EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHES ON WORKING QUALITATIVE INDEXES OF A DEEP LOOSENING EQUIPMENT

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1 EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHES ON WORKING QUALITATIVE INDEXES OF A DEEP LOOSENING EQUIPMENT / CERCETĂRI EXPERIMENTALE PRIVIND INDICII CALITATIVI DE LUCRU AI UNUI ECHIPAMENT DE AFÂNAT SOLUL ÎN PROFUNZIME PD. Stud. Eg. David Al. 1), Prof. PD. Eg. Voicu G. 2), PD. Eg. Mari E. 1), Lect. PD. Eg. Dutu M. 2), Eg. George G. 2) 1) INMA Bucarest / Romaia; 2) Uiversity POLITEHNICA Bucarest / Romaia Tel: ; Somy_alex_07@yaoo.com Abstract: Te paper presets te results of experimetal tests of deep soil looseig macie EAA 220 i order to determie te followig qualitative idexes: soil looseig degree, workig dept, workig widt ad soil levellig degree. Experimetal tests were performed at INMA Bucarest (durig 2012, 2013 ad 2014) were te average umidity of soil was u = 29.9% ad average resistace ecessary to peetrate te soil of kpa. Keywords: looseig degree, levellig degree, looseig equipmet. INTRODUCTION Soil compactio cosists i dimiisig its apparet porosity ad desity. Tis peomeo is determied by atural causes (impact of rai droplets, umidity, tesios of soil water) or because of te actio of agricultural macies ruig parts (artificial compactio). Troug compactio, te soil is less permeable to water draiig o soil surface, determiig soil erosio. Soil aeratio bot reduces ad icreases soil mecaical resistace, egatively ifluecig plats developmet. Soil damagig caused by compactio is explaied by agricultural macies ad tractors mass icrease ad iappropriate crop rotatio. Mai factors of soil artificial compactio are: - Soil type; - umidity; - form ad area of cotact surface; - type of ruig part - tyre pressure - umber of passes Ifluece of soil type o compactio Because of pressures exerted, te soil is subject to deformatios, mostly geerated by movemet of pores betwee te mieral skeleto particles, ad, if te pores are saturated wit water, te settlemet depeds o te maer i wic te liquid is evaporated. [14] Followig te researces acieved by Ellies, (2000) it as foud out tat, i coarse texture soil te predomiat directio of tesios propagatio is vertical, wile i fie texture soil tey propagates towards all directios. At te same time, witi a well-structured soil (aggregated soil), compactio determied by exteral load as ot maifested at great dept, [6]. Ifluece of umidity o compactio I farmig, especially te umidity is te most importat factor for soil compactig potetial. Humidity determies te maer i wic te soil deforms uder te actio of ruig parts, [6]. Complete dry soil, Abstract: Î lucrare se prezita rezultatele icercarilor experimetale ale masiii de afâare adâca a solului EAA 220 î vederea determiării următorilor idici calitativi: gradul de afâare al solului, adâcimea de lucru, lătimea de lucru si gradul de ivelare al solului. Îcercările experimetale s-au efectuat la INMA Bucuresti (i aii 2012,2013 si 2014) ude umiditatea medie a solului a fost u = 29,9% iar rezisteta medie ecesară peetrării solului de 2840,5 kpa. Cuvite ceie: grad de afâare, grad de ivelare, ecipamet de afâare. INTRODUCERE Compactarea solului costa i micsorarea porozitatii si desitatii aparete a acestuia. Acest feome se produce datorita uor cauza aturale (impactul cu picaturile de ploaie, umezirea, tesiuile itere ale apei di sol) sau datorita actiuii orgaelor de rulare ale masiilor agricole (compactarea artificiala). Pri