PRON. SOGG. PRON. COMPL. OGG. AGG. POSS. PRON. POSS.

Transcription

1 Big Bang Trial Exam II: brief explanation of twenty grammar questions + further examination practice 1. Dinosaurs... the fauna of the Earth from the Jurassic until the end of the Cretaceous. a) had been dominated b) have dominated c) are dominating d) have been dominated e) dominated risposta giusta: e) dominated traduzione: I dinosauri hanno dominato la fauna della terra dal Giurassico fino alla fine del Cretaceo. spiegazione e note: trattandosi di un fatto del tutto concluso (i dinosauri non esistono più), si usa il past simple, il quale si forma, nell affermativo, semplicemente con il passato del verbo (cioè dominated ). La risposta b) ( have dominated ), nonostante vada tradotta anch essa hanno dominato, non è corretta perché è un present perfect simple (si forma con l ausiliare have/has + participio passato), il quale si usa per un arco di tempo che dura fino ad adesso (per cui, a differenza del past simple, non è del tutto finito). 1. Scientists believe there.. between 5 and 22 glacial periods over the last 2 million years. a) was b) are been c) are being d) have been e) was been 2. In what animals.. the ability to use sound to guide their flight in darkness reached its apex in evolution? a) have b) does have c) has d) did e) has had 3. Charles Darwin his ideas on a voyage round the world between 1831 and a) did developed b) has developed c) develop d) developed e) are developed risposte 1. d) have been; 2. c) has; 3. d) developed. 2. White blood cells known... lymphocytes form one of the most important components of the immune system. a) as b) such as c) like d) how e) as such risposta giusta: e) as traduzione: I globuli bianchi conosciuti come (as) linfociti costituiscono uno dei componenti più importanti del sistema immunitario. spiegazione e note: Come si può dire in diversi modi in inglese, i tre più comuni essendo as, like e how. - As vuol dire nelle vesti di (per es. He works as a cook Lavora come cuoco ); - Like si usa per fare un paragone (per es. I m not at all like my sister Non sono affatto come mia sorella); - How si usa per le domande (per es. How did you get there? Come siete arrivati lì? ) N.B. As ha quattro significati principali - 1) come; 2) mentre; 3) man mano che; 4) siccome. 1. Where, and, is the Earth s magnetic field generated? a) how b) like c) such as d) as e) unlike 2. The currents near the surface of the oceans are,.. waves, driven by the winds. a) how b) like c) known as d) such as e) likely 3. For centuries, plants have been regarded passive creatures. a) how b) like c) such as d) as e) unlike risposte 1. a) how; 2. b) like; 3. d) as. 3. The temperature of a substance is a measure of. internal energy. a) their b) his c) her d) its e) your risposta giusta: d) its traduzione: La temperatura di una sostanza è una misura della sua energia interna.

2 spiegazione e note: tutte e cinque le risposte sono aggettivi possessivi poiché il sostantivo a cui ci si riferisce è una cosa ( substance ), la risposta giusta è its, il quale è l aggettivo possessivo che si usa alla terza persona singolare per le cose (vedere tabella sotto). PRONOMI ed AGGETTIVI POSSESSIVI I (Io) saw (ho visto) him (lui) outside (davanti a) your (la tua) school not (scuola non) mine (la mia) PRON. SOGG. PRON. COMPL. OGG. AGG. POSS. PRON. POSS. I me my mine You you your yours he, she, it him, her, it his, her, its his, hers We us our ours You you your yours They them their theirs 1. Black holes can be detected by observing. gravitational effects on other objects. a) ours b) his c) their d) yours e) your 2. As we can t use our computer, we ll have to use. a) their b) hers c) the their d) they e) your 3. As we couldn t help them, they decided to tackle the experiment own. a) by theirs b) on one s c) by their d) on their e) by our risposte 1. c) their; 2. b) hers; 3. d) on their. 4. Most metamorphic rock in the roots of mountains. a) do generate b) are generating c) have generated d) do generate e) is generated risposta giusta: e) is generated traduzione: La maggior parte della roccia metamorfica è generata nelle radici delle montagne. spiegazione e note: La frase è passiva, e is generated è l unico verbo al passivo tra le risposte. Il passivo si forma, sia in italiano che in inglese, con il verbo essere, il quale è la parte del verbo che si coniuga, seguito dal participio passato di un qualsiasi verbo transitivo. per es. The Colosseum was built by the Romans (Il Colosseo è stato costruito dai Romani) was = verbo essere al past simple ; built = participio passato di costruire. 1 Darwin s theory of evolution by natural selection.. roughly 150 years ago. a) is being published b) have been published c) has been published d) was published e) published 2. Most of the foreign scientists currently in our lab here for at least 6 months. a) are being worked b) have been worked c) have been working d) are worked e) have working

