Morphology. February 3, 2015

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1 Morphology February 3, 2015

2 Inflectional Derivational Isolating Agglutinating Fusional Polysynthetic Bound morphemes Free morphemes Prefixes Suffixes Clitics Review

3 An English Word From David Crystal (Cambridge Encyclopedia of English) Grace (noun): graces Graceful Ungraceful Ungracefully Ungracefulness Gracefully Gracefulness Grace (verb): graces, graced, gracing Disgrace (noun): disgraces Disgraceful Disgracefully Disgracefulness Disgrace (verb): disgraces, disgraced, disgracing Graceless Gracelessly Gracelessness Gracious Graciously Graciousness Ungracious Ungraciously Ungraciousness

4 Finite State Machine Consume input; move to next state nickle nickle Push button Start Got 5 cents Got 10 cents Got selection dispense dime Improve the machine? Eliminate one state (more elegant) Add error message if you push the button too soon What to do if someone keeps putting money in after the final state.

5 un Adj/Asuff/N grace Adj/Asuff Start dis ful ful ious N/N grace N less ADJ ly ADV grace ious Ø ness es V ed ing es N es Ns Vs Vd Vg 1. Trace all the words based on grace to make sure that they all get through the machine. 2. What is wrong with the machine? (Overgenerate? Undergenerate? Redundant? Doesn t capture structure and ambiguity?)

6 Finite State Transducer Consume input; produce output: move to next state nickle: cha-ching nickle: cha-ching Push-button:dispense Start Got 5 cents Got 10 cents End dime:cha-ching Improve the machine? Eliminate one state (more elegant) Add error message if you push the button too soon What to do if someone keeps putting money in after the final state.

7 un:un Adj/Asuff/N nstem:grace Adj/Asuff Start dis:dis ful:ful ful:ful ious:ious N/N nstem:grace N less:less ADJ ly:ly ADV nstem:grace ious:ious Ø:Ø ness: ness 3sgpres:es V pst:ed prpart:ing pl:es N pl:es Ns Vs Vd Vg 1. input: dis nstem Ø pst 2. output: disgraced

8 What will you do for this assignment? You will use a program called XFST (Xerox Finte State Transducer). If you give it an underlying form, it will give you the surface form. If you give it a surface form, it will give you the underlying form. XFST software: Tutorial slides by Ken Beesley and Lauri Karttunen:

9 It will look like code instead of circles and arrows Multichar_Symbols [NSg] [NPl] [Adj] [AdjCmpr] [AdjSupr] [NDer] LEXICON Root 0:0 NRoot ; 0:0 AdjRoot ; LEXICON AdjRoot happy[adj]:happy # ; happy:happi AdjSuffs ; LEXICON AdjSuffs [AdjCmpr]:er # ; [AdjSupr]:est # ; [NDer]:ness NSuffs-es ; LEXICON NRoot book:book NSuffs-s ; pencil:pencil NSuffs-s ; child[nsg]:child #; child[npl]:children #; rash:rash NSuffs-es; LEXICON NSuffs-s [NSg]:0 # ; [NPl]:s # ; LEXICON NSuffs-es [NSg]:0 # ; [NPl]:es # ;

10 Another way LEXICON NRoot book;book NSuffs; pencil:pencil NSuffs; child[nsg]:child #; child[npl]:children #; rash;rash NSuffs; s -> e s s h _.#. ; LEXICON NSuffs [NSg]:0 # ; [NPl]:s # ;

11 We ll go over the assignment next time

12 Some polysynthetic languages

13 Properties of Iñupiaq Long, multi-morphemic words Tauqsiġñiaġviŋmuŋniaŋitchugut. We won t go to the store. Kalaallisut (Greenlandic, Per Langgaard, p.c.) Pittsburghimukarthussaqarnavianngilaq Pittsburgh+PROP+Trim+SG+kar+tuq+ssaq+qar+nav iar+nngit+v+ind+3sg "It is not likely that anyone is going to Pittsburgh"

14 Mapudungun morphemes Spanish words Mapudungun treka-lü-la-n walk-caus-neg-1.sg.ind I didn t make someone walk Spanish no hice caminar not made walk I didn t make someone walk

15 Kofketun I eat bread Mapudungun iñche kofke-tu-n I bread-verb-1.sg.ind I ate bread Spanish yo com-í pan.

16 Type token curves Type-Token Curves Types English Arabic Hocąk Inupiaq Finnish Tokens

17 Type Token Curve Types, in Thousands Mapudungun Spanish ,000 1,500 Tokens, in Thousands

18 Templatic system Chichewa (Bresnan and Mchombo via Kroeger) SM-TNS-OM-ROOT-CAUS-APPL-PASS-ASP (causative and passive not shown in this example)

19 Recursion Operationalization Oper+ate+ion+al+ize+ate+ion Happinesslessnesslessness Made Ada make Bertrand make Carl go

20 Morphotactics Aric Bills, masters thesis, University of Alaska, Fairbanks; LREC 2010

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