Knowledge and Wisdom OBJECTIVES. Unit 6. Memorable Quote. Procedures. Memorable Quote Pre-reading questions Background information Watch & Discuss

Transcription

1 OBJECTIVES Unit 6 Knowledge and Wisdom 1. Learn 106 new words and expressions and some special language points 2. Grasp the main idea and structure of the texts 3. Discuss the relationship between knowledge and wisdom and Russell s logics in the argumentation 4. Analyze the rhetorical feature: Parallelism 5. Write: A Man of wisdom 6. Speak and listen 制作人 : 张少林 Procedures Warming up Memorable Quote Pre-reading questions Background information Watch & Discuss Rhetorical features Parallelism Speaking & Listening Oral activities; Phonetic training; Listening Text Analysis Text comprehension Structure and ideas Sentence explanation New words and expressions Writing A Man of Wisdom After-class tasks Read Text II and write a summary; dictation; I. Warming up Memorable Quote Pre-reading questions Background information Watch & Discuss I. Warming up _ memorable Quote Memorable Quote The good life is one inspired by love and guided by knowledge. Bertrand Russell I. Warming up _ Pre-reading questions What is the difference between a clever man and a wise man? And how can one become wise? Words and phrases suggested possess insight foresight seize here and now go beyond respond to it takes unbiased constant 1

2 I. Warming up _ Pre-reading questions I. Warming up _ Background Information - author For your reference A wise person possesses both insight and foresight while a clever person may not necessarily do so. A clever person can seize the here and now, but a wise person can go beyond that. A clever man responds to the exterior changes quickly, but a wise man can penetrate the changes and make the right decision. It takes a broad vision and an unbiased mind to make one wise, and one can gain a lot of wisdom through constant thinking and experiencing. Bertrand Russell ( ) A British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, social reformer, socialist and pacifist ( 和平主义者 ). Russell led the British "revolt against idealism" in the early 1900s and is considered one of the founders of analytic philosophy. He was a prominent anti-war activist, championing free trade between nations and anti-imperialism. I. Warming up _ Background Information Hegel ( ) Georg W. F. Hegel was a German philosopher and one of the creators of German idealism. Hegel developed a comprehensive philosophical framework, or "system", to account in an integrated and developmental way for the relation of mind and nature, the subject and object of knowledge, and psychology, the state, history, art, religion, and philosophy. I. Warming up _ Background Information Philosopher's Stone The philosopher's stone is a legendary alchemical tool, supposedly capable of turning base metals into gold; it was also sometimes believed to be an elixir of life, useful for rejuvenation and possibly for achieving immortality. I. Warming up _ watch and discuss II. Text Watch and Discuss Let s watch an episode of film and discuss how to cultivate students minds. II. Text Learning 2

3 II. Text analysis _ Introduction to the Text II. Text analysis _ Introduction to the Text Introduction to the Text This text is an argumentation. Russell holds that several factors contribute to wisdom. A wise man has comprehensive vision, who is capable of taking into account all the important aspects of problem and gives due weight to each of them. In addition, a wise man is aware of the end of his life. It is considered unwise to pursue an end if it is impossible of achievement. Russell also points out that one factor of wisdom is emancipation, as far as possible, from your personal prejudice. As your thoughts and feelings become less personal, you may gain wisdom. II. Text analysis _ text comprehension II. Text analysis _ text comprehension 1. What message does the writer try to convey with the example of technicians? (Para.2) The writer tries to tell us knowledge itself cannot save the world. Knowledge without wisdom will not benefit the world and in some cases will even pose a serious threat to humanity. So a wise person has to have a comprehensive view. 2. How can wisdom help one in his/her pursuit of a life-long career? (Para.4) Wisdom can help one in his choice of a lifelong pursuit. When one has to make a major career decision, he has to consider whether it is possible to achieve what he aims at. If it is too high to be achieved, he should learn to give it up and turn to an attainable goal. II. Text analysis _ text comprehension II. Text analysis _ structure of the text 3. What, according to Russell, is the essence of wisdom? And how can one acquire the very essence? According to Russell, the essence of wisdom lies in impartiality, the ability to defy the physical world. Russell believes the process of growing wise is that of tearing oneself away from the physical and emotional worlds and moving into a higher stage, the spiritual world. Structure of the Text Part 1: Paragraph 1 Part 2: Paragraphs 2-5 3

