DARI BASIC COURSE. SEMESTER 1 Lessons STUDENT COPY VALIDATION EDITION 2005 DEFENSE LANGUAGE INSTITUTE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CENTER

Transcription

1 DARI BASIC COURSE SEMESTER 1 Lessons STUDENT COPY VALIDATION EDITION 2005 DEFENSE LANGUAGE INSTITUTE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CENTER

2 DARI Basic Course SEMESTER 1 Lessons June 2005 DEFENSE LANGUAGE INSTITUTE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CENTER

3 Acknowledgments Permission to use text and/or graphic images in this Dari language course has been received from the following copyright holders: Luke Powell (photographs from Rahmatullah Omid (photographs from personal collection) Homayoun Seddiq (photographs from personal collection) Wida Ahmad (photographs from personal collection) Najib Rezai (photographs from personal collection) Juan Jose Soto Perez, MAJ, FA, U.S. Army (photographs from personal collection) Kiyoshi Inoue (photographs from AGSL American Geographical Society Library, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Libraries (photographs from the Harrison Forman collection) ASC (photographs from courtesy of Saudi Aramco World / PADIA / Aramco Services Corporation) UNESCO (photographs from UNEP (photographs from Robert W. Kranz (photographs from Keith Cook (photographs from Mustafa Rasuli (photographs from John Patten (photographs from Dominic Medley/Jude Barrand (photos from Kabul: The Bradt Mini Guide - The Survival Guide to Kabul Gary W. Bowersox The Gem Hunter, President GeoVision, Inc., PO Box 89646, Honolulu, HI 96830, , MrGary77@aol.com (photos from Shahab Azim (photographs from Ellyn Cavanaugh, Ph.D. (photographs from personal collection and from Rosemary Stasek (photos from Kerry Saner (photographs from Farhad Darya (photograph from Christina Manuel (photographs from personal collection) Crown Copyright/MOD (photographs from John Pike (photographs and maps from Moumina Dorgabekova: Pharmacy in Afghanistan Boston: Management Sciences for Health Aseem Koshan (excerpts from Omaid Weekly newspaper) Ryan Azimi (excerpts from Afghan-Iranian Yellow Pages of Northern California) Nick Noori (excerpts from Afghan Yellow Pages by N&N Express) Shahbaz Taheri (excerpts from Northern California Iranian Yellow Pages by Pezhvac Corp.) Ali Parvin (excerpts from TASVIR Persian American Yellow Pages) Assad Manely (excerpts from Afghan Yellow Pages of California by Ariana Advertising) ii

4 Serajuddin Wahaj (excerpts from Dard-e-Dil-e Afghan monthly publication) Nasir Durani (poster published by Afghan Center of Fremont, CA) License was obtained from Nova Development Corporation (Nova) to reproduce digital images of clipart and photos from Art Explosion CD ROMs. Photos from are used in accordance with the copyright owner s specified restrictions, as posted on the website. Photos from and are used in accordance with guidelines provided by FirstGov@mail.fedinfo.gov on public domain. Additional photos were obtained from: Other images are courtesy of royalty-free Stock Exchange ( MorgueFile ( and Pixelquelle ( no permission or photo credits are required. Permission to use copyrighted material was granted on the condition that it be used exclusively for nonprofit educational purposes. Further reproduction is unauthorized. Cover photograph by Luke Powell. iii

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6 Table of Contents Lesson 37: Transportation...1 Passive voice with by ; the verb اميدواربودن to hope Lesson 38: Afghan Manufacturing...19 Adverbs of manner; review of nouns with /ee/ Lesson 39: Afghan Military...37 Indirect questions in the past tense; omission of the syllable ب /be/ from the present subjunctive mood Lesson 40: Afghan Refugees...57 Correlative conjunctions... نه... نه neither nor and... یا... یا either or ; more on plural nouns Review Glossary...77 v

7 Glossary 1 40 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari GLOSSARY a little / a bit کمی a number / a few / some يک تعداد ] = يکعده] ] = عده ای [ ء درباره ] = درمورد] ] = راجع به abroad / outside خارج ache / pain درد active / operational / functioning فعال [ about address ا درس adult / grown up بزرگسال ] = کلان سال [ advertisement / announcement اعلان after بعد از[ = بعد] ] = پس از [ afternoon بعد ازظهر (بعد ازچاشت) (بعد ازپيشين ( again دوباره دربرابر ] = به مقابل age سن ] = سن وسال [ ago قبل ] = پيش [ [ against کمک مواد امدادی ] = مواد کمکی agricultural زراعتی agriculture زراعت aid / assistance / help [ aid supplies air conditioning ايرکنديشن air force قوای هوايی شرکت هوايی ] = هوا پيمايی طياره ] = هواپيما airport ميدان هوايی همه ] = تمام] ] = تمام ا همگی ] = تماما ] (ک لگی all over سرتاسر ] = سراسر [ ن قل بادامی (ن قل اگرچه ] = با ا نکه] ] = با اينکه] ] = هرچند always هميشه (مدام) (دايم ( [ airline company / airline [ airplane / aircraft [ all / every ( all / exclusively / entirely ( almond candy [ although / even though ambulance امبولانس American (nationality) امريکايی 77

8 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Glossary 1-40 سفارت امريکا مقدار (اندازه American Embassy ( amount / quantity and و anger / rage خشم ] = قهر] ] = غضب [ angry خشمگين ] = غضبناک] (قار ( announcement اعلاميه another يکی ديگر(يکی د گه ( antique seller انتيک فروش antique shop انتيک فروشی any کدام anything / everything هرچيز apple سيب ء appointment وعده ملاقات ] = قرارملاقات [ approximately تقريبا arm بازو ديپوی اسلحه ] = سلاح کوت اردو ] = قوای زمينی [ arms depot [ army art رسم ء as / in the capacity of به حي ث ] = به مثابه [ assignment / duty / task وظيفه (کار ( at / in در (ده ( aunt (maternal) خاله (paternal) aunt عمه (nationality) Australian ا ستراليايی (transmission) automatic اتومات baby طفل (ا شت ک ( bad بد bag خريطه (خلته ( baker نانوا (نانوای ( bakery نانوايی ball توپ Bamyan باميان Band-Aid پلستر bank بانک 78

9 Glossary 1 40 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari bank manager مديربانک barracks بار ک بيرل (بيلر ( barrel بيحاصل (خاره ( barren (military) base قشله basketball باسکتبال bathroom / restroom تشناب blessed! Be خيرببينين! ] = برکت ببينين [! beard ريش beautiful / pretty مقبول ] = قشنگ] ] = زيبا [ beautifully به مقبولی ) مقبول ( because زيرا ] = چونکه][ = به خاطری که][ = اينکه] چپرکت ] = تختخواب] (تخت خ و اتاق خواب (اتاق خ و پيش از ] = قبل از عقب ] = پشت ] (پشت سر کريمی برای ( bed / bedstead ( bedroom [ before ( behind beige berry توت برعلاوه ] = علاوتا [ besides / in addition بين ] = مابين] ] = ميان [ between / among bicycle بايسکل کلان ] = بزرگ [ big / large binoculars دوربين تولد ] = ولادت [ birth ء روزتولد ] = سالگره تولد] ] = سالگره [ birthday black سياه blanket کمپل bleeding خون ريزی blue ا بی body بدن ] = جسم] ] = وجود] (جان ( book کتاب boots بوت ساق دار bottle بوتل 79

10 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Glossary 1-40 bouquet دسته بوتيک ] = دکان [ boutique نان خشک ] = نان [ bread bride عروس bridge پل broad-shouldered چارشانه broken / out of order خراب نصواری گادی عمارت ] = تعمير] [= ساختمان ء تخته اعلانات واسکت ضد گلوله چپرکت دوطبقه يی (چپرکت دومنزله سوختگی بس ] = سرويس تجارت ] = ب زن س ء جوازنامه تجارتی ] = جوازتجارتی brother برادر brown [ building buggy (horse-drawn carriage) bulletin board bullet-proof vest ( bunk bed burn [ bus [ business [ business license businessman تاجر but ولی ] = اما] ] = مگر [ butcher قصاب butcher shop / butchering قصابی buttermilk دوغ buyer / customer خريدار ] = مشتری [ buzkashi بزکشی by ازپهلوی ازطرف ] = توسط] ] = راستی ء voice) [ by (used with the passive به وسيله... By the way, می تانين مه ره کمک کنين غذای قطی café کافی camel شتر camp کمپ Can you help me? canned food cannon / gun توپ 80

11 Glossary 1 40 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari کلاهدوز car موتر به دقت ] = با احتياط cargo truck موترباربری carpet / rug قالين carpet weaver قالين باف cart کراچی cattle گله cellular phone تيلفون جيبی center مرکز centigrade سانتی گراد ء شفاخانه مرکزی مراسم chair چوکی charcoal ذغال charitable خيريه [ carefully cap maker / hatmaker central hospital ceremony / festivity cheap ارزان up! Cheer خوش باش! (پيشانی ته وازبگی!) chicken مرغ child فرزند (اولاد ( child / baby طفل chocolate چاکليت cigarettes سگرت cinema / theater سينما city شهر city bus سرويس شهری ] = بس شهری [ civil war جنگ داخلی صنف همصنف (همصنفی class / grade ( classmate clean پاک clean پاک (ستره ( climate اقليم closed بسته clothes / outfit لباس (کالا ( 81

12 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Glossary 1-40 cloudy ابری ] = ابرا لود [ coal ذغال سنگ سرد ) خي رنگين درون بيايين راحت ] = ا رام ( cold (temperature) colorful. Come in. [ comfortable commander / leader قوماندان company تولی company orderly room ء دايره تولی کاملا ] = بکلی] ] = تماما [ completely / entirely computer کمپيوتر computer lab اتاق کمپيوتر condolence تسليت Congratulations! مبارک باشه! ] = تبريک [! construction ساختمان construction material مواد ساختمانی مسابقه جواری دانه نشده کشور[ = مملکت کورس contest / game / race contract / written agreement قرارداد cook ا شپز cookies کلچه cooking stove اجاق corn جواری [ country corn on the cob course / class coworker همکار crops حاصلات crowded / busy مزدحم (بيروبار ( Cultural Center مرکزفرهنگی currently / at present درحال حاضر پشتی ] = متکا] ] = تکيه cut بريدگی Czech Republic جمهوريت چک [ cushion (for resting or reclining) dangerous خطرناک 82

13 Glossary 1 40 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Dari دری (color) dark تاريک ] = تيره [ date تاريخ daughter / girl دختر day روز death فوت ] = وفات] ] = مرگ [ definitely / by all means حتما (حتمی ( degree(s) درجه delicate / fine نفيس delicious خوش مزه (مزه دار ( dentist داکتردندان desert دشت diesel ديزل difficult / hard مشکل ] = دشوار] ] = سخت [ dining room اتاق نانخوری ] = اتاق طعام خوری] (اتاق نان ( dining table ميزنانخوری ] = ميزطعامخوری] ] = ميزنان [ diplomat ديپلومات مدير راه خامه کثيف (چتل) (چرک انضباط ] = دسپلين نامنظم ] = نامرتب] (گدود director / manager dirt road ( dirty [ discipline ( disorganized / messy dizzy سرچرخ doctor داکتر dog سگ dollar دالر donation / contribution اعانه خر ] = مرکب [ donkey دروازه ] = در [ door (occupancy) double دونفری down the hallway درا خردهليز ء طبقه پايين ] = منزل پايين] (منزل پايان ( downstairs جمع نظام ] = مشق [ drill (دريور) ) موتروان ( راننده driver 83

14 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Glossary 1-40 driver s license لايسنس رانندگی ] = جوازرانندگی] (ليسنس ( dry خشک during درجريان ] = دروقت] ] = درهنگام] ] = طی] (ده ( each / every هر هريک ] = هرکدام همديگر ] = يکديگر [ each one / either one [ each other / one another ear گوش early زود (وخت ( earthquake زلزله ] = زمين لرزه [ east شرق easy ا سان ] = سهل [ educated تحصيلکرده Eid عيد Eid money عيدی Eiffel Tower برج ايفل electric برقی electricity برق embassy سفارت embroiderer گلدوز emotional / sentimental احساساتی empty / vacant خالی نامزدی (نامزادی ماشين ] = انجن ( engagement [ engine engineer انجينير K. England / U. انگلستان ] = بريتانيا [ English انگليسی enough کافی ) سب ( equipment تجهيزات ] = وسايل] ] = لوازم [ et cetera (etc.) وغيره even حتی evening شام (dinner) evening meal نان شب ] = طعام شب] (نان ش و ( ever گاهی ] = هرگز] ] = هيچوقت [ everybody / everyone هرکس ] = همه کس [ 84

15 Glossary 1 40 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari everything همه چيز هرچيز ] = همه چيز هرجا ] = همه جا [ everything / anything [ everywhere / every place excited هيجانی excitement هيجان me. Excuse ببخشيد (ببخشين ( expensive قيمت ] = گران [ experienced با تجربه ] = مجرب [ eye چشم eyeglasses عينک fabric / cloth تکه ] = پارچه [ fall / autumn خزان فاميل ] = خانواده معروف ] = مشهور [ family [ famous far دور farmer دهقان farming دهقانی (adjective) fast سريع ] = تند] (تيز ( (adverb) fast به سرعت (تيز ( fat چاق ] = فربه [ father پدر fatigue / weariness خستگی feelings / emotions احساسات fertile حاصلخيز festivity / celebration جشن ( fiancé نامزد (نامزاد field ميدان (aircraft) fighter ء شکاری طياره finally بالا خره finger انگشت (کلک ( ء fire department اداره اطفاي يه ] = اطفاي يه [ fire truck / fire engine موتراطفاي يه firewood چوب سوخت ( first / firstly اولا (اول 85