3 3. Aspirin. to treat an ever-widening range of disorders. a) is being used b) used c) been using d) be used e) being using risposte 1. d) was published; 2. c) have been working; 3. a) is being used. 5. The two technicians working in our lab have been here. last December. a) since b) by c) for d) within e) from risposta giusta: a) since traduzione: I due tecnici che lavorano nel nostro laboratorio sono qui da ( since ) dicembre scorso. spiegazione e note: riferimenti temporali 1. since vuol dire da quando viene indicato il momento d inizio di qualcosa (per es. I ve known her since 1995 La conosco dal 1995 ); 2. for vuol dire da, e si usa per indicare da quanto dura qualcosa (per es. I ve known her for 2 years La conosco da 2 anni ); 3. by vuol dire entro o giunti a (per es. by Christmas, by Sunday ); 4. within vuol dire entro ma, a differenza di by, si usa con periodi di tempo, e non scadenze (per es. within 4 hours of the meeting entro 4 ore dalla riunione ); 5. from.. to vuol dire da.. a (per es. from 1998 to 2004 dal 1998 al 2004 ). 1. Dinosaurs dominated the fauna on Earth... the early Jurassic to the end of the Cretaceous. a) since b) by c) for d) within e) from 2. The evolutionary history of the anthropods has been a matter of debate years a) since b) by c) for d) within e) from 3. the time the magma reaches the surface, it can be liquid, solid or gaseous. a) since b) by c) for d) within e) to risposte 1. e) from; 2. c) for; 3. b) by. 6. What reason was Bertrand Russell, the mathematician and philosopher, jailed... in World War I? a) when b) until c) for d) long e) since risposta giusta: c) for traduzione: Per (for) quale motivo fu incarcerato Bertrand Russell, il matematico e filosofo, nella Prima Guerra Mondiale. spiegazione e note: nelle domande, la preposizione che in italiano va ad inizio frase, in inglese si mette spesso alla fine della frase, dopo il verbo principale. Un esempio molto conosciuto è Where do you come from? (Da dove vieni?), con il Da (inizio frase in italiano) tradotto con from (in fondo, dopo il verbo principale in inglese). 1. What areas of science did Archimedes work.. most? a) the b) very c) much d) a e) in 2. Who published his theory of evolution by natural selection.. one hundred years ago. a) over b) by c) in d) for e) from 3. Whom are you going to spend your holidays. this summer? a) with b) from c) in d) since e) for risposte 1. e) in; 2. a) over; 3. a) with. 7. Kevlar is becoming very widespread... its low flammability, high thermal stability and great tensile strength. a) thanks b) since c) according to d) because of e) owing risposta giusta: d) because of

4 traduzione: Il kevlar sta diventando molto diffuso a causa della (because of) sua bassa infiammabilità, alta stabilità termica e grande resistenza alla trazione. spiegazione e note: la risposta giusta è because of, il quale significa per o a causa di ; sarebbero state corrette anche le risposte a) ed e) se thanks (grazie) e owing (dovuto) fossero state seguite da to. Since e according to, invece, significano rispettivamente poiché e secondo. 1. Science was freed from its dependence on ancient authorities.. the discovery of the New World in a) because b) thanks to c) owing d) according e) included 2. Armadillos can, their omnivorous diet, exploit a wide range of habitats. a) because b) thanks c) owing to d) according e) included 3. Modern capitalist society was epitomized, T. H. Huxley, by the survival of the fittest. a) according to b) owing c) thanks d) because e) since risposte 1. b) thanks to; 2. c) owing to; 3. a) according to. 8. In some quantum mechanics experiments, the same event. in different ways. a) happen b) verifies c) occurs d) is happened e) happening risposta giusta: c) occurs traduzione: In alcuni esperimenti di meccanica quantistica, lo stesso evento si verifica in modi diversi. spiegazione e note: to occur vuol dire verificarsi, mentre to verify vuol dire verificare ; la risposta a) non è corretta perché happen è terza persona plurale e non singolare, come richiede la invece la frase (il soggetto del verbo è the same event ) 1. These data. used to analyse chemical samples whose composition is unknown. a) have b) has c) is d) are e) will 2. Hundreds of thousands of people. likely to benefit from this breakthrough. a) is b) can c) has d) are e) have 3. In what animals.. the ability to use sound to guide their flight in darkness reached its apex in evolution? a) has b) does have c) have d) having e) has had risposte 1. d) are; 2. d) are; 3. a) has was the Doppler effect first described by? a) Whose b) Whom c) Where d) How e) Which risposta giusta: b) whom traduzione: Da chi (whom) è stato descritto per la prima volta l effetto Doppler? spiegazione e note: Whom, usata come parola interrogativa, vuol dire chi e si usa come complemento oggetto, mentre il da che lo precede nell italiano è la traduzione di by (vedere spiegazione alla domanda numero 7). Whose vuol dire di chi o quale, riferendosi a qualcosa che appartiene a qualcuno (per es. Whose pen is this? Di chi è questa penna?) N.B. Whom viene sostituito sempre più spesso, soprattutto nella lingua parlata, da who, il quale dovrebbe, da un punto di vista grammatico, essere usato solo come soggetto. 1.. developed the astronomical telescope and discovered the four main satellites of Jupiter? a) Who b) Whom c) When d) Whose e) Why were Wegener s arguments rejected by most geologists? a) Who b) Whom c) What d) Whose e) Why 3. theory of evolution by natural selection was published in the 19th century? a) Who b) Whom c) When d) Whose e) How long risposte 1. a) Who; 2 e) Why; 3. d) Whose.

