid money عيدی Eiffel Tower برج ایفل خالی نامزدی (نامزادی ماشين ] = انجن انگلستان ] = بریتانيا embassy سفارت empty / vacant ( engagement [ engine [ England / U. K. English انگليسی enough کافی ) سب ( evening شام (dinner) evening meal نان شب ] = طعام شب] (نان ش و ( everybody / everyone هرکس ] = همه کس [ everywhere / every place هرجا ] = همه جا [ me. Excuse ببخشيد. (ببخشين ( expensive قيمت ] = گران [ experienced با تجربه ] = مجرب [ eye چشم eyeglasses عينک fall / autumn خزان فاميل ] = خانواده معروف ] = مشهور [ family [ famous far دور farmer دهقان farming دهقانی سریع ] = تند] (تيز ( (adjective) fast به سرعت (تيز ( (adverb) fast چاق ] = فربه [ fat father پدر fertile حاصلخيز انگشت (کلک ( finger اولا (اول ( first / firstly (منزل ( طبقه floor 84

13 Glossary 1 28 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari florist گل فروش گل فروشی غذا (نان پا (پای برای (بری flower گل flower shop ( food ( foot ( for fork پنجه four-door car موترچهاردروازه یی France فرانسه language) French (nationality / فرانسوی fresh تازه مرغ بریان دوست ] = رفيق Friday جمعه fried chicken [ friend from از fruit ميوه full پ ر funeral جنازه furnished با مبل وفرنيچر furniture فرنيچر ] = مبل وفرنيچر [ garage گراج Gardez گردیز گيلنه gas can gas station تانک تيل gas tank تانکی gasoline پترول ] = تيل [ geography جغرافيه German ا لمانی Germany ا لمان ] = جرمنی [ ready! Get تيارشو! glass گيلاس glove دستکش خوب خدا حافظ. (به امان خدا good / fine / nice (. Good-bye. 85

14 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Glossary 1-28 gorge تنگی government employee مامور governor والی grandfather پدرکلان grandmother مادرکلان grape انگور green سبز groom داماد guest مهمان guide رهنما hair مو (موی ( half نيم hallway / corridor دهليز Hamid (male name) حميد hand د ست (د ست ( handsome خوش قيافه خوشحال ] = خوش [ happy he / she / it او head سر کلينيک صحی قد ] = قامت بلی ] = الو health clinic [ height [ Hello! (telephone call) help کمک نوش جان کنين. heartily. Help yourself. / Eat Herat هرات (اینجه ( اینجا here high بلند history تاریخ رخصتی ] = تعطيل [ holiday / vacation / leave horse اسپ hospital شفاخانه داغ ] = سوزان [ (temperature) hot / burning (taste) hot / spicy ت ند hour ساعت 86

15 Glossary 1 28 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari hour / period ساعت درسی ] = ساعت [ house / home خانه housemate همخانه How? چط ور (چطور / چطو ) How about?... چطور چ طوراستی چی مقبول چه مدت ] = چقدروقت ] (چقه وخت چند ] = چند دانه ] (چند تا چقدر (چقه گرسنه (گ شنه شوهر (شوی من (مه مصروف استم. ] = مشغول استم.] (کاردارم خوب استم کارت هویت اگر (اگه How are you?! How beautiful! ( How long? ( How many?/ How many pieces? ( How much? ( hungry ( husband ( I ( I am busy.. I am fine. ID card ( if / in case illness مریضی important مهم در (ده ( in / at روبروی [ پيش روی[ = in front of برای ] = برای ا نکه [ in order to included شامل هندوستان ] = هند [ India زخمی ] = مجروح [ injured inn / guest house مهمان خانه داخل (درون به عوض ) به جای ( inside ( instead of insurance بيمه (بيمه شدگی ( بيمه شده insured Intercontinental Hotel هوتل انترکانتی ننتل interesting جالب ] = دلچسپ [ internet انترنت internet connection لين ارتباطی انترنت 87

16 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Glossary 1-28 interview مصاحبه Iran ایران (nationality) Iranian ایرانی irrigation ا بياری Is everybody fine? همگی خوب استن is not نيست (نيس ( اسلام ا باد فرق نميکند. (فرق نميکنه = پروا نداره امکان نداره چشمهای شما مقبول می بينه لطف شماست. ] = مهربانی شماست.] (-- شماس) Italy ایتاليا Jalalabad جلال ا باد جاپانی jeep جيپ ] = موترجيپ [ journalist ژورنالست juice شربت kabob کباب Islamabad ( It does not matter.. It is not possible.. It seems beautiful in your eyes. It s kind of you. / It is nice of you. کارته سه خالد کودک (چوچه کيلو ] = کيلوگرام قسم ] = نوع ا شپزخانه (کارخانه Japanese (nationality/language) Kabul کابل district) Karta-e-Sey (a ء Khaled (male name) ( kid / youngster [ kilogram [ kind / type ( kitchen knife کارد laborer / worker کارگر زمين ز بان ] = لسان] (ز بان گذشته دیشب ] = شب گذشته] (دیش و دیر (ناوخت land / acreage ( language last / past ( last night ( late 88

17 Glossary 1 28 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari بعدا [= بعد تر][= بعد ازا ن][= پس ازا ن](پسان/ پسانتر) later / afterwards lawn چمن left side طرف چپ (دست چپ ( leg پا (پای ( lesson درس go! Let s بيا که بریم! library کتابخانه life زندگی روشن ] = کم رنگ کم سالون ] = اتاق نشيمن London لندن long دراز man مرد market بازار married متا هل [ light (color) little (amount) [ living room mathematics ریاضی may / might / maybe / perhaps شاید ] = ممکن است [ deceased)! May God forgive (the خدا رحمت کنه! ] = خدا بيا مرزه [! May God protect ( ) from the evil eye! ماشااالله![ = نظرنشه!] [=خدااز نظربدنگاه کنه!] (نام خدا) خدا... ره نگاه کنه زندگی سرشما باشه زنده باشين! May God save ( )!! May you continue to live!! May you live long! / Thank you! mayor شاروال Mazar-e-Sharif مزارشریف meat گوشت mechanic مستری ] = ميخانيک [ medicine / medication دوا meeting ملاقات melon خربوزه member عضو 89

18 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Glossary 1-28 membership عضویت membership card کارت عضویت مينو ] = لست غذا طعامخانه ظهر(چاشت mild معتدل عسکری ] = نظامی [ menu mess hall ( midday / noon [ military minute دقيقه Monday دوشنبه money پول (پيسه ( month ماه morning صبح (breakfast) morning meal چای صبح ] = ناشتا [ Moscow ماسکو mosque مسجد mother مادر motorcycle موترسيکل mountain کوه mountain pass کوتل movie فلم Mr. ا قا Ms. خانم زیاد ] = بسيار ء خانه گلی ملا باید ] = بایست [ much / many / a lot mud house Muslim clergyman [ must / should / ought to name) Nahid (female ناهيد name نام ] = اسم [ napkin دستمال کاغذی باریک ] = تنگ] ] = کمعرض] (کمبر ( narrow name) Nasima (female نسيمه name) Nazi (female نازی near / close ن زدیک (ن زدیک ( neighbor همسایه 90

19 Glossary 1 28 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari never هيچ وقت ] = هرگز [ new نو دهلی جدید ] = دهلی نو [ New Delhi نوروز ] = سال نو [ New Year s Day newborn نوزاد روزنامه (اخبار ( newspaper ا ینده ] = بعدی [ next / future / the following next door اتاق پهلو پهلوی ] = کنار [ next to night شب no نه ) ین ( (lunch) noon meal نان چاشت ] = طعام چاشت [ north شمال nose بينی notebook کتابچه now حالا ] = اکنون] (حالی ( nowhere هيچ جا numb بی حس (کرخت ( number نمره ] = شماره [ ساعت (بجه office دفتر ] = اداره [ officer افسر[ = صاحبمنصب] (منصبدار ( اکثرا ] = اکثراوقات] (بسياری وخت ها old کهنه (age) old پير ] = سالخورده] ] = مسن [ on بالای ] = روی] ) سر ( one of یکی از ( o clock / hour ( often onion پياز only / just تنها ] = صرف] ] = فقط [ open باز (واز ( or یا orphanage یتيم خانه مدیریتيم خانه other دیگر (د گه ( orphanage director 91

20 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Glossary 1-28 outside خارج ) بيرون ( گاوقلبه یی (قولبه گو painted رنگ شده ( ox paper کاغذ parents والدین ] = پدرومادر [ Paris پاریس park پارک جای پارکنگ کلچه فروش کلچه فروشی parking space / parking lot Pashto پشتو pastry seller pastry shop pen قلم pencil پنسل people مردم pepper مرچ per night فی شب ] = شبی] (ش و ( period / duration مدت شخص ] = نفر] (ا دم عکاسخانه ] = ستدیوی عکاسی مرکز فوتوکاپی ( person [ photo studio / photo lab photocopy center photographer عکاس pickup truck موترپيکپ picnic ميله picture / photograph عکس (counter) ( piece دانه (تا piece / plot قطعه pillow بالشت place جا (جای ( plate بشقاب platoon بلوک Please. بفرمایيد[ = لطفا ] (بفرمایين ( polite مو دب ] = با ادب [ pomegranate انار poor فقير[ = نادار] (غریب ( 92

21 Glossary 1 28 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari poppy کوکنار[ = خشخاش] ] = خاشخاش [ potato کچالو power dam بند برق ري يس رادیووتلویزیون قبل براین ] = قبلا ] (پيشتر پروفيسور[ = استاد] (پروفيسر رخصتی عمومی ] = تعطيل عمومی شاگرد prayer نماز pregnant حامله (شکمدار ( prescription نسخه president of radio & TV station ( previously / prior to this ( professor [ public holiday pupil / student purple بنفش purse دستکول Qandahar قندهار radio رادیو rainy بارانی real estate office دفتر رهنمای معاملات recently دراین اواخر[ = اخيرا ] (ده ای وخت ها ( red سرخ relatives خویشاوندان ] = اقارب] (قوم وخویش ( religion دینيات remodeled تغييرساختمان داده شده ] = اصلاح شده [ rent کرایه (کراه ( rental / for rent کرایی ورکشاپ repaired ترميم شده reporter خبرنگار restaurant رستوران rice برنج شيربرنج پولدار[ = غنی طرف راست (دست راس repair shop / garage rice pilaf پلو rice pudding [ rich ( right side river دریا 93