16 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Glossary 1-40 flag بيرق flagpole ء پايه بيرق floor طبقه (منزل ( دوشک ] = نهالين] (توشک) (نيالی florist گل فروش ( floor mattress (for sitting or sleeping) گل فروشی غذا (نان موادغذايی ] = مواد ارتزاقی] ] = مواد خوراکی پا (پای برای (بری flower گل flower shop ( food ( food items / food supplies ( foot ( for fork پنجه fortunately خوشبختانه four-door car موترچهاردروازه يی France فرانسه free / not busy / jobless بيکار language) French (nationality / فرانسوی fresh تازه مرغ بريان دوست ] = رفيق Friday جمعه fried chicken [ friend from از fruit ميوه full پ ر funeral جنازه furnished با مبل وفرنيچر furniture فرنيچر ] = مبل وفرنيچر [ furniture store فرنيچرفروشی gallon گيلن garage گراج Gardez گرديز گيلنه gas can gas station تانک تيل gas tank تانکی 86

17 Glossary 1 40 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari gasoline پترول ] = تيل [ geography جغرافيه German ا لمانی Germany ا لمان ] = جرمنی [ ready! Get تيارشو! glass (material) شيشه گيلاس جعبه دشبورد خدا خيرتان بته! ] = خدا شما ره خيربته!] [خدا شما ره برکت بته!] خوب خدا حافظ. (به امان خدا glass (stemware) glove دستکش glove compartment ء God bless you! God willing انشااالله good / fine / nice (. Good-bye. gorge تنگی government employee مامور governor والی gracious / kind مهربان grandfather پدرکلان grandmother مادرکلان grape انگور gray فولادی ] = خاکستری [ green سبز grenade / hand grenade بم دستی groom داماد guest مهمان guide رهنما gun / rifle تفنگ hair مو (موی ( half نيم hallway / corridor دهليز Hamid (male name) حميد hand د ست (د ست ( handicrafts صنايع دستی 87

18 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Glossary 1-40 handsome خوش قيافه خوشحال ] = خوش hashish چرس ] = حشيش [ hat / cap کلاه [ happy he / she / it او head سر headache سردردی ] = درد سر [ health clinic کلينيک صحی heater بخاری heavy duty truck موترلاری ] = لاری [ height قد ] = قامت [ helicopter هليکوپتر call) Hello! (telephone بلی ] = الو [ helmet کلاه ا هنی help کمک heartily. Help yourself. / Eat نوش جان کنين. Herat هرات here اينجا (اينجه ( heroin هيرويين high بلند highway شاهراه history تاريخ holiday / vacation / leave رخصتی ] = تعطيل [ homeland / native country وطن ] = ميهن [ horse اسپ hospital شفاخانه (temperature) hot / burning داغ ] = سوزان [ (taste) hot / spicy ت ند hour ساعت hour / period ساعت درسی ] = ساعت [ house / home خانه همخانه... چطور housemate How about? 88

19 Glossary 1 40 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari چ طوراستی چی مقبول چه مدت ] = چقدروقت ] (چقه وخت چند ] = چند دانه ] (چند تا چقدر (چقه چط ور (چطور / چطو با ا نهم ] = با اينحال How are you?! How beautiful! ( How long? ( How many?/ How many pieces? ( How much? ( How? [ however humanitarian بشردوستانه hungry گرسنه (گ شنه ( hunting / prey شکار شوهر (شوی من (مه مصروف استم. ] = مشغول استم.] (کاردارم خوب استم کارت هويت اگر (اگه ( husband ( I ( I am busy.. I am fine. ID card ( if / in case illness مريضی immediately / at once ف ور ا important مهم در (ده ( in / at روبروی [ پيش روی[ = in front of برای ] = برای ا نکه [ in order to با وجود اينکه ] = باوجود ا نکه [ in spite of / despite the fact included شامل ] = ا زادی [ استقلال independence هندوستان ] = هند [ India معلومات ] = اطلاعات [ information زخمی ] = مجروح [ injured inn / guest house مهمان خانه داخل (درون به عوض ) به جای ( inside ( instead of insurance بيمه insured بيمه شده (بيمه شدگی ( Intercontinental Hotel هوتل انترکانتی ننتل 89

20 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Glossary 1-40 interesting جالب ] = دلچسپ [ international بين المللی internet انترنت internet connection لين ارتباطی انترنت intersection چارراهی interview مصاحبه investigation تحقيقات Iran ايران (nationality) Iranian ايرانی irrigation ا بياری Is everybody fine? همگی خوب استن is not نيست (نيس ( Islamabad اسلام ا باد فرق نميکند. (فرق نميکنه = پروا نداره ( It does not matter. it is expected / it is planned قراراست possible. It is not امکان نداره. eyes. It seems beautiful in your چشمهای شما مقبول می بينه. you. It s kind of you. / It is nice of لطف شماست.[ = مهربانی شماست] --) شماس ( Italy ايتاليا چاقو زندان ] = محبس] (بندی خانه Jalalabad جلال ا باد جاپانی jeep جيپ ] = موترجيپ [ ( jail jackknife / pocketknife Japanese (nationality/language) journalist ژورنالست joy / happiness / delight سرور ] = خوشی] ] = شادی] ] = شادمانی [ juice شربت kabob کباب Kabul کابل district) Karta-e-Sey (a ء کارته سه منظم ] = مرتب kerosene تيل خاک خالد کودک (چوچه [ kept in order / well-kept / neat Khaled (male name) ( kid / youngster 90

21 Glossary 1 40 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari kilogram کيلو ] = کيلوگرام [ قسم ] = نوع] (رقم kitchen ا شپزخانه (کارخانه ( kite کاغذ پران ] = گ دی پران [ کاغذ پران بازی ] = گ دی پران بازی ( kind / type [ kite flying knife کارد کارگر زمين ز بان ] = لسان] (ز بان laborer / worker lamp چراغ land / acreage ( language last / final / latest ا خرين last / past گذشته ديشب ] = شب گذشته] (ديش و دير (ناوخت بعدا [= بعد تر][= بعد ازا ن][= پس ازا ن](پسان/ پسانتر) ( last night ( late later / afterwards lawn چمن leather چرم left side طرف چپ (دست چپ ( leg پا (پای ( less often / once in a while ديرديربعد lesson درس go! Let s بيا که بريم! library کتابخانه life زندگی روشن ] = کم رنگ [ light (color) liter ليتر little (amount) کم سالون ] = اتاق نشيمن [ living room load / cargo بار locker / closet / cabinet الماری London لندن long دراز love / passion عشق 91

22 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Glossary 1-40 machine ماشين machine gun ماشيندار by... made in / made ساخت man مرد manually / by hand با دست ] = توسط دست] (به دست ( map نقشه ] = خريطه [ market بازار married متا هل mathematics رياضی may / might / maybe / perhaps شايد ] = ممکن است [ deceased)! May God forgive (the خدا رحمت کنه! ] = خدا بيا مرزه [! May God protect ( ) from the evil eye! ماشااالله![ = نظرنشه!] [=خدااز نظربدنگاه کنه!] (نام خدا) خدا... ره نگاه کنه زندگی سرشما باشه زنده باشين mayor شاروال! May God save ( )!! May you continue to live!! May you live long! / Thank you! Mazar-e-Sharif مزارشريف ء ء means of transportation وسيله نقليه ] = وسيله حمل ونقل [ meat گوشت mechanic مستری ] = ميخانيک [ medical treatment تداوی ] = معاجه [ medicine / medication دوا meeting ملاقات melon خربوزه member عضو membership عضويت membership card کارت عضويت مينو ] = لست غذا طعامخانه [ menu mess hall metal فلز midday / noon ظهر(چاشت ( mild معتدل عسکری ] = نظامی [ military 92

23 Glossary 1 40 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari minibus مينی بس وزارت داخله وزارت صحت عامه Ministry of Interior minute دقيقه mirror ا يينه (ا ينه ( Monday دوشنبه money پول (پيسه ( month ماه more often زود زود Ministry of Public Health morning صبح (breakfast) morning meal چای صبح ] = ناشتا [ mortar هاوان Moscow ماسکو mosque مسجد most اکثر ] = بيشتر] (بسياری ( mother مادر motorcycle موترسيکل motorist موترسوار mountain کوه mountain pass کوتل movie فلم Mr. ا قا Ms. خانم زياد ] = بسيار ء خانه گلی ملا بايد ] = بايست [ much / many / a lot mud house Muslim clergyman [ must / should / ought to name) Nahid (female ناهيد name نام ] = اسم [ napkin دستمال کاغذی مواد مخدر ] = مواد مخدره باريک ] = تنگ] ] = کمعرض] (کمبر [ narcotics / drugs ( narrow name) Nasima (female نسيمه 93

24 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Glossary 1-40 name) Nazi (female نازی ن زديک (ن زديک ( near / close محتاج ] = نيازمند [ needy / impoverished neighbor همسايه هيچ وقت ] = هرگز [ never new نو دهلی جديد ] = دهلی نو [ New Delhi نوروز ] = سال نو [ New Year s Day newborn نوزاد روزنامه (اخبار ( newspaper ا ينده ] = بعدی [ next / future / the following next door اتاق پهلو پهلوی ] = کنار [ next to night شب night curfew قيود شبگردی no نه ) ین ( هيچ کس هيچيک ] = هيچکدام هيچ نان چاشت ] = طعام چاشت عادی ] = معمولی] ] = نورمال way) no (in a more polite نخير nobody / no one / no person [ none / neither none / not any [ noon meal (lunch) [ normal / common / ordinary هيچ چيز حالا ] = اکنون] (حالی north شمال nose بينی notebook کتابچه nothing / anything ( now now / currently فعلا nowhere هيچ جا numb بی حس (کرخت ( number نمره ] = شماره [ تعداد ] = عده] ] = شمار [ number / quantity of units or individuals nurse نرس ] = پرستار [ 94

25 Glossary 1 40 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari o clock / hour ساعت (بجه ( office دفتر ] = اداره [ officer افسر[ = صاحبمنصب] (منصبدار ( often اکثرا ] = اکثراوقات] (بسياری وخت ها ( ointment مرهم (ملهم ( old کهنه (age) old پير ] = سالخورده] ] = مسن [ on بالای ] = روی] ) سر ( on duty نوکريوال ازجانب ديگر[ = ازسوی ديگر] ] = ازطرف ديگر] one of يکی از on the other hand onion پياز only / just تنها ] = صرف] ] = فقط [ open باز (واز ( opium ترياک or يا organization / institution سازمان ] = مو سسه [ orphanage يتيم خانه مديريتيم خانه other ديگر (د گه ( outside خارج ) بيرون ( oval بيضوی ox گاوقلبه يی (قولبه گو ( دوای مسکن ] = مسکن painted رنگ شده pair جوره paper کاغذ parade رسم گذشت orphanage director [ pain reliever / pain killer parents والدين ] = پدرومادر [ جای پارکنگ قسما ] = تا حدی] ] = تا يک اندازه Paris پاريس park پارک parking space / parking lot [ partially 95

26 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Glossary 1-40 کلچه فروش کلچه فروشی Pashto پشتو pastry seller pastry shop patrol گزمه pen قلم pencil پنسل people مردم pepper مرچ per night فی شب ] = شبی] (ش و ( period / duration مدت person شخص ] = نفر] (ا دم ( pharmacist دوا ساز pharmacy دوا خانه ] = داروخانه [ عکاسخانه ] = ستديوی عکاسی مرکز فوتوکاپی [ photo studio / photo lab photocopy center photographer عکاس pickup truck موترپيکپ picnic ميله picture / photograph عکس (counter) ( piece دانه (تا piece / plot قطعه pill / tablet تابليت ] = قرص] (گولی ( pillow بالشت pilot پيلوت ] = هوا باز [ pistol / handgun تفنگچه place جا (جای ( plastic پلاستيک plate بشقاب platoon بلوک play / game بازی Please. بفرماييد[ = لطفا ] (بفرمايين ( pocket جيب police station ماموريت پوليس policeman پوليس 96

27 Glossary 1 40 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari polite مو دب ] = با ادب [ pomegranate انار poor فقير[ = نادار] (غريب ( poppy کوکنار potato کچالو power dam بند برق prayer نماز pregnant حامله (شکمدار ( prescription نسخه president of radio & TV station ري يس راديووتلويزيون قبل براين ] = قبلا ] (پيشتر مشکل ] = پرابلم پروفيسور[ = استاد] (پروفيسر ( previously / prior to this [ problem / difficulty ( professor project پروژه propane / natural gas گاز رخصتی عمومی ] = تعطيل عمومی شاگرد [ public holiday pupil / student purple بنفش purse دستکول Qandahar قندهار radio راديو rainy بارانی rash شاريدگی real estate office دفتر رهنمای معاملات recently دراين اواخر[ = اخيرا ] (ده ای وخت ها ( بازسازی ] = نوسازی [ reconstruction rectangle مستطيل rectangular مستطيلی (دراز رخ ( red سرخ Red Crescent سره مياشت ] = هلال احمر [ Red Cross صليب سرخ ] = صليب احمر [ refugee پناهنده ] = پناهگزين [ regulations مقررات relatives خويشاوندان ] = اقارب] (قوم وخويش ( 97

28 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Glossary 1-40 religion دينيات remodeled تغييرساختمان داده شده ] = اصلاح شده [ rent کرايه (کراه ( rental / for rent کرايی ورکشاپ repaired ترميم شده reporter خبرنگار restaurant رستوران rice برنج شيربرنج پولدار[ = غنی طرف راست (دست راس repair shop / garage rice pilaf پلو rice pudding [ rich ( right side river دريا road راه ] = سرک [ rocket launcher راکت انداز room اتاق roommate هم اتاق (هم اتاقی ( rope ريسمان (ريسپان ( rotten پوسيده round گرد ] = مدور] ] = دايروی [ runway رن وی Russia روسيه sad / grieved / unhappy غمگين ] = اندوهگين] ] = متا ثر] (جگرخون ( sadness / sorrow / grief غم ] = اندوه] ] = تا ثر [ sale فروش صالح salt نمک salty شور sandal چپلی Saleh (male name) Saturday شنبه sauteed eggplant ب رانی بادنجان (برانی بانجان ( savory pastry with delicious filling بولانی school مکتب 98