5 10. How many people are coming tomorrow?.., because the meeting s been cancelled. a) Any b) Anybody c) Every d) All e) None risposta giusta: e) None traduzione: Quante persone vengono domani? Nessuna, perché la riunione è stata annullata. spiegazione e note: I) any significa qualsiasi nelle frasi affermative, qualche nelle frase interrogative, e nessuno/a se preceduto da una negazione. II) some significa qualche e si usa nelle frasi affermative (si usa anche nelle frasi interrogative per offrire qualcosa od avere una conferma di un sospetto); III) every significa ogni o tutto, ed è sempre singolare; IV) no significa nessun e si usa soprattutto come soggetto (quando è complemento oggetto si usa di solito any preceduto dalla negazione); V) none significa nessun quando è sinonimo di neanche uno. 1. When stem cells grow, they can, unlike other types of cells, turn into a) none b) no-one c) all d) anything e) every 2. In materials, a p-n junction will emit light whenever a current passes through it. a) anything b) some c) every d) none e) nothing 3. A quadrilateral is plane figure with four sides. a) no b) anything c) any d) all e) whole risposte 1. d) anything; 2 b) some; 3. c) any. 11. What instruments do forecasters use to decide what the weather... like? a) will been b) will to be c) will being d) is going to be e) is going be risposta giusta: d) is going to be traduzione: Quali strumenti usano i meteorologi per decidere come sarà (is going to be) il tempo. spiegazione e note: 1. il futuro will si forma con will + infinito senza to ; 2. il futuro going to si forma con il verbo essere + going + infinito con to N.B. will not (cioè la forma negativa di will ) nella forma abbreviata diventa won t (per es. I won t go Non andrò ). 1. This recent breakthrough.. affect thousands of people throughout the world. a) is going b) are going to c) to going to d) is going to e) will going 2. Patients. to benefit from such projects only as long as money is available to fund them. a) will able b) will to be able c) will being able d) to will able e) will be able 3. The world s reserves of uranium. last for ever. a) don t going to b) will not to c) won t to d) won t e) isn t going to risposte 1. d) is going to; 2 e) will be able; 3. d) won t. 12. The evolutionary history of the anthropoids.. long been an area of active debate. a) is b) are c) was d) were e) has risposta giusta: e) has traduzione: La storia evolutiva degli antropoidi è da molto tempo (has long been) un argomento di acceso dibattito. spiegazione e note: il participio passato ( been in questo caso) è preceduto dal verbo to have in inglese per formare il present perfect simple (l ausiliare have/has + participio passato); l unica eccezione a questa regola è nella forma passiva, la quale si forma con il verbo essere seguito dal participio passato di un verbo transitivo ( been non è comunque un verbo transitivo) (vedere spiegazioni anche alle domande 1 e 4). 1. What doctors so far achieved by using gene therapy? a) is b) are c) have been d) been e) have