4 II. Text analysis _ structure of the text II. Text analysis _ Part 1 The text is neatly structured, with the first paragraph introducing the topic and the other four paragraphs elaborating on it. Each of the four paragraphs discusses one factor that contributes to wisdom. Part 1 Let s listen to and read Part 1 of the text (Para. 1) II. Text analysis _ Part 1 II. Text analysis _ Part 1 Main Idea of Part 1 The first paragraph serves as an introduction. The author introduces the topic about the correlation between knowledge and wisdom. Most people would agree that, although our age far surpasses all previous ages in knowledge, there has been no correlative increase in wisdom. (L1, Para.1) surpass: to do or be better than e.g. The student was surpassing himself in English grammar. Tom surpassed all expectations. correlative: corresponding, related e.g. Democracy is correlative with centralism. Time is correlative with speed. 时间是对速度而言 II. Text analysis _ Part 1 II. Text analysis _ Part 1 Most people would agree that, although our age far surpasses all previous ages in knowledge, there has been no correlative increase in wisdom. (L1, Para.1) What view is commonly accepted in terms of knowledge and wisdom? Most people believe that knowledge is not equal to wisdom as history has suggested that the acquisition of knowledge does not necessarily lead to the increase of wisdom. But agreement ceases as soon as we attempt to define wisdom and consider means of promoting it. (L2, Para.1) Is there any orthodox ( 正统的 ) definition of wisdom or a commonly accepted method of encouraging wisdom? No. Agreement ceases means disagreement appears. cease: to come to an end e.g. He never ceased from his activities as a propagandist. Gradually their talk ceased. 4

5 II. Text analysis _ Part 1 Q & A I want to ask first what wisdom is, and then what can be done to teach it. (L4, Para.1) What does the author tell us by this sentence? Yes. He states the purposes of the writing, making it clear that he would like to discuss what contributes to wisdom and how to teach wisdom. Does the author discuss the 2nd question in our text? Part 2 Let s listen to and read Part 2 of the text (Paras.2-5) Main idea Main Idea of Part 2 This part is the main body of the essay. The four paragraphs tell us what wisdom is. Can you identify the topic sentences of Paragraphs 2-5 and the four factors that constitute wisdom? Para. 2: Of these I should put first a sense of proportion: the capacity to take account of all the important factors in a problem and to attach to each its due weight. Para. 3: There must be, also, a certain awareness of the ends of human life. Para. 4: It is needed in the choice of ends to be pursued and in emancipation from personal prejudice. Para. 5: I think the essence of wisdom is emancipation, as far as possible, from the tyranny of the here and now. What factors contribute to wisdom according to Russell? Russell holds that these factors contribute to wisdom: a sense of proportion, an awareness of the ends of human life and emancipation from personal prejudice. Of these I should put first a sense of proportion. (L1, Para.2) What does "sense of proportion" mean? The writer explains what "sense of proportion" means the ability to take account of all the important factors in a problem and to attach to each its due weight, or the comprehensive view of the situation or of a problem. 5