29 Glossary 1 40 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari مديرمکتب خراشيدگی فصل ] = موسم school principal scratch / laceration [ season secretary سکرتر sedan / passenger car موتر ] = موترتيزرفتار [ seller / street vendor فروشنده sergeant خورد ضابط ] = بريدگی [ serious جدی serious / dignified سنگين ] = با وقار] ] = مو قر [ service خدمت set سيت seyr (unit of weight) سير شهرنو شريف Shahr-e-Nau (a district) Sharif (male name) shawl شال shawl weaver شالباف shirt and trousers پيراهن وتنبان shoe بوت shoemaker بوتدوز shop / store دکان ] = مغازه [ shopkeeper دکاندار shopping خريد short کوتاه (height) short قد کوتاه ] = کوتاه قد] (قد پخچ ( (outerwear) shoulder throw پتو shower شاور shrine زيارت ] = مقبره [ sick (adjective) / patient (noun) مريض sign لوحه (time) since از... به اينطرف ] = از... به اينسو] (از...فتره ( sincere صميمی singer ا وازخوان (خاننده ( single مجرد (occupancy) single يکنفری 99

30 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Glossary 1-40 sister خواهر size سايز ] = اندازه [ skill مهارت skillful ماهر(لايق ( skillfully با مهارت ] = ماهرانه [ skin پوست ] = جلد [ skinny لاغر sleeping room / quarters قاغوش slow ا هسته (ا ستا ( slowly به ا هستگی (ا ستا ( small خورد ] = کوچک [ small rug قالينچه snack bar کانتين snowy برفی so / so much چندان ا نقدر ] = اينقدر] (اوقه / ايقه soap صابون ( so / so much / that much / this much soccer فوتبال sock / stocking جراب sofa / couch کوچ soil خاک soldier سرباز(عسکر ( some بعضی some people بعضی مردم ] = بعضی اشخاص] ] = بعضی ها [ someday روزی ] = يک روز [ someone کسی عاشق چيزی ] = کدام چيزی بعضا ] = بعضی اوقات] ] = گاهگاه] (بعضی وختها) پسر(بچه به زودی[ = عنقريب] (زود شوربا (شوروا someone in love [ something sometimes ( son / boy ( soon ( soup south جنوب 100

31 Glossary 1 40 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari souvenir سوغات spare tire تيراشتبنی ] = تيرفالتو [ spicy chickpea and potato salad شورنخود وکچالو spicy fried potatoes پکوره spoon قاشق sport ورزش ] = سپورت [ spring بهار squad دلگی square مربع (چهارکنجه ( stadium ستديوم stairs زينه ها حالت ] = حال] ] = وضع] ] = وضعيت گيردار شکم دردی ] = درد شکم] (دل دردی [ status / condition / situation stick shift ( stomachache stone سنگ stove / heater بخاری مستقيم ] = روبه رو [ straight کوچه [ سرک ] = جاده] ] = street strong قوی subject مضمون ازقبيل ] = مانند] ] = مثل] ] = چون [ such as / like بوره ] = شکر [ sugar summer تابستان Sunday يکشنبه sunny ا فتابی (افتوی ( supplies /materials / items مواد pleasure.. Sure. / With چرا نی suspect مظنون sweet شيرين swimming pool حوض ا ببازی (حوض ا وبازی ( syrup / liquid medicine شربت سيستم ] = نظام [ system table ميز tailor / seamstress خياط 101

32 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Glossary 1-40 Taj Mahal تاج محل قد بلند ] = بلند قد tank تانک tarp ترپال taxi تکسی tea چای teacher معلم teahouse چای خانه telephone تيلفون [ tall television تلويزيون temperature حرارت (گرمی ( tent خيمه than از[ = نسبت به [ you. Thank تشکر. that ا ن ) وا ( that / who / which که همان (همو اولين ] = نخستين یا ( that same / that very same [ the first / foremost the first one اولی ملل متحد ] = سازمان ملل متحد [ The United Nations پس ] = درا نصورت] (خی ( then / in that case ا نجا (اونجه ( there بنا برا ن ] = بناء [ therefore اينها (اينا ( these ا نها (اونها / اونا ( they چيز ] = شی [ thing / stuff / substance تشنه (ت شنه ( thirsty اين ) ( this همين (همی ( this same / this very same ا نها (اونها) (اونا ( those Thursday پنجشنبه ticket تکت وقت (وخت ( time بار ] = دفعه] ] = مرتبه] (کر ت ( time / turn / instance 102

33 Glossary 1 40 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari جک تير خسته (مانده جواب دادن ] = پاسخ دادن] ده/ داد[ = جواب گفتن/ گو/ گفت] معذرت خواستن ] = عذرخواستن] / خواه/ خواست ترتيب دادن/ ده / داد رسيدن/ رس/ رسيد پرسيدن/ پرس/ پرسيد ] = سوال کردن/ کن/ کرد] (پرسان کدن) اشغال کردن/ کن/ کرد کباب کردن/ کن/ کرد بودن/ باش / بود توانستن/ توان/ توانست حساسيت داشتن/ دار/ داشت خواب بودن/ باش/ بود (خ و بودن ياد شدن/ شو/ شد ] = خوانده شدن/ شو/ شد شمرده شدن/ شو/ شد ] = به شمار رفتن/ رو/ رفت] روبرو بودن ] = مواجه بودن] باش/ بود تمام شدن ] = تکميل شدن]/ شو/ شد (خلاص شدن) پيدا شدن/ شو/ شد ديرا مدن/ ا / ا مد ] = ديررسيدن/ رس/ رسيد واقع بودن/باش/بود ] = قرارداشتن/ دار/ داشت حوصله داشتن/ دار/ داشت خراب شدن/ شو/ شد شدن/ شو/ شد خونريزی داشتن/ دار/ داشت خراب شدن/ شو/ شد نفس کشيدن/ کش/ کشيد معلومات دادن/ ده/ داد tire تير tire jack ( tired / weary to به to / before / near پيش ] = نزد [ to answer / to reply to apologize to arrange to arrive to ask (a question) to assume / to occupy to barbeque to be to be able to / can (modal verb) to be allergic ( to be asleep [ to be called / to be known as to be considered / to be regarded as to be facing to be finished / to end to be found / to be available [ to be late [ to be located / to be situated to be patient to be ruined / to be impaired / to go bad to become to bleed / to be bleeding to break down to breathe to brief 103

34 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Glossary 1-40 to bring to bring back / to return to build to burn (intransitive) ا وردن/ ا ور/ ا ورد پس ا وردن/ ا ور/ ا ورد ا باد کردن ] = اعمارکردن] / کن/ کرد سوختن/ سوز/ سوخت سوزاندن/ سوزان/ سوختاند (سوختاندن خريدن/ خر/ خريد ا رام شدن/ شو/ شد ] = ا رام بودن/ باش/ بود حمل کردن/ کن/ کرد (گشتاندن تجليل کردن/ کن/ کرد فريب دادن/ ده/ داد (بازی دادن = ده جان زدن انتخاب کردن/ کن/ کرد (خوش کدن پاک کردن/ کن/ کرد ا مدن/ ا / ا مد شکايت کردن/ کن/ کرد تمام کردن/ کن/ کرد[ = به پايان رساندن/ رسان/ رساند] (خلاص کدن) تبريک گفتن/ گو/ گفت (تبريکی دادن/ ده/ داد عيد مبارکی کردن ( to burn (transitive) to buy [ to calm down ( to carry / to bear to celebrate ( to cheat ( to choose / to select to clean to come to complain to complete / to finish ( to congratulate to congratulate someone on the occasion of Eid to cook پ ختن/ پ ز/ پ خت (پ خته کردن/ کن/ کرد ( حساب کردن/ کن/ کرد پوشاندن/ پوشان/ پوشاند to count to cover / to help (someone) get dressed to cure / to heal خوب کردن (جورکردن) / کن/ کرد بريدن/ بر/ بريد ] = قطع کردن/ کن/ کرد خساره رساندن/ رسان/ رساند[ = خساره وارد کردن/ کن/ کرد] رقصيدن/ رقص/ رقصيد (رقص کدن کم شدن/ شو/ شد رساندن/ رسان/ رساند ] = تحويل دادن/ ده/ داد خراب کردن[ = ويران کردن]/ کن/ کرد[ = ازبين بردن/ بر/ برد] توزيع کردن ] = تقسيم کردن] / کن/ کرد کردن/ ک ن/ کرد تعليم کردن/ کن/ کرد [ to cut to damage ( to dance to decrease [ to deliver to destroy to distribute to do to do training / to undergo training 104

35 Glossary 1 40 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari اعانه دادن/ ده/ داد] (دادن ( اهدا کردن/ کن/ کرد ] = to donate / to give as a gift رسم کردن/ کن/ کرد (رسم کشيدن/ کش/ کشيد ( to draw نوشيدن/ نوش/ نوشيد to drink بدست ا وردن/ ا ور/ ا ورد ] = کمايی کردن/ کن/ to earn / to gain کرد] خوردن ] = غذا خوردن] (نان خوردن)/ خور/ to eat خورد شامل شدن/ شو/ شد to enlist / to enroll / to join معاينه کردن/ کن/ کرد to examine / present to exist / to be وجود داشتن/ دار/ داشت ] = موجود بودن/ باش/ to be available بود] تسليت دادن/ ده/ داد ] = تسليت گفتن/ گو/ گفت [ to express condolences عاشق شدن/ شو/ شد to fall in love دهقانی کردن/ کن/ کرد to farm / to do farming حس کردن[ = احساس کردن] / کن/ کرد to feel احساس کردن ] = حس کردن] کن/ کرد to feel / to sense پيدا کردن/ کن/ کرد ] = يافتن/ ياب/ يافت [ to find جای شدن/ شو/ شد ] = برابرا مدن/ ا / ا مد [ to fit پروازکردن/ کن/ کرد ] = پريدن/ پر/ پريد [ to fly پروازدادن/ ده/ داد to fly / to pilot کاغذ پران بازی کردن/ کن/ کرد to fly a kite پترول يا ديزل گرفتن/ گير/ گرفت ] = پترول يا ديزل انداختن/ انداز/ انداخت] (تيل انداختن/انداز/ انداخت) گرفتن/ گير/ گرفت (hold) to get / to take پايين شدن ] = پياده شدن] / شو/ شد (پايان شدن پنچرشدن/ شو/ شد برخاستن/ برخيز/ برخاست (خيستن/ خيز/خيست ( to get up / to rise خوب شدن (جورشدن) / شو/ شد to get well / to recover دادن/ ده/ داد to give پيچکاری کردن/ کن/ کرد to give an injection رفتن / رو / رفت to go با... رفتن به... رفتن to go to... to fuel / to take fuel / to put fuel into the gas tank ( to get out of / to get off (transportation) to get punctured / to have a flat (tire) to go by means of

36 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Glossary 1-40 کشت کردن/ کن/ کرد ] = کاشتن/ کار/ کاشت [ to grow / to cultivate رهنمايی کردن/ کن/ کرد to guide اولچک کردن/ کن/ کرد to handcuff حاصل گرفتن/ گير/ گرفت to harvest داشتن/ دار/ داشت to have سر درد بودن/ باش/ بود to have a headache ميله کردن/ کن/ کرد to have a picnic ياد داشتن/ دار/ داشت to hear شنيدن/ شنو/ شنيد گرم کردن/ کن/ کرد to help کمک کردن / کن / کرد... را کمک کردن به... کمک کردن اميد واربودن/ باش/ بود[ = اميد داشتن/ دار/ داشت درد کردن/ کن/ کرد[ = درد داشتن/ دار/ داشت درد داشتن/ دار/ داشت ] = درد کردن/ کن/ کرد] to intend قصد داشتن مصاحبه کردن/ کن/ کرد to invite دعوت کردن ] = مهمان کردن] کن/ کرد ا بياری کردن/ کن/ کرد نگهداشتن ] = نگاهداشتن]/ دار/ داشت شناختن/ شناس/ شناخت to have a skill / to know how to to heat / to warm up to help. [ to hope / to be hopeful [ to hurt / to ache دانستن/ دان/ دانست ا موختن/ ا موز/ ا موخت ] = ياد گرفتن/ گير/ گرفت] درازکشيدن/ کش/ کشيد خوش داشتن / دار/ داشت... را خوش داشتن خوش ا مدن/ ا / ا مد لين شدن/ شو/ شد ] = صف بستن/ بند/ بست to hurt / to have pain to interview to irrigate [ to line up to keep / to protect / to prevent to know (to be acquainted with / to recognize) to know (to be aware of / to have knowledge about) to learn to lie down to like to like. to like/ to enjoy / to find pleasant 106