6 2. Plants virtually every habitat on the planet, from the driest deserts to the oceans. a) have colonised b) colonising c) are colonised d) colonises e) are colonise 3. Acids and dyes. by their effects on a class of natural dyes called indicators. a) are detected b) are detecting c) has detected d) be detected e) are been detected risposte 1. e) have; 2. a) have colonised; 3. a) are detected. 13. Oceanic lithosphere is being created continuously; the Earth is expanding, it must be destroyed at the same rate as it is created. a) unless b) thus c) yet d) nevertheless e) despite risposta giusta: a) Unless traduzione: La litosfera oceanica viene creata in continuazione; a meno che la Terra non si stia espandendo, deve essere distrutta alla stessa velocità alla quale viene creata. spiegazione e note: 1. as e since significano poiché, siccome o dato che ; 2. therefore, thus, hence e so significano perciò, quindi o così ; 3. however, nevertheless e yet (quest ultimo solo se ad inizio frase) significano comunque, tuttavia, nonostante ciò o eppure ; 4. unless significa a meno che non ; 5. even though, although e though significano nonostante, malgrado, sebbene, benchè o anche se, e vengono seguiti dal soggetto e verbo; 6. despite ed in spite of significano anche loro entrambi nonostante e malgrado (non sebbene, benchè ed anche se ) ma vengono seguiti o dal sostantivo senza verbo o dal verbo al gerundio, non dal soggetto e verbo. 1. we couldn t help them, they decided to tackle the experiment on their own. a) Thus b) Unless c) However d) As e) Despite 2. We should be able to finish the project on time,... some unexpected event occurs. a) unless b) nevertheless c) since d) therefore e) although being largely self-taught, George Boole became Professor of Mathematics in Ireland. a) Although b) Despite c) However d) Yet e) Since risposte 1. d) As; 2. a) unless; 3. b) Despite. 14. On average, oceanic ridges are some 1000 kilometres wide and stand metres above the adjacent ocean basins. a) as long as b) up to c) until d) as far e) till risposta giusta: b) up to traduzione: In media, le dorsali oceaniche sono larghe circa 100 chilometri e si innalzano fino a 3000 metri sopra i bacini oceanici circostanti. spiegazione e note: I) as long as vuol dire purchè o finchè ; II) until e till vogliono dire finchè non, o fino a con espressioni temporali; III) up to vuol dire fino a quando sono indicati valori, misure o limiti; IV) as far as vuol dire fino a quando sono indicate distanze. 1. Once current is started in a closed circuit, it keeps flowing the circuit is kept cold. a) as long as b) until c) as far as d) up to e) till 2. Alexander the Great s empire, the largest that had existed to that time, extended. the Indus valley. a) until b) as far as c) since d) moreover e) as long as 3. They said they re prepared to spend euros, though not a cent more. a) until b) as far as c) up to d) since e) as long as risposte 1. a) as long as; 2. b) as far as; 3. c) up to.

7 15. Acids and basics react together to form compounds known as salts, which are.. acidic nor basic. a) either b) or c) neither d) both e) nor risposta giusta: a) neither traduzione: Gli acidi e basici reagiscono insieme per formare composti conosciuti come sali, i quali non sono ne acidi ne basici. spiegazione e note: 1. both and significa sia sia ; 2. either. or.. significa o o.. ; 3. neither...nor. significa né.. né.. N.B. either or significa né né.. se preceduto da una negazione. 1. Oxygen supports burning, causes rusting and is vital to. plant and animal respiration. a) and b) either c) both d) neither e) nor 2. The stem of a plant is strong yet both light supple. a) or b) and c) neither d) nor e) either 3. Stainless steels can be produced by alloying iron with either chromium.. nickel. a) either b) or c) neither d) both e) nor risposte 1. c) both; 2. b) and; 3. b) or. 16. The height of waves and the distance between them are largely determined by wind. a) strong b) strongly c) strength d) stronger e) strengthen risposta giusta: c) strength traduzione: L altezza delle onde e la distanza tra di loro vengono determinate in gran parte dalla forza del vento. spiegazione e note: Così come succede in italiano, anche in inglese si può usare la radice di una parola per comporre varie forme delle stessa parola. Sotto sono riportati alcuni esempi di tali parole: a) strong (forte - aggettivo), strongly (fortemente - avverbio), strength (forza - sostantivo), stronger (più forte - comparativo), to strengthen (rafforzare -verbo); b) weak (debole - agg.), weakly (debolmente - avv.), weakness (debolezza - sost.), weaker (più debole - comp.), to weaken (indebolire - verbo); c) dark (scuro - agg.), darkly (scuramente - avv.), darkness (oscurità - sost.), darker (più scuro - comp.), to darken (scurire od oscurare- verbo); d) deep (profondo - agg.), deeply (profondamente - avv.), depth (profondità - sost.), deeper (più profondo - comp.), to deepen (rendere più profondo - verbo). 1. Bats use a sound-based system to guide their.. in darkness. a) fly b) flew c) flies d) flown e) flight 2. Kevlar is becoming widespread thanks to its high thermal. and great tensile strength. a) stable b) stabilise c) stability d) more stable e) unstable 3. In Sweden, almost half the country s domestic refuse is burnt to. energy. a) product b) production c) productive d) producer e) produce risposte 1. e) flight; 2. c) stability; 3. e) produce. 17. Who radically... classical physics with his theories of special and general relativity? a) is revised b) did revised c) do revise d) revised e) has revise risposta giusta: d) revised traduzione: Chi ha radicalmente modificato la fisica classica con le sue teorie di relatività generale e ristretta? spiegazione e note: quando la parola interrogativa funziona da soggetto, non si usa la forma interrogativa. Esempio: 1. Who did you see? (Chi hai visto?) il soggetto è you, non Who, per