compactare solul este mai puti permeabil petru apa care se scurge pe suprafata solului producad eroziuea acestuia. Aerarea solului si reduce si creste rezisteta mecaica a acestuia ifluetad i mod egative dezvoltarea platelor. Degradarea solului pri compactare se datoreaza cresterii masei masiilor agricole si tractoarelor si rotatiei ecorespuzatoare a culturilor. Pricipalii factori ai compactarii artificiale a solului sut: - tipul solului; - umiditatea; - forma si aria suprafetei de cotact; - tipul orgaului de rulare - presiuea di peu - umarul de treceri. Iflueţa tipului de sol asupra compactării Datorită presiuilor exercitate asupra sa, solul suferă deformaţii geerate î cea mai mare parte de micşorarea porilor ditre particulele sceletului mieral, iar dacă porii sut saturaţi cu apă, tasarea este codiţioată de modul î care se produce evacuarea licidului [14] Di cercetările realizate de Ellies ş.a., (2000) s-a descoperit că î solul cu textură grosieră, direcţia predomiată de propagare a tesiuilor este verticală, iar î solul cu textură mai fiă tesiuile se propagă multidirecţioal. De asemeea, îtr-u sol bie structurat (sol agregat), compactarea provocată de sarcia exterioară u s-a maifestat la adâcime mare, [6]. Iflueţa umidităţii asupra compactării Îdeosebi î agricultură, umiditatea este cel mai importat factor petru poteţialul de compactare al solului. Umiditatea determiă modul î care solul se deformează sub acţiuea orgaelor de rulare, [6]. Solul 5

2 betwee particles of wic te frictio is preset, ca support ig exteral loads ad cotact pressures, beig almost impossible to compact. As soil moisture icreases, water acts as a particles bider favorig particles agglomeratio ad tus, soil is easily compacted. [4; 8; 10; 12]. Ifluece of sape ad area of cotact surface o soil artificial compactio Area of cotact surface betwee te ruig part ad soil greatly iflueces te maer of propagatio of soil tesios. Icrease of cotact surface does ot ecessarily determie te dimiisig of soil tesio, but limits te propagatio of ig tesios i dept, respectively exteds tem to orizos close to soil surface [1]. Ifluece of ruig part type o soil artificial compactio Tesios applied o soil by farmig weeled macies or macies edowed wit tyres, are dyamic, te soil stress time is sort, ad arable soil is usually usaturated ad structured, [10]. Tesios uder te ruig parts of agricultural veicles were measured ad preseted i may specialty studies, performed i laboratory, i groud caels but also i field (Kirby ad Zoz, 1997). Tesios i cotact spot geerally vary from approx. 50 kpa (uder te tracks ad double or large tyres), to 300 kpa or eve more (uder arrow tyres of eavy veicles suc as cotto arvestig macies) (Kirby ad Blude, 1992), [11]. Ifluece of tyre pressure o soil artificial compactio Tyre pressure determies te tyre rigidity, wic as a sigificat ifluece o cotact surface betwee soil ad tyre, as well as pressure distributio i cotact surface. As for te agricultural soil, because of tyre iger pressures, small cotact surfaces form, soil damages muc more ad tesios are trasmitted deeper ito te soil; terefore, it is ecessary to remedy te egative effects of tesios trasmissio at great dept (e.g.: deep looseig requires a ig eergy cosumptio [1]. Perdok ad Tijik (1990) ad Wood ad Burt (1987) ave performed tests i groud caels wit tyres of , bot i rigid soils ad plouged soils. I order to vary te pressure o soil, dyamic loads of 10 ad 20 kn ad tyre pressures betwee 110 ad 140 kpa, ave bee