22 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Glossary 1-28 room اتاق roommate هم اتاق (هم اتاقی ( rope ریسمان (ریسپان ( rotten پوسيده Russia روسيه sale فروش Saleh (male name) صالح salt نمک salty شور Saturday شنبه sauteed eggplant ب رانی بادنجان (برانی بانجان ( savory pastry with delicious filling بولانی مدیرمکتب فصل ] = موسم school مکتب school principal [ season secretary سکرتر sedan / passenger car موتر ] = موترتيزرفتار [ seller / street vendor فروشنده sergeant خورد ضابط ] = بریدگی [ serious / dignified سنگين ] = با وقار] ] = مو قر [ Shahr-e-Nau (a district) شهرنو شریف shawl شال shirt and trousers پيراهن وتنبان Sharif (male name) shoe بوت shop / store دکان ] = مغازه [ shopping خرید short کوتاه (height) short قد کوتاه ] = کوتاه قد] (قد پخچ ( shower شاور shrine زیارت ] = مقبره [ sick (adjective) / patient (noun) مریض sign لوحه (time) since از... به اینطرف ] = از... به اینسو] (از...فتره ( 94

23 Glossary 1 28 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari sincere صميمی singer ا وازخوان (خاننده ( single مجرد (occupancy) single یکنفری sister خواهر ماهر(لایق ( skillful پوست ] = جلد [ skin skinny لاغر ا هسته (ا ستا ( slow به ا هستگی (ا ستا ( slowly خورد ] = کوچک [ small small rug قالينچه snack bar کانتين snowy برفی so / so much / that much / this much ا نقدر ] = اینقدر] (اوقه / ایقه ( sock / stocking جراب soil خاک soldier سرباز(عسکر ( some بعضی someone کسی sometimes بعض ا ] = بعضی اوقات] ] = گاهگاه] (بعضی وختها) پسر(بچه به زودی[ = عنقریب] (زود شوربا (شوروا ( son / boy ( soon ( soup south جنوب souvenir سوغات spare tire تيراشتبنی ] = تيرفالتو [ spicy chickpea and potato salad شورنخود وکچالو spicy fried potatoes پکوره spoon قاشق spring بهار squad دلگی stairs زینه ها 95

24 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Glossary 1-28 گيردار مستقيم ] = روبه رو سرک ] = جاده] ] = stick shift [ straight کوچه [ street strong قوی subject مضمون sugar بوره ] = شکر [ summer تابستان Sunday یکشنبه sunny ا فتابی (افتوی ( pleasure. Sure. / With چرا نی. sweet شيرین swimming pool حوض ا ببازی (حوض ا وبازی ( table ميز Taj Mahal تاج محل قد بلند ] = بلند قد taxi تکسی tea چای teahouse چای خانه teacher معلم telephone تيلفون [ tall television تلویزیون temperature حرارت (گرمی ( you. Thank تشکر. that ا ن ) وا ( that / who / which که همان (همو پس ] = درا نصورت] (خی ا نجا (اونجه بنا برا ن ] = بناء اینها (اینا ا نها (اونها / اونا تشنه (ت شنه این ) یا همين (همی ( that same / that very same ( then / in that case ( there [ therefore ( these ( they ( thirsty ( this ( this same / this very same 96

25 Glossary 1 28 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari those ا نها (اونها) (اونا ( Thursday پنجشنبه time وقت (وخت ( tire تير جک تير معذرت خواستن ] = عذرخواستن] / خواه/ خواست ترتيب دادن/ ده/ داد رسيدن/ رس/ رسيد اشغال کردن/ کن/ کرد کباب کردن/ کن/ کرد بودن/ باش/ بود توانستن/ توان/ توانست خواب بودن/ باش/ بود (خ و بودن پيدا شدن/ شو/ شد دیرا مدن/ ا / ا مد ] = دیررسيدن/ رس/ رسيد واقع بودن/ باش/ بود ] = قرارداشتن/ دار/ داشت] شدن/ شو/ شد خونریزی داشتن/ دار/ داشت خراب شدن/ شو/ شد نفس کشيدن/ کش/ کشيد ا وردن/ ا ور/ ا ورد پس ا وردن/ ا ور/ ا ورد ا باد کردن ] = اعمارکردن] / کن/ کرد خریدن / خر/ خرید پاک کردن/ کن/ کرد ا مدن/ ا / ا مد تبریک گفتن/ گو/ گفت (تبریکی دادن/ ده/ داد عيد مبارکی کردن tire jack to به to / before / near پيش ] = نزد [ to apologize to arrange to arrive to assume / to occupy to barbeque to be ( to be asleep [ to be late to be able to / can (modal verb) to be found / to be available to be located / to be situated to become to bleed / to be bleeding to break down to breathe to bring to bring back / to return to build to buy to clean to come ( to congratulate to cook پ ختن/ پ ز/ پ خت (پ خته کردن/ کن/ کرد ( حساب کردن/ کن/ کرد to congratulate someone on the occasion of Eid to count 97

26 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Glossary 1-28 to dance رقصيدن/ رقص/ رقصيد (رقص کدن ( to do کردن/ ک ن/ کرد تعليم کردن/ کن/ کرد to draw رسم کردن/ کن/ کرد (رسم کشيدن/ کش/ کشيد) to drink نوشيدن/ نوش/ نوشيد بدست ا وردن/ ا ور/ ا ورد ] = کمایی کردن/ کن/ کرد] to eat خوردن ] = غذا خوردن] (نان خوردن)/ خور/ خورد معاینه کردن/ کن/ کرد وجود داشتن/ دار/ داشت ] = موجود بودن/ باش/ بود] تسليت دادن/ ده/ داد ] = تسليت گفتن/ گو/ گفت دهقانی کردن/ کن/ کرد to feel حس کردن[ = احساس کردن] / کن/ کرد to find پيدا کردن/ کن/ کرد ] = یافتن/ یاب/ یافت [ پترول یا دیزل گرفتن/ گير/ گرفت ] = پترول یا دیزل انداختن/ انداز/ انداخت] (تيل انداختن/انداز/ انداخت) گرفتن/ گير/ گرفت پنچرشدن/ شو/ شد برخاستن/ برخيز/ برخاست (خيستن/ خيز/خيست خوب شدن (جورشدن) / شو/ شد to give دادن/ ده/ داد to go رفتن/ رو/ رفت با... رفتن به... رفتن کشت کردن/ کن/ کرد ] = کاشتن/ کار/ کاشت to guide رهنمایی کردن/ کن/ کرد حاصل گرفتن/ گير/ گرفت to have داشتن/ دار/ داشت ميله کردن/ کن/ کرد یاد داشتن/ دار/ داشت to do training / to undergo training to earn / to gain to examine to exist / to be present / to be available [ to express condolences to farm / to do farming to fuel / to take fuel / to put fuel into the gas tank to get / to take (hold) to get punctured / to have a flat (tire) ( to get up / to rise to get well / to recover to go by means of... to go to... [ to grow / to cultivate to harvest to have a picnic to have a skill / to know how to 98

27 Glossary 1 28 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari to help. to hear شنيدن/ شنو/ شنيد to help کمک کردن / کن / کرد... را کمک کردن به... کمک کردن دردردن/ کن/ کرد ] = درد داشتن/ دار/ داشت to intend قصد داشتن مصاحبه کردن/ کن/ کرد to invite دعوت کردن ] = مهمان کردن] کن/ کرد ا بياری کردن/ کن/ کرد شناختن/ شناس/ شناخت [ to hurt / to ache to interview to irrigate to know (to be acquainted with / to recognize) to know (to be aware of / to have knowledge about) دانستن/ دان/ دانست to learn ا موختن/ا موز/ا موخت[= یاد گرفتن/ گير/ گرفت [ درازکشيدن/ کش/ کشيد to like خوش داشتن/ دار/ داشت... را خوش داشتن خوش ا مدن/ ا / ا مد گوش کردن/ کن/ کرد[ = گوش دادن/ ده / داد] به... گوش کردن... راگوش کردن به... گوش دادن to live زندگی کردن/ کن/ کرد در... زندگی کردن با... زندگی کردن معلوم شدن/ شو/ شد ] = به نظررسيدن/ رس/ رسيد] تيلفون کردن/ کن/ کرد به کسی تيلفون کردن ریزرف کردن/ کن/ کرد ء وعده ملاقات گذاشتن/ گذار/ گذاشت ] = قرارملاقات گذاشتن/ گذار/ گذاشت] (ازکسی وخت گرفتن/گير/ گرفت) to meet ملاقات کردن/ کن/ کرد (دیدن/ بين/ دید) با... ملاقات کردن to lie down to like. to like/ to enjoy / to find pleasant to listen to listen to. to live in... to live with. to look / to seem to make a phone call to call someone to make a reservation / to reserve to make an appointment to meet with. 99

28 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Glossary 1-28 to memorize to move to move (something) to move / to migrate to need to open to order to paint to pass / to cross to pass.. to pass by.. to pray to raise / to lift to register to remain / to stay / to put / to let to remember / to recall to remodel to rent to rent out to repair to return to return from. to return to. to run out to say / to tell to see to sell حفظ کردن/ کن/ کرد (ازبرکردن/ کن/ کرد) حرکت کردن/ کن/ کرد حرکت دادن/ ده/ داد کوچ کردن ] = مهاجرت کردن] کن/ کرد ضرورت داشتن[ = احتياج داشتن] (کارداشتن)/ دار/ داشت بازکردن/ کن/ کرد فرمایش دادن/ ده/ داد رنگ کردن/ کن/ کرد گذشتن/ گذر/ گذشت (تيرشدن/ شو/ شد) از... گذشتن (تيرشدن) ازپهلوی... گذشتن (تيرشدن) نمازخواندن/ خوان/ خواند بلند کردن (بالا کردن) / کن/ کرد ] = بالا بردن/ بر/ برد] نامنویسی کردن ] = ثبت نام کردن]/ کن/ کرد ماندن/ مان/ ماند به یاد داشتن دار/ داشت ] = به یاد ا وردن/ ا ور/ ا ورد] (به یاد ا مدن/ ا / ا مد) تغييرساختمان دادن/ ده/ داد [= اصلاح کردن/ کن/ کرد] کرایه کردن (کراه کردن) / کن/ کرد کرایه دادن ] = به کرایه دادن] (کراه دادن) / ده/ داد ترميم کردن/ کن/ کرد برگشتن/ برگرد/ برگشت (پس ا مدن/ ا / ا مد) از... برگشتن به... برگشتن خلاص شدن/ شو/ شد گفتن/ گو/ گفت دیدن/ بين/ دید فروختن/ فروش/ فروخت فرستادن/ فرست/ فرستاد(روان کردن/ کن/ کرد ( to send 100