6 Of these I should put first a sense of proportion: the capacity to take account of all the important factors in a problem and to attach to each its due weight.(para.2) Among contributors to wisdom, I shall see a sense of proportion as the top priority. It refers to the ability to get a comprehensive view of a problem, and in the meantime, note which aspect is more important and which is less. No. It has become more difficult than it used to be owing to the extent and complexity of the specialized knowledge required of various kinds of technicians. Is it easy to get a right sense of proportion? This has become more difficult than it used to be owing to the extent and complexity of the specialized knowledge required of various kinds of technicians.(l4, Para.2) What has become of the specialized knowledge? Why has it become more difficult for technicians to obtain a sense of proportion? This has become more difficult than it used to be owing to the extent and complexity of the specialized knowledge required of various kinds of technicians.(l4, Para.2) owing to the extent and complexity of the specialized knowledge required of various kinds of technicians. knowledge required of various kinds of technicians = knowledge which is required of various kinds of technicians to require sb. to do sth / that sb. should do: 要求某人做某事 : to require sth. of sb.: 对某人有 要求 : e.g. Students are required to attend classes. The emergency requires that it should be done. We did all that was required of us. The interpretation company requires a university diploma and a TEM8 certificate of the job applicants. How many examples does Russell provide to support his idea about the importance of a sense of proportion? Two. One is about a research in scientific medicine. The other is a study on the composition of the atom. 6

7 How do you like the first example? Do you think it persuasive or convincible? An open question. You have not time to consider the effect which your discoveries or inventions may have outside the field of medicine.(l7, Para.2) As human knowledge becomes more and more extensive and specialized, one who is engrossed in the study of his specific field may fail to foresee the outcome of the knowledge he is pursuing. You study the composition of the atom from a disinterested desire for knowledge, and incidentally place in the hands of powerful lunatics the means of destroying the human race.(l3, Page.71) Can you analyze the syntactic structure of the underlined part? Do you think it possible for any scientist to hold a comprehensive view which Russell advocated? Improve the following sentences by changing the word order They pronounced every one of the accused guilty. They pronounced guilty every one of the accused. He had called the man on whose judgment he now had to rely an idiot. He had called an idiot the man on whose judgment he now had to rely. The problem of what contribution the public should pay then arose. The problem then arose of what contribution the public should pay. He gave the sergeant who occupied the trench opposite the parcel. He gave the parcel to the sergeant who occupied the trench opposite. In Para. 2 Russell stresses the importance of comprehensiveness. Why is comprehensiveness an important factor that constitutes wisdom? As human knowledge becomes more and more extensive and specialized, one who is engrossed in the study of his specific field may fail to foresee the outcome of the knowledge he is pursuing. That s why russell streeses the importance of comperehensiveness. 7

8 There must be, also, a certain awareness of the ends of human life. (L2, Para.3) What does "the ends of human life" refer to? It refers to the goals of human life. Do you think the example of Hegel s philosophy of history illustrates the importance of a certain awareness of the ends of human life? If so, in what way? Open for discussion. Many eminent historians have done more harm than good... (L2, Para.3) What many eminent historians have done is more damaging than help be more adj. A than adj. B 与其说是乙, 不如说是甲 e.g. She is more thoughtless than stupid. Their beliefs are more Christian than Buddhist. eminent: famous and respected within a particular sphere or profession e.g. Even the most eminent doctors could not cure him. Hegel had a philosophy of history which did not suffer from any lack of comprehensiveness, since it started from the earliest times and continued into an indefinite future.(l5, Para.3) Is Hegel s history of philosophy comprehensive? Why does Russell cite it as an example? But the chief lesson of history which he sought to inculcate was that from the year 400AD down to his own time Germany had been the most important nation and the standard-bearer of progress in the world.(l7, Para.3) Was there any prejudice in Hegel s philosophy history? inculcate: to fix in the mind of sb. e.g. It's important to inculcate these ideas in the minds of the young people. They will try to inculcate you with a respect for culture.. Perhaps one could stretch the comprehensiveness that constitutes wisdom to include not only intellect but also feeling. (L9, Para.3) According to the writer, how are feelings related to wisdom? If one harbors narrow feelings, his research and study could be harmful to the society. The research could be done in the interest of a small group; the result of his study could be biased. So knowledgeable as he is, he is not a wise man. 8