37 Glossary 1 40 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari to listen to listen to. to live to live in... to live with. to look / to seem to love / to like to make / to construct to make a phone call to call someone to make a reservation / to reserve to make an appointment گوش کردن/ کن/ کرد[ = گوش دادن/ ده / داد] به... گوش کردن... راگوش کردن به... گوش دادن زندگی کردن/ کن/ کرد در... زندگی کردن با... زندگی کردن معلوم شدن/ شو/ شد ] = به نظررسيدن/ رس/ رسيد] دوست داشتن/ دار/ داشت ساختن/ ساز/ ساخت تيلفون کردن/ کن/ کرد به کسی تيلفون کردن ريزرف کردن/ کن/ کرد ء وعده ملاقات گذاشتن/ گذار/ گذاشت ] = قرارملاقات گذاشتن/ گذار/گذاشت] (ازکسی وخت گرفتن/ گير/ گرفت) فعال کردن/ کن/ کرد[= فعال ساختن/ ساز/ ساخت ملاقات کردن/ کن/ کرد (ديدن/ بين/ ديد) با... ملاقات کردن حفظ کردن/ کن/ کرد (ازبرکردن/ کن/ کرد) پشت کسی دق شدن/ شو/ شد حرکت کردن/ کن/ کرد حرکت دادن/ ده/ داد کوچ کردن ] = مهاجرت کردن] کن/ کرد ضرورت داشتن[ = احتياج داشتن] (کارداشتن)/ دار/ داشت متوجه شدن/ شو/ شد بازکردن/ کن/ کرد فرمايش دادن/ ده/ داد امرکردن/ کن/ کرد ] = دستوردادن/ ده/ داد رنگ کردن/ کن/ کرد [ to make operational / to activate to meet to meet with. to memorize to miss (someone) to move to move (something) to move / to migrate to need to notice to open to order (food, etc.) [ to order (to command) to paint 107

38 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Glossary 1-40 گذشتن/ گذر/ گذشت (تيرشدن/ شو/ شد) از... گذشتن (تيرشدن) ازپهلوی... گذشتن (تيرشدن) گذشتاندن/ گذران/ گذشتاند (تيرکدن گزمه کردن/ کن/ کرد پرداختن/ پرداز/ پرداخت ] = تا ديه کردن/ کن/ کرد](دادن) اجرا کردن/ کن/ کرد برداشتن/ بردار/ برداشت (ورداشتن بازی کردن/ کن/ کرد نصب کردن/ کن/ کرد (بند کدن نمازخواندن/ خوان/ خواند توليد کردن/ کن/ کرد (ساختن دود کردن/ کن/ کرد گذاشتن/ گذار/ گذاشت ] = ماندن/ مان/ ماند پانسمان کردن/ کن/ کرد بلند کردن (بالا کردن)/ کن / کرد ] = بالا بردن/ بر/ برد] بازسازی کردن/ کن/ کرد (نوسازی کدن) (ازنوساختن) دريافت کردن/ کن/ کرد ] = گرفتن/ گير/ گرفت] نامنويسی کردن ] = ثبت نام کردن]/ کن/ کرد ماندن/ مان/ ماند به ياد داشتن دار/ داشت ] = به ياد ا وردن/ ا ور/ ا ورد] (به ياد ا مدن/ ا / ا مد) تغييرساختمان دادن/ ده/ داد [= اصلاح کردن/ کن/ کرد] کرايه کردن (کراه کردن) / کن/ کرد کرايه دادن ] = به کرايه دادن] (کراه دادن) / ده/ داد ترميم کردن/ کن/ کرد to pass / to cross to pass.. to pass by.. ( to pass / to get through / to complete to patrol to pay to perform / to carry out ( to pick up / to remove to play ( to post / to install to pray ( to produce / to manufacture to produce smoke [ to put / to place to put a dressing on a wound to raise / to lift to rebuild / reconstruct to receive to register to remain / to stay / to put / to let to remember / to recall to remodel to rent to rent out to repair 108

39 Glossary 1 40 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari to return to return from. to return to. to return / to come back to run out to say / to tell to search to see to sell برگشتن/ برگرد/ برگشت (پس ا مدن/ ا / ا مد) از... برگشتن به... برگشتن عودت کردن/ کن/ کرد ] = بازگشتن/ گرد/ گشت] خلاص شدن/ شو/ شد گفتن/ گو/ گفت تلاشی کردن/ کن/ کرد ديدن/ بين/ ديد فروختن/ فروش/ فروخت فرستادن/ فرست/ فرستاد(روان کردن/ کن/ کرد سرويس کردن/ کن/ کرد خدمت کردن/ کن/ کرد خريد کردن/ کن/ کرد از... خريد کردن نشان دادن/ ده/ داد... را نشان دادن به... نشان دادن تماشا کردن جاهای ديدنی [= جاهای ديدنی را تماشا کردن]/ کن/ کرد امضا کردن (دستخط کردن) / کن/ کرد ا وازخواندن ] = خواندن] / خوان/ خواند (بيت خاندن) نشستن/ نشين/ نشست (شيشتن/ شين/ شيشت خوابيدن/ خواب/ خوابيد (خ وک د ن ا هسته شدن/ شو/ شد سگرت کشيدن/ کش/ کشيد تخم پاشی کردن/ کن/ کرد صحبت کردن/ کن/ کرد ] = گپ زدن/ زن/ زد سرع ت گرفتن/ گير/ گرفت خرج کردن ] = مصرف کردن] / کن/ کرد (خرچ کدن) ايستاد شدن/ شو/ شد ( to send to serve (food) to serve (military) to shop to shop at.. to show to show.. to show to.. to sightsee to sign to sing ( to sit / to sit down ( to sleep to slow down to smoke to sow [ to speak / to talk to speed up to spend (money) to stall / to stop 109

40 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Glossary 1-40 ايستاد شدن/ شو/ شد شروع کردن ] = ا غازکردن] کن/ کرد اقامت کردن/ کرد/ کن ] = اقامت داشتن/ دار/ داشت] دوختن/ دوز/ دوخت ] = خياطی کردن/ کن/ کرد] ايستاد کردن/ کن/ کرد قدم زدن/ زن/ زد [= گردش کردن/ کن کرد] درس خواندن/ خوان/ خواند خواندن/ خوان/ خواند گرفتن/ گير/ گرفت بردن/ بر/ برد عکس گرفتن/ گير/ گرفت عکس... راگرفتن از... عکس گرفتن صحبت کردن/ کن/ کرد[ = گپ زدن/ زن/ زد] ء درباره (درمورد)... صحبت کردن[ = گپ زدن] با... گپ زدن[ = صحبت کردن] درس دادن/ ده/ داد (ياد دادن/ ده/ داد تشکرکردن/ کن/ کرد از... تشکرکردن به خاطر... تشکرکردن فکرکردن/ کن/ کرد تعليم دادن/ ده/ داد سفرکردن ] = مسافرت کردن] کن/ کرد تداوی کردن/ کن/ کرد ] = معالجه کردن/ کن/ کرد] کوشيدن/ کوش/ کوشيد ] = کوشش کردن/ کن/ کرد] دورخوردن/ خور/ خورد فهميدن/ فهم/ فهميد استعمال کردن/ کن/ کرد to stand / to stand up to start / to begin to stay / to reside to stitch / to sew to stop to stroll / walk around to study to study / to read to take (to consume) to take (to escort) to take a picture to take a picture of.. to talk / to speak to talk about. to talk to. to talk with. ( to teach to thank to thank. to thank for. to think to train to travel to treat (medically) / to cure to try / to endeavor to turn to understand to use / to apply 110

41 Glossary 1 40 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari to use / to utilize to videotape to visit (socially) استفاده کردن/ کن/ کرد فلم گيری ويديويی کردن/ کن/ کرد [= فلم ويديويی گرفتن/ گير/ گرفت] بازديد کردن ] = ديدن کردن]/ کن/ کرد صبرکردن/ کن/ کرد[ = انتظارکشيدن/ کش/ کشيد] ] = منتظربودن/ باش/ بود] پياده رفتن[ = با پای رفتن] ] = راه رفتن] / رو/ رفت خواستن/ خواه/ خواست تماشا کردن/ کن/ کرد (سيل کدن تلويزيون ديدن/ بين/ ديد پوشيدن/ پوش/ پوشيد بافتن/ باف/ بافت کارکردن/ کن/ کرد تشويش کردن/ کن/ کرد ] = تشويش داشتن/ دار/ داشت] ] = نگران بودن/ باش/ بود][ = پريشان بودن/ بود/ باش] بد ترشدن/ شو/ شد نوشتن/ نويس/ نوشت (نوشته کردن/ کن/ کرد today ا مروز باهم ] = باهم يکجا] (يکجايی فردا (صبا امشب (ا مشو بيحد ] = بی اندازه هم ] = نيز] ] = همچنان tool افزار ] = ا له] ] = وسيله [ دندان دردی ] = درد دندان موترکش کننده to wait to walk to want ( to watch / to see to watch TV to wear / to put on to weave to work to worry ( to write to worsen / to get worse ( together ( tomorrow ( tonight [ too (excessively) [ too / also [ toothache tow truck tractor تراکتور traditional عنعنوی Trafalgar Square ميدان ترافالگر تعليم ] = تعليم وتربيه ميدان تعليم [ training training field 111

42 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Glossary 1-40 transportation / transport حمل ونقل ] = ترانسپورت [ tree درخت trip / journey سفر ] = مسافرت [ trunk تول بکس Tuesday سه شنبه tunnel تونل turban ل نگی Turkey ترکيه two-door car موتردودروازه يی ء U.S.A. ايالات متحده امريکا ] = امريکا [ ماما کاکا نا راحت[ = نا ا رام] (نارام زير [ = تحت متا سفانه ] = بدبختانه بدون مبل وفرنيچر ] = بی مبل وفرنيچر uniform يونيفورم unit قطعه ] = جزوتام [ uncle (maternal) uncle (paternal) ( uncomfortable [ under / beneath [ unfortunately [ unfurnished university پوهنتون until / to تا ء upstairs طبقه بالا ] = منزل بالا [ use / usage / taking advantage of استفاده use / usage / utilization استعمال usually معمولا مختلف سبزی (ترکاری valley / glen دره various / different ( vegetable very / many / much بسيار video camera ء کمره ويديويی video recording فلم برداری ويد يويی village قريه ] = د ه [ قريه دار[ = ملک village square ميدان قريه [ village chief / village leader vitamin ويتامين 112

43 Glossary 1 40 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari volleyball واليبال waiter پيشخدمت ولی ديوار (ديوال war جنگ warm گرم ( wall وزيراکبرخان مينه Wali (male name) Washington واشنگتن water ا ب ) ا و ( Wazir Akbar Khan Mena (a district) we ما weak ضعيف weapon سلاح weather / air هوا ] = ا ب وهوا [ wedding عروسی Wednesday چهارشنبه week هفته weekend ا خر هفته Welcome! خوش ا مديد! (خوش ا مدين!) west غرب wet تر idea! What a good چی فکرخوبی! time? What ساعت چند (چند بجه ) What? چه (چی ) What s wrong? چی شده wheat گندم when/at the time when وقتيکه (وختيکه ( When? چه وقت ] = کی ] (چی وخت ) where / at the place where جاييکه Where? کجا Which? کدام while درحاليکه white سفيد White House قصرسفيد white rice چ لو 113

44 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Glossary 1-40 Who? کی Why? چرا wide وسيع ] = عريض] (بردار ( wife خانم ] = زن [ window کلکين ] = پنجره [ winter زمستان wireless set / radio دستگاه بيسيم ] = بيسيم [ of) with / by (means با (ده ( with / together with با ] = همراه] (همرا) (کتی ( pleasure. With به چشم. time) within (a period of درظرف ] = درمدت [ without بدون woman زن women s head covering چادر wood چوب سال زرد yes بلی work کار نگران ] = پريشان] ] = مشوش [ worried / anxious تشويش ] = پريشانی] ] = نگرانی [ worry / anxiety ک شتی گيری ] = ک شتی] (پهلوانی ( wrestling اکسری (عکس ( X-ray حويلی (حولی ( yard year yesterday ديروز هنوز yet / still plural) you (formal or شما (informal) you تو right. You are راس ميگی. young جوان youth / young man (woman) جوان zoo / zoological garden باغ وحش 114

45 Lesson 37 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari LESSON 37 Transportation Mustafa Rasuli Vocabulary: Means of transportation, both public and private, some government organizations (police, fire department, Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Public Health) Grammar: Passive voice with by ; the verb اميدواربودن to hope Functions: Congratulate someone on a new job. Ask and tell about transportation. Skills: Develop familiarity with Afghanistan s transportation system. Situation: Kabul citizens are discussing the revival of a transportation network in Afghanistan. The preposition by in the passive voice Grammar Notes In English passive voice constructions, the subject is what the sentence is about, but the agent is the performer of the action. The agent is always placed inside the prepositional phrase that begins with by. For example: The police cars have been donated to Afghanistan by Germany. Dari has three equivalents of by : ta-ra-fe/ /az ازطرف /ta-wa-su-te/ توسط ء wa-see-la-ye/ /ba به وسيله (agent) 1

46 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 37 Thus, the English example could be expressed in Dari as follows: موترهای پوليس ازطرف ا لمان به افغانستان اهدا کرده شده اند. Let s look at some more examples: این لاری ها به وسيله ء پوليس ها تلاشی کرده شده اند. قاغوش ها توسط سربازان پاک کرده ميشوند. These heavy duty trucks have been searched by the policemen. The sleeping rooms are cleaned by the soldiers. امبولانس های نوازطرف وزارت صحت عامه به تمام شفاخانه ها توزیع خواهند شد. The new ambulances will be distributed to all hospitals by the Ministry of Public Health. These buses have been donated by این سرویس ها ازطرف هند وجمهوریت چک اهدا شده اند. India and the Czech Republic. Note: As you already know, there is another preposition in Dari that means with / by (means of) and that is با. For example,. قاسم با سرویس سرکارميرود Qasem goes to work by bus. Or, ا نها با گادی به بازار رفتند. They went to the market by buggy. Here, by is not used as part of a passive voice construction. The verb اميدواربودن to hope to hope is often followed by another (main) verb at the end of the sentence. In اميدواربودن Dari, this second verb is in the present subjunctive mood, but in English it is in the future tense. Also, اميدواربودن to hope is usually followed by که that in Dari, while in English it is not. Look at the following examples and compare: اميدواراستم که شما را دوباره ببينم. I hope (that) I will see you again. present subjunctive mood future tense soon. Ahmad hopes (that) he will buy a car احمد اميدواراست که به زودی یک موتربخرد. Here is an example from this lesson: مسعود اميدواراست که روزی پسرش پيلوت شرکت هوایی شود. Masood hopes his son will some day become an airline pilot. Note: In Dari, it is common to use the abbreviated form of this verb. For example, instead of. اميدوارم, we simply say اميدواراستم 2