29 Glossary 1 28 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari to serve (food) to shop to shop at.. to show to show.. to show to.. to sightsee to sign to sing سرویس کردن/ کن/ کرد خرید کردن/ کن/ کرد از... خرید کردن نشان دادن/ ده/ داد... را نشان دادن به... نشان دادن تماشا کردن جاهای دیدنی [= جاهای دیدنی را تماشا کردن]/ کن/ کرد امضا کردن (دستخط کردن) / کن/ کرد ا وازخواندن ] = خواندن] / خوان/ خواند (بيت خاندن) نشستن/ نشين/ نشست (شيشتن/ شين/ شيشت خوابيدن/ خواب/ خوابيد (خ وک د ن سگرت کشيدن/ کش/ کشيد تخم پاشی کردن/ کن/ کرد صحبت کردن/ کن/ کرد ] = گپ زدن/ زن/ زد خرج کردن ] = مصرف کردن] / کن/ کرد (خرچ کدن) ایستاد شدن/ شو/ شد ایستاد شدن/ شو/ شد شروع کردن ] = ا غازکردن] کن/ کرد اقامت کردن/ کرد/ کن ] = اقامت داشتن/ دار/ داشت] قدم زدن/ زن/ زد [= گردش کردن/ کن کرد ( to sit / to sit down ( to sleep to smoke to sow [ to speak / to talk to spend (money) to stall / to stop to stand / to stand up to start / to begin to stay / to reside [ to stroll / walk around to study to study / to read to take (to consume) to take (to escort) to take a picture to take a picture of.. درس خواندن خوان خواند خواندن/ خوان/ خواند گرفتن/ گير/ گرفت بردن/ بر/ برد عکس گرفتن/ گير/ گرفت عکس... راگرفتن از... عکس گرفتن 101

30 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Glossary 1-28 to talk / to speak to talk about. to talk to. صحبت کردن/ کن/ کرد[ = گپ زدن/ زن/ زد] ء درباره (درمورد)... صحبت کردن[ = گپ زدن] با... گپ زدن[ = صحبت کردن] درس دادن/ ده/ داد (یاد دادن/ ده/ داد تشکرکردن/ کن/ کرد از... تشکرکردن به خاطر... تشکرکردن فکرکردن/ کن/ کرد تعليم دادن/ ده/ داد سفرکردن ] = مسافرت کردن] کن/ کرد دورخوردن/ خور/ خورد فهميدن/ فهم/ فهميد استعمال کردن/ کن/ کرد استفاده کردن/ کن/ کرد فلم گيری ویدیویی کردن/ کن/ کرد [= فلم ویدیویی گرفتن/ گير/ گرفت] بازدید کردن ] = دیدن کردن]/ کن/ کرد صبرکردن/ کن/ کرد[ = انتظارکشيدن/ کش/ کشيد] ] = منتظربودن/ باش/ بود] پياده رفتن[ = با پای رفتن][ = راه رفتن] / رو/ رفت خواستن/ خواه/ خواست تلویزیون دیدن/ بين/ دید پوشيدن/ پوش/ پوشيد کارکردن/ کن/ کرد بد ترشدن/ شو/ شد نوشتن/ نویس/ نوشت (نوشته کردن/ کن/ کرد today ا مروز باهم ] = باهم یکجا] (یکجایی فردا (صبا امشب (ا مشو بيحد ] = بی اندازه to talk with. ( to teach to thank to thank. to thank for. to think to train to travel to turn to understand to use / to apply to use / to utilize to videotape to visit (socially) to wait to walk to want to watch TV ( to write to wear / to put on to work to worsen / to get worse ( together ( tomorrow ( tonight [ too (excessively) 102

31 Glossary 1 28 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari too / also هم ] = نيز] ] = همچنان [ tow truck موترکش کننده tractor تراکتور Trafalgar Square ميدان ترافالگر تعليم ] = تعليم وتربيه ميدان تعليم سفر ] = مسافرت Tuesday سه شنبه turban ل نگی [ training training field [ trip / journey Turkey ترکيه two-door car موتردودروازه یی ء U.S.A. ایالات متحده امریکا ] = امریکا [ ماما کاکا متا سفانه ] = بدبختانه بدون مبل وفرنيچر ] = بی مبل وفرنيچر uniform یونيفورم unit قطعه ] = جزوتام [ uncle (maternal) uncle (paternal) [ unfortunately [ unfurnished university پوهنتون until / to تا ء upstairs طبقه بالا ] = منزل بالا [ use / usage استعمال use / usage استفاده usually معمولا مختلف سبزی (ترکاری valley / glen دره various / different ( vegetable very / many / much بسيار video camera ء کمره ویدیویی video recording فلم برداری وید یویی village قریه ] = د ه [ قریه دار[ = ملک village square ميدان قریه waiter پيشخدمت [ village chief / village leader 103

32 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Glossary 1-28 ولی وزیراکبرخان مينه Wali (male name) warm گرم Washington واشنگتن water ا ب ) ا و ( Wazir Akbar Khan Mena (a district) we ما weak ضعيف weapon سلاح weather / air هوا ] = ا ب وهوا [ wedding عروسی Wednesday چهارشنبه week هفته weekend ا خر هفته Welcome! خوش ا مدید! (خوش ا مدین!) west غرب What? چه (چی ) time? What ساعت چند (چند بجه ) What s wrong? چی شده wheat گندم when/at the time when وقتيکه (وختيکه ( When? چه وقت ] =کی ] (چی وخت ) where / at the place where جایيکه Where? کجا Which? کدام white سفيد White House قصرسفيد چ لو white rice Who? کی Why? چرا وسيع ] = عریض] (بردار ( wide ] = زن [ خانم wife winter زمستان با (ده ( of) with / by (means به چشم. pleasure. With 104

33 Glossary 1 28 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari woman زن women s head covering چادر work کار اکسری (عکس ( X-ray حویلی (حولی ( yard year سال yes بلی yesterday دیروز هنوز yet / still شما (informal) you تو young جوان you (formal or plural) 105

34 Lesson 25 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari LESSON 25 Renting a Car Vocabulary: Related to car types and equipment; car rental and travel خانم Mr. and ا قا Grammar: Conditional tense if ; respectful titles Ms. Functions: Talk to a cabdriver and rental agent about rental car needs. Skills: Develop a cultural awareness about the scarcity and limitations of rental services. Situation: A businessman finds out where car rental offices are located and proceeds to rent a car. Conditional sentences Grammar Notes A conditional sentence consists of two clauses: the condition (subordinate) clause and the result (main) clause. These two clauses combined make a statement in the conditional mood, or, in other words, a conditional sentence: If you study hard, you will succeed. اگر In Dari, we construct the conditional sentences mostly with the help of the conjunction if. Like English, the Dari verb forms used in each of the two clauses vary by tenses. Let s look at some examples: اگراو به مرکزشهربرود موترکرايی خواهد يافت. If he goes to the city center, he will find a rental car. future tense present subjunctive mood اگرپول کافی داريد يک موترجيپ را کرايه کنيد. If you have enough money, rent a jeep. imperative form simple present tense If you needed a guide, we اگربه يک رهنما ضرورت داشتيد ماشمارا کمک خواهيم کرد. would help you. future tense simple past tense 1

35 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 25 If you go to the car rental اگرهمين حالابه دفترموترهای کرايی برويد ا قای کمار را می بينيد. office right now, you will see Mr. Kumar. simple present tense present subjunctive mood If you don t want this car, I اگراين موتررا نميخواهيد من يک موترديگررابه شما نشان خواهم داد. will show you another car. future tense simple present tense اگرحالا به مرکزشهرميرويد من هم با شما خواهم رفت. If you go to the city center now, I will go with you too. future tense simple present tense اگرصبرميکنيد من موتر را به اينجا خواهم ا ورد. If you wait, I will bring the car here. future tense simple present tense ء اگرموتربيمه شده ميخواهيد لطفا دراينجا امضا کنيد. If you want an insured car, please sign here. imperative form simple present tense اگرموترهای اتومات را خوش داريد بايد اين موتررابگيريد. If you like cars with automatic transmission, you should get this car. present subjunctive simple present tense (lit., automatic cars ) mood If you take the car with a full اگرموتررا با تانکی پرميبريد لطف ا ا نرا با تانکی پرپس بيا وريد. tank, please bring it back with a full tank. imperative form simple present tense ء اگرموترتيزرفتاررا نميخواهيد بايد دراينجا امضا کنيد. If you don t want the sedan, you should sign here. present subjunctive mood simple present tense اگرموترهای کرايی ارزان ميخواهيد به دفترما بيا ييد. If you want cheap rental cars, come to our office. imperative form simple present tense Conditional sentences containing past tenses will be introduced in future lessons. 2

36 Lesson 25 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Respectful titles ا قا Mr. and خانم Ms. in Dari As in English, the titles ا قا /aa-qaa / Mr. and خانم /khaa-num/ Ms. are used when addressing or speaking about a man or a woman in a formal way. These titles are usually followed by the full name, or just the last name of the person being addressed or referred to. Since in Dari, there is a relationship between these titles and the names they refer to, it becomes necessary to use ezafat between them. The word ا قا ends with the vowel /aa/ represented by the letter الف /alef /. Therefore, as discussed in Lesson 2, ezafat in this case takes the /ye/ sound represented by the letter ی /yaa/. Example: ا قای هوندا يک تاجرجاپانی است. Mr. Honda is a Japanese businessman. On the other hand, with the word خانم Ms., which can be used before the full name or the last name, or after the first name of a woman or a girl, this ezafat is usually dropped 1. Let s look at some examples: Before full name: cars. Ms. Parween Sharifi likes two-door خانم پروين شريفی موترهای دودروازه يی راخوش دارد. Before last name: خانم شريفی موترهای دودروازه يی راخوش دارد. After first name: پروين خانم موترهای دودروازه يی را خوش دارد. Ms. Sharifi likes two-door cars. Ms. Parween likes two-door cars. Now look at some more examples and determine if ezafat is used or not: ناهيد خانم به ايتاليا سفرخواهد کرد. Ms. Nahid will travel to Italy. journalist. Mr. Dupont is a French ا قای ديوپان يک ژورنالست فرانسوی است. خانم اوامريکايی است. His wife is an American. ء خانم جانسن قرارداد را امضا نکرد. Ms. Johnson didn t sign the contract. 1 The word خانم also means wife, and if it is followed by an ezafat, it could be understood as wife of, for example, خانم حميد wife of Hamid or Hamid s wife. That is why it rarely takes an ezafat when used as the title Ms. 3