8 cui si usa la forma interrogativa normale. 2. Who saw you? (Chi ti ha visto?) il soggetto è la parola interrogativa Who, per cui non si usa la forma interrogativa. 1. How many scientific journals paper submissions on-line? a) accept b) does accept c) accepts d) doesn t accept e) are accept 2. What animals. his theory of evolution upon? a) Darwin based b) based Darwin c) do Darwin base d) are based Darwin e) did Darwin base 3. Who. that the speed at which a galaxy is moving away from us is proportional to its distance? a) did found b) does find c) find d) found e) do find risposte 1. a) accept; 2. e) did Darwin base; 3. d) found. 18. In some materials, such as gallium arsenide, a p-n junction will emit light... an electric current passes through it. a) whenever b) whatever c) whoever d) who e) what risposta giusta: a) whenever traduzione: In alcuni materiali, come l arsenuro di gallio, una giunzione p-n emette luce ogni volta che (whenever) una corrente elettrica la attraversa. spiegazione e note: 1. whenever significa ogni volta che o quando (per es. Come whenever you like Vieni quando vuoi ); 2. whatever significa qualunque cosa (per es. Buy whatever you like Compra qualunque cosa tu voglia ) 3. whoever significa chiunque (per es. Invite whoever you like Invita chiunque tu voglia ) 4. wherever significa ovunque (per es. Wherever you are Ovunque tu sia ) 1. Ice bodies develop. winter snowfall accumulates and persists through the summer. a) why b) whatever c) whoever d) who e) wherever 2. In Galileo s time, expressed views that went against Church dogma was persecuted. a) whenever b) whatever c) whoever d) who e) wherever 3. Edwin Hubble,. showed that the universe is expanding, can be considered the father of modern cosmology. a) whenever b) whatever c) whoever d) who e) wherever risposte 1. e) wherever; 2. c) whoever; 3. d) who a particle of matter is, the more difficult it is to split. a) Smaller b) The smaller c) The more small d) The smallest e) The most small risposta giusta: b) The smaller traduzione: Più è piccola una particella di materia, più è difficile dividerla. spiegazione e note: in questo tipo di paragone è fondamentale ricordarsi l ordine delle parole, il quale è lo stesso in entrambi le parti della frase: 1. The (The) 2. il comparativo (smaller) 3. il soggetto (a particle of matter) 4. il verbo (is) 1. The more cluttered a hard disk is,... it will be. a) the slow b) slower c) slow d) slowest e) the slower 2. The longer the project lasts, the more expensive become.

9 a) it b) will be c) will it d) it will e) it will be 3. The harder., the longer it takes to erode. a) is rock b) is a rock c) a rock is d) is the rock e) rocks will be risposte 1. e) the slower; 2. d) it will; 3. c) a rock is. 20. More than seamounts have been mapped on the Pacific Ocean floor alone. a) tens thousand b) ten thousand c) tens thousands d) ten thousands e) tens of thousands risposta giusta: b) ten thousand traduzione: Più di dieci mila montagne sottomarine sono state rilevate solo sul fondo dell Oceano Pacifico. spiegazione e note: Ci sono due regole fondamentali da ricordare per quanto riguarda i numeri: 1. - and si inserisce solo dopo le centinaia, cioè, prima delle decine ed unità; (per es. il numero 2457 si legge two thousand four hundred and fifty-seven ); 2. - s si aggiunge alla fine di un numero solo quando si parla di quantità generiche (per es. due milioni di persone si dice two million people, mentre tens of, hundreds of, thousands of e millions of vogliono dire decine di, centinaia di, migliaia di e milioni di ). 1. There are foreign scientists currently working in the United States. a) thousand of b) a thousand of c) thousands of d) one thousands of e) thousand 2. They were unable to find a vaccine, despite spending over.. dollars on research. a) two million b) two million of c) two millions d) two millions of e) millions 3. There are species of marsupial belonging to eighteen different families. a) two hundred and sixty-six b) two hundred sixty-six c) two hundreds and sixty-six d) two and sixty-six hundreds e) two sixty-six hundreds risposte 1. c) thousands of; 2. a) two million; 3. a) two hundred and sixty-six.