47 Lesson 37 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson Vocabulary Listen and become familiar with these words: transportation / transport حمل ونقل ] = ترانسپورت [ system سيستم ] = نظام [ ء ء ١ وسيله نقليه ] = وسيله حمل ونقل airplane / aircraft طياره ] = هواپيما [ fire truck / fire engine موتراطفاي يه heavy duty truck موترلاری ] = لاری [ city bus سرویس شهری ] = بس شهری [ minibus مينی بس گادی country کشور[ = مملکت [ Czech Republic جمهوریت چک Ministry of Interior وزارت داخله وزارت صحت عامه ء fire department اداره اطفاي يه ] = اطفاي يه [ airline company / airline شرکت هوایی ] = هوا پيمایی [ pilot پيلوت ] = هوا باز [ [ means of transportation buggy (horse-drawn carriage) Ministry of Public Health donation / contribution اعانه status / condition / situation حالت ] = حال] ] = وضع] ] = وضعيت [ normal / common / ordinary عادی ] = معمولی] ] = نورمال [ active / operational / functioning فعال someday روزی ] = یک روز [ again دوباره even حتی ء ازطرف ] = توسط] ] = به وسيله [ voice) by (used with the passive چی فکرخوبی! idea! What a good اميدواربودن/ باش/ بود[ = اميد داشتن/ دار/ داشت [ to hope / to be hopeful اعانه دادن/ ده/ داد] (دادن ( اهدا کردن/ کن/ کرد ] = to donate / to give as a gift to distribute توزیع کردن ] = تقسيم کردن] / کن/ کرد فعال کردن/ کن/ کرد[= فعال ساختن/ ساز/ ساخت [ to make operational / to activate 1 The word له وسي means can be made plural by the addition of ها /haa/, but the more commonly used plural. وسایل form is 3

48 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 37 Homework A. You will hear five expressions. Four fit together logically but one does not. Which one does not fit? Write it down in Dari. What do the others have in common? B. Listen and fill in the blanks with the missing words. Then translate each item into English. موترهای پوليس ازطرف ا لمان به داده شده اند. ازاینجا دورنيست. شرکت هوایی ا ریانا به یک تعداد جوان ضرورت دارد. سيستم دوباره عادی شده است. C. Write the following in Dari: Did you buy a new car? What a good idea! (singular, informal) I want to donate some of my books to the library. Please distribute these notebooks to the students. (formal) I hope the weather will be nice tomorrow. 4

49 Lesson 37 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Narrative (Structures) As you work through the narrative model on the next page, you will discover examples of these structures: Structure verb in the passive voice Dari word(s) English meaning compound verb to use verbs in the present perfect tense verbs in the subjunctive mood clause containing the preposition by clause containing the conjunction while clause containing the reporting verb to tell 5

50 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 37 Narrative (Model) سيستم حمل ونقل افغانستان اکنون به حالت عادی برميگردد. سرویس های شهری دوباره فعال شده اند. این سرویسها ازطرف هند و جمهوریت چک اهدا شده اند درحاليکه موتر های پوليس را ا لمان به این کشوراهدا کرده است. مردم همچنان ازتکسی موترسيکل و ء حتی کراچی به حيث وسایل نقليه استفاده ميکنند. مسعود به حيث راننده سرویس شهری به کارشروع کرده است. اوبه دوستش ابراهيم گفت که ميخواهد پسرش را به هند بفرستد. مسعود اميدواراست که روزی پسرش پيلوت شرکت هوایی شود. 1. Listen repeatedly until you understand what is being said. 2. Read along with the recorded voice. Practice Dari pronunciation. 3. Complete the grid with examples. Note the English meanings. 4. If called on, point out the different structures on the SmartBoard. Shahab Azim 6

51 Lesson 37 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Narrative (Variations) UNEP سيستم حمل ونقل افغانستان اکنون به حالت عادی برميگردد. سرویس های شهری دوباره فعال شده اند. این سرویسها ازطرف هند و جمهوریت چک اهدا شده اند درحاليکه موتر های پوليس را ا لمان به این کشوراهدا کرده است. مردم همچنان ازتکسی موترسيکل و ء حتی کراچی به حيث وسایل نقليه استفاده ميکنند. مسعود به حيث راننده سرویس شهری به کارشروع کرده است. اوبه دوستش ابراهيم گفت که ميخواهد پسرش را به هند بفرستد. مسعود اميدواراست که روزی پسرش پيلوت شرکت هوایی شود. انجنيرساختمانی لاری امریکا کریم موترهای اطفاي يه شتر برادر همسایه استاد پوهنتون فرانسه فرهاد علی مينی بسها روسيه افسرپوليس همکار ایران گادی جاپان خواهر ترکيه تکسی بایسکل اسپ دختر ء عضواداره اطفاي يه امبولانسها انگلستان معلم مکتب هم اتاق مينی بس شریف پيکپ 1. Create new narratives by choosing different words from the box to replace the shaded parts of the text. 2. Use the remaining class time to tell about the current state of transportation in America s big cities. 7

52 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 37 Exchange (Structures) 1. Listen and pay attention to conversational forms that differ from formal Dari. Highlight them in the transcripts on the next pages. 2. Practice the exchange for fluency and good pronunciation, along with the native speakers. 3. Answer the following questions. Write key words in Dari. سرویسهای شهری نوه کی داده ا لمان به افغانستان چی داده امبولانسها ره کی توزیع ميکنه مسعود حالی چی کارميکنه چی وخت کارنو خوده شروع کد چرا لاری خوده فروخت ء بچه خوده کجا روان ميکنه چرا 4. Practice asking about and telling each other the information. Also practice your own questions. 8

53 Lesson 37 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Exchange (Models) Two Kabul residents talk about the arrival of new buses. حسين: خالد: حسين: خالد: حسين: خالد: حسين: خالد: خالد جان می بينی که سرویس های شهری نو چقه مقبول اس بلی ای سرویسها ازطرف هندوستان وجمهوری چک به افغاستان اهدا شده. موترهای پوليس واطفاي يه ره کی داده فکرميکنم که اونا ازطرف ا لمان داده شده. امبولانس های نوچطور نميدانم. ولی شنيدم که وزارت صحت عامه اونا ره به تمام شفاخانه ها توزیع ميکنه. زندگی ده کشورما دوباره به حالت عادی برميگرده. راس ميگی حسين جان. NOVA Crown Copyright/MOD NOVA Shahab Azim 9

54 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 37 Exchange (Models) Ibrahim congratulates his friend Masood on his new job as a bus driver. Rosemary Stasek ابراهيم: مسعود: ابراهيم: مسعود: ابراهيم: مسعود: ابراهيم: مسعود جان کارنوت مبارک! شنيدم که دریورسرویس شدی بلی تشکر. کارنوخوده دوهفته پيش شروع کدم. لاریيته چی کدی فروختمش. پيسه کارداشتم. ميخایی که تجارته شروع کنی نی. بچيمه به هندوستان روان ميکنم که پيلوت شوه. شرکت هوایی ا ریانا ده ا ینده به پيلوت ها ضرورت خاد داشت. چی فکرخوبی! John Pike 10

55 Lesson 37 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Exchange (Variations) Mustafa Rasuli 11

56 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 37 Gisting Rosemary Stasek 1. Listen twice and take notes. 2. Report details from your notes, in Dari. 3. Give a 2-sentence summary of the conversation, in English. 4. Practice a similar dialog with a partner, making up variations. 12

57 Lesson 37 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Extended Practice These are suggestions for personalized and integrated activities. Work briskly through the warm-up steps. Be prepared when you are called on. Your instructor will manage the time so that no more than 10 minutes are spent on the warm-up. Warm-up (only one student per task) 1. Quickly name five vehicles in order, from smallest to largest, saying which is larger and which is largest. A classmate will repeat the information in reverse order, saying which is smaller and which is smallest. 2. Name five countries that have donated to Afghanistan s new fleet of vehicles / aircraft. Make up information about what they have donated. 3. Ask your teacher if he or she has traveled with Ariana Airlines. If so, find out if it was a good experience. 4. Tell which color(s) the following vehicles in the U.S. typically are: fire engine / taxi / school bus / police car / ambulance 5. Dictate to your classmates five verb forms from this lesson. They will have to write and say what each means. Talking about a driver s job Think about a person who earns a living as a driver or chauffeur. Talk about the vehicle, the passengers and typical destinations. Also mention the work schedule. Prepare notes. Now talk about the driver. 13

58 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 37 Role-plays One of the following situations is outlined in Dari. Which one? ء ميخواهيد مسلک تازه ای را به حيث پيلوت راننده امبولانس وغيره اختيارکنيد. دوست ء افغان شما درمورد یک شرکت هوایی یا یک اداره دولتی که به اشخاص ماهر ومسلکی مثل شما نيازمند است معلومات دارد. شاید بخواهيد یا نخواهيد که برای شخص دیگری کارکنيد. (1) You are talking to the new shuttle bus driver. The Afghan driver will drive one of the new shuttle buses between Kabul Airport and the U.S. army base where you are stationed. You congratulate the driver on the new job and discuss the vehicle and route. (2) You are talking with an Afghan entrepreneur who started a transportation company. Find out: Number and type of vehicles/aircraft in the fleet Number of drivers/pilots in the company Where the transportation came from (3) You are considering a new career (as a pilot, ambulance driver, etc.) Your Afghan friend knows about an airline or government agency that needs skilled professionals like you. You may or may not want to work for someone else. Now act out these role-plays with a partner. 14

59 Lesson 37 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Authentic Material Recognize words in short texts. Practice reading, listening and also short speaking or writing tasks. Hone your dictionary skills. Serajuddin Wahaj 1. Look at the photograph. What can you expect to read about in the text? Circle the corresponding word in the title. Also identify the two countries mentioned. Say the names in Dari. 2. Now check the caption under the photo. What does the 300 indicate? Sound out the preceding word to find out. 3. Listen to a recording. You will hear the number of donated aircraft as well as the beneficiary. First tell what you understood in Dari. Then find and highlight this information in the written text. 4. Listen to additional information about what the aircraft will be used for. Identify the three routes in Dari. 5. The title is a statement in the active voice. Rewrite it in the passive voice. 15

60 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 37 Serajuddin Wahaj 1. Gather clues from the photo and English phrases to get an idea what this article is about. How does the title address the issue? Translate the title into English. 2. Quickly scan the article to find any mention of alternative means of transportation. Which ones can you find? Tell them in Dari. 3. The arrow points out where information about the featured bicyclists can be found. They are important people. Where are they from? Sound out the country names in Dari. 4. Make a sentence in Dari that explains / illustrates the following: 16

61 Lesson 37 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Rosemary Stasek Homayoun Seddiq 17

62 Lesson 38 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari LESSON 38 Afghan Manufacturing Vocabulary: Related to weaving, embroidery, manufacturing of footwear and hats; workers and craftspeople Grammar: Adverbs of manner; review of nouns with /ee/ Functions: Shop for Afghan handicrafts. Skills: Discuss aspects of production. Develop a cultural awareness of some traditional production methods. Situations: A foreigner asks about hand-woven rugs; a small-time manufacturer is selling machine made footwear. More on description of manner Grammar Notes Along with adverbs, prepositional phrases can also act as adverbs of manner in Dari. In Lesson 17, we presented the Dari equivalents for a number of English adverbs. These prepositional phrases were formed by combining prepositions with nouns. The prepositions are mainly به to or با with combined with simple nouns or nouns derived from adjectives. Let s examine more closely how manner is described using prepositional phrases in Dari: 1. Using the preposition به to (or با with in some cases) with a noun derived from an adjective (by addition of the syllable /ee/.) Examples: Adjective Noun derived from adjective Description of manner good خوب goodness خوبی well به خوبی slow ا هسته slowness ا هستگی slowly به ا هستگی warm گرم warmth گرمی warmly به گرمی happy خوشحال happiness خوشحالی happily با خوشحالی 2. Using the preposition با with (or به to in some cases) with a simple noun. Examples: Simple noun skill مهارت anger خشم excitement هيجان speed/fastness سرعت Description of manner skillfully با مهارت angrily با خشم excitedly با هيجان quickly/fast به سرعت 19

63 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 38 Look at an example from this lesson. Can you tell which of the two formulas, 1 or 2, was used? قالينباف ها درميمنه وهرات قالين های نفيس ورنگين را بسياربامهارت توليد ميکنند. Carpet weavers in Maimana and Herat produce delicate and colorful carpets very skillfully. Nouns made from other nouns by addition of the syllable /ee/ As discussed in Lesson 23, some Dari nouns are derived from others by receiving the suffix /ee/, represented by the letter ی [yaa] in writing: Original nouns weaver carpet قالينباف weaver shawl شالباف shoemaker بوتدوز maker cap maker / hat کلاهدوز embroiderer گلدوز tailor خياط New nouns made with /ee/ weaving carpet قالينبافی weaving shawl شالبافی shoemaking بوتدوزی hatmaking cap making / کلاهدوزی embroidery گلدوزی sewing tailoring / خياطی In these examples, the new nouns are different crafts, trades, or businesses. Look at an example from this lesson: قالينبافی پتوبافی وبوتدوزی بعضی ازصنايع دستی عنعنوی استند. Carpet weaving, patoo weaving and shoemaking are some of the traditional handicrafts. Transition to conversational Dari In Lesson 26, you learned that the words اينجا here and ا نجا there, when emphasized in conversational Dari, receive the additional syllables نی /nee/ and نو /noo/ and become اين right there. A similar change occurs with the words اونونجه right here and اينينجه this and ا ن that. The conversational forms of these words, ای /ee/ and او /oo/, become one. /oo-noo/ that اونو /ee-nee/ this one and اينی خوب In their daily conversations, Dari speakers often add the syllable /esh/ at the end of /khoob/ good, changing it to خوبش /khoo-besh/. This syllable is represented by the letter it. [sheen] in writing. It does not change the meaning of good but puts emphasis on ش Look at the following examples: اينی بوتها خوش تان ميايه shoes? Do you like these بلی خوبش اس. Yes, they are good. 20