37 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 25 Lesson Vocabulary Listen and become familiar with these words: Mr. ا قا Ms. خانم موتر ] = موترتيزرفتار jeep جيپ ] = موترجيپ [ pickup truck موترپيکپ two-door car موتردودروازه يی four-door car موترچهاردروازه يی راننده (دريور) ) موتروان guide رهنما contract / written قرارداد agreement insurance بيمه [ sedan / passenger car ( driver gas tank تانکی kind / type قسم ] = نوع [ center مرکز trip / journey سفر ] = مسافرت [ stick shift گيردار (transmission) automatic اتومات insured بيمه شده (بيمه شدگی ( full پ ر various / different مختلف اگر (اگه any کدام همگی ] = تماما ] (ک لگی پس ا وردن/ ا ور/ ا ورد پترول يا ديزل گرفتن/ گير/ گرفت ] = پترول يا ديزل انداختن/ انداز/ انداخت] (تيل انداختن/انداز/ انداخت) امضا کردن (دستخط کردن) / کن/ کرد سفرکردن ] = مسافرت کردن] کن/ کرد پيدا شدن/ شو/ شد ( if / in case ( all / exclusively / entirely to bring back / to return to fuel / to take fuel / to put fuel into the gas tank to sign to travel to be found / to be available 4

38 Lesson 25 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Homework A. You will hear five expressions. Four fit together logically but one does not. Which one does not fit? Write it down in Dari. What do the others have in common? B. Listen and fill in the blanks with the missing words. Then translate each item into English. اگربه شهرنوبرويد پيدا کرده ميتوانيد. ا قای کريمی يک موتر می خواهد. پروين خانم موترهای را خوش دارد. چه وقت ميتوانيد اين موتررا C. Write the following in Dari: If you go to the city center, you will find a good hotel. (singular, formal) All of these cars have insurance. You must sign the contract. (singular, formal) No car rental businesses are available at the airport. 5

39 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 25 Narrative (Structures) As you work through the narrative model on the next page, you will discover examples of these structures: Structure respectful title / form of address Dari word(s) English meaning clause in conditional mood ( if ) verbs in the future tense verbs in subjunctive mood prepositional phrases relative clause using who 6

40 Lesson 25 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Narrative (Model) NOVA ا قای هوندا که يک تاجرجاپانی است برای شروع کردن تجارت به افغانستان ا مده است. او به شهرهای مختلف سفرخواهد کرد. ا قای هوندا حالا در ميدان هوايی کابل است و می خواهد که يک موترجيپ کرايه کند. درميدان هوايی بزنس های موترکرايی وجود ندارد. اگراو به مرکزشهربرود موترکرايی خواهد يافت. او بايد با تکسی به ا نجا برود. 1. Listen repeatedly until you understand what is being said. 2. Read along with the recorded voice. Practice Dari pronunciation. 3. Complete the grid with examples. Note the English meanings. 4. If called on, point out the different structures on the SmartBoard. 7

41 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 25 Narrative (Variations) ا قای هوندا که يک تاجر جاپانی است برای شروع کردن تجارت به افغانستان ا مده است. اوبه شهرهای مختلف سفرخواهد کرد. ا قای هوندا حالا درميدان هوايی کابل است و ميخواهد که يک موترجيپ کرايه کند. درميدان هوايی بزنس های موترکرايی وجود ندارد. اگراوبه مرکزشهر برود موترکرايی خواهد يافت. او بايد با تکسی به ا نجا برود. وزيراکبرخان مينه کوتل های فرانسوی ترميم کردن سرک ها بازديد کردن ازجاهای مشهور ديوپان( Dupont ) ژورنالست خانم تعليم دادن معلمان داکتر ء کارته سه امريکايی شهرنو کلينيک های صحی کمار( Kumar ) شايد ميدان هوايی مکتب های ايتالوی نميخواهد معلم معاينه کردن مريضان نميتواند پيداکند ء کارته پروان خبرنگار قريه های موترتيزرفتار مصاحبه کردن با مردم هندی موتربيمه شده شولتس( Schultz ) موترارزان مارتينو( Martino ) موترپيکپ ا لمانی انجنير ميخواهد جانسن( Johnson ) ميتواند رهنما 1. Create new narratives by choosing different words from the box to replace the shaded parts of the text. 2. Use the remaining class time to practice talking in the past tense about Mr. Honda s (completed) trip. 8

42 Lesson 25 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Exchange (Structures) 1. Listen and pay attention to conversational forms that differ from formal Dari. Highlight them in the transcript on the next page. 2. Practice the exchange for fluency and good pronunciation, along with the native speakers. 3. Answer the following questions. Write key words in Dari. ا قای هوندا به چی ضرورت داشت با تکسی به کجا رفت چی قسم موترميخاست چرا نتانست که موتراتومات بگيره موتره بری چند روزکارداشت چی ره امضا کد تانکی موترپ ربود يا خالی 4. Practice asking about and telling each other the information. Also practice your own questions. 9

43 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 25 Mr. Honda takes a cab from Kabul Airport. Exchange (Models) Shahab Azim ا قای هوندا: رانندهء تکسی: ا قای هوندا: رانندهء تکسی: ا قای هوندا: رانندهء تکسی: ا قای هوندا: رانندهء تکسی: ده کابل دفترهای موترکرايی پيدا ميشه بلی پيدا ميشه. شما ميخايين موترکراه کنين بلی. ء ء اگربه شهرنو کارته چهاريا کارته پروان برين هرقسم موترکرايی ره پيدا کده ميتانين. ١ کدامش نزديکتراس شهرنو. لطفا مره اونجه ببرين. به چشم. Mustafa Rasuli one., literally which of it, is mostly used in conversational Dari meaning which کدامش 1 10

44 Lesson 25 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Exchange (Models) Mr. Honda is in a car rental office in Shahr-e-Nau. هوندا: کاتب: هوندا: کاتب: هوندا: کاتب: هوندا: کاتب: هوندا: کاتب: مه يک موتربری ده روزکاردار م. چی قسم موترميخايين موترجيپ. اگه جيپ اتومات داشته باشين خوبترخاد بود. ببخشين. ما موترهای اتومات نداريم. موترهای ما کلگی گيرداراس. کراه يک موترجيپ روزچند اس با بيمه روزپنجاه وپنج دالراس. ١ تشکر. مه ميگير م ش. لطفا ای قرارداده امضا کنين. بسيارخوب. موترتيل داره بلی تانکيش پ راس. وختيکه موتره پس ميارين بايد تانکيش پ رباشه. Shahab Azim 1 As discussed in Lesson 19, the short form of personal pronouns for the third person singular (ش) used here, مه اوره ميگيرم as: to take. This sentence means the same گرفتن functions as the direct object of the verb I will take it. 11

45 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 25 Exchange (Variations) Rosemary Stasek 12

46 Lesson 25 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Gisting 1. Listen repeatedly. 2. In Dari, report one or more things that you understood, after each iteration. 3. Summarize the essential points in English. 4. Practice a similar dialog with a partner, making up variations. 13

47 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 25 Extended Practice These are suggestions for personalized and integrated activities. Work briskly through the warm-up steps. Be prepared when you are called on. Your instructor will manage the time so that no more than 10 minutes are spent on the warm-up. Warm-up (only one student per task) 1. Name five different types of vehicles, motorized or not. 2. Tell something about the car you own, or want to have. 3. Ask a classmate with a car if he or she fuels (with) gasoline or diesel. 4. Tell your teacher, in simplest terms, what a HMMWV ( Hummer ) is. Name some characteristics. 5. Ask your teacher if he or she has a car with a stick shift. Also find out if it has air conditioning. 6. Dictate to your classmates five verb forms from this lesson. They will have to write and say what each means. Talking about customer friendly rental car service Think about some innovations that make it increasingly more convenient to rent a car these days, statewide or overseas. Prepare notes. Now talk about the convenient way to rent a car. 14

48 Lesson 25 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Role-plays One of the following situations is outlined in Dari. Which one? ء با يک راننده تکسی درافغانستان صحبت کنيد و ازاو بپرسيد که ا يا ميتوانيد موتراو را ء کرايه وازخود او به حيث رهنما استفاده کنيد. راننده تکسی شايد به پيشنهاد شما موافقه کند يا نکند. (1) You are in Afghanistan. Talk to a cabdriver and ask him if you could rent his vehicle and use him as a guide. The cabdriver may or may not agree to your proposition. (2) You are talking with an Afghan acquaintance about the most suitable vehicle for your purposes. You may need a car merely to go places in town. Your Afghan counterpart needs a vehicle for extended travel. (3) You are stationed in Afghanistan. You use an Afghan soldier as a driver on patrols to remote areas. Make sure the vehicle is fully fueled. If not, send the driver to do it. Point out the consequences if this is not done. Now act out these role-plays with a partner. 15

49 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 25 Authentic Material Recognize words in short texts. Practice reading, listening and also short speaking or writing tasks. Hone your dictionary skills. 1. Listen to a commercial. What is advertised? Listen for all the items you recognize. Who recognized the most? Nick Noori 2. Based on the advertised items, determine which of the following businesses distributed the commercial: Nick Noori 3. Identify the two occasions for which cards and posters are offered. Circle those occasions in the ad above. 16

50 Lesson 25 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Nick Noori 1. Read the ad. What kind of business is Abdul Noori in? Say the word in Dari and point it out in the text. 2. Find the dictionary meanings of the underlined words. 3. Write the appropriate categories from the ad in the boxes provided below. 4. In pairs, ask each other and discuss the services you can receive from this business. Speak Dari. Nick Noori 17

51 Lesson 26 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari LESSON 26 A Holiday Celebration Vocabulary: Extended family; special holiday greetings; items of traditional clothing; special treats; Eid festivity خوش /aa-na/; comparison of انه Grammar: Adjectives with the suffix intend to قصد داشتن to like ; usage of خوش ا مدن and داشتن Functions: Exchange greetings and pleasantries. Pay someone a compliment. Skills: Develop a cultural awareness of religious holidays. Situation: A family from Kabul pays their respects to their elders in the province. Grammar Notes Adjectives constructed with the suffix انه /aa-na/ In Dari, some nouns can be converted to adjectives by attaching the suffix انه /aa-na/. For example, مرد man is a noun, and with the suffix انه it becomes,مردانه an adjective meaning of or pertaining to men / men s. Look at a number of other adjectives derived from nouns with the help of the suffix انه /aa-na/: Noun Adjective زن woman زنانه women women s / of دختر girl دخترانه girls girls / of پسر son پسرانه sons sons / of بچه boy بچه گانه boys boys / of طفل baby طفلانه babies babies / of Let s look at an example from this lesson: Beautiful children s, women s and لباسهای قشنگ طفلانه مردانه و زنانه درهمه جا ديده ميشود. men s clothes are seen everywhere. Note that some Dari adjectives are converted to adverbs in the same way: Adjective Adverb ماهر skillful ماهرانه skillfully بدبخت unfortunate بدبختانه unfortunately جوان young جوانانه youthfully پير old پيرانه manner in an elderly 19