9 Itis not only in public ways, but in private life equally, that wisdom is needed.(l1, Para.4) It is needed in the choice of ends to be pursued and in emancipation from personal prejudice. (L2, Para. 4) Does it in two sentences play the same function? It (wisdom) is needed in the choice of ends to be pursued (L2, Para.4) Why is wisdom needed when we choose the end we want to pursue? We should be wise enough to realize that some ends are not attainable inherently even though they may be noble. So to consider the feasibility of the noble ideas is important. Even an end which it would be noble to pursue if it were attainable may be pursued unwisely if it is inherently impossible of achievement.(l3, Para.4) "... which it would be noble to pursue if it were attainable" is the relative clause modifying "an end. " The first "it" in the relative clause is an anticipatory word functioning as the formal subject while the second a pronoun referring to "an end. " Even an end which it would be noble to pursue if it were attainable may be pursued unwisely if it is inherently impossible of achievement.(l3,para.4) It would be unwise to pursue a goal that is bound to fail though it might be noble to do so. The first it in the relative clause is an anticipatory( 先行的 ) word functioning as the formal subject while the second and the third pronouns referring to "an end. " No doubt, if they could have found them, they would have conferred great benefits upon mankind, but as it was their lives were wasted. (L6, Para.4) confer (upon): to grant e.g. The queen conferred knighthoods on several distinguished men. The honor was conferred on him just after the war. "as it was" vs. "as it were ( 宛如, 好像 )" as it was: the past tense form of "as it is, meaning in reality; in the actual situation. as it were means as one might say in a sort of way. e.g. I thought things would get better, but as it is, they are getting worse. We expected to arrive at 6:30 p. m., but as it was, we didn't get there until after midnight. He was my second self, as it were. He became, as it were, a man without a country. 9

10 If you have sufficient patience and sufficient persuasiveness, you may succeed in convincing each that the other has only the normal share of human wickedness. (L17, Para.4) What does "convincing each that the other has only the normal share of human wickedness" suggest? This suggests that all humans are wicked to some extent. If you can do this, you will have instilled some fragments of wisdom. (L19, Para.4) What fragments of wisdom exist in the second example? Mutual hatred may bring each other to destruction. Human s hatred for other people have a admixture of both truth and falsehood. Nobody is perfect. We all share evil nature of human beings to some degree. instill: to gradually but firmly establish ( an idea or attitude, especially a desirable one) a person's mind e.g. It is part of a teacher's job to instill selfconfidence into his/her students. They instill in you the legacy of Confucianism, especially the values of hierarchy and hard work. I think the essence of wisdom is emancipation, as far as possible, from the tyranny of the here and now.(l.1, Para.5) I think the essence of wisdom is to free oneself from the confinement of the physical world and the emotional world and look beyond. the essence of wisdom is emancipation from the tyranny of the here and now. We cannot help the egoism of our senses. Sight and sound and touch are bound up with our own bodies and cannot be impersonal. (L1, Para.5) What does tyranny of the here and now mean? In what way do the three sentences cohere with each other? egoism: an excessive or exaggerated sense of selfimportance e.g. We cannot help the egoism of our senses. 我们禁不住要陷入感官司的自我主义之中 The egoism of an artist sometimes seems natural. 艺术家的自负有时看起来是自然的 10