64 Lesson 38 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson Vocabulary Listen and become familiar with these words: handicrafts صنايع دستی carpet weaver قالين باف shawl weaver شالباف shoemaker بوتدوز embroiderer گلدوز tailor / seamstress خياط (outerwear) shoulder throw پتو hat / cap کلاه cap maker / hatmaker کلاهدوز sandal چپلی pair جوره size سايز ] = اندازه [ machine ماشين tree درخت skill مهارت without بدون با وجود اينکه ] = باوجود ا نکه [ in spite of / despite the fact ساخت... by made in / made traditional عنعنوی delicate / fine نفيس more often زود زود less often / once in a while ديرديربعد به مقبولی ) مقبول ( beautifully به دقت ] = با احتياط [ carefully با مهارت ] = ماهرانه [ skillfully با دست ] = توسط دست] (به دست ( manually / by hand way) no (in a more polite نخير to be considered / to be شمرده شدن/ شو/ شد ] = به شمار رفتن/ رو/ رفت [ regarded as دوختن/ دوز/ دوخت ] = خياطی کردن/ کن/ کرد [ to stitch / to sew بافتن/ باف/ بافت توليد کردن/ کن/ کرد (ساختن to weave ( to produce / to manufacture 21

65 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 38 Homework A. You will hear five expressions. Four fit together logically but one does not. Which one does not fit? Write it down in Dari. What do the others have in common? B. Listen and fill in the blanks with the missing words. Then translate each item into English. اين کلاهدوزتمام کلاه ها يش را توليد ميکند. قالينبافی يکی ازمهمترين شمرده ميشود. اين شال ها درکجا نجلا برای دخترش يک جوره سفيد خريد. C. Write the following in Dari: Laila always drinks her tea without sugar. Please listen to your teacher carefully. (plural) Ahmad met with the reporters despite the fact that he was very busy. I play basketball less often. 22

66 Lesson 38 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Narrative (Structures) As you work through the narrative model on the next page, you will discover examples of these structures: Structure nouns made with /ee/ Dari word(s) English meaning انه adjectives made with /aa-na/ adverb of frequency prepositional phrases functioning as adverbs of manner clause containing in spite of the fact adjectives in basic form 23

67 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 38 Narrative (Model) USAID Matt Herrick Rosemary Stasek ١ قالينبافی پتوبافی و بوتدوزی بعضی ازصنايع دستی عنعنوی استند. قالينباف ها در ميمنه وهرات قالين های نفيس و رنگين را با مهارت بسيارتوليد ميکنند. بوتدوزهای کابل بوتها های مردانه زنانه وطفلانه را با دست يا توسط ماشين ميسازند. علی که ٢ يک پتوباف باتجربه است در زيريک درخت بزرگ درحويلی اش پتو های قشنگ و ارزان می بافد. او با وجوداينکه پيراست مثل يک مرد جوان بدون احساس خستگی کارميکند. دراين اواخر او برای فروختن پتوهايش زود زود به بازارميرود. 1. Listen repeatedly until you understand what is being said. 2. Read along with the recorded voice. Practice Dari pronunciation. 3. Complete the grid with examples. Note the English meanings. 4. If called on, point out the different structures on the SmartBoard. 1 The word صنايع is commonly used as the plural form of صنعت industry / art / craft. However, its correct. صنعت ها but less commonly used plural form is patoo is a woolen or cotton cloth worn mostly by Afghan men as an outer garment. It is thrown over پتو 2 the shoulder. Some patoos used in the winter have almost the size and thickness of a blanket. 24

68 Lesson 38 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Narrative (Variations) قالينبافی پتوبافی و بوتدوزی بعضی ازصنايع دستی عنعنوی استند. قالينباف ها در ميمنه وهرات قالين های نفيس و رنگين را با مهارت بسيارتوليد ميکنند. بوتدوزهای کابل بوت های مردانه زنانه وطفلانه را با دست يا توسط ماشين ميسازند. علی که يک پتوباف با تجربه است در زيريک درخت بزرگ درحويلی اش پتوهای قشنگ وارزان ميبافد. او با وجوداينکه پيراست مثل يک مرد جوان بدون احساس خستگی کارميکند. دراين اواخر او برای فروختن پتوهايش زود زود به بازارميرود. ارزان ميدوزند شالبافی خوب ابراهيم خياط وهاب کابل به سرعت لباس کلاهدوزی توليد ميکند به ا هستگی معروف قندهار ميسازد گلدوزی نفيس بوتدوز غزنی ميدوزد شالباف بعضا جالب شال معمولا مزارشريف رنگين کلاهدوز ميبافند چپلی هرات بوت مهم پتو توليد ميکنند باميان کلاه به مقبولی به دقت قيمت قشنگ ديرديربعد اکثرا گلدوز صمد ماهر پتوباف خياطی 1. Create new narratives by choosing different words from the box to replace the shaded parts of the text. 2. Use the remaining class time to talk about manufacturing in the United States. 25

69 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 38 Exchange (Structures) 1. Listen and pay attention to conversational forms that differ from formal Dari. Highlight them in the transcript on the next page. 2. Practice the exchange for fluency and good pronunciation, along with the native speakers. 3. Answer the following questions. Write key words in Dari. قالين ساخت کجاس با دست بافته شده قالين ها ره معمولا کی ميبافه مراد چی رقم بوتها کار داره چند جوره بوتهای ای دوکان چرا ارزان اس بوت ها خوش مراد ا مد 4. Practice asking about and telling each other the information. Also practice your own questions. 26

70 Lesson 38 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari A foreigner is curious about some rugs. Exchange (Models) Major Juan Jose Soto Perez, U.S. Army خارجی: قالينفروش: خارجی: قالينفروش: خارجی: قالينفروش: ای قالين ساخت کجاس ساخت هرات اس. با ماشين بافته شده نخير. تمام ای قالين ها توسط قالينباف های ماهرما به دست بافته شده. ای قالين ها ره مرد ها ميبافن يا زنها ده مملکت ما معمولا زنها قالينبافی ميکنن. 27

71 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 38 Exchange (Models) Murad talks to a shoemaker. مراد: بوتدوز: مراد: بوتدوز: مراد: بوتدوز: مراد: ء مه بری يتيم خانه ما به يک تعداد بوتهای بچه گانه ودخترانه ضرورت دارم. ميتانم اونا ره ازشما بخرم بلی بفرمايين درون دوکان بيايين. چند جوره کاردارين بيست جوره. به کدام سايزها به سايزها ورنگ های مختلف. ولی بوتهای قيمته نميخايم. بوتهای ما هم مقبول اس وهم ارزان به خاطريکه اونا ره توسط ماشين ميسازيم. اينی بوتها خوش تان ميايه بلی خوبش اس. Rosemary Stasek 28

72 Lesson 38 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Exchange (Variations) John Patten 29

73 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 38 Gisting 1. Listen twice and take notes. 2. Report details from your notes, in Dari. 3. Give a 2-sentence summary of the conversation, in English. 4. Practice a similar dialog with a partner, making up variations. 30

74 Lesson 38 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Extended Practice These are suggestions for personalized and integrated activities. Work briskly through the warm-up steps. Be prepared when you are called on. Your instructor will manage the time so that no more than 10 minutes are spent on the warm-up. Warm-up (only one student per task) 1. Name five things your great grandparents made by hand: They made. 2. If you know, discuss what made the German printer Gutenberg famous, in simplest terms. 3. Ask your teacher if he or she writes letters (مکتوب) by hand. If so, ask whether he/she writes them carefully/neatly. 4. Say when you wear sandals, and when you wear a hat / cap. 5. Dictate to your classmates five verb forms from this lesson. They will have to write and say what each means. Talking about an American craft fair Think about the similarities between an Afghan bazaar and an American craft fair, including the goods, sellers, buyers, and those who just look. Prepare notes. Now talk about what is happening at a typical craft fair. 31

75 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 38 Role-plays One of the following situations is outlined in Dari. Which one? شما قالين افغانی گرانبهای خود را برای ترميم به دکان قالين فروش ميبريد. مطلب خود را بگوييد. بپرسيد که ا يا قالين ها را با دست ترميم ميکنند يا با ماشين. اگرفکر ميکنيد که قالين شما به دقت ترميم خواهد شد ترتيب شستن قالين را بدهيد. (1) You are a guest in an Afghan s home. Your host/hostess is wearing a pair of beautiful sandals. Compliment your host/hostess on the sandals he/she is wearing. Find out where the sandals were made. Ask whether they were made by hand or by machine. (2) You take your precious Afghan rug to the rug dealer for mending. State your request. Find out if they mend the rugs by hand or machine. Arrange for the service if you feel that your rug will be repaired carefully. (3) You are in a marketplace in Afghanistan. You see a beautifully embroidered shawl you would like to buy. Find out its price. Ask if it is a local product made by Afghans. Take a closer look for any Made in Hong Kong tag. If it satisfies you, try to get a good deal. Now act out these role-plays with a partner. 32

76 Lesson 38 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Authentic Material Recognize words in short texts. Practice reading, listening and also short speaking or writing tasks. Hone your dictionary skills. 1. This is an advertisement for a statewide sale. Read the ad to find out: Merchandise Country(s) of origin Location of sale State this information in short Dari sentences. Aseem Koshan 2. The merchandise is offered in various sizes and prices. Check the numbers above to find out which are prices and which are sizes. (Hint: Think about the system of measurement used in Afghanistan). Now write the prices in the corresponding sizes below. 33

77 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson Listen to further explanation of the sale and find out what qualities and what kind of prices are emphasized. (Hint: Listen for the adjectives.) Say what you understood. 4. Listen for recorded information that tells interested parties how to reach a contact person. Who is it, and what is the phone number? Circle the name and write down the phone number. 34

78 Lesson 38 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari USAID s income-generating program provided needy Afghans with the necessary tools, such as yarn and a loom. Weavers like Ali have the skill, but lack materials and start-up cash. USAID helped to provide these materials to 40 families. Another 140 families, particularly women, received embroidering equipment such as wool, and sewing machines. For the 40 patoo-weaving families, weaving accounts for 50 percent of their income, while embroidery garners 35 percent of a family s income. 1. Read the English overview to become familiar with the issue. ء ء اداره انکشاف بين المللی ايالات متحده امريکا اخيرا به بعضی ازفاميل های نيازمند افغانی افزار ومواد ء مختلف اهدا کرده است. اکثرکسانيکه پيشه شان شالبافی پتو بافی قالينبافی وگلدوزی ميباشد مواد و ء افزارلازم برای توليد دراختيارنداشتند. اداره انکشاف بين المللی امريکا برای ۴٠ فاميل افغان تار هون و دستگاه های بافندگی تهيه کرد درحاليکه ١۴٠ فاميل ديگر خصوصا زنان مواد و تجهيزات لازم برای گلدوزی و دست دوزی ازقبيل ماشين های خياطی تکه و تار دريافت کردند. ۵٠ فيصد عايد فاميل های پتوباف ازطريق بافندگی و ٣۵ فيصد عايد فاميل های گلدوزازطريق گلدوزی بدست ا ورده ميشود. USAID 2. Read the Dari text silently for comprehension. 3. Find and circle the words for looms, sewing machines, and needy. Use each of these words in a sentence of your own. 4. Underline the phrases that contain the passive voice. 35

79 Lesson 39 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari LESSON 39 Afghan Military Vocabulary: Related to basic gear, combat issue, military vehicles, common weapons, Army and Air Force Grammar: Indirect questions in the past tense; omission of the syllable ب /be/ from the present subjunctive mood Functions: Name and take an inventory of basic and combat issue items. Skills: Develop familiarity with the Afghan army. Situation: A soldier talks about serving in the military. Indirect questions in the past tense Grammar Notes As discussed in Lesson 32, when switching from direct to indirect speech, changes occur in the pronouns in order to match the speaker with the reporter. Additional changes are necessary when speaking in the past tense. In this lesson, we will examine how the verbs ١ to reply / to answer are used in the past tense. Let s begin جواب دادن to ask and پرسيدن with an example of direct speech: يما ازعلی پرسيد: "تو چه ميکنی " Yama asked Ali: What are you doing? The following examples reflect the more common way of asking questions without using the personal pronoun: يما ازعلی پرسيد: "چه ميکنی " يما ازعلی پرسيد: "چه کردی " يما ازعلی پرسيد: "چه خواهی کرد " Yama asked Ali: What are you doing? Yama asked Ali: What did you do? Yama asked Ali: What will you do?? doing Yama asked Ali: What were you يما ازعلی پرسيد: "چه ميکردی " يما ازعلی پرسيد: "چه کرده ای " يما ازعلی پرسيد: "چه کرده بودی " Yama asked Ali: What have you done? Yama asked Ali: What had you done? 1 The verb پرسيدن to ask usually requires the ازpreposition from. Example: معلم ازشاگردان پرسيد که ا يا(ا نها) درس را فهميدند. The teacher asked the students whether they understood the lesson. (Lit., The teacher asked from the students whether they understood the lesson. ) 37