52 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 26 Usage of the verb قصد داشتن to intend The verb قصد داشتن to intend can be used as an auxiliary verb to construct the subjunctive mood of the main verb. For example: Herat. Sarwar intends to travel to سرور قصد دارد که به هرات سفرکند. In the example, سفرکند is the present subjunctive mood of the verb سفرکردن to travel. Comparison of خوش داشتن to like and خوش ا مدن to like The verbs خوش داشتن and خوش ا مدن both mean to like and can be used interchangeably in most cases. However, this does not apply to the past tense. When we talk about someone خوش or something that we found pleasant or interesting, we use the past tense of the verb used in the past tense refers to خوش داشتن which refers to a one-time action, whereas,ا مدن habitual or continuous actions ( I used to like. ) Another difference between the two is that خوش داشتن requires the particle را /raa/ while خوش ا مدن does not. Let s first look at two examples in the present tense, where the two verbs can be used interchangeably: من نقل بادامی را خوش دارم. I like almond candy. نقل بادامی خوشم می ا يد. I like almond candy. Now look at the following examples in the past tense, and compare them: من نقل بادامی را خوش داشتم. I used to like almond candy. نقل بادامی خوشم ا مد. I liked the almond candy. Transition to conversational Dari In conversational Dari, while using the verb خوش ا مدن to like, we often insert the preposition از from before the object, and even mention a noun or a pronoun (as the subject of the verb ا مدن (خوش with the particle را /raa/ at the beginning of the sentence. These additions are for emphasis only and do not change the overall meaning of the sentence. Let s take the earlier examples and convert them to conversational form: 20

53 Lesson 26 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Formal Conversational English meaning candy. I like almond نقل بادامی خوشم ميايه. نقل بادامی خوشم می ا يد. or: از نقل بادامی خوشم ميايه. or: مه ره از نقل بادامی خوشم ميايه. نقل بادامی خوشم ا مد. نقل بادامی خوشم ا مد. I liked the almond candy. or: از نقل بادامی خوشم ا مد. or: مه ره از نقل بادامی خوشم ا مد. * * * * * * * As you already know, the words اينجا /een-jaa/ here and ا نجا /aan-jaa/ there change to /oon-ja/ in conversational Dari. When emphasized, these words اونجه /een-ja/ and اينجه اونونجه /ey-neen-ja/ right here and اينينجه receive an additional syllable and become /o-noon-ja/ right there. For example: نفيسه جان خوش ا مدی. بيا... بيا... اينينجه بشی. جرابهايم اونونجه اس. Welcome, dear Nafisa. Come come Sit right here. My socks are right there. Cultural Notes Religious holidays In Afghanistan, as in other Islamic countries, various religious holidays are observed. Eid-e-Ramazan is a public holiday that lasts for three days, while Eid-e-Qurban lasts for four days. Both holidays officially begin with the special Eid prayers usually performed at congregational mosques where greater numbers of people can be accommodated. Traditionally, all Afghans, especially the kids, wear new or at least clean clothes during these holidays. People visit relatives, friends and neighbors and congratulate each other. Some of the most common Dari idioms used during the Eid holidays for congratulating, ايام شريف مبارک!,عيد شما مبارک!,عيد تان مبارک!,عيد مبارک! are: and expressing good wishes all of which generally mean: Congratulations on the occasion of Eid! During Eid-e- Ramazan, the above exclamations are usually followed by:! روزه ونمازتان قبول May your 21

54 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 26 ٢ ١ داخل حاجی ها وغازی ها باشين! by: fast and prayers be accepted!, and during Eid-e-Qurban May you be included among the Mecca pilgrims and the holy warriors! meaning, May you enjoy the same spiritual rewards given to the Mecca pilgrims and the holy warriors! On both occasions, kids receive عيدی Eid money from their parents, uncles, aunts and other adult relatives or even family friends and neighbors. Plenty of food is prepared and served. Cakes, cookies, sweets, fresh and dried fruits are seen at almost every Afghan home during the Eid days. The poor and homeless are fed by the wealthy. One of the most important aspects of these two happy occasions is the spirit of forgiveness, which brings together those who are angry with each other over personal conflicts, family disputes, etc., and encourages them to reconcile. Defend America 1 The title حاجی haji (or hadji ) /haa-jee/ is used to address or refer to a Muslim who has made a pilgrimage to Mecca. 2 The word غازی ghazi /ghaa-zee/ holy warrior is used as a title for a Muslim who has fought victoriously against enemies of Islam. It is considered a title of honor. 22

55 Lesson 26 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Kinship terms In English, the word cousin refers to a male or female child of an uncle or aunt, whether on the father s or mother s side of the family. In Dari, there are eight different terms for cousin, each one referring to a specific cousin and requiring no further clarification. They are: پسرکاکا دخترکاکا پسرماما دخترماما پسرعمه دخترعمه پسرخاله دخترخاله paternal uncle s son paternal uncle s daughter maternal uncle s son maternal uncle s daughter paternal aunt s son paternal aunt s daughter maternal aunt s son maternal aunt s daughter 23

56 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 26 Lesson Vocabulary Listen and become familiar with these words: رخصتی عمومی ] = تعطيل عمومی [ public holiday خويشاوندان ] = اقارب] (قوم وخويش والدين ] = پدرومادر [ parents فرزند (اولاد ( child ١ پسر(بچه ( son / boy ( relatives کاکا ماما عمه خاله بزرگسال ] = کلان سال کودک (چوچه لباس (کالا پيراهن وتنبان daughter / girl دختر uncle (paternal) uncle (maternal) aunt (paternal) aunt (maternal) [ adult / grown up ( kid / youngster ( clothes / outfit ٢ shirt and trousers turban ل نگی women s head covering چادر جراب ن قل بادامی (ن قل عيدی shoe بوت sock / stocking ( almond candy Eid money clean پاک هرکس ] = همه کس [ everybody / everyone هرجا ] = همه جا [ everywhere / every place nowhere هيچ جا همديگر ] = يکديگر to intend قصد داشتن/ دار/ داشت عيد مبارکی کردن/ کن/ کرد [ each other / one another خوش ا مدن/ ا / ا مد to congratulate someone on the occasion of Eid to like/ to enjoy / to find pleasant child. son. It also means پسر is the conversational form of بچه 1 /pey-raa-han wa tun-baan/ (/pey-raan u tun-baan/ in conversational Dari) is a traditional outfit پيراهن وتنبان 2 worn by most people in Afghanistan. It consists of two pieces: a shirt and pants. 24

57 Lesson 26 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Homework A. You will hear five expressions. Four fit together logically but one does not. Which one does not fit? Write it down in Dari. What do the others have in common? B. Listen and fill in the blanks with the missing words. Then translate each item into English. فرزانه برای مادرش لباس های قشنگ خريد. من بعد ازدوماه به هرات خواهد رفت. عيد رمضان يک است خويشاوندان من با همديگر. C. Write the following in Dari: On the days of Eid, everybody wears new clothes. My paternal uncle gave Eid money to his son. Fresh almond candy is available everywhere. Do you wear a head covering when you go out? (singular, formal) 25

58 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 26 Narrative (Structures) As you work through the narrative model on the next page, you will discover examples of these structures: Structure verb in the passive voice Dari word(s) English meaning verb in the future tense verbs in the present tense verb in subjunctive mood prepositional phrases adjectives with the suffix /aa-na/ 26

59 Lesson 26 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Narrative (Model) سروروخانمش نفيسه قصد دارند که درعيد رمضان امسال به هرات سفرکنند. ا نها از ء اقارب شان بازديد خواهند کرد. کاکای سروروعمه نفيسه درهرات زندگی می کنند. ء عيد رمضان يک رخصتی عمومی است. مردم به خانه خويشاوندان و دوستان خود ميروند وبا همديگرعيد مبارکی ميکنند. بزرگسالان به کودکان عيدی ميدهند. هرکس لباس نو وپاک ميپوشد. لباسهای قشنگ طفلانه مردانه وزنانه درهمه جا ديده ميشود. Defend America 1. Listen repeatedly until you understand what is being said. 2. Read along with the recorded voice. Practice Dari pronunciation. 3. Complete the grid with examples. Note the English meanings. 4. If called on, point out the different structures on the SmartBoard. 27

60 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 26 Narrative (Variations) سروروخانمش نفيسه قصد دارند که درعيد رمضان امسال به هرات سفرکنند. ا نها از ء اقارب شان بازديد خواهند کرد. کاکای سروروعمه نفيسه درهرات زندگی می کنند. ء عيد رمضان يک رخصتی عمومی است. مردم به خانه خويشاوندان ودوستان خود ميروند وبا همديگرعيد مبارکی ميکنند. بزرگسالان به کودکان عيدی ميدهند.هرکس لباس نووپاک ميپوشد. لباسهای قشنگ طفلانه مردانه وزنانه درهمه جا ديده ميشود. جالب همکاران عمه صحبت ميکنند يما دخترانه خاله ا وازميخوانند قشنگ نوروز پسرعمه پسرکاکا ميخواهند جلال ا باد دخترخاله جوانانه دختر چاکليت قيمت ماما امکان دارد فرهاد غذا ميخورند همسايه ها دخترعمه مزارشريف فريبا غزنی ميوه ميتوانند پسرخاله قندهار دخترماما کاکا شايد گرم بچه گانه عيد قربان بايد خوب پسرماما رنگين شوهر دخترکاکا کلچه والدين پيرانه ليلا پسر 1. Create new narratives by choosing different words from the box to replace the shaded parts of the text. 2. Use the remaining class time to talk about holiday celebrations that bring families together in the U.S. 28

61 Lesson 26 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Exchange (Structures) 1. Listen and pay attention to conversational forms that differ from formal Dari. Highlight them in the transcript on the next page. 2. Practice the exchange for fluency and good pronunciation, along with the native speakers. 3. Answer the following questions. Write key words in Dari. سرورده روزعيد کجا رفت اوکدام عيد بود چرا با سرورد گه کی رفت نفيسه ده اونجه چی خورد لباس نفيسه چطوربود چوچه های نفيسه کجا بودن 4. Practice asking about and telling each other the information. Also practice your own questions. 29