11 be bound up with: be involved in, dependent on, connected with e.g. The survival of these creatures is intimately bound up with the health of the ocean. Dominant and submissive behavior is closely bound up with childhood experiences. This is of course a matter of degree. (L7, Para.5) What does this sentence mean in the context? The writer suggests that people cannot avoid being partial. The difference between a wise man and an unwise man is the former has a lesser degree of partiality. As one becomes more impartial, his wisdom grows. No one can view the world with complete impartiality; and if anyone could, he would hardly be able to remain alive. (L8, Para.5) What can you learn from this remark? impartiality: the condition of treating all rivals or disputants equally e.g. Certain ministers are pressing for new rules on broadcasting impartiality. Political impartiality is strengthened. But it is possible to make a continual approach towards impartiality, on the one hand, by knowing things somewhat remote in time or space, and on the other hand, by giving to such things their due weight in our feelings (L9, Para.5) It is possible to become increasingly impartial by gaining knowledge about the history and the future, and about other parts of the world, and by showing due respect and interest to different things. II. Text analysis _ new words and expressions II. Text analysis _ new words and expressions 1. surpass v. to do or be better than Examples 结果超出了他们的预料 The result surpasses their expectations. The student was surpassing himself in mathematics. sur-: over, above, beyond eg. surcharge ( 超载, 追加罚款, 额外费 ), surrealism ( 超现实主义 ); surname 2. take account of v. to take into consideration Examples 我们应该考虑这个项目的费用 We should take account of the cost of the project. In judging the progress he has made, we must take account of the fact that he has been working in great difficulties for several months. 11

12 II. Text analysis _ new words and expressions II. Text analysis _ new words and expressions 3. instill v. to gradually but firmly establish ( an idea or attitude, especially a desirable one) a person's mind 慢慢地灌输 Examples 他们努力将这些新观念灌输到学生的头脑中去 They tried to instill such new ideas into students minds. These policies instill strong feeling of loyalty in P & G employees. 4. impartiality n. the condition of treating all rivals or disputants( 争论者 ) equally Examples 你对员工进行评估时应该做到公正 You should demonstrate impartiality in your assessment of the employees. Impartiality is essential to a judge. part (root) = divide, separate e.g. particular, partial, partition ( 分割 ) II. Text analysis _ new words and expressions II. Text analysis _ new words and expressions 5. spectacular a. strikingly large and obvious Examples 巴西足球明星罗纳尔多在 2002 年世界杯足球赛中射进好几个精彩的球 Ronaldo, one of the football stars from Brazil, scored several spectacular goals in 2002 FIFA World Cup. -ar: of the kind specified eg. molecular, scholar, polar, ocular, circular, extracurricular, muscular, regular 6. emancipate v. to be free from political, moral, intellectual or social restraints offensive to reason or justice Examples 摆脱坏习惯需要耐心和毅力 Patience and perseverance are required in emancipation from bad habits. This new machine will emancipate us from all the hard work. II. Text analysis _ new words and expressions II. Text analysis _ new words and expressions 7. confer (upon) v. 8. contribute to v. to grant to help to cause or bring about Examples 罗伯特 弗罗斯特由于对诗歌的杰出贡献而被美国很多大学授予名誉学位 Examples 好天气是这次远征科学考察成功的原因之一 Many honorary degrees from different colleges and universities in America were conferred upon Robert Frost for his remarkable contributions to poetry. The fair weather contributed to the success of the scientific expedition. Poor food contributed to her illness. 12

