Organic Electronics. Materials, Manufacturing and Applications. Edited by Hagen Klauk. WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA WILEY- VCH

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1 Organic Electronics Materials, Manufacturing and Applications Edited by Hagen Klauk WILEY- VCH WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA

2 The Editor Dr. Hagen Klauk Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr Stuttgart Germany All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher do not Warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that Statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate. Library of Congress Card No.: applied for British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Bibliographie information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this pubhcation in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at < WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form - by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means - nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not speeifieally marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law. Typesetting Asco Typesetter, Hong Kong Printing Strauss GmbH, Mörlenbach Binding Schärfer GmbH, Grünstadt Cover Design Grafik-Design Schulz, Fußgönheim Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany Printed on aeid-free paper ISBN ISBN

Contents I 1 1.1 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6.1 1.6.2 1.6.3 1.6.4 1.6.5 1.7 II 2 2.1 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5 2.

3 Contents I II Preface Author List Organic Transistors Gilles Horowitz Overview of the Organic Thin-film Transistor Are Organic ``Semiconductors'' Real Semiconductors? Thin-film Transistor Architecture Operating Mode Thickness of the Channel Contact Resistance Contact Resistance Extraction Origin of Contact Resistance Charge Transport Fabrication Techniques The Materials Polymers Small Molecules n-type Semiconductors Single Crystals Insulators Concluding Remarks Acknowledgements Advanced Materials for Organic Electronics High-performance Pentacene Transistors Tommie Kelley Routes to Performance Improvement Purification Device Evolution Structural Perfection Device Architecture Interfacial Control Structure--Property Relationships Continuing Reports of High Mobilities Performance in Practice The Future of High-performance Organic Transistors XIII XV

3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.4.3 4.4.4 4.4.5 4.5 4.6 5 5.1 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.3 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 5.3.4 5.4 5.4.1 5.4.2 5.4.2.1 Engineered Pentacenes John E.

4 Engineered Pentacenes John E. Anthony Reversible Functionalization 2,3,9,10-Tetrasubstituted and 2,3-Disubstituted Pentacenes: End-substituted Derivatives Peri-functionalized Pentacene Pentacene Functionalized at Both peri and End Positions Heteropentacenes Conclusion Organic Semiconductors Based on Polythiophene and Indolo[3,2-b]carbazole Beng S. Ong, Yiliang Wu, and Yuning Li Issues and Challenges Structural Considerations Polythiophene Semiconductors High-performance Polythiophene Design Polydialkylterthiophenes Polydialkylquaterthiophenes Polythiophene Nanoparticles Inkjet Patterned TFT Arrays Indocarbazole Designs Summary and Prospects Acknowledgements Electrical and Environmental Stability of Polymer Thin-film Transistors Alberto Salleo and Michael L. Chabinyc Charge Trapping in TFTs General Considerations Bias Stress in Organic Transistors Bias Stress in Polyfluorene and Polythiophene TFTs Reversible Bias Stress Long-lived Bias Stress Dependence of Bias Stress on Operating Conditions; Lifetime Predictions A Microscopic Theory of Bias Stress Chemical Effects on Stability---Defects and Impurities Defects in Molecular Structure Defects from Synthesis

5.4.2.2 Photo-induced Defects 121 5.4.3.1 Thermochemical Analysis 123 5.4.3.2 Oxygen 5.4.3.3 Water 5.4.3.4 Organic Solvents 5.4.3.5 Inorganic Impurities 5.4.3 Impurities 5.4.4 Studies of TFT Lifetime 128 5.

5 Photo-induced Defects Thermochemical Analysis Oxygen Water Organic Solvents Inorganic Impurities Impurities Studies of TFT Lifetime Conclusion 6 Gate Dielectrics 132 Marcus Halik The Impact of Gate Dielectrics on the Electrical Functionality of 133 Organic TFTs 6.3 Insulating Materials---An Overview Inorganic Gate Dielectrics Polymer Gate Dielectrics Self-Assembled Monolayer Gate Dielectrics Multi-layer and Multi-component Gate Dielectrics Multifunctional Dielectrics Application-related Aspects of Dielectrics Poly-4-vinylphenol Dielectrics The Self-assembled Monolayer Approach Advanced Flexible Polymeric Substrates 163 William A. MacDonald Polyester Substrates Properties of Base Substrates Optical Properties Birefringence Thermal Properties Solvent Resistance Surface Quality Mechanical Properties Summary of Key Properties of Base Substrates Multilayer Structures Film in Application

III Manufacturing for Organic Electronics 181 8 Reel-to-reel Vacuum Metallization 183 Roland Treutlein, Martin Bergsmann, and Carl J. Stonley 8.1 Reel-to-reel Vacuum Metallization 183 8.1.1 The Metallization Process 184 8.

6 III Manufacturing for Organic Electronics Reel-to-reel Vacuum Metallization 183 Roland Treutlein, Martin Bergsmann, and Carl J. Stonley 8.1 Reel-to-reel Vacuum Metallization The Metallization Process Evaporation Sources Pretreatment and Cleaning of the Web Substrate PVD Process Flow Typical Process Times, Rates, and Quantities Transfer Metallization Pattern-evaporated Layers Properties of the Evaporated Layer Structure Layer Thickness (Conductivity) Barrier Light Barrier Environmental Benefits of Vacuum Evaporated Layers Applications of Metallized Films Barrier Packaging Decorative Applications Functional Layers Polymer Electronic Substrates Market Analysis Organic Vapor Phase Deposition 203 Michael Heuken and Nico Meyer The Principle of OVPD Close Coupled Showerhead Technology Deposition of Organic Thin Films Process Control in OVPD Co-deposition and Doping in OVPD Controlled Morphology and Layer Interfaces in OVPD Electronic Devices by OVPD OLEDs Made by OVPD Organic Photovoltaics by OVPD Organic Thin-film Transistors by OVPD Full-color OLED Displays Micropatterning by use of Shadow Masks Mask-less Processes Material Properties of Organic Molecules for Use in OVPD 225