10 Five kingdoms of life Animal, vegetable or mineral? The question implies that living things are either plants or animals, and historically biologists have taken the same view. Biologists did encounter some creatures, such as mushrooms, that violated the distinction, but they forced them into the plant or animal group. Mushrooms are fungi, for instance, and biologists until recently classed fungi as plants more accurately as plants that do not photosynthesize. Then there were the microbes. Biologists found increasing numbers of microscopic life forms in the wake of their discovery in the seventeenth century, and these were duly forced into the plant/animal distinction. Some microbes which could photosynthesise were defined as algae and grouped with plants. Others which seemed more like animals were defined as protozoa and grouped with animals. In the nineteenth century biologists discovered bacteria even smaller microbes but these no one managed to define as either animals or plants. By the twentieth century biologists knew that all life could not be divided into animals and plants, but the old idea was not finally laid to rest until 1969 when an American ecologist, Robert Whittaker, proposed his five-kingdom classification. He divided life into animals, plants, fungi, protists and bacteria. Animals, plants, fungi and protists are eukaryotes ; they are built of cells (or one cell in the case of protists) with a distinct nucleus. Bacteria are prokaryotes ; their single cell has no distinct nucleus. Whittaker s classification struck a chord. Fungi have nothing to do with plants; indeed, they are more closely related to animals. Subsequent research has modified Whittaker s scheme. Some biologists prefer to divide the protists into more than one kingdom, but the most important development came when Carl Woese discovered that there are two groups of prokaryotes (archaeans and bacteria), not one. That has led to a three-domain classification of life: archaeans, bacteria and eukaryotes (the last of which contain the other four kingdoms of Whittaker s scheme). 1. Why can the historical classification of fungi as plants be considered as forced? In Line 5 it says that biologists classed fungi as plants that do not photosynthesise ; now, a major general characteristic of plants is precisely their ability to photosynthesise (this information is not provided in the text, but it is assumed that it is common knowledge) - therefore a) Because fungi are minerals. NO minerals are not living things. b) Because fungi belong to the animal kingdom. NO even if it says in Lines 17 and 18 that fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants, the fact that biologists found it necessary to create a separate kingdom for fungi indicates that these organisms do not possess the requisites to be classified in the animal kingdom. c) Because fungi do not photosynthesize. YES despite the fact that, unlike all other plants, fungi do not photosynthesise, biologists historically forced them into the plant group because, as it says in Line 1, they wished to classify all living things as either animal or vegetable. d) Because fungi are prokaryotes. NO in Line 15 it says fungi are eukaryotes, not prokaryotes e) Because fungi photosynthesize. NO in Line 5 it is says that fungi do not photosyhthesise 2. Which of the following lists includes all the groups in the three-domain classification of life? In Lines 22 and 23 it says the 'three domain' classification of life consists of archaeans, bacteria and eukaryotes with this latter containing the other four kingdoms of Whittaker's scheme i.e. the other four in addition to bacteria, as cited in Lines 14 and 15 therefore: a) Bacteria, archaeans, protists, fungi, plants and animals. YES - this list includes bacteria, archaeans, plus the other four kingdoms making up the eukaryotes. b) Animals, vegetables and minerals.

11 NO this was the view biologists took historically. c) Algae, protists, and bacteria. NO - archaeans are missing and eukaryotes incomplete. d) Plants, animals, minerals, archaeans and bacteria. NO minerals were never included in any classification of life. e) Animals, plants, fungi, protists and archaeans. NO bacteria are missing. 3. When was the view that all living things could be defined as either plants or animals definitively abandoned? In Line 12 it says that the old idea (i.e that all life could be divided into animals and plants) was not finally laid to rest until 1969 ; the phrase finally laid to rest can be treated as synonymous with the phrase definitively abandoned - therefore: a) In the nineteenth century. NO this includes only the years from 1800 to 1899 b) In the early twentieth century. NO - early would only include the first ten or so years of the century i.e to about 1910 c) In the seventeenth century. NO this includes only the years from 1600 to 1699 d) In YES in Lines 12 to 14 it says that 1969 is the year Roger Whittaker put forward his five-kingdom classification, which, it is implied, replaced the old idea. e) In the 1970s. NO the 1970s covers all the years from 1970 to 1979, and 1969 does not fall within this range. 4. Which of the following are NOT eukaryotes? In Line 15 it says animals, plants, fungi and protists are 'eukaryotes' therefore: a) Animals. NO these are eukaryotes b) Mushrooms. NO in Line 4 it says mushrooms are fungi, and fungi are eukaryotes c) Protists NO these are eukaryotes d) Archaeans. YES in Line 22 it says archaeans are one of the 'three domain' classification of life the other two being bacteria and eukaryotes; it can therefore be deduced that archaeans are not eukaryotes. e) Algae. NO in Lines 8 and 9 it says that defining an organism as algae enabled it to be grouped with plants from which it can be deduced that algae are plants, and therefore they are eukaryotes. 5. Which of the following life forms were biologists unable to define as either animals or plants before the twentieth century? In Lines 10 and 11 it says that in the nineteenth century bioligists discovered bacteria, but were unable to define them as either animals or plants therefore: a) Fungi. NO in Line 4 it says biologists classified these as plants until recently (i.e. until 1969 as it says in Lines 13 and 14) b) Bacteria. YES this is what it says in Lines 10 and 11 c) Protozoa. NO in Line 9 it says biologists classified these as animals after the 17th century (Line 7) and before the 19th century (Line 10) d) Algae. NO in Lines 8 and 9 it says biologists classified these as plants.- after the 17th century (Line 7)