13 correlative increase in wisdom to have no correlative relationship to cease production to promote the prosperity of agriculture to promote a new product to be promoted vice-president factors that contribute to wisdom a sense of proportion to attach to sth its due weight the populous parts of the world U6A.1, B3 智慧的相应增加 没有相互关联的关系 停产 促进农业繁荣 促销新产品 被晋升为副总裁 对智慧有贡献的因素 对比例的判断力 给某事适当权重 人口稠密地区 an spectacular example a spectacular waterfall the composition of the atom composition of population powerful lunatics eminent historians to inculcate a respect for law emancipation from personal prejudice toemancipate the mind the elixir of life to confer great benefits upon U6A.2, B3 引人注目的例子 壮观的瀑布 原子的成分 人口结构 有权力的狂热分子 著名的历史学家 灌输尊重法律思想 从个人偏见中解放出来 解放思想 长生不老药 使 受益匪浅 U6A.3, B3 U6A.4, B3 to confer with sb on sth. toconfer honor upon sb appalling violence virtue and vice an admixture of A and B the egoism of our senses to be bound up with to give sba new horizon the horizon of knowledge to view sth with impartiality to surpass previous ages the capacity to take account of sth 与某人协商某事 授予荣誉 骇人的暴行 善与恶 甲物和乙物的混和 我们感觉中的自我 与 有关系 使某人大开眼界 知识范围 公正地看待某事 超过以前的时代 考虑某事的能力 owing to the extent and complexity specialized knowledge knowledge required of technicians to be engaged in to lower the infant death-rate the unintended result the inadequate food supply from a disinterested desire in the sense of comprehensive vision to constitute wisdom 由于宽泛性与复杂性 专业知识 要求技术人员掌握的知识 从事 降低婴儿死亡率 意想不到的后果 食物供给不足 出于无私的愿望 在纵观全局的意义上 构成智慧 to have an awareness of theends of human life to do more harm than good to view sth through the distorting medium an indefinite future the standard-bearer of progress to stretch the comprehensiveness the choice of ends to be pursued an attainable end U6A.5, B3 有 意识 人类生活最终目的 过大于功 通过扭曲的方式看待世界 不确定的未来 进程中的标尺 延伸全局意识 选择所追求的生活目标 可达到的目标 to descend to less heroic matters to increase people s mutual hatred to be horrified by sb s injustice to have sufficient persuasiveness to instill some wisdom emancipation from the tyranny cannot help sth dialectical materialism U6A.6, B3 降低到不那么英勇的事 增加人们的相互憎恨 被偏见所吓倒 有足够的说服力 灌输智慧 从专横中解放出来 不由自主做某事 辩证唯物论 13

14 U6A.7, B3 U6A.8, B3 to be affected by sentiment to get rid of bureaucratic practices to employ parallelism to constitute equivalent syntactic constructions syntactic analysis a historic enmity lest she should forget to stand by to inquire into standards of to march in the wildness to be beyond sb s capacity 受情绪影响 清除官僚习气 使用平行结构 组成相同的句法构架 语法分析 由来已久的敌意 以免她忘记 袖手旁观 调查 的标准 在荒野中行军 某人能力难以企及 cut-and-dried subjects to hear cut-and-dried speeches scholarly discipline to be subject to subjectivism hard facts an unambiguous interpretation of an ambiguous answer 事先准备的学科 听老生常谈的报告 学术上的学科 易受主观主义影响 铁一般的事实 一个明确的解释 模棱两可的答复 U6B.1, B3 U6B.2, B3 to aspire to become leaders for want of good advice pontifical proceedings literary style to increased in vehemence vehemence of feeling ineffable ethic to decry the pettifogging minds a disciple of Confucius to enunciate a doctrine to scour the world for the art of denunciation 渴望成为领袖 由于缺乏忠告 主教礼典程序 文学风格 越来越强烈 感情的强烈 难以言明的道德 强烈反对诡计多端的的人们 孔子的门徒 阐述一个信条 搜寻世界寻找 谴责的艺术 to scorn difficulties an expression of scorn ill-bred peevishness a peevish old man all religious creeds intellectual atrophy an ancient prophet 蔑视困难 轻视的表情 没有教养的暴躁行为 爱发牢骚的老汉 所有宗教信仰 智力萎缩 古代的先知 Old to new discontented, disloyal hostility to give or grand having a relation to to come to an end proper, adequate having a large population strikingly large and obvious a mad, foolish or wild person U6A.5, B3 disaffected enmity confer correlative cease due populous spectacular lunatic Old to new famous and admired to fix in mind to set free from restrictions unfair feeling or opinions based on reason horrifying, shocking moral fault of weakness a thing added the limit of a person s knowledge treating all equally U6A.6, B3 eminent inculcate emancipate Prejudice appalling vice admixture horizon impartial 14