9.6 10 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.3.1 10.3.2 10.4 10.4.1 10.5

7 Summary Acknowledgment Thermal Imaging and Micro-contact Printing Hee Hyun Lee, John Rogers, and Graciela Blanchet Building Blocks Printing and Patterning Techniques Thermal Imaging Printed Devices: From TFTs to Large-area Backplanes Printable Materials Polyaniline Nanotube Composites: A High-resolution Printable Conductor Micro-contact Printing Contact Printing with High-resolution Stamps High-resolution Stamps Micro-contact Printing Nanotransfer Printing Large Area Stamps, Molds, and Photomasks for Soft Lithography Micro-contact Printing: A Path to Reel-to-reel Electronics Inexpensive Approaches to Large-area Printing Registration Using the Lock-and-key Mechanism in Soft Imprinting Conclusions Thin-film Transistor Fabrication by Digital Lithography William S. Wong, Jürgen H. Daniel, Michael L. Chabinyc, Ana Claudia Arias, Steven E. Ready, and René Lujan Jet-printed Patterning for Thin-film Transistor Processing Jet-printed Phase-change Etch Masks Digital Lithography Digital Lithography for TFT Device Fabrication Thin-film Transistor Device Structures Amorphous Silicon TFTs Polymeric TFTs by Digital Lithography Thin-film Transistor Device Characteristics a-si:h TFTs Printed Polymeric TFTs TFTs on Flexible Substrates TFT Pixel Design Considerations

8 IV Digital Lithography for Flexible Backplanes Display Applications with Print-patterned Backplanes Conclusions Manufacturing of Organic Transistor Circuits by Solution-based Printing Henning Sirringhaus, Christoph W. Sele, Timothy von Werne, and Catherine Ramsdale to Printed Organic Thin Film Transistors Overview of Printing-based Manufacturing Approaches for OTFTs Screen Printing Offset Printing Gravure Printing Flexography Inkjet Printing Laser-based Dry-printing Techniques Other Nonlithographic Manufacturing Approaches High-resolution, Self-aligned Inkjet Printing Self-aligned Printing by Selective Surface Treatment Self-aligned Printing by Surface Segregation Self-aligned Printing by Autophobing Performance and Reliability of Solution-processed OTFTs for Applications in Flexible Displays Conclusions Devices, Applications, and Products From Transistors to Large-scale Integrated Circuits Gerwin H. Gelinck, Erik van Veenendaal, Eduard J. Meijer, Eugenio Cantatore, H. Edzer A. Huitema, Pieter van Lieshout, Fred J. Touwslager, Alwin W. Marsman, and Dago M. de Leeuw Discrete Devices Basic Device Operation of Organic Transistor Current--Voltage Characteristics Capacitance--Voltage Characteristics Fabrication and Characterization of Integrated Circuits Fabrication Modeling Analysis of Inverters Analysis of Integrated Circuits

14 14.1 14.1.1 14.2 14.3 14.3.1 14.3.2 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.8.1 14.8.2 14.8.3 15 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 15.9 15.10 15.11 15.12 15.13 15.14 15.15 15.16 15.17 15.18 15.

9 Roll-up Active-matrix Displays H. Edzer A. Huitema, Gerwin H. Gelinck, Erik van Veenendaal, Fred J. Touwslager, and Pieter J. G. van Lieshout Non-rigid Display Research and Development Overview Rollable Active-matrix Backplane Technology Roll-up Active-matrix Backplane Design Field-effect Mobility Effects Leakage Current Effects The Electronic Ink Film Roll-up Display Integration Functional Active-matrix Roll-up Displays Roll-up Display Device Concepts Towards a System-on-plastic: Driver Integration Row Driver Integration Stand-alone Shift Registers Integrated Shift Registers Acknowledgment Active-matrix Light-emitting Displays Shelby F. Nelson and Lisong Zhou OLED Pixel Differences from LCDs Complex Pixel Design Practical Design AIM--SPICE Simulation of Pentacene TFT-driven OLEDs Fabrication Process Device Passivation PVA and Parylene Pentacene TFT Uniformity Stability Integration of TFTs and OLEDs Flexible OLED Display Substrate Selection and Mounting Thermal Dimensional Stability Surface Quality Chemical Resistance Fabrication Process Display Results Conclusion

16 Large-area Detectors and Sensors 395 Takao Someya and Takayasu Sakurai 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 16.9 16.10 17 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.

10 16 Large-area Detectors and Sensors 395 Takao Someya and Takayasu Sakurai Large-area Pressure Sensors Organic Transistor-based Integrated Circuits Bending Experiments of Organic Transistors High-temperature Operation of Organic Transistors Sheet Image Scanners Three-dimensional Integrated Circuits Future Prospects of Large-area Electronics Remaining Issues Conclusions Organic Semiconductor-based Chemical Sensors Howard E. Katz and Jia Huang Background Inorganic and Nanostrctured Semiconductor Sensors Sensitive Organic Field-effect Transistors Mechanistic Rationale Conclusion Index

Flexible Electronics Production Deployment on FPD Standards: Plastic Displays & Integrated Circuits. Stanislav Loboda R&D engineer

Flexible Electronics Production Deployment on FPD Standards: Plastic Displays & Integrated Circuits Stanislav Loboda R&D engineer The world-first small-volume contract manufacturing for plastic TFT-arrays