ENGLISH LANGUAGE II MODULE 2: LINKING WORDS, ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

Transcription

1 ENGLISH LANGUAGE II MODULE 2: LINKING WORDS, ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

2 Explanations Purpose So (that) We can use so that to express purpose (the reason why someone does something). So that is usually followed by can, could, will or would. The police locked the door so (that) no-one could get in. Infinitive of purpose We can also use to to express purpose. The subject of the main clause and of the purpose clause must be the same. Jack went to England so that he could study engineering. Jack went to England to study engineering. (NOT for to study) If the two subjects are different, we can't use to. We have to use so that. Jack went to England so that his brother would have some help working in the restaurant. - In order to, so as to These are more formal ways of expressing purpose. Scientists used only local materials, in order to save money. There are also negative forms: in order not to, so as not to. The soldiers moved at night, so as not to alarm the villagers. For This describes how something is used. This button is for starting the engine. This is for the lights. Result So, such a So is used with an adjective or adverb. Jim was so tall (that) he hit his head on the ceiling. Jim drove so quickly (that) they reached the station twenty minutes early. Such a is used with adjective + singular noun. Helen is such a busy person (that) she never feels bored. - So many, so much, so few, so little So many/few are used with plural nouns. So much/little are used with uncountable nouns. There were so many passengers (that) we couldn't find a seat. There was so much noise (that) I didn't get to sleep until 3 a.m. - Too/Not enough + to Too means more than is necessary or good. Not enough means less than is necessary or good. They can both be used with an adjective + to. Compare: The bookcase was too big to get down the stairs. The bookcase was not small enough to get down the stairs. 75

3 FIRST CERTIFICATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE Contrast Although, though, even though Although often becomes though in speech. Though can come at the end of a sentence, although cannot. Although I asked her, she didn't come. (speech and writing) Though I asked her, she didn't come. (speech) / asked her, (but) she didn't come, though. (speech) Even though gives a stronger contrast than although. Even though I asked her, she didn't come. (which was really surprising) While, whereas While and whereas are used in formal speech and writing. They compare two facts and emphasize the difference between them. While United were fast and accurate, City were slow and careless. However, nevertheless However is a way of expressing contrast in formal speech or writing. It can go at the beginning, middle or end of the sentence, and is separated by a comma (or a pause in speech). Normally we don't refund money without a receipt. However, on this occasion I'll do it. Normally we don't refund money without a receipt. On this occasion, however, I'll do it. Nevertheless is a very formal way of expressing however. I'm not happy with your work. Nevertheless, I'm going to give you one last chance. Despite and in spite of These expressions are followed by a noun (including the -ing form used as a noun), and not by a clause (subject + verb). In spite of the rain, we went out. (Although it was raining, we went out.) Despite losing, we celebrated. (Although we lost, we celebrated.) 76

4 GRAMMAR 13 LINKING WORDS 1 Underline the most suitable word or phrase in each sentence. a) Janet went out so that she bought/to buy Harry a present. b) This food is much too hot to eat/to be eaten. c) However/Though it was late, I decided to phone Brian. d) Although/Despite the car was cheap, it was in good condition. e) Let's check once more, for being/so as to be sure. f) We could go to the club. Is it worth it, even though/though? g) It was so windy/such a windy that half the trees had blown down. h) The batteries were not enough small/too small to fit the radio. i) Despite of the weather/the weather, we went sailing. j) Bill had so much/so that fun that he stayed another week. 2 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given. a) Sue went shopping so she could buy herself a new television. to Sue went shopping to buy herself a new television. b) You use this to open wine bottles. for This wine bottles. c) I put the food in the fridge because I wanted it to get cold. would I put the food in the fridge cold. d) Harry left early because he didn't want to miss the bus. as Harry to miss the bus. e) I saved up some money to buy a motorbike. could I saved up some money a motorbike. f) Jane gave up smoking because she wanted to save money. order Jane gave up smoking money. g) I came here so that I could see you. to I you. 77