15 Rhetoric Features of the Text III. Rhetorical features - alliteration Parallelism In this essay, parallelism is employed, apart from other rhetoric devices. e.g. But it is possible to make a continual approach towards impartiality, on the one hand, by knowing things somewhat remote in time or space, and on the other hand, by giving to such things their due weight in our feelings (Para.5) III. Rhetorical features - alliteration The underlined parts in the quoted sentence constitute equivalent syntactic constructions, thus making the expression more forceful. Parallelism can also be used to convey one s ideas more clearly and create a sense of order and proportion. e.g...the capacity to take account of all the important factors in a problem and to attach to each its due weight.(para.2) III. Rhetorical features - alliteration This has the entirely unintended result of making the food supply inadequate and lowering the standard of life in the most populous parts of the world. (Para. 2) Perhaps one could stretch the comprehensiveness that constitutes wisdom to include not only intellect but also feeling. (Para. 3) It is not only in public ways, but in private life equally, that wisdom is needed. (Para. 3) IV. Writing Instruction A Man of Wisdom Write an essay of about 250 words on the topic of "A Man of Wisdom." In the first part of your writing, define wisdom with the help of Text I in this unit. In the second part, describe somebody who you think is full of wisdom by giving one or two examples. 15

16 IV. Writing IV. Writing A man of wisdom The definition of wisdom varies from individual to individual. However, I feel greatly enlightened after a careful reading of Russell's essay "Knowledge and Wisdom." I am in perfect agreement with Russell that wisdom is chiefly made up of such ingredients as the sense of comprehensive vision, the clearmindedness about the objective of human life and the maximum emancipation from one's personal prejudice. It is said that wherever you go nowadays, it is never too hard for you to meet clever people who have only superficial knowledge about life, but it is really hard to see wise people who get the essences of life. One of my closest friends strikes me as a wise man, for he more often than not displays the three elements mentioned above in daily life. IV. Writing IV. Writing He strives for excellence in his special field of interest and distinguishes himself as a famous translator between the English language and the Chinese language, but at the same time, he shows a wide range of interest in many other different subjects and external objects. He knows clearly what's important in life and tries his utmost to enjoy life. He is interested in all sorts of discoveries, inventions and novel things. But he will definitely refrain from advocating or practicing these things if they are supposed to do harm to humanity. He has made himself a great success, both academically and financially, but he regards the success as a means to happiness instead of the end of life. IV. Writing IV. Writing He feels if one lives intelligently and artistically, he is wise and happy and if one tries every means to achieve financial success only, and sees accumulation of wealth as the sole aim of life, even at the cost of reputation, or life, he is stupid, for he intensifies the means to such a degree that the means becomes the end. That's why he is fond of art, music, literature and traveling around the world. He often says that one is really wealthy if he has experienced different sorts of sights and sounds and has enjoyed the company of the greatest masterpieces in the world and the greatest minds of each race. Perhaps that's the objective of his life. 16

17 IV. Writing Of course, he knows that one gains in wisdom when he emancipates himself from his personal prejudice. So he believes in the notion that everyone is unique and equal in their own ways and appreciates the strengths of anyone he knows and constantly improves and perfects himself by learning from others' strengths. I often model myself on my friend and hope that I will be a wise man like him someday. Speaking and Listening V. Speaking and Listening Oral activities Topic for discussion: Among the contributors to wisdom mentioned by Russell, which do you agree with most? Support your idea with your experience. Instructions: Discuss it in groups. V. Speaking and Listening Phonetic training - Yes, sir, I do like to talk. - Is that a virtue or a vice? - Well, I have to admit I've always wanted to be the quiet, mysterious type, only I couldn't keep my mouth shut long enough. - Would you punch yourself in a street fight, Mr. Burgess? - No, sir. - Then don't punch yourself in a word fight. You don't have to make fun of yourself. Use your humor against your opponent. V. Speaking and Listening VI. After-class tasks Listening activities Listen to the recording and fill in the gaps in the summary on Page 80. Do the dictation. Free from Debt Trouble Read Text II and write a summary. Collection of Sayings Finish all the exercises in Unit 6 Try to remember new words in Unit 7. 17

18 18