12 and before the 19th century (Line 10) e) Microbes in general. NO in Lines 6 to 9 it says biologists classified some microbes as plants, others as animals - after the 17th century (Line 7) and before the 19th century (Line 10) The Melissa Macro The Melissa computer virus, which in March 1999 spread in Microsoft Word documents sent via attachment, was among the first viruses to cause widespread damage by means of the internet. Someone created Melissa as a "macro" (a small utility program) in a Word document uploaded to an Internet newsgroup. Anyone who downloaded the document and opened it would trigger the virus, which would thereupon send the document (and thus itself) in an message to the first 50 people in the person's address book. From each of these recipients, the virus would then create a further 50 messages - and so on. As a result, Melissa was the fastest-spreading virus ever seen. Melissa took advantage of the programming language built into Microsoft Word called Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), which is a complete programming language and can be programmed to do things like modify files and send messages. It also has a useful, but dangerous, auto-execute feature. A programmer can insert a VBA program ("macro") into a document that runs instantly whenever the document is opened. This is how Melissa was programmed and is why merely opening a document infected with Melissa would immediately activate the virus. Nevertheless, Microsoft applications have a feature built into them which could guard against such risks, it is called Macro Virus Protection. If this is turned on, the auto-execute feature is disabled and any document trying to auto-execute viral code causes a dialog to appear warning the user. Melissa spread despite this safeguard because most people either ignored the dialog, or had the protection mechanism turned off. Clearly, to protect yourself from such macro viruses you should make sure that Macro Virus Protection is enabled in all Microsoft applications you use and always act on any dialog warnings that appear. If you do this then any attachments that arrive as Word files (.DOC), spreadsheets (.XLS), images (.GIF and.jpg), etc., being data files, can do no damage. But you should never double-click on a file with an extension like EXE, COM or VBS which arrives as an attachment. Such a file is an executable and once you run it, you have given it permission to do anything on your machine. 1) What would have been the extension of a file which arrived as an attachment and which was infected with the Melissa virus? In Line 3 it says that the Melissa virus was created as a macro program in a Word document; in Line 21 it says that the extension of a Word file is.doc (Nota Bene: although you might usually expect a virus to arrive in an executable file, in the case of Melissa the executable file was a VBA program contained INSIDE a normal Word document. It is this which made Melissa so insidious... and successful!) A).EXE NO.EXE is indeed a common extension for an executable file, but Melissa was a VBA program contained INSIDE a Word document. B).XLS NO in Lines it says.xls is the extension of a spreadsheet file (i.e. foglie elettroniche) C).JPG NO in Line 22 it says that.jpg is the extension of an image file D).DOC YES when it arrived in attachment Melissa was hidden inside what seemed to be an ordinary Word document with the extension.doc. The virus was in the form of a macro, programmed using VBA, in Lines 11 and 12 it says that such a VBA macro is inserted into a document and only runs when the document is opened. E).VBS