5 FIRST CERTIFICATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE 3 Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown. Do not change the meaning. a) Sam lost his job because he was lazy. Sam was so lazy that he lost his job. b) I couldn't buy the house because it was expensive. The house was too c) The book was so interesting that I couldn't put it down. It was d) There was too much noise, so we couldn't hear the speech. There was so e) The house was too small to live in comfortably. The house wasn't f) We can't eat now because there isn't enough time. There is too g) I can't come to your party because I'm too busy. I'm too h) The class was cancelled because there weren't enough students. There were so 4 Complete each sentence with one suitable word. a) I couldn't run fast..enough... to catch the shoplifter. b) They were good roads that we could drive at high speed. c) It was dark that I couldn't see a thing. d) The trousers were long enough to fit Jean. e) We had a good time that we decided to go there again. f) It was late that we couldn't get a bus home. g) I took a taxi as it was far to walk. h) The ladder wasn't tall to reach the window. i) There are lovely fish that you don't feel like eating meat. j) There were many dishes that I couldn't make up my mind.

6 GRAMMAR 13 LIN KING WORDS 1 5 Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown. Do not change the meaning. Two sentences should be rewritten as one. a) Despite the cold weather, we all went for a walk. Although..it was cold, we all went for a walk. b) John has done well in French, but not so well in Maths. While c) I tried to persuade her. I didn't succeed, however. Although d) It was raining, but I went swimming anyway. In spite of e) Ann felt ill, but insisted on going to work. Despite f) In spite of his early lead, Hudson lost the race. Although g) I'm not going to pay, although I know that I should. While h) We expected Larry to accept the job, but he didn't. Even though Larry 6 Explain what each object is for, using one of the verbs in the box. a) brush..it's for painting things. b) glue c) fridge d) sink e) dustbin f) toothbrush g) corkscrew h) key 79

7 FIRST CERTIFICATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE 7 Look carefully at each line. Some of the lines are correct, and some have a word which should not be there. Tick each correct line. If a line has a word which should not be there, write the word in the space. Goodwriters... A course for you! Jane was one of those students who has problems with writing. First, her handwriting it was so bad that most teachers couldn't to read it. The letters were so small, that the words were extremely difficult to read. Even though she tried to change her handwriting, she felt discouraged. Secondly, she made so the many mistakes in spelling and punctuation, so that her work always gave a bad impression. As well as this, she had problems with organizing her writing, in despite making plans and writing notes. One day, though, she took a Goodwriter writing course, so to learn how to be an effective writer. At Goodwriters we taught her how to organize her ideas. Although however she found it difficult at first, so she soon made progress. She learned to revise her writing, so as to improve it. She started reading so too much that her spelling improved, so while her handwriting became clearer too. Key points 1 The infinitive of purpose must have the same subject as the main clause. I went to the shops. I wanted to buy some fruit. I went to the shops to buy some fruit. We do not use for in examples like this. 2 In order to is more common in formal speech and writing. In normal conversation we just use to. 3 Contrasts with while, whereas and nevertheless are used in formal speech and writing. 80

8 Explanations Reason Because, as and since As and since have the meaning of because and can begin a sentence. As/since it was late, we decided to go home. In formal, written language we can use for to mean because, but it cannot begin a sentence. Peter has given up sailing, for he doesn't have the time. Because of, on account of, due to and owing to We can use all these words in place of because of. Everyone was depressed on account of/due to/owing to the bad weather. Note this difference: Sue's success was due to her hard work. (noun + be + due to) Sue succeeded owing to her hard work. (verb + owing to) Text organizers Grammar 13 and the first part of this unit cover linking words that join clauses within a sentence. There are also linking words that join ideas across sentences and paragraphs. These are sometimes called 'text organizers' because they make clear the organization of what we say or write. They are more common in writing or formal speech. They usually come at the start of a sentence and have a comma afterwards, but can come after a comma in the middle of a sentence. Sequencing We often number or order the points we are making. First (of all)..., Secondly..., Next..., Then..., Finally/lastly/last of all... In narrative, the sequence of events can be introduced by: First..., Then..., After that..., Finally/in the end... Adding We can introduce additional points. Furthermore..., Moreover..., In addition to..., As well as this..., Besides this... Giving opinions We can introduce personal opinions. Personally..., In my own opinion/view... Giving examples We can introduce examples. For example..., For instance... We can also use such as to give an example, but it is not used at the beginning of a sentence. The factory produces electrical goods, such as food mixers and other kitchen appliances. 186