62 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 26 Exchange (Models) Sarwar arrives at his uncle s house. سرور: کاکای سرور: سرور: کاکای سرور: سرور: کاکای سرور: کاکا جان سلام. عيد شما مبارک. روزه ونمازتان قبول. تشکرسرورجان. عيد توهم مبارک. فاميل خوب استن تشکر کلگی خوب استن. خانم ت کجاس نامد ده موتراس. ميايه. بسيارخوب. خوش ا مدی بچيم. بيا بشی. Sarwar s wife Nafisa is being warmly welcomed. خانم کاکا: نفيسه: خانم کاکا: نفيسه: خانم کاکا: نفيسه: خانم کاکا: نفيسه: نفيسه جان خوش ا مدی. بيا... بيا... اينينجه بشی. تشکرخاله جان. ن قل بگی بچيم. کلچه نوش جان کو. ء تشکر. کلچه عيد خوش م ميايه... ام م م... ای کلچه بسيارمزه داراس. نوش جان ت. نام خدا! نظرنشی! چی لباس مقبول پوشيدی! تشکر. چشم های شما مقبول ميبينه. چوچه ها کجاستن ميخايم که عيدی شانه بتم. ء خانه همسايه رفتن. شايد تا نيم ساعت دگه بياين. Dominic Medley/Jude Barrand Luke Powell 30

63 Lesson 26 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Exchange (Variations) Luke Powell 31

64 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 26 Gisting 1. Listen repeatedly. 2. In Dari, report one or more things that you understood, after each iteration. 3. Summarize the essential points in English. 4. Practice a similar dialog with a partner, making up variations. 32

65 Lesson 26 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Extended Practice These are suggestions for personalized and integrated activities. Work briskly through the warm-up steps. Be prepared when you are called on. Your instructor will manage the time so that no more than 10 minutes are spent on the warm-up. Warm-up (only one student per task) 1. Name eight to ten kinship terms from the immediate and extended family. 2. Say the name of a favorite family member, and where this person is right now. 3. Say what an Afghan man and woman traditionally wear (during holidays). 4. Ask your teacher if he or she has an Afghan outfit. If yes, ask if it is colorful. 5. Tell your teacher what the next public holiday in the U.S. will be. 6. Dictate to your classmates five verb forms of to intend. They will have to write and say what each means. Talking about an All-American Fourth of July Think about what your family usually does during this celebration. Also mention if they wear colorful clothes. Prepare notes. Now talk about the July 4 th celebration. 33

66 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 26 Role-plays One of the following situations is outlined in Dari. Which one? ء شما درافغانستان هستيد. درعيد قربان به خانه يک فاميل افغان دعوت شده ايد. مهمان مهربانی باشيد. به ميزبانان تان تعارف کنيد. احوال فاميل شان را بپرسيد. صحبت کوتاهی انجام دهيد. ازچيزهای خوشمزه ايکه درا نجاهست لذت ببريد. (1) You are stationed in Afghanistan. You are staffing a checkpoint. Today is Eid-e-Ramazan. You stop a motorist to find out where this person is going. The motorist is pleasant and showers you with good wishes on the occasion. Still, you are concerned about proper procedure. (2) You are talking with a friend about your families. Find out from each other the names of all family members. Draw a family tree of your partner s family as you go. Then show each other the drawings. (3) You are in Afghanistan. You ve been invited to an Afghan family s home during an Eid-e-Qurban celebration. Be a gracious guest. Compliment your hosts. Ask about the family. Make small talk. Enjoy the goodies. Now act out these role-plays with a partner. 34

67 Lesson 26 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Authentic Material Recognize words in short texts. Practice reading, listening and also short speaking or writing tasks. Hone your dictionary skills. Nick Noori 1. Check the bottom line for the conditional tense If Underline the conditional clause. Whom is the customer encouraged to contact in case? Give the name of the person. 2. Listen to a related recording. What makes this company international? Circle the corresponding words. 3. Listen once more for any additional information you can gather. Say in Dari what you understood. 4. Suppose you had a service (= teaching a computer class) or item (= computer) to offer. Write a short note to put on an Afghan community bulletin board. Write it like the above sentence: If 35

68 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson Look at the ad and guess what kind of business is advertised. Nick Noori 2. Find the key word that is repeated throughout the ad. What do you think it means? 3. Look up the word in the dictionary to confirm that you guessed correctly. 4. Circle the two words used in reference to men and women. 5. Listen to a commercial. Listen for any announcement regarding imported merchandise. Identify three examples. Repeat the words you heard in Dari and then underline them in the ad. 36

69 Lesson 26 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Aseem Koshan 1. This publication congratulates the staff on a special occasion. Which one? Circle the words that spell out the occasion. 2. Check the text to find out which word refers to the newspaper staff. Say it. 37

70 Lesson 27 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari LESSON 27 Farming Vocabulary: Related to farming; cardinal directions (general) Grammar: Past progressive tense; not only but also ; adjectives used as adverbs; counters used with nouns Functions: Ask a farmer questions about his farming practices. Skills: Develop an understanding of prevalent farming methods and crops in Afghanistan. Situation: A farmer who migrated from the south to the north discusses his situation. Past progressive tense Grammar Notes The English sentence I was watching a movie uses the past progressive tense (past tense of the verb to be + the -ing form of the action verb). It shows an action that started sometime in the past, continued for a while and ended in the past. There is another way of showing such an action in English. It requires the usage of used to before the action verb. In Dari, we construct the past progressive tense with the help of the following formula: Examples: Prefix می /mey/ + Past tense of the verb کریم درجلال ا باد زندگی ميکرد. Karim was living in Jalalabad. or: Karim used to live in Jalalabad. ا یا ازتراکتوراستفاده ميکردید زمينهای خود را دربهارا بياری ميکردیم. حاصلات را دربازارقریه ميفروختند. درگذشته جواری ميکاشتيم. Did you use to use tractors? We used to irrigate our lands in the spring. They used to sell the crops in the village market. We used to grow corn in the past. Look at a couple of examples from this lesson: 39

71 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 27 لطيف وقتيکه درزابل بود دهقانی ميکرد. اوکوکنارميکاشت. ازفروش ا ن پول زیاد بدست می ا ورد. Latif used to farm when he was in Zabul. He used to cultivate poppy. He used to earn a lot of money from its sale. The structure not only but also The English sentence This lesson is not only easy, but also interesting, can be stated in Dari as follows: این درس نه تنها ا سان بلکه دلچسپ هم است. نه As you can see, the Dari equivalents of the English expressions not only and but also are examples: respectively. Look at some بلکه... هم and تنها سمنگان نه تنها زمين حاصلخيزدارد بلکه اقليم ا ن هم خوب است. Samangan not only has fertile land, but its climate is also good. گندم نه تنها درشمال افغانستان بلکه درجاهای دیگرهم کشت کرده ميشود. Wheat is not only cultivated in the north of Afghanistan, but also in other places. این دهقانان نه تنها ازتراکتور بلکه ازگاوقلبه یی هم استفاده ميکنند. These farmers use not only tractors, but also oxen. اکنون لطيف قصد دارد که درزمين خود نه تنها گندم بلکه پيازهم کشت کند. Now, Latif intends to grow on his land not only wheat, but also onions. Note: When the noun that follows نه تنها not only (in the first clause) is part of a group or هم but and drop بلکه an entity it is compared with (in the second clause), we use only also : سال گذشته نه تنها این دهقان بلکه تمام دهقانها گندم کشت کردند. Last year, not only this farmer, but all farmers cultivated wheat. من نه تنها سيب بلکه همه ميوه ها را خوش دارم. I like not only apples, but all fruit. نه تنها دستها وپاها بلکه تمام بدنم دردميکند. Not only my hands and feet, but my entire body aches. 40

72 Lesson 27 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Adjectives used as adverbs As discussed in Lesson 17, certain Dari adjectives can act as adverbs, especially in conversational language. For instance, the adjective نو new can be used as an adverb, meaning newly or recently : Samangan. I have recently moved to به سمنگان نوکوچ کدیم. Counters used with nouns In Dari, it is common to use appropriate counters with nouns. Different categories of nouns receive different counters. These counters help better indicate the number or quantity of the noun referred to. Here are some counters: Noun Counter Examples categories people نفر person هشت نفردهقان eight farmers سه نفرمعلم three teachers یک نفر داکتر doctor one animals رأس head ده رأس اسپ ten horses پنج رأس شتر camels five paper ورق sheet دوازده ورق کاغذ twelve sheets of paper books جلد volume نه جلد کتاب nine books clothing دست set دودست دریشی two suits shoes and جوره pair چهارجوره بوت four pairs of shoes socks شش جوره جراب socks six pairs of land قطعه piece یک قطعه زمين one piece of land general / ١ piece تا or دانه چهاردانه کچالو potatoes four non-human پنج دانه قلم five pens شش دانه قاشق spoons six دودانه دستکول purses two Examples: is used in conversational Dari only. تا can be used both in formal and conversational Dari, whereas دانه 1 etc.,دوتا دستکول,شش تا قاشق,پنج تا قلم,چارتا کچالو 41

73 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 27 Cultural Notes Afghanistan is a country where most of the population is engaged in agriculture. A significant portion of Afghanistan s agriculture consists of subsistence farming. Most of the cultivated land is planted with cereals. Of these, wheat is the main crop and the staple food of the population. Other grains such as corn, rice, barley, etc., and a variety of vegetables are also cultivated. Fruits and nuts are important items of domestic consumption as well as export. Poppy has been widely grown in various parts of the country over the last three decades for the illegal international drug trade. Despite the strict measures taken by the Afghan government towards banning the cultivation of poppies and destroying existing poppy fields, some farmers still continue to illegally grow it. The majority of the Afghan farmers still use very primitive means and systems of agriculture and farming. Afghanistan, in general, has a typical semiarid steppe climate with extremely cold winters and hot summers. There are locations that have extreme temperatures. For instance, in Ghor province, the lowest temperature in the winter can reach minus 35 degrees Fahrenheit, and in Nangarhar province, the temperature in the summer can rise to 110 degrees Fahrenheit. 42

74 Lesson 27 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson Vocabulary Listen and become familiar with these words: زمين soil خاک north شمال south جنوب east شرق west غرب climate اقليم agriculture زراعت irrigation ا بياری farming دهقانی land / acreage tractor تراکتور ox گاوقلبه یی (قولبه گو ( crops حاصلات wheat گندم corn جواری onion پياز potato کچالو poppy کوکنار[ = خشخاش] ] = خاشخاش [ sale فروش piece / plot قطعه agricultural زراعتی fertile حاصلخيز barren بيحاصل (خاره ( only / just تنها ] = صرف] ] = فقط [ to farm / to do farming دهقانی کردن/ کن/ کرد ا بياری کردن/ کن/ کرد تخم پاشی کردن/ کن/ کرد کشت کردن/ کن/ کرد ] = کاشتن/ کار/ کاشت حاصل گرفتن/ گير/ گرفت بدست ا وردن/ ا ور/ ا ورد ] = کمایی کردن/ کن/ کرد کوچ کردن ] = مهاجرت کردن] کن/ کرد to irrigate to sow [ to grow / to cultivate to harvest [ to earn / to gain to move / to migrate 43