used. Tese studies ave demostrated tat tyre pressure determies te size of orizotal compoets of forces located i cotact spot ceter betwee soil ad tyre, as well as dyamic load distributio o tis surface cotour, [3]. Ifluece of umber of passes o soil artificial compactio Number of passes iflueces te extet of soil stress. Geerally, ligt-weigt tractors ivolve a icrease umber of passes o soil, tus itesifyig compactio of vegetal soil, exceptig te case we te cotact pressure wit soil is substatially reduced, [8]. I ligt soils, or we te tesios are ig eoug, bot severity ad dept of compactio icrease alog wit agricultural veicle passes (Kirby ad al.., 1997a). At first pass of te weel, soil settles muc more i compariso wit te subsequet passes compactio (Cooper et al., 1969; Soae, 1980), [2, 11], tis reactio of soil beig coected to te iitial complet uscat, ître particulele căruia există frecare, poate susţie sarcii exterioare mari şi presiui de cotact mari, fiid aproape imposibil de compactat. Pe măsură ce creşte umiditatea solului, apa acţioează ca liat ître particule favorizâd aglomerarea acestora, iar solul se va compacta mai uşor, [4; 8;10; 12]. Iflueţa formei şi ariei suprafeţei de cotact asupra compactării artificiale a solului Aria suprafeţei de cotact ditre orgaul de rulare şi sol are o iflueţă majoră asupra modului de propagare a tesiuilor î sol. Creşterea suprafeţei de cotact u coduce eapărat la scăderea itesităţii tesiuii di sol, ci la limitarea propagării tesiuilor mari î adâcime, respectiv la extiderea acestora î orizoturi di apropierea suprafaţei solului [1]. Iflueţa tipului orgaului de rulare asupra compactării artificiale a solului Tesiuile aplicate pe sol de către maşiile agricole pe peuri sau pe şeile sut diamice, timpul de solicitare a solului de către orgaele de rulare este scurt, iar solurile arabile sut de obicei esaturate şi structurate, [10]. Tesiuile sub orgaele de rulare ale veiculelor agricole au fost măsurate şi prezetate î multe studii de specialitate, realizate î laborator î caale de sol, dar şi î câmp (Kirby şi Zoz, 1997). Tesiuile î pata de cotact variază, î geeral, de la aproximativ 50 kpa (sub şeile şi peuri late sau duble), la 300 kpa sau mai mult (sub peuri îguste ale veiculelor grele, precum maşiile de recoltat bumbac) (Kirby şi Blude, 1992), [11]. Iflueţa presiuii di peu asupra compactării artificiale a solului Presiuea di peu determiă rigiditatea peului, care are o iflueţă semificativă asupra suprafeţei de cotact ditre sol şi peu, precum şi asupra distribuţiei presiuii î suprafaţa de cotact. Î cazul solului agricol, datorită presiuilor mai mari î peuri se formează suprafeţe de cotact mai mici, solul se deformează mai mult, iar tesiuile se trasmit mai adâc î sol, di acest motiv fiid ecesare lucrări de remediere a efectelor egative ale trasmiterii tesiuilor pe adâcimi mari (ex: afâarea adâcă ecesită u cosum mare de eergie), [1]. Perdok şi Tijik (1990) şi Wood şi Burt (1987) au efectuat teste î caale de sol cu avelope , atât pe soluri rigide cât şi pe soluri arate. Petru a varia presiuea pe sol s-au folosit sarcii diamice de 10 şi 20 kn şi presiui î peu ître 110 şi 140 kpa. Aceste studii au demostrat că presiuea di peu determiă mărimea compoetelor orizotale ale forţelor î cetrul suprafeţei de cotact ditre sol şi peu, precum şi distribuţia greutăţii diamice pe coturul acestei suprafeţe, [3]. Iflueţa umărului de treceri asupra compactării artificiale a solului Numărul de treceri iflueţează umărul