9 GRAMMAR 32 LINKING WORDS 2 Showing a result Grammar 13 gave some informal ways to show a result. Formal ways include: Consequently..., As a result..., Thus... Making a contrast Grammar 13 gave some informal ways to make a contrast. Formal ways include: On the other hand..., However..., Nevertheless..., In contrast..., In comparison... Summarizing We can summarize all the points we have made. In conclusion..., To sum up

10 FIRST CERTIFICATE LANGUAGE PRACTICE Underline the most suitable word or phrase in each sentence. a) Many people feel nervous about flying, and worry about the possibility of an accident. Furthermore/However, according to statistics, flying is actually safer than walking down the street. b) Our local supermarket no longer opens every day, as/on account of very few people live in our village. c) There are a number of objections to the planned motorway. As well as this/first of all, the new road will destroy valuable farming land. In contrast/in addition to this, it will bring thousands of vehicles and tourists. As a result/for example, our peaceful way of life will be destroyed forever. d) We conducted a survey of accommodation in the town, and came up with some interesting results. The hotels we saw were rather expensive, and consequently/moreover the actual facilities on offer were not always impressive. Besides this/in contrast, there were many guest houses, offering just bed and breakfast, which were not only good value but also had much better rooms than the hotels did. Finally/Personally, I would recommend The Oaks, a particularly impressive guest house in Long Harbour Road. e) Owing to/since the increased demand for parking spaces, the company has decided to enlarge the car park. Consequently/Nevertheless the exit road on the west side of the car park will be closed from Monday to allow building work to begin. 2 Put one suitable word in each space. a) In conclusion, I would like to thank you all for your help. b) it's too late to finish the work today, we'll come back tomorrow. c) The flight was delayed a result of the high winds. d) This radio is expensive, but the other hand it has very good reception. e) First all, I would like to welcome you to our annual dinner. f) John is a hard worker. As as this, he is completely reliable. g) Science has not entirely changed the way we think instance, we still speak of the 'sunrise' although we know it is the Earth that is moving. h) Although this building project seems attractive, in my it would be a mistake to spend so much money on it. 188

11 GRAMMAR 32 LINKING WORDS 2 3 Decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each space. Owning a car Owning a car has several advantages. (1) A you can go wherever you want, whenever you want. You don't have to depend on public transport and (2) you feel more independent. (3) you are able to give lifts to friends, or carry heavy loads of shopping. (4), there can be problems, especially if you live in a city. Running a car can be expensive, and you have to spend money on items (5) petrol, servicing the car, and repairs. You might also have problems with parking, as everywhere is becoming more and more crowded with cars. (6) feel that the advantages of owning a car outweigh the disadvantages., most people (7) most young people of my age start driving as soon as they can. (8), I think that cars nowadays have become essential, but I also feel that they cause a lot of problems, (9) dirty. (10) they are noisy and, the large numbers of cars on the road means that most towns and cities are organized for the convenience of cars, and the needs of pedestrians are ignored. 1) A First of all B As a result C Personally D Besides this 2) A however B personally C since D as a result 3) A In contrast B In my view C Besides this D However 4) A On the other hand B To sum up C Thus D For example 5) A as B such as C owing to D then 6) A Finally B Secondly C However D As 7) A For B Next C As well as this D Consequently 8) A For example B Personally C Nevertheless D In comparison 9) A for example B however C thus D since 10) A As a result B Moreover C Personally D In comparison Key points 1 2 Text organizers help readers and listeners to follow the development of an argument. Most of the expressions listed are formal in use. Because text organizers make links across sentences, their meaning is only clear when you study the ideas that come before and after them (the whole context). 189