75 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 27 Luke Powell 44

76 Lesson 27 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Homework A. You will hear five expressions. Four fit together logically but one does not. Which one does not fit? Write it down in Dari. What do the others have in common? B. Listen and fill in the blanks with the missing words. Then translate each item into English. ا نها درقندهار.. این دهقان ها درفصل خزان دهقانان درجنوب وشرق افغانستان کشت ميکردند. شریف اولا تخم پاشی ميکند وبعد ازا ن زمين را ميکند. C. Write the following in Dari: The north of Afghanistan is good for agriculture. Karim used to live in Jalalabad. Ali s grandfather used to grow wheat in Samangan. Didn t they use to harvest earlier? 45

77 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 27 Narrative (Structures) As you work through the narrative model on the next page, you will discover examples of these structures: Structure verbs in the past tense Dari word(s) English meaning verbs in the past progressive tense verb in subjunctive mood clause stating a reason ( because ) adjectives 46

78 Lesson 27 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Narrative (Model) USAID لطيف از زابل است. زابل درجنوب افغانستان واقع است واقليم گرم دارد. لطيف وقتی که در زابل بود دهقانی ميکرد. اوکوکنارمی کاشت و ازفروش ا ن پول زیاد بدست می ا ورد. او به سمنگان که درشمال افغانستان قرار دارد کوچ کرد. درا نجا یک قطعه زمين خرید. زمينهای زراعتی درسمنگان قيمت است زیرا خاک ا ن حاصلخيزميباشد. لطيف قصد دارد که درزمين خود نه تنها گندم بلکه پيازهم کشت کند. 1. Listen repeatedly until you understand what is being said. 2. Read along with the recorded voice. Practice Dari pronunciation. 3. Complete the grid with examples. Note the English meanings. 4. If called on, point out the different structures on the SmartBoard. 47

79 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 27 Narrative (Variations) لطيف از زابل است. زابل درجنوب افغانستان واقع است واقليم گرم دارد. لطيف وقتی که درزابل بود دهقانی ميکرد. او کوکنار می کاشت و ازفروش ا ن پول زیاد بدست می ا ورد. او به سمنگان که درشمال افغانستان قرار دارد کوچ کرد. درا نجا یک قطعه زمين خرید. زمينهای زراعتی درسمنگان قيمت است زیرا خاک ا ن حاصلخيزميباشد. لطيف قصد دارد که درزمين خود نه تنها گندم بلکه پيازهم کشت کند. بدخشان جواری هرات ارزان تخار قاسم فراه نجيب بيحاصل گردیز تازه جنوب غفور زیاد شرق پياز معتدل جلال ا باد برنج غزنی خوب گندم غرب سرد حميد کوکنار شمال کم کچالو لغمان Luke Powell 1. Create new narratives by choosing different words from the box to replace the shaded parts of the text. 2. Use the remaining class time to practice talking about migrant workers who do not own acreage but work for the farmers. 48

80 Lesson 27 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Exchange (Structures) 1. Listen and pay attention to conversational forms that differ from formal Dari. Highlight them in the transcript on the next page. 2. Practice the exchange for fluency and good pronunciation, along with the native speakers. 3. Answer these questions. Write key words in Dari. لطيف ازکجا به کجا کوچ کد ده کجا دهقانی ميکد اوچرا زمين خریده ده زمين خود چی کشت ميکنه خاک سمنگان چطوراس چی وخت حاصلات خوب ميشه دهقانها چی وخت حاصل ميگيرن 4. Practice asking about and telling each other the information. Also practice your own questions. 49

81 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 27 Exchange (Models) Latif talks to a local from Samangan about farming. غلام: لطيف: غلام: لطيف: غلام: لطيف: غلام: لطيف: شما ازکجا ستين از زابل است م. به سمنگان نوکوچ کدیم. دهقان استين بلی. ده زابل دهقانی ميکدم. حالی ده سمنگان زمين خریدیم. ميخایم که ده اینجه هم دهقانی کن م. ده زمين تان چی کشت ميکنين قصد دار م که گندم و پيازکشت کن م. ده زابل چی کشت ميکدین کوکنار. ASC Thome Anderson ASC Thome Anderson Gary W. Bowersox The Gem Hunter 50

82 Lesson 27 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Exchange (Models) Latif asks questions about farming and soil in Samangan. لطيف: غلام: لطيف: غلام: لطيف: غلام: لطيف: غلام: لطيف: غلام: لطيف: غلام: خاک سمنگان بری کشت گندم خوب اس بلی بسيارحاصلخيز اس. ا بياری ده اینجه چطور اس بدنيس. وختی که باران زیاد باشه حاصلات هم زیاد ميشه. دهقان ها تراکتور دارن نی تمام دهقانها ندارن. تنها بعضی ازاونا تراکتوردارن. چی وخت تخم پاشی ميکنن ده ماه های حوت وحمل. چی وخت حاصل ميگيرن ده اسد وسنبله. ببخشين شما هم دهقان استين نی مه معلم است م. both from the American Geographical Society Library, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Libraries Luke Powell 51

83 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 27 Exchange (Variations) Luke Powell 52

84 Lesson 27 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Gisting 1. Listen repeatedly. 2. In Dari, report one or more things that you understood, after each iteration. 3. Summarize the essential points in English. 4. Practice a similar dialog with a partner, making up variations. 53

85 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 27 Extended Practice These are suggestions for personalized and integrated activities. Work briskly through the warm-up steps. Be prepared when you are called on. Your instructor will manage the time so that no more than 10 minutes are spent on the warm-up. Warm-up (only one student per task) 1. Make five statements naming things a well-to-do farmer owns. Your neighbor makes negative statements, saying what a poor farmer does not have. 2. Name three things a farmer does to grow wheat. 3. Say what type of climate you like, whether warm, mild, cold or rainy. 4. Ask your teacher if he or she owns (has) land / acreage. If so, where is it located? 5. Tell your teacher if you were ever on a tractor. If so, tell where. 6. Dictate to your classmates five verbs in the past progressive tense. They will have to write and say what each means. Talking about an American farmer Think about a farmer in the U.S. whose situation you know. Mention where the acreage is. Talk about climate, soil, farm machinery, and crops. Prepare notes. Now talk about the American farmer. 54

86 Lesson 27 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Role-plays One of the following situations is outlined in Dari. Which one? ء شما درافغانستان قراردارید ودریک نقطه کنترولی مشغول انجام وظيفه ميباشيد. مردی سواربرتراکتوربه شما نزدیک ميشود. ازاوبپرسيد که چه کارميکند وبه کجا روان است. معلوم کنيد که ا یا اوعضوانجمن دهقانان محلی است یا خير. (1) You are in Afghanistan. Alongside an Afghan official from the ministry of agriculture, you tour the rural areas of the south and talk to farmers. Find out from a farmer: State of affairs Crops Irrigation There is an indication that the formerly droughtravaged south is recovering from catastrophic conditions. (2) You are stationed in Afghanistan. You are staffing a checkpoint. A man approaches on a tractor. Find out his business and destination. Determine if he is a member of the local farming community. (3) You are talking with a friend about the poppy crop. One of you takes the side of poppy farmers because their crops grow even in the most arid climate. The other suggests alternative crops. Now act out these role-plays with a partner. 55

87 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 27 Authentic Material Recognize words in short texts. Practice reading, listening and also short speaking or writing tasks. Hone your dictionary skills. 1. Find the words indicating seasons. Underline them. Ryan Azimi 2. Now circle all the numbers. What do the numbers mean in this context? Say the key word in Dari. 3. Find a reference to below zero. Trace a box around it. 4. Using the grid below, fill in similar information about the state of California, based on what you know. Write in Dari: a suitable title names of the two seasons temperatures during each season 56

88 Lesson 27 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Ryan Azimi 1. The text gives information about Afghanistan. Find and underline the four cardinal directions. In which order are they mentioned? Say them in Dari in the same order. 2. Listen to the recording. A geographic location is included with each directional indicator. Two are rivers and two are countries/regions. Listen until you can identify one river and one country. 3. In pairs, quiz each other on the location of Afghanistan s neighbors. 57

89 Lesson 28 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari LESSON 28 A New Face in Town Vocabulary: Related to facial features, complexion, hair, physique, age, background Grammar: Sentences with multiple clauses and phrases; expressing name and age in Dari; usage of اگرچه although Functions: Ask about and visualize someone s appearance and background. Ask and state someone s age and name. Skills: Develop an awareness of Afghans notion of good personal qualities, background, and appearance. Situation: Townspeople discuss what two prominent newcomers are like. Grammar Notes Sentences with multiple clauses and phrases In formal Dari, speakers frequently use sentences with multiple clauses and phrases to create more complex and interesting sentences. Relative pronouns such as who, whom, and that are very commonly used to introduce adjectival clauses. Conjunctions such as and, but and yet are used to combine verb phrases and reduce repetition of the subject. Look at the following sentences: کريم يک مرد جوان است. man. Karim is a young کريم ازهرات ا مده است. Karim has come from Herat. کريم زبان انگليسی را ياد دارد. Karim speaks English. کريم ميخواهد که دراينجا کارکند. here. Karim wants to work Let s link these sentences with the help of که who and و and : کريم که يک مرد جوان است و ازهرات ا مده است و زبان انگليسی را ياد دارد ميخواهد که دراينجا کارکند. Karim who is a young man and has come from Herat and speaks English, wants to work here. Since the subject was common in all of these sentences, we kept Karim as the main subject and omitted it from the rest of the sentence. What we have now, is a complex sentence with the main clause ميخواهد که دراينجا کارکند (کريم) (Karim) wants to work here, and the subordinate clause که يک مرد جوان است who is a young man. The rest of the sentence consists of verb phrases, which share the same subject. 59

90 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 28 Asking and telling age and name There are two ways to express someone s age in Dari: 1. The more common way involves usage of the verb بودن to be together with a روزه of weeks, or هفته يی months, of ماهه years, of ساله number and the word of days. Examples: ٢٢ ساله 22 years old, شش ماهه six months old, سه هفته يی three weeks old, پنج روزه five days old, etc. 2. The other way involves usage of the verb داشتن to have with a number relating to time, usually in terms of years. For example, years. ) He/She is 25 years old. (Lit., He/She has 25 او ٢۵ سال دارد. The more common way محمود ٣۵ ساله است. ناهيد يک دختردو ساله ويک پسرنه ماهه دارد. يما يک طفل دوهفته يی است. اين نوزاد صرف شش روزه است. The less common way برادرم شانزده سال دارد. من بيست سال دارم Mahmood is 35 years old. Nahid has a two-year-old daughter and a nine-month-old son. Yama is a two-week-old child. This newborn baby is only six days old. My brother is sixteen years old. (Lit., My brother has sixteen years. ) I am twenty years old (Lit., I have twenty years. ) There are three ways to ask someone how old he/she is:.روزه or هفته يی,ماهه,ساله how many and the word چند 1. Using the interrogative you? How old are چند ساله استيد 2. Using the interrogative چند how many, the verb داشتن to have and a number relating to time, usually in terms of years. have? ) How old are you? (Lit., How many years do you چند سال داريد سن how many ( how much in this context), the word چند 3. Using the interrogative age and the verb بودن to be. age? ) What is your age? (Lit., How much is your سن شما چند است 60