solicitărilor asupra solului. Î geeral, utilizarea tractoarelor uşoare implică u umăr crescut de treceri pe sol, itesificâd astfel compactarea stratului de sol vegetal, cu excepţia cazului î care presiuea de cotact cu solul este redusă substaţial, [8]. Î solurile suficiet de slabe, sau atuci câd tesiuile sut suficiet de mari, atât severitatea cât şi adâcimea la care se maifestă compactarea cresc cu umărul de treceri ale veiculului agricol (Kirby ş.a., 1997a). La prima trecere a roţii, solul se compactează mai mult comparativ cu următoarele treceri (Cooper ş.a., 1969; Soae, 1980), [2, 11], această reacţie a solului 6

3 level of compactio ad deep compactio distributio, [2]. MATERIAL AND METHOD Experimetal researces for determiig te qualitative workig idices ave bee performed usig a aggregate made of soil deep looseig equipmet EAA 220 ad a tractor New Hollad T6070 (fig. 1a), respectively Agrotro L720 Deutz-Far (fig. 1b). Soil deep looseig equipmet [13] for wic were determied te qualitative workig idices requires drivig power sources (tractors) of HP ( kw), beig edowed wit two workig parts, wit 1.9 m distace betwee tem. Mai costructive ad fuctioal parameters, caracterizig te looseig part are: - agle formed by te sare wit te supportig pla: rad; - dimesios of sare (L x l): 500 x 100 mm; - sape of sare blade: rectagular; - frequecy of oscillatios: adjustable by te rotatio of tractor s PTO, betwee: Hz; - amplitude of sare edge oscillatios: 18 mm. fiid legată de ivelul iiţial de compactare şi de distribuţia compactării î adâcime, [2]. MATERIAL ŞI METODĂ Cercetările experimetale petru determiarea idicilor calitativi de lucru s-au realizat utilizâd u agregat format di ecipametul de afâare adâca a solului - EAA 220 şi u tractor New Hollad T6070 (fig. 1a), respectiv Agrotro L720 Deutz-Far (fig. 1b). Ecipametul de afâare adâcă a solului [13] petru care s-a urmărit determiarea idicilor calitativi de lucru, ecesită petru acţioare surse eergetice (tractoare) cu puteri cuprise ître CP ( kw), acesta fiid prevăzut cu două orgae active de lucru, cu distaţa ditre ele de 1,9 m. Pricipalii parametri costructivi şi fucţioali, care caracterizează orgaul activ de afâare sut: - ugiul format de brăzdar cu plaul de spriji: rad; - dimesiuile brăzdarului (L x l): 500 x 100 mm; - forma tăişului brăzdarului: rectagulara; - frecveţa oscilaţiilor: reglabilă pri turatia arborelui prizei de putere a tractorului, ître: 8,6 10,7 Hz; - amplitudiea oscilaţiilor vîrfului brazdarului: 18 mm. Fig. 1 Equipmet desiged to soil deep looseig- EAA 220 i aggregate wit a)new Hollad T6070 tractor; b) Agrotro L 720 Deutz - Far tractor Durig te tests te followig parameters were varied: - workig dept: 0.5, 0.6 ad 0.7 m; - workig speed: m/s ( km/); - frequecy of sare edge oscillatio: f= Hz. te followig values beig determied: - soil looseig degree; - soil levellig degree; - workig dept; - sare workig widt. Determiatio of workig dept [14] as bee made by a furrow measurig device, by measurig te distace betwee uplouged field surface ad furrow made by te workig part. Subsequetly, based o measuremets, te average workig dept was calculated, amely, am were: adi workig dept experimetally measured; umber of measuremets performed. For verificatio, te workig dept was measured by gauge tape, after maually removig te soil dislocated by sare (fig. 2). a dm Î timpul experimetărilor au fost variaţi următorii parametri: - adâcimea de lucru: 0,5, 0,6 şi 0,7 m; - viteza de lucru: 0,192 1,25 m/s (0,69 4,5 