12 Explanations There are many features of texts which help the reader understand how the information in the text is organised. Text Organisers This term covers a wide range of words and phrases which make text easier to understand. A selection is given here. Adding a point As well as the obvious dangers, there was the weather to be considered. In addition to the obvious dangers, there was the weather to be considered. Not only were there the obvious dangers, but there was also the weather to be considered. m Developing a point Besides/furthermore/in addition/moreover/what's more/on top of that/to make matters worse, smoking has been directly linked to lung cancer. Contrast The identity of the attacker is known to the police. However/nevertheless/an the same no name has been released. The identity of the attacker is known to the police. No name has, however/all the same, been released. (Al)though/while/even though/despite the fact that the identity of the attacker is known to the police, no name has been released. The identity of the attacker is known to the police. A name has nevertheless/none the less/still not been released. No, I didn't say the President got it wrong. On the contrary, I think he's handled the affair superbly. I prefer city life as opposed to country life. I prefer city life, whereas John prefers country life. Donahue established his reputation as a novelist. In contrast, his new book is a non-fiction work. Explaining reasons The government does not intend to cause any further provocation. As a result/'accordingly'/thus/hence/'consequently'/for that reason, all troops have been withdrawn. The employers have promised to investigate these complaints, and we in turn have agreed to end the strike. 167

13 ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE Making generalisations Broadly speaking, generally speaking, on the whole, by and large, to a large/some/a certain extent, this has been an encouraging year for the company. Starting That's absolute rubbish! For a start/first of all/in the first place/for one thing, it was Rod who said that, not me. And secondly... Giving new information She then turned to Henry, who incidentally/by the way is now about two metres tall, and said... By the way/incidentally, do you remember an old friend of ours called Ransom? Concession/qualification OK, so you two have had a few problems. Even so/all the same, I don't see why you need to split up. Lancaster is a man of great personal integrity. Having said that/even so/all the same, I don't think he'd make a good chairman. Reality What did you think of'death in Action'? To be (perfectly) honest/to tell the truth, I can't stand films like that. 168

14 GRAMMAR 27 LINKING WORDS AND PHRASES 1 Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence. a) A: Did you ring the hospital for me? B: I forgot as a result/to be honest/to make matters worse. I'll do it now. b) A lot of adults are very wary of learning in a school situation. For that reason/on the other hand/to tell the truth they don't sign up for our courses. c) By and large/despite the fact that/owing to I'm very pleased with their work on our home. At any rate/'accordingly'/having said that, I think they could have made a better job of the painting. d) I missed two weeks' training because of flu last month. To put it another way/as a result/to tell the truth, I'm not expecting to run very well in today's race. e) They've had a very difficult time. On top of that/at any rate/to start with, their home was burgled. f) What a terrible experience! Anyway/In contrast/by the way, you're safe now - that's the main thing! g) She's a sociable girl with lots of friends. Even so/furthermore/to some extent, she can get lonely, like anyone else. h) He comes across as being very full of himself, in contrast/broadly speaking/whereas he's actually a very nice guy. i) Nonetheless/On the whole/hence I agree with what you're saying, but I'm not sure about your last point. j) I seem to be giving the impression that I didn't enjoy my time in Norway. After all/having said that/on the contrary, I had a wonderful time. 2 Underline the most suitable word or phrase to complete each sentence. a) They've got a terrible record over tax and education. Nevertheless/On the other hand, I still think the Democrats will win the election. b) Balding's 'People in the Sky' is a very disappointing painting. At any rate/in contrast, Rae's 'Beach Scene' really brings this exhibition to life. c) I would like to complain about the way I was treated in your shop. For one thing/besides, the assistant was rude... d) Our dining room is a place which we keep strictly for eating, as opposed to/whereas the sitting room, which is for sitting, talking and watching TV. e) We saw the Eiffel Tower, the Seine and the Louvre, what's more/as well as Eurodisney. f) The country's economy depends to a large extent/at least on the tourist industry. g) I'm here on business in addition/as opposed to pleasure. h) The weather is likely to be dry and warm. In the far north-west of Scotland, however/whereas, it will be wet and windy. 169