91 Lesson 28 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari There are also different ways of saying someone s name in Dari. The most common ones are: 1. Using the verb بودن to be 2. Using the verb داشتن to have Examples: نام او چيست نام او محمود است. اوچه نام دارد اومحمود نام دارد. What is his name? His name is Mahmood. What is his name? (Lit., What name does he have? ) His name is Mahmood. (Lit., He has the name of Mahmood. ) Usage of the conjunction اگرچه although In Dari, اگرچه although is a correlative conjunction that is always used in pairs. It functions like the English sets either--or or not only--but also. اگرچه although is paired with either: but (اما or ولی (or مگر however با ا نهم Let s look at a couple of examples: اگرچه والی نو را نمی شناسم مگرميدانم که اويک شخص مو دب است. Although I don t know the new governor, (but) I know that he is a polite person. اگرچه گرسنه نبودم با ا نهم کمی غذا خوردم. Here is an example from this lesson: Although I was not hungry, (however) I ate a little food. محمود اگرچه جوان به نظرميرسد ولی ٣۵ ساله و بسيار با تجربه است. Although Mahmood seems young, (but) he is 35 years old and very experienced. 61

92 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 28 Lesson Vocabulary Listen and become familiar with these words: governor والی mayor شاروال وظيفه (کار name نام ] = اسم [ سن ] = سن وسال height قد ] = قامت [ hair مو (موی ( ( assignment / duty / task [ age beard ريش skin پوست ] = جلد [ eyeglasses عينک black سياه (color) dark تاريک ] = تيره [ (color) light روشن ] = کم رنگ [ handsome خوش قيافه tall قد بلند ] = بلند قد [ قد کوتاه ] = کوتاه قد] (قد پخچ ( short (height) broad-shouldered چارشانه skinny لاغر fat چاق ] = فربه [ young جوان (age) old پير ] = سالخورده] ] = مسن [ educated تحصيلکرده با تجربه ] = مجرب [ experienced sincere صميمی polite مو دب ] = با ادب [ serious / dignified سنگين ] = با وقار] ] = مو قر [ married متا هل single مجرد although / even though اگرچه ] = با ا نکه] ] = با اينکه] ] = هرچند [ previously / prior to this قبل براين ] = قبلا ] (پيشتر ( ء as / in the capacity of به حيث ] = به مثابه [ to assume / to occupy اشغال کردن/ کن/ کرد 62

93 Lesson 28 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Homework A. You will hear five expressions. Four fit together logically but one does not. Which one does not fit? Write it down in Dari. What do the others have in common? B. Listen and fill in the blanks with the missing words. Then translate each item into English. اين افسر است شما ازمن استيد. نازی جلد دارد. غفوريک شخص ومو دب است. C. Write the following in Dari: Qasim is a tall and broad-shouldered man. Although he is wearing eyeglasses, he looks very handsome. Ghani has not assumed his new assignment yet. The new mayor has a short beard. 63

94 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 28 Narrative (Structures) As you work through the narrative model on the next page, you will discover examples of these structures: Structure verbs in the simple past tense Dari word(s) English meaning verbs in the present tense verb in the past progressive tense adjectives prepositional phrases relative clause using who ( whose ) subordinate clause using although 64

95 Lesson 28 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Narrative (Model) Mustafa Rasuli ء هفته گذشته والی نوغزنی از کابل به غزنی رسيد و وظيفه اش را اشغال کرد. او که محمود نام دارد وقبلا به حيث استاد درپوهنتون کابل کارميکرد يک مرد تحصيلکرده ١ قد بلند و خوش قيافه است. موهای سياه و پوست روشن دارد. محمود اگرچه جوان به نظرميرسد ولی ٣۵ ساله و بسيار با تجربه است. او متا هل است و سه فرزند دارد. 1. Listen repeatedly until you understand what is being said. 2. Read along with the recorded voice. Practice Dari pronunciation. 3. Complete the grid with examples. Note the English meanings. 4. If called on, point out the different structures on the SmartBoard. 1 The word مو hair is often used in plural form, both in formal and conversational Dari. 65

96 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 28 Narrative (Variations) ء هفته گذشته والی نوغزنی از کابل به غزنی رسيد و وظيفه اش را اشغال کرد. او که محمود نام دارد وقبلا به حيث استاد درپوهنتون کابل کارميکرد يک مرد تحصيلکرده قد بلند و خوش قيافه است. موهای سياه و پوست روشن دارد. محمود اگرچه جوان به نظرميرسد ولی ٣۵ ساله و بسيار با تجربه است. او متا هل است و سه فرزند دارد. ٢۶ حميد ماه گذشته شاروال سفيد ء روزدوشنبه گذشته شريفه خرمايی دو باميان صميمی لاغر قندهار مديرمکتب ماهر کوتاه زن چاق ندارد فريد مديربانک يک يتيم خانه سنگين ٣٣ هرات قدکوتاه معلم يک شفاخانه دراز مجرد ناهيد ديروز پير ليلا ٢٨ تيره مدير وهاب چهار مقبول يک مکتب ٣٠ مو دب هيچ داکتر 1. Create new narratives by choosing different words from the box to replace the shaded parts of the text. 2. Use the remaining class time to practice talking about people in your class or your company. 66

97 Lesson 28 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Exchange (Structures) 1. Listen and pay attention to conversational forms that differ from formal Dari. Highlight them in the transcript on the next page. 2. Practice the exchange for fluency and good pronunciation, along with the native speakers. 3. Answer the following questions. Write key words in Dari. محمود کيس اوچطورا دم اس پيشترده کجا کارميکد راجع به سن محمود چی ميدانين معلم نومکتب چی نام داره موی های حفيظه چطوراس اوازکجا ا مده 4. Practice asking about and telling each other the information. Also practice your own questions. 67

98 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 28 Exchange (Models) Two men talk about the new governor of Ghazni. UNEP حشمت: حاجی قاسم: حشمت: حاجی قاسم: حشمت: حاجی قاسم: حشمت: حاجی قاسم: حشمت: ء حاجی صاحب ميدانين که والی نوما هفته گذشته کارخوده شروع کد بلی ميدانم. هنوزنديديمش. ميگن که يک ا دم تحصيلکده اس. مه ديروزاوره ده مسجد ديدم. ا دم با تجربه به نظرميرسه. پيشتر استاد پوهنتون بوده. والی نو چی نام داره نامش محمود اس. پيراس يا جوان شايد سی ساله باشه. قد بلند وخوش قيافه اس. موی سياه وجلد روشن داره. متا هل اس بلی. سه اولاد هم داره. 68

99 Lesson 28 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Exchange (Models) Two women discuss the new teacher in town. both Luke Powell جميله: حميرا: جميله: حميرا: جميله: حميرا: جميله: حميرا: معلم نومکتب ما ره ديدی ء بلی هفته گذشته او ره ده بازارديدم. نامش چيس نامش حفيظه اس. جوان اس بلی يک زن جوان وسنگين اس. شايد ٢٠ يا ٢۵ ساله باشه. دراز وچشم های سياه داره. ازکابل ا مده نی ازهرات ا مده. موی های 69

100 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 28 Exchange (Variations) Ellyn Cavanaugh, Ph.D. 70

101 Lesson 28 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Gisting 1. Listen repeatedly. 2. In Dari, report one or more things that you understood, after each iteration. 3. Summarize the essential points in English. 4. Practice a similar dialog with a partner, making up variations. 71

102 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 28 Extended Practice These are suggestions for personalized and integrated activities. Work briskly through the warm-up steps. Be prepared when you are called on. Your instructor will manage the time so that no more than 10 minutes are spent on the warm-up. Warm-up (only one student per task) 1. Name an adjective used to describe physical appearance. Someone else will provide comparative and superlative forms. 2. Think of a celebrity who fits certain characteristics (fat or skinny, broadshouldered, etc.) or who has distinctive features (beard, eyeglasses, etc.) Provide clues. Your classmates guess the celebrity s name. 3. Say what kind of hair you like in someone. 4. Ask a classmate how old he or she is. Comment as to whether that s old or not. 5. Name a person who is educated and/or experienced. Explain by giving an example. 6. Dictate to your classmates five adjectives from this lesson. They will have to write and say what each means. Talking about a friend or relative Think about a person that is close to you. Mention what he or she looks like. Say the name, age, and background. Prepare notes. Now talk about the person. 72

103 Lesson 28 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Role-plays One of the following situations is outlined in Dari. Which one? قراراست شما يک مهمان افغان را که به ميدان هوايی محلی ميرسد استقبال کنيد. شما همديگر را نمی شناسيد. درمورد اينکه چگونه ميتوانيد همديگر را بشناسيد در تيلفون به تبادلهء معلومات بپردازيد. شما ملبس به يونيفورم خواهيد بود. (1) You are in Afghanistan. The local police are looking for a suspect. To help with the investigation, find out: Appearance Physique Age Ask a number of questions and draw a police sketch that might be used as a Wanted poster. (2) You offered to pick up an Afghan visitor who is flying into the local airport. Neither one of you knows the other. On the phone, exchange information about how to recognize each other. You will be in uniform. (3) You are talking with an Afghan friend about spotting President Hamid Karzai in downtown Monterey last night. The two of you disagree over the president s looks, age, and background. Now act out these role-plays with a partner. 73

104 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 28 Authentic Material Recognize words in short texts. Practice reading, listening and also short speaking or writing tasks. Hone your dictionary skills. Ryan Azimi 1. Listen to the commercial. How many years of experience does the owner of this business have? 2. In the text, highlight all the words you recognize. 3. Circle the owner s name. 4. Guess what the underlined words mean. Look them up in the dictionary for confirmation. 74

105 Lesson 28 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Aseem Koshan 1. Check the headline for familiar words. Say the name of the facility and the location in Dari. 2. Sound out the names of the countries that helped in reconstruction. 3. Who were the two dignitaries mentioned in the news? Sound out the names in Dari. 4. In pairs, ask each other questions about this text. Speak in Dari. 75

106 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 28 Nick Noori 1. Listen to the commercial. Guess what kind of a business this is. 2. Is the name of the owner female or male? 3. Sound out and then highlight all the words you understand. 4. Ask a partner two questions about this business, in Dari. Your partner answers. 76