80 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 39 Now, let s change these examples to indirect speech, using که that. Notice the changes in the tenses: يما ازعلی پرسيد که چه ميکند. يما ازعلی پرسيد که چه کرد. يما ازعلی پرسيد که چه خواهد کرد. يما ازعلی پرسيد که چه ميکرد. يما ازعلی پرسيد که چه کرده است. يما ازعلی پرسيد که چه کرده بود. Yama asked Ali (that) what he was doing. Yama asked Ali what he had done. Yama asked Ali what he would do. Yama asked Ali what he had been doing. Yama asked Ali what he had done. Yama asked Ali what he had done. ا يا Next, we will look at examples of Yes-No questions. In formal Dari, the particle ( whether / if ) may be used, as well as the personal pronoun. A less formal question will have neither. Direct speech: يما ازعلی پرسيد: "سيب را خوش داری " يما ازعلی پرسيد: "کارميکنی " يما ازعلی پرسيد: "فلم نورا ديده ای " Yama asked Ali: Do you like apples? Yama asked Ali: Do you work? Yama asked Ali: Have you seen the new movie? In indirect speech, که is followed by the particle,ا يا but only in formal Dari. Take a look at some examples, and notice the adjustments made to the tenses: Indirect speech: يما ازعلی پرسيد که ا يا سيب را خوش دارد. يما ازعلی پرسيد که ا يا کارميکند. يما ازعلی پرسيد که ا يا فلم نورا ديده است. Yama asked Ali if he liked apples. Yama asked Ali whether he worked. Yama asked Ali whether he had seen the new movie. 38

81 Lesson 39 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Here is an indirect question from this lesson: اوازحميداالله پرسيد که چطورميتواند به ١ عسکری شامل شود. He asked Hamidullah how he could enlist in the military. Omission of the syllable ب /be/ from the present subjunctive mood You already know that the present subjunctive mood of a verb is normally made by replacing the present tense prefix می /mey/ with the syllable ب /be/. There are a number of Dari verbs, however, that assume the subjunctive mood by dropping the prefix می /mey/ without replacing it. The verb بودن to be is such a verb. Here, the subjunctive form is not Example:.باشد but ب باشد officer. This man might be an army اين مرد شايد يک افسراردوباشد. There are other verbs whose subjunctive mood does not sound pleasant with the syllable to become belong to this group. Here is an شدن to give and دادن /be/. The verbs ب example from this lesson: تيمورميخواهد که روزی پيلوت شود وبتواند يک هليکوپتررا پروازدهد. Timur wants to become a pilot someday and be able to fly (lit., give flight ) a helicopter. The same Dari sentence can be stated as follows, but it is not pleasant to the ear: تيمورميخواهد که روزی پيلوت بشود وبتواند يک هليکوپتررا پروازبدهد. 1 The verb شامل شدن to enlist / to enroll / to join, usually takes the preposition به to. However, in conversational Dari, the preposition ده (در) in can also be used with this verb. 39

82 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 39 Lesson Vocabulary Listen and become familiar with these words: army اردو ] = قوای زمينی [ air force قوای هوايی helmet کلاه ا هنی واسکت ضد گلوله boots بوت ساق دار دستگاه بيسيم ] = بيسيم map نقشه ] = خريطه [ bullet-proof vest [ wireless set / radio binoculars دوربين ء pistol / handgun تفنگچه ] = تفنگچه دستی [ grenade / hand grenade بم دستی machine gun ماشيندار rocket launcher راکت انداز mortar هاوان tank تانک ء شکاری cannon / gun توپ fighter (aircraft) طياره helicopter هليکوپتر on duty نوکريوال patrol گزمه such as / like ازقبيل ] = مانند] ] = مثل] ] = چون [ free / not busy / jobless بيکار now / currently فعلا ever گاهی ] = هرگز] ] = هيچوقت [ to serve (military) خدمت کردن/ کن/ کرد حمل کردن/ کن/ کرد (گشتاندن پرسيدن/ پرس/ پرسيد ] = سوال کردن/ کن/ کرد] (پرسان کدن شامل شدن/ شو/ شد جواب دادن ] = پاسخ دادن] ده/ داد[ = جواب گفتن/ گو/ گفت گزمه کردن/ کن/ کرد پروازکردن/ کن/ کرد ] = پريدن/ پر/ پريد پروازدادن/ ده/ داد ( to carry / to bear ( to ask (a question) to enlist / to enroll / to join [ to answer / to reply to patrol [ to fly to fly / to pilot 40

83 Lesson 39 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Homework A. You will hear five expressions. Four fit together logically but one does not. Which one does not fit? Write it down in Dari. What do the others have in common? B. Listen and fill in the blanks with the missing words. Then translate each item into English. فاروق اميد واراست روزی به شامل شود. به اين سربازان های نوتوزيع خواهد شد. ا نها هرشب برای دوساعت. شوهرناهيد فعلا در خدمت ميکند. C. Write the following in Dari: Saleh can fly a fighter aircraft. Wear this helmet! (singular, informal) I asked the soldier why he was late. Have you ever flown in a helicopter? (singular, informal) 41

84 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 39 Narrative (Structures) As you work through the narrative model on the next page, you will discover examples of these structures: Structure verbs in the present subjunctive mood Dari word(s) English meaning to patrol in the present tense to serve in the present tense to have in the present tense to carry in the present tense to talk in the past progressive tense to ask in the past tense to reply in the past tense clause beginning with when ها plural noun with /haa/ ان plural noun with /aan/ 42

85 Lesson 39 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Narrative (Model) Defend America حميداالله فعلا به حيث سربازاردو خدمت ميکند. سربازان اردوسلاح ها وتجهيزات مختلف ازقبيل تفنگچه بم دستی خريطه ودوربين دارند. ا نها وقتيکه گزمه ميکنند معمولا سلاح های شان را با خود حمل می کنند. ديروز حميداالله و دوستش تيمور ء درباره عسکری صحبت ميکردند. تيمور ميخواهد که روزی پيلوت شود و بتواند يک هليکوپتررا پروازدهد. اوازحميداالله پرسيد که چطورميتواند به عسکری شامل ء شود. حميداالله جواب داد که او بايد به يک قطعه عسکری برود. 43

86 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 39 Narrative (Variations) حميداالله فعلا به حيث سربازاردو خدمت ميکند. سربازان اردوسلاح ها وتجهيزات مختلف ازقبيل تفنگچه بم دستی خريطه ودوربين دارند. ا نها وقتيکه گزمه ميکنند معمولا سلاح های شان را با خود حمل می کنند. ديروز حميداالله و دوستش تيمور ء درباره عسکری صحبت ميکردند. تيمور ميخواهد که روزی پيلوت شود و بتواند يک هليکوپتررا پروازدهد. اوازحميداالله پرسيد که چطورميتواند به عسکری شامل ء شود. حميداالله جواب داد که او بايد به يک قطعه عسکری برود. فرهاد تعليم ميکنند واسکت ضد گلوله ء هفته گذشته تفنگ مکتب هاشم پسرکاکا اردو ماشيندار قشله دوربين ء روزجمعه گذشته ء طياره شکاری قوای هوايی همسايه جمع نظام ميکنند عارف دستگاه بيسيم عسکری راکت انداز سليم طياره 1. Create new narratives by choosing different words from the box to replace the shaded parts of the text. 2. Use the remaining class time to discuss in simplest terms some differences between the army and the air force of the U.S. 44

87 Lesson 39 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Exchange (Structures) 1. Listen and pay attention to conversational forms that differ from formal Dari. Highlight them in the transcripts on the next pages. 2. Practice the exchange for fluency and good pronunciation, along with the native speakers. 3. Answer the following questions. Write key words in Dari. حميداالله چی کارميکنه درسهای عسکری ا سان اس تيمورميخايه که چی شوه اوبری شامل شدن به عسکری بايد چی کنه چرا حميداالله نميتانه که سينما بره اوده وخت گزمه بايد چی داشته باشه 4. Practice asking about and telling each other the information. Also practice your own questions. 45

88 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 39 Exchange (Models) Hamidullah and his friend Timur talk about serving in the military. تيمور: حميداالله: تيمور: حميداالله: تيمور: حميداالله: تيمور: حميداالله: حميداالله جان همرای عسکری خوش استی بلی بسيارخوش استم. ما هرروزچيزهای نوه ياد ميگيريم. درسهای عسکری سخت نيس بعضی مضمون های ما مشکل اس اما بری مه بسياردلچسپ اس. مه هم قصد دارم که ده عسکری شامل شوم. فکرخوب اس. ميخايی که سربازاردوشوی نی مه ميخايم که پيلوت هليکوپترشوم. راستی بری شامل شدن به عسکری چی بايد بکنم ء بايد به يک قطعه عسکری بری ونامنويسی کنی. Defend America 46

89 Lesson 39 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Exchange (Models) Timur invites Hamidullah to a movie. تيمور: حميداالله: تيمور: حميداالله: تيمور: حميداالله: تيمور: حميداالله: حميداالله جان صبا جمعه اس. بيا که باهم سينما بريم. تشکر. ولی متا سفانه ا مده نميتانم به خاطريکه صبا گزمه داريم. ده کجا ده نزديک قشله. ده وخت گزمه ما بايد با خود تفنگ خريطه ودوربين بگردانيم. معمولا بری چند ساعت گزمه ميکنين بری سه ساعت. خی چی وخت بيکاراستی که سينما بريم ء هفته ا ينده. Defend America 47

90 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 39 Exchange (Variations) Defend America 48

91 Lesson 39 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Gisting 1. Listen twice and take notes. 2. Report details from your notes, in Dari. 3. Give a 2-sentence summary of the conversation, in English. 4. Practice a similar dialog with a partner, making up variations. 49

92 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 39 Extended Practice These are suggestions for personalized and integrated activities. Work briskly through the warm-up steps. Be prepared when you are called on. Your instructor will manage the time so that no more than 10 minutes are spent on the warm-up. Warm-up (only one student per task) 1. Quickly name five items in a soldier s combat issue. 2. List several colors that make up a camouflage uniform. 3. In pairs, name a noun from this lesson. Then find an appropriate verb for it. Take turns. Examples: airplane = fly army = serve 4. Tell your partner what a soldier equipped for combat might wear or carry, one item at a time. Your partner points to where it is worn or carried on the body. 5. Ask your teacher if he or she has ever flown in a helicopter. If yes, find out where and when. 6. Dictate to your classmates five verb forms from this lesson. They will have to write and say what each means. Talking about military situations Make statements about one of the scenes shown below and on the following pages. Identify person(s) and any item or activity you can name in Dari. Your classmates point out the photo. Take turns. both Defenselink 50

93 Lesson 39 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Robert W. Kranz Luke Powell Defend America Defend America both Defend America Defend America 51

94 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 39 DoD Media Defenselink DoD Media DoD Media DoD Media DoD Media DoD Media DoD Media 52

95 Lesson 39 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Role-plays One of the following situations is outlined in Dari. Which one? ء به حيث بخشی ازتعليم وتربيه مشترک ا ماده ميسازيد. ء سربازان افغان شما ا نها را برای رفتن به يک گزمه ء ء با همکارتان درباره اينکه که اين يک گزمه پياده است يا با موتر ا يا سلاح حمل کرده ميشود يا نه کدام تجهيزات تحفظی بايد پوشيده شود وچه چيزهای ديگرمانند دوربين خريطه بيسيم وغيره بايد گرفته شود صحبت کنيد. (1) You are helping train Afghan soldiers. You conduct an inventory of the soldier s gear. Find out if the Afghan has: A complete uniform and protective gear Communications equipment Binoculars Anything else that you feel is important (2) As part of training Afghan soldiers, you get them ready for a joint patrol. Discuss with your counterpart if it is a foot patrol or vehicle patrol if weapons will be taken along what protective gear to wear what else to take (binoculars, map, radio, etc.) (3) You and your Afghan friend talk about life in the military. Your friend is curious about which branch is the best, and asks many questions about training and career opportunities. You answer the questions and make a recommendation. Now act out these role-plays with a partner. 53

96 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 39 Authentic Material Recognize words in short texts. Practice reading, listening and also short speaking or writing tasks. Hone your dictionary skills. 1. Listen to a news report. First identify the following in English: Aseem Koshan News release date Place of broadcast News source 2. The report starts by naming the spokesperson for the American military forces in Afghanistan. What is his name? Guess what his rank is. Then look up the circled word to confirm that you guessed correctly. 3. During the interview, the spokesperson provided information about a military operation carried out in a location in Afghanistan and involving soldiers and helicopter gunships. Say in Dari how many soldiers participated in the operation. Give the English name of the province where the operation was conducted. Underline the words that mean helicopter gunships in the text. 54

97 Lesson 39 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Aseem Koshan 1. Listen to the recorded headline of a news report. Is this a national or international incident? Give the name(s) of country(s). 2. Read the headline and guess which words mean historical artifacts. Underline them. 3. Can you explain why this noun is in singular rather than plural form? 4. Look up the circled words to find out their meanings. 5. Listen to the entire news report. Try to answer the following questions in English: Where were the artifacts discovered? Who confiscated them? Where are these artifacts now? Where are they intended to be exhibited? 6. Now give your answers in Dari by completing the following sentences: ء درامارات متحده عربی پيدا شد. ء امارات متحده عربی ا نها را گرفت. اين ا ثارقديمی فعلا در است. ا نها در ملی افغانستان نشان داده خواهند شد. 55

98 Lesson 40 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari LESSON 40 Afghan Refugees Luke Powell Vocabulary: Survival supplies, humanitarian aid Grammar: Correlative conjunctions... نه... نه neither nor and either or ; more on plural nouns يا... يا... Functions: Direct people to do something. Ask and answer questions about distribution of aid supplies. Skills: Develop cultural awareness about the refugee situation. Situation: A refugee discusses the families needs with a soldier who promises more supplies. A soldier is directing a refugee to the distribution point. Grammar Notes Correlative conjunction... نه... نه neither nor There are two ways to render the English neither nor in Dari. Here are both formulas: نه... نه... Using به اين پناهندگان نه خيمه توزيع شده است نه کمپل. نه... و نه... Using به اين پناهندگان نه خيمه توزيع شده است و نه کمپل. Neither tents nor blankets have been distributed to these refugees. Neither tents nor blankets have been distributed to these refugees. 57