km/); - frecveţa oscitaţiei brăzdarului: f=8,6 10,7 Hz. determiâdu-se următoarele mărimi: - gradul de afâare al solului; - gradul de ivelare al solului; - adâcimea de lucru; - lătimea de lucru a uui brăzdar. Determiarea adâcimii de lucru [14] s-a realizat cu ajutorul uui brazdometru, pri măsurarea distaţei ditre suprafaţa câmpului earat şi fudul de brazdă lăsat de orgaul de lucru. Pe baza măsurătorilor s-a calculat ulterior adâcimea medie de lucru, am: adi 1 (1) ude: adi - adâcimea de lucru măsurată exprimatal; - umărul măsurătorilor efectuate. Petru verificare, adâcimea de lucru s-a măsurat si cu ruleta, dupa idepartarea mauala a solului dislocat de brazdar (fig. 2). 7

4 Fig. 2 Determiatio of workig dept by gauge tape Determiatio of te workig widt was measured by gauge tape te distace from eac peg markig te displaced soil limits after beig maually removed (fig. 3). Tus, usig te workig widts previously measured i differet poits of furrow, te average workig widt as bee calculated, Lm: Determiarea lăţimii de lucru s-a realizat pri măsurarea cu ruleta a distaţei de la fiecare ţăruş de marcare a limitelor solului dislocat după ce acesta a fost idepartat maual (fig. 3). Astfel, utilizâd lăţimile de lucru efective măsurate aterior î diferite pucte ale brazdei, s-a calculat lăţimea medie de lucru, Lm: were: Li workig widt measured; umber of measuremets performed. Determiatio of looseig ad levellig degree of soil was made by measurig te coordiates of differet poits reported to a referece system cosistig of a rule placed orizotally o two pegs above te field, perpedicularly orieted towards te macie s forward directio. Te looseig degree ad levellig degree (fig.4) were determied by measurig te distaces betwee te rule ad field, from 10 to 10cm, before ad after te passig of looseig equipmet. L m Li 1 (21) î care: Li - lăţimea de lucru măsurată; - umărul măsurătorilor efectuate. Determiarea gradului de afâare şi a gradului de ivelare a solului s-a realizat pri măsurarea coordoatelor diferitelor pucte faţă de u sistem de referiţă costâd îtr-o riglă aşezată orizotal deasupra câmpului pe doi ţăruşi, orietată perpedicular pe direcţia de îaitare a maşiii. Determiarea gradului de afâare şi a gradului de ivelare a solului (fig. 4) s-a realizat măsurâd distaţele ditre riglă şi câmp, di 10 î 10 cm, îaite si după trecerea ecipametului de afâare. Fig. 3 Determiatio of workig widt Fig. 4 Determiatio of soil looseig degree Soil levellig degree is give by te relatio: Gradul de ivelare a solului este dat de relaţia: were: G s i 1 i i 1 1i 1i measured eigt of field levellig before te macie passig; 2i [%] (3) î care: 1i - îălţimea măsurată a deivelării tereului îaite de trecerea maşiii;

5 2i - measured eigt of field ueveess after te macie passig; umber of measuremets performed. Ad soil looseig degree: were: G as i 3i i1 3i 3i dimesio measured i te same poit from te rule to te bottom of te furrow let by te macie. 1i 100 2i - îălţimea măsurată a deivelării tereului după trecerea maşiii; - umărul măsurătorilor efectuate. iar gradul de afâare a solului: [%] (4) î care: 3i - dimesiuea măsurată î acelaşi puct de la riglă la fudul brazdei lucrate de maşiă. RESULTS For determiig te soil levellig degree ad looseig degree, 31 tests ave bee performed, te results for 15 ad 26 tests beig sow below. Soil levelig degree resulted after its looseig by equipmet EAA 220 is sow i table 1 ad grapic represetig te distaces 1, 2 si 3 measured at test 26 is sow i figure 5 