13 NO.VBS is indeed a common extension for an executable file, but Melissa was a VBA program contained INSIDE a Word document. 2) What action would initiate the infection of a computer by the Melissa virus? In Lines 4 and 5 it says that anyone who downloaded the document (i.e. a Word document containing the Melissa virus) and opened it would trigger the virus. In Lines 12 and 13 it repeats merely opening a document infected with Melissa would immediately activate the virus - therefore: A) double-clicking on a Word document infected with Melissa. YES this action would open the document and thus activate Melissa by triggering the autoexecute feature of the macro in which the virus was hidden (it is assumed that it is common knowledge that double clicking on a Word document causes it to open) B) downloading a Word document infected with Melissa from an Internet newsgroup. NO downloading the document would not in itself activate Melissa it had to be downloaded and THEN opened. C) inserting a VBA program into a Word document and so auto-executing Melissa. NO the causality in this statement is confused it was not the insertion of the VBA program which led to Melissa being activated. The unknown person who inserted Melissa - in the form of a macro programmed using VBA - took advantage of (exploited) the auto-execute feature. But it still needed a subsequent user of Word to open an infected document to activate Melissa. D) creating Melissa as a macro and uploading it to an Internet newsgroup. NO this is the initial action performed by the unknown person who originated the Melissa virus; however this, in itself, did not initiate the infection of any computer. The file containing Melissa had to be subsequently downloaded and opened for infection to occur (on the computer upon which it had been opened). E) opening an which had a file infected with Melissa in attachment. NO opening the would not in itself activate Melissa the attachment had to be downloaded and then opened in order for Melissa to be activated. 3) Which ONE of the following statements is FALSE, according to the information given in the text? a) Melissa would have been unlikely to have spread as quickly as it did, in the days before use became widespread. NO this is TRUE, in Lines 5 to 7 it says that Melissa spread quickly by sending itself to the first 50 people in the address book on each computer it infected. In the days before the widespread use of there are unlikely to have been so many accounts, and thus persons in address books, and so the virus would have found it harder to find new contacts.. b) Melissa spread more quickly than any previous virus. NO this is TRUE, it says so in Line 7. c) Melissa's spread was helped because for every one computer the virus succeeded in infecting, it could potentially infect a further 50. NO this is TRUE, it says so in Lines 6 and 7 d) Melissa's spread was helped because a number of people opened the document, even though they had been warned it contained a virus. NO this is TRUE, it says so in Lines 16 to 18 e) Melissa spread solely because people had the Macro Virus Protection feature turned off. YES this is FALSE, in Lines 17 and 18 it says Melissa spread because most people EITHER ignored the dialog, OR had the protection mechanism turned off. 4) What would happen if a file containing viral code tried to auto-execute in a Microsoft application whose Macro Virus Protection was enabled? a) the auto-execute feature would be turned on. NO this contradicts what it says in Line 15: if Macro Virus Protection is turned on (i.e. enabled) the auto-execute feature is disabled (i.e. turned off)

14 b) the VBA macro would run instantly. NO in Lines 10 and 11 it is implied that the ability of a VBA macro to run instantly relies on the auto-execute feature and in Line 15 it says the auto-execute feature is disabled if Macro Virus Protection is turned on. c) the dialog would be ignored by the application. NO in Line 16 it says the dialog is produced to warn the user, while in Line 17 it says people - not the application - ignored the dialog. d) the virus would immediately be activated. NO in Line 16 it says that any attempt to auto-execute viral code causes a dialog to appear warning the user (the virus would only be activated subsequently, if the user ignored this dialog). e) a dialog would appear warning the user. YES it says this in Line 16. 5) If a person receives a file named "money.com" as an attachment, what should she or he do? In Lines 22 to 25 it says that you should never double-click (i.e. open, or run) a file with a.com extension which arrives as an attachment, because if it contained a virus you would thereby allow it to do anything on your computer a) make sure that Macro Virus Protection is enabled and then open "money.com" by double clicking on it. NO Macro Virus Protection only protects against potential viruses contained in macro programs INSIDE a non-executable applications file (such as a Word document). Money.com would be an executable file, and therefore the advice of Lines 22 to 25 is to never double-click on it. b) double-click on "money.com" to get some money. NO this is nonsense (it may be precisely the vain hope of getting money that the creator of the virus is trying to exploit!!) c) run "money.com" once, and only once. NO in Lines 22 and 23 it says never double-click (a virus program only needs to run once to infect a computer) d) avoid double-clicking on "money.com". YES this is in accordance with the advice given in Lines 22 to 25. e) give "money.com" permission to do anything on the machine, in order to test if it is a virus. NO this would be tantamount to playing Russian Roulette with the computer, it directly contradicts the advice given in Lines 22 to 25. KEYS: Grammar 1. e, 2. a, 3. d, 4. e. 5. b, 6. c, 7. d, 8. c, 9. b, 10. e, 11. d, 12. c, 13. a, 14. e, 15. a, 16. c, 17. d, 18. b, 19. e, 20. c Five kingdoms of life 1. c, 2. a, 3. d, 4. d, 5. b The Melissa macro 1. d, 2. a, 3. e, 4. e, 5. d