99 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 40 Notice that the Dari example does not have a verb at the end. There is a reason. Let s first analyze the two parts that form the compound sentence: به اين پناهندگان خيمه توزيع نشده است. (Lit., To these refugees, tents have not been distributed. ) به اين پناهندگان کمپل توزيع نشده است. (Lit., To these refugees, blankets have not been distributed. ) Combining the two sentences with the help of the correlative conjunction... نه... نه results in repetition of the same verb: به اين پناهندگان نه خيمه توزيع شده است ونه کمپل توزيع شده است. (Lit., To these refugees, neither tents have been distributed nor blankets have been distributed. ) To avoid this repetition, one verb needs to be dropped. It can be omitted from either clause but preferably from the second. This can be considered one of the few exceptions to the rule that Dari sentences end with a verb. When different verbs are used in the two clauses both verbs are kept: Farid neither knows Ali, nor has he seen فريد نه علی را ميشناسد نه اورا ديده است. him. Here is an example from this lesson: بعضی ديگرنه غذای کافی برای خوردن دارند ونه پول برای خريدن ا ن. Some others have neither enough food to eat, nor the money to buy it. Correlative conjunction... يا... يا either or The same rules apply. Again, you have a choice of two formulas: يا... يا... Using Either canned food or medicine will be برای ا نها يا غذای قطی داده خواهد شد يا دوا. given to them. يا... و يا... Using مواد امدادی را يا ازصليب احمردريافت خواهيد کرد و يا ازسره مياشت. You will receive the aid supplies either from the Red Cross or the Red Crescent. 58

100 Lesson 40 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Here is an example in conversational Dari: God willing, either tomorrow or next انشااالله يا صبا يا ده هفته ء ا ينده بری تان دوا هم مياريم. week we will bring you medicine as well. Pluralizing nouns that end in ه [hey] The suffixes ها /haa/ and ان /aan/ are common plural markers for nouns. Animate nouns typically receive the ان /aan/ marker. If an animate noun ends in ه [hey], however, the plural form is made by replacing ه [hey] with گ [gaaf]. Look at some examples: Singular گ + suffix ان /aan/ Plural refugee پناهنده گان refugees پناهندگان neighbor همسايه گان neighbors همسايگان driver راننده گان drivers رانندگان گ [gaaf]. Instead, they will add گ [hey] with ه Some Dari speakers prefer not to replace. راننده گان and همسايه گان, پناهنده گان Examples: [hey]. ه [gaaf] to The plural form of nouns borrowed from Arabic can be made either by the Dari rule of مشکل /haa/, etc., or by the Arabic rules. One such noun is ها /aan/, ان adding the suffixes problem. Its plural problems is either مشکلها (by the Dari rule) or مشکلات (by the Arabic rule). The latter is more common. Transition to conversational Dari One word often used by Dari speakers in their daily conversations but not found in formal Dari is بيخی /bey-khee/ completely / entirely. (In formal Dari we say لا (.کام Look at an example from this lesson: خانه های ما بيخی خراب شده. Our homes have been completely destroyed. Another conversational expression is اينه /ey-na/ Here. or Here it is. The following is an example from this lesson: اينه کارت هويتم. Here is my ID card. 59

101 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 40 Lesson Vocabulary Listen and become familiar with these words: وطن ] = ميهن [ homeland / native country سازمان ] = مو سسه [ organization / institution ملل متحد ] = سازمان ملل متحد صليب سرخ ] = صليب احمر [ Red Cross سره مياشت ] = هلال احمر [ Red Crescent [ The United Nations camp کمپ number / quantity of units or تعداد ] = عده] ] = شمار [ individuals supplies /materials / items مواد کمک موادغذايی ] = مواد ارتزاقی] ] = مواد خوراکی مواد امدادی ] = مواد کمکی غذای قطی aid / assistance / help [ food items / food supplies [ aid supplies canned food vitamin ويتامين blanket کمپل tent خيمه heater بخاری cooking stove اجاق soap صابون refugee پناهنده ] = پناهگزين [ مشکل ] = پرابلم charitable خيريه humanitarian بشردوستانه international بين المللی [ problem / difficulty needy / impoverished محتاج ] = نيازمند [ serious جدی abroad / outside خارج وغيره خيرببينين! ] = برکت ببينين خدا خيرتان بته! ] = خدا شما ره خيربته!] [خدا شما ره برکت بته!] fortunately خوشبختانه et cetera (etc.) [! Be blessed! God bless you! 60

102 Lesson 40 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari روبرو بودن ] = مواجه بودن] باش/ بود لين شدن/ شو/ شد ] = صف بستن/ بند/ بست دريافت کردن/ کن/ کرد ] = گرفتن/ گير/ گرفت عودت کردن/ کن/ کرد ] = بازگشتن/ گرد/ گشت to be facing [ to line up [ to receive [ to return / to come back both Luke Powell 61

103 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 40 Homework A. You will hear five expressions. Four fit together logically but one does not. Which one does not fit? Write it down in Dari. What do the others have in common? B. Listen and fill in the blanks with the missing words. Then translate each item into English. برای گرفتن بايد دراينجا لين شويد. خيمه های نوازطرف فرستاده شده است. اين پناهندگان کی ازخارج يکتعداد ازفاميل های لباس دريافت کردند. C. Write the following in Dari: Today, medicine and vitamins will be distributed to you. (plural) They are facing many problems. The United Nations is an international organization. Fortunately, we have a sufficient amount of food items. 62

104 Lesson 40 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Narrative (Structures) As you work through the narrative model on the next page, you will discover examples of these structures: Structure verbs in the present perfect tense Dari word(s) English meaning verbs in the passive voice indefinite pronouns demonstrative pronouns plural with /aat/ plural with /gaan/ plural with /aan/ plurals with /haa/ phrases containing neither nor 63

105 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 40 Narrative (Model) Luke Powell ١ تعداد زيادی از پناهندگان افغان ازخارج به وطن شان عودت کرده اند. ا نها درکمپهای پناهندگان اقامت دارند. اکثرا نها با مشکلات جدی روبرو استند. بعضی ازا نها خانه ندارند. بعضی ديگرنه غذای کافی برای خوردن دارند ونه پول برای خريدن ا ن. خوشبختانه ء ء کمکهای بشردوستانه ملل متحد وبعضی سازمانهای خيريه بين المللی ا غازشده است. اين سازمان ها يک مقدار زياد مواد غذايی دوا لباس وغيره اهدا کرده اند. مواد امدادی به کمک سربازان اردو به فاميل های محتاج توزيع ميشود. 1. Listen repeatedly until you understand what is being said. 2. Read along with the recorded voice. Practice Dari pronunciation. 3. Complete the grid with examples. Note the English meanings. 4. If called on, point out the different structures on the SmartBoard. 1 The letter ی [yaa] functions as an indefinite article here. In Dari, the indefinite article is either the word Thus, [yaa] afterwards. ی a / an placed before a noun or combination of noun-adjective, or the letter يک the phrase تعداد زيادی means a large number. 64

106 Lesson 40 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Narrative (Variations) تعداد زيادی از پناهندگان افغان ازخارج به وطن شان عودت کرده اند. ا نها درکمپهای پناهندگان اقامت دارند. اکثرا نها با مشکلات جدی روبرواستند. بعضی ازا نها خانه ندارند. بعضی ديگرنه غذای کافی برای خوردن دارند ونه پول برای خريدن ا ن. خوشبختانه ء ء کمکهای بشردوستانه ملل متحد وبعضی سازمانهای خيريه بين المللی ا غازشده است. اين سازمان ها يک مقدارزياد مواد غذايی دوا لباس وغيره اهدا کرده اند. مواد امدادی به کمک سربازان اردو به فاميل های محتاج توزيع ميشود. پاکستان فقير سوزاندن غذای قطی کشورهای دوست صليب سرخ قوای هوايی اجاق کشور بعضی از افسران قريه ها چوب سوخت داده اند خيمه مختلف يک تعداد از ذغال معروف بزرگ شهرها هيچيک از اکثر فرستاده اند بخاری لباس سره مياشت ايران ذغال سنگ صابون پوشيدن امريکايی همه پناهنده فرانسوی خوردضابطان تعداد زيادی از ترکيه کمپل پوليس زياد 1. Create new narratives by choosing different words from the box to replace the shaded parts of the text. 2. Use the remaining class time to practice talking about people who have lost their homes during an earthquake and who need help with rebuilding their towns and villages. Luke Powell 65

107 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 40 Exchange (Structures) 1. Listen and pay attention to conversational forms that differ from formal Dari. Highlight them in the transcripts on the next pages. 2. Practice the exchange for fluency and good pronunciation, along with the native speakers. 3. Answer the following questions. Write key words in Dari. پناهنده ها چی وخت به باميان پس ا مدن پناهنده راجع به خانه های شان چی گفت نان وکالاچطو امروزبه اونها چی داده ميشه دوا چی وخت توزيع ميشه پناهنده ها بايد ده کجا لين شون بری گرفتن مواد امدادی هرکس بايد چی داشته باشه 4. Practice asking about and telling each other the information. Also practice your own questions. 66

108 Lesson 40 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Exchange (Models) A newly arrived refugee receives aid supplies from a military unit. Defend America Defenselink پناهنده: سرباز: پناهنده: سرباز: پناهنده: يک هفته پيش به باميان پس ا مديم. خانه های ما بيخی خراب شده. حالی نه خانه داريم نی نان وکالا. امروزبری شما کمپل وخيمه ا ورديم. خيرببينين! بعضی ازطفل های ما مريض استن. ميتانين کمی دواهم بتين ء فعلا دوا نداريم. انشااالله يا صبا يا ده هفته ا ينده بری تان دواهم مياريم. تشکر خدا خيرتان بته! Luke Powell 67

109 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 40 A soldier directs a refugee to the distribution point. Defend America سرباز: پناهنده: سرباز: پناهنده: سرباز: پناهنده: لطفا لين شوين! مواد امدادی بری تان توزيع ميشه. ده کجا لين شويم ده اونونجه ده پيشروی لاری ها. هرکس ميتانه ای مواده بگيره بلی هرکس ميتانه. اما بايد کارت هويت داشته باشه. شما کارت هويت دارين بلی دارم. اينه کارت هويتم. Defend America 68

110 Lesson 40 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Exchange (Variations) Defend America 69

111 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 40 Gisting 1. Listen twice and take notes. 2. Report details from your notes, in Dari. 3. Give a 2-sentence summary of the conversation, in English. 4. Practice a similar dialog with a partner, making up variations. Luke Powell 70

112 Lesson 40 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Extended Practice These are suggestions for personalized and integrated activities. Work briskly through the warm-up steps. Be prepared when you are called on. Your instructor will manage the time so that no more than 10 minutes are spent on the warm-up. Warm-up (only one student per task) 1. Quickly name five items you consider vital for survival in harsh conditions. 2. Tell what you take along on a camping trip. 3. Think of some items Monterey residents should have at home in case of an earthquake. Tell a classmate to get those. Example:. بتری بگير Get batteries. 4. Ask your teacher if he or she takes vitamins. If so, find out how many tablets per day. 5. Dictate to your classmates five verb forms from this lesson. They will have to write and say what each means. Talking about donations Think of food drives, charities, or community events in the U.S. that benefit the needy. Tell what people donate, and who receives the donations. Prepare notes. Now talk about such an event. 71

113 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 40 Role-plays One of the following situations is outlined in Dari. Which one? ء با نماينده يک سازمان کمک بين المللی درحال صحبت استيد. او ازشما که کمبود مواد ضروری را دريک کمپ پناهندگان درهمان نزديکی ها ديده ايد ميپرسد که ا ن پناهندگان به چه چيزها بيش ازهمه ضرورت دارند. به او بگوييد که ا نها فعلا چه دارند وبه چه چيزها احتياج دارند. (1) Your unit has installed portable showers at an Afghan refugee camp. You are directing the refugees to the showers. Direct women to one line and men to the other. Hand out soap. Footwear must be left outside the shower facility, by the door. (2) You are conducting a census (body count and inventory) at an Afghan refugee camp. Talk to the inhabitant of one of the tents. Find out how many family members live in the tent, how many blankets they have, and if the family has enough food. (3) You are talking to a representative of an international aid organization. You have seen the shortage of supplies in a nearby refugee camp. The representative asks what the people need most. Explain what they have and what they need. Now act out these role-plays with a partner. 72

114 Lesson 40 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Authentic Material Recognize words in short texts. Practice reading, listening and also short speaking or writing tasks. Hone your dictionary skills. USINFO John Wicart يکعده زنان پناهنده از ولايت باميان برای دريافت کردن ذغال در يکی از مربوطات کابل ثبت نام ميکنند. ذغال ومواد غذايی ازطرف CHF که يک سازمان غيرحکومتی (NGO) است به فاميل های پناهنده توزيع می شود. زنانيکه درعکس ديده ميشوند و خانواده های شان تمام زمستان را درکابل سپری کردند زيرا درا نجا پيدا کردن غذا وسرپناه ا سانتربود. 1. The text explains the plight of the pictured women. What do you think they need? State your guess in Dari. 2. Read the text until you find at least one item of need mentioned, possibly more. Circle those nouns. 3. Ask your classmates a Dari question about these women. They will answer it. (The answer should be found in the text.) 4. Your instructor will dictate a sentence that explains the following picture. Write it as a caption under the photo. USAID 73

115 DLIFLC/ELTF/Dari Lesson 40 Aseem Koshan 1. An incident made the news. Read the source to find out who reported it, and when. 2. Look up the meaning of the underlined word and say in English what happened and to how many people. 3. There is another number in this text. Write it in Dari numerals. 4. Listen to the part of the news where the responsible parties are named. Give names and titles in Dari. 5. Find the two verbs in the passive voice and circle them. 74