ad, respectively for test 5 i figure 6. REZULTATE Petru determiarea gradului de ivelare si gradului de afâare a solului s-au realizat o serie de 31 de probe, fiid prezetate mai jos rezultatele petru proba 15 si proba 26, cosiderate a fi reprezetative. Gradul de ivelare a solului rezultat după afâarea acestuia cu ecipametul EAA 220 este prezetat î tabelul 1 iar reprezetarea grafica a distatelor 1, 2 si 3 masurate la proba 26 este prezetata i figura 5 si petru proba 15 i figura 6. Measurig distace Soil ueveess eigt Test 26 Test 15 1 [cm] 2 [cm] 3 [cm] 1 [cm] 2 [cm] 3 [cm] , Table 1 Fig. 5 - Distaces 1, 2 ad 3 measured at test 26(workig dept of 0.7m) for determiig te soil levellig ad loooseig degree 9

6 Fig. 6 - Distaces 1, 2 ad 3 mesured at test 15 (workig dept of 0.6m) for determiig te soil levellig ad loooseig degree I table 2 are preseted te followig values: looseig degree, levelig degree, workig dept ad workig widt. I tabelul 2 sut prezetate: gradul de afâare, gradul de ivelare a solului, adicimea si latimea de lucru. Qualitative idexes of soil looseig macie Table2 De. o. Test Dept [m] 1 5 Speed Frequecy [m/s] [Hz] a d [m] L [m] G as G s [%] [%] Average values Average values Average values CONCLUSIONS Variatio of workig dept, experimetally determied, i compariso wit set dept, was of %. Average workig widt of deep soil looseig macie is maximum for te maximum workig dept (1.16m for 0.7m dept) ad dimiises alog wit dept, beig of 0.8m for a workig dept of 0.5m; Te soil average degree depeds o te workig dept, beig 5.62% for a workig dept of 0.5m ad 9.82% for 0.7 workig dept; CONCLUSIONS Variatia adâcimii de lucru determiata experimetal, fata de adâcimea reglata, a fost de %. Latimea medie de lucru a masiii de afâare adâca a solului are valoarea maxima petru adâcimea maxima de lucru (1,16m petru adâcimea de 0.7m) si scade odata cu scaderea adâcimii fiid de 0.8m petru adâcimea de lucru de 0.5m; Gradul mediu de ivelare a solului depide de adâcimea de lucru fiid de 5.62% la o adâcime de 0.5 m, respectiv 9.82% la adâcimea 0.7 m; 10

7 Average looseig degree of soil is of maximum 20.44% for 0.7m workig dept. It ca be oticed tat te levellig degree ad looseig degree, bot deped o workig dept, avig maximum values for 0.7m workig dept. Gradul mediu de afâare al solului are valoarea maxima 20.44% petru adâcimea de lucru de 0.7m. Se observă că atât gradul de ivelare cât şi gradul de afâare a solului depid de adâcimea de lucru avâd valorile maxime petru adâcimea de 0.7m. REFERENCES [1]. Biriş S. Şt. (2010) Matematical modelig of agricultural soil compactio, Pritec Publisig House, Bucarest; [2]. Botta G.F., Tolo Becerra A., Bellora Tour F. (2009) - Effect of te umber of tractor passes o soil rut dept ad compactio i two tillage regimes, Soil & Tillage Researc 103, pp ; [3]. Botta G.F., Tolo-Becerra A., Tour M., Lastra-Bravo X., Rivero D. (2012) - Agricultural traffic: motio resistace ad soil compactio i relatio to tractor desig ad differet soil coditios., Soil & Tillage Researc, vol. 120, pp ; [4]. Duiker S.W. (2004) - Avoidig soil compactio, Coservatio Tillage Series, Pesylvaia State Uiversity, Agricultural Researc ad Cooperative Extesio, pg. 1-8; [5]. Gâgu V., Cojocaru I., Costati N., Koloszvari C.a (2005) - Prototype test report for te deep soil looseig maciery for HP tractors MAS - 220, INMA Bucarest, cotr. 190/2003; [6]. Hamza M.A., Aderso W.K. (2005) - Soil compactio i croppig systems. A review of te ature, causes ad possible solutios, Soil & Tillage Researc, vol. 82, Issue 2, pg ; [7]. Hiloi C., ş.a. (1982) Metods ad meas of testig te motor veicles, Tecical Publisig House, Bucarest; [8]. Jorajuria D., Dragi L. (1997) - Te distributio of soil compactio wit dept ad te respose of a pereial forage crop, Joural Agricultural Egieerig Researc, vol. 66, Issue 4, pg ; [9]. Keller T., Lamadé M., Pet S., Berli M., Delee J.Y., Baumgarte W., Rabbel W., Radjaï F., Rajcebac J., Selvadurai A.P.S., Or D. (2013) A iterdiscipliary approac towards improved uderstadig of soil deformatio durig compactio, Soil & Tillage Researc, vol. 128, pp ; [10]. Kok H., Taylor K. R., Lamod E. R., Kesse S. (1996) - Soil Compactio Problems ad Solutios, Kasas State Uiversity, Crops ad Soils 4-6 MS M (ttp:// [11]. Raper R. L., Kirby J. M. (2006) - Soil compactio: ow to do it, udo it, or avoid doig it, ASAE Distiguised Lecture 30, pp Agricultural Equipmet Tecology Coferece, Feb, Louisville, Ketucky, USA, ASABE Publicatio umber 913C0106; [12]. Scwab G.J., Murdock L.W., Wells L.G. (2004) - Assessig ad prevetig soil compactio, UK Cooperative Extesio Service, Uiversity of Ketucky College of Agriculture; [13]. Vladut V., Matace M., Nicolescu M., Biris S., Parasciv G., Voicu G., Daciu A., Persu C. (2012) REFERENCES [1]. Biriş S. Şt. (2010) - Modelarea matematică a compactării solului agricol, Editura Pritec, Bucureşti; [2]. Botta G.F., Tolo Becerra A., Bellora Tour F. (2009) Efectul umarului de treceri pe sol si compactarea i regim de lucru dublu, Cercetari privid lucrarile solului, 103, pag ; [3]. Botta G.F., Tolo-Becerra A., Tour M., Lastra-Bravo X., Rivero D. (2012) Traficul agricol: rezisteta la miscare si compactarea solului i coformitate cu modul de proiectare a tractorului si diferitele coditii de sol, Cercetari privid lucrarile solului, vol. 120, pag ; [4]. Duiker S.W. (2004) Evitarea compactarii solului, Seria Lucrari coservative ale solului, Uiversitatea de Stat di Pesylvaia, Cercetare Agricolă și Cooperative Extise, pag. 1-8; [5]. Gâgu V., Cojocaru I., Costati N., Koloszvari C.a (2005) Raport de testare de prototip petru afaarea adaca a solului petru tractoarele de CP MAS - 220, INMA Bucureşti, cotr. 190/2003; [6]. Hamza M.A., Aderso W. K. (2005) Compactarea solului i sistemele de cultura. O trecere i revista a aturii, cauzelor si posibilelor solutii, Cercetari privid lucrarile solului, vol. 82, Nr. 2, pag ; [7]. Hiloi C., ş.a. 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8 Computer-aided testig of biotecical systems, Terra Noastra Publisig House, Iasi; [14]. *** - Spatial distributio model for te progosis of soil agro-pysical state, uder te ifluece of farmig works MOSTA, Report 1. Natioal istitute of Researc- Developmet for Soil Sciece, Agro-cemistry ad Evirometal Protectio I.C.P.A, Bucarest; [15] *** STAS 6926/2-86 Measurig masses ad determiig te mass ceter for motor veicles ad tractor-trailer combiatios; [16] *** STAS 6926/3-78 Measurig te exteral dimesios. Testarea asistata a sistemelor Bioteice, Editura Terra Noastra, Iasi; [14]. **** - Model cu distribuţie spaţială petru progoza stării agrofizice a solului, sub iflueţa lucrărilor agricole MOSTA, Raport 1. Istitutul Naţioal de Cercetare - Dezvoltare petru Pedologie, Agrocimie şi Protecţia Mediului I.C.P.A, Bucureşti; [15] *** STAS 6926/ Măsurarea maselor şi determiarea cetrului de masă la autoveicule şi treuri rutiere; [16] *** STAS 6926/ Măsurarea dimesiuilor exterioare. 12

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