15 ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE Read the interview and decide which answer (A, B or C) best fits each space. Interviewer: The recent scandal involving your finance minister has done little to restore public confidence in the government. Minister: (1)...C, I think the 'scandal', as you call it, has shown us to be a very moral party. The minister concerned resigned his post and showed great contrition for what he'd done. Int: (2), a scandal is a scandal. (3), a senior minister accepts a large donation on behalf of his party from the entrepreneur Robert Tivwell, then five weeks later, Tivwell's company, which (4) just happens to be nearly bankrupt, wins a contract with the government worth millions of pounds. Min: Well, as I say, the minister has resigned, (5) I should point out that there is technically nothing illegal about what he did. Int: Yes, there is, minister. It's called bribery. Min: Well you can call it that if you want. I prefer to call it 'sharp practice' (6) But it happens, it's always happened, and I'm sure it'll continue to happen. (7), we will not condone this kind of financial dealing and will continue to stamp down on it. Int: This is pure double talk! Min: No that's not true. (8) we take such matters extremely seriously. But we are realistic enough to know that we can't eliminate them altogether. You see, there is nothing to stop people or companies making donations to parties - (9) if we didn't have such money, we wouldn't be able to survive. It's just that the timing of such payments can be unfortunate. So each case has to be investigated on its merits. But (10), this practice is causing less controversy than it has done under previous governments. 1) A Incidentally 2) A Even so 3) A By and large 4) A in contrast 5) A despite 6) A anyway 7) A Having said that 8) A As a result 9) A although 10) A in contrast B First of all B As a matter of fact B Consequently B incidentally B although B furthermore B Moreover B As a matter of fact B thus B in addition C On the contrary C Hence C First of all C at any rate C whereas C to be honest C To make matters worse C To some extent C indeed C broadly speaking 170

16 GRAMMAR 27 LINKING WORDS AND PHRASES Read the text and decide which answer (A, B or C) best fits each space. Starting your own business could be the way to achieving financial independence. (1)..B it could just as well land you in debt for the rest of your life. (2), that is the view of Charles and Brenda Leggat, a Scottish couple, who last week saw their fish farm business put into the hands of the receiver. 'We started the business at a time when everyone was being encouraged by the banks to borrow money. (3), we fell into the same trap, and asked for a big loan. (4), at the time we were sure that we could make it into a going concern,' said Charles Leggat, a farmer from the Highlands. The bank analysed the proposals we put forward and they agreed that it would be a highly profitable business.' Sure enough, within five years the Leggats were exporting trout and salmon products to hotels all over Europe, and (5) they took on over fifty staff. (6), with the advent of the recession, they began to lose ground as orders dried up. '(7), said Brenda Leggat, 'the business has now been valued by the bank at a fraction of its true worth. If they had left us to work our way out of our difficulties, (8) virtually bankrupting us, I am sure that we could have gone back into profit. As it is, we have been left without a livelihood, and the bank has not recovered what it lent us.' The Leggats both felt that their banks had not treated them fairly. '(9) initially, (10), they were falling over themselves to lend us the money now they are doing very little to keep the business going, and fifty local people in work.' A spokesman for the bank concerned refused to comment. 1) A Moreover 2) A At least 3) A Incidentally 4) A To put it another way 5) A what's more 6) A Hence 7) A In contrast 8) A as opposed to 9) A However 10) A as well as B On the other hand B However B At any rate B Nevertheless B on the other hand B Consequently B Whereas B as well as B To tell the truth B whereas C As well as C To make matters worse C As a result C In contrast C to tell the truth C However C To make matters worse C in addition to C As a result C on the other hand 171

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25 Transitional Words and Devices TWC Transitions for purpose For this purpose In order to To that end In order that So that To this end Transitions for argument or proof Accordingly Despite Admittedly Even so Although Even though At this level Evidently Because For Besides For the same But reason Certainly Furthermore Clearly, then Granted Consequently However In addition In any case In conclusion Indeed In fact In light of this evidence In summary Meanwhile Moreover Nevertheless Nonetheless Obviously Of course On the one hand On the other hand Regardless Since That is Therefore Thus To be sure Truly Whatever the case may be What s more Transitions for exemplification, illustration, addition or clarification Additionally Again Also And then As an illustration Besides Besides that Case in point Equally important Finally First Following this further For example For instance Further Furthermore Generally speaking i.e., (that is) In addition In another case In general In other words In particular In the same way In this case In this situation Like More importantly Moreover Most importantly One characteristic Another characteristic One example another example One kind another kind One way Another way On this occasion Point in fact Pursuing this further Specifically Such as Take the case of That is to say The final type The first (second, third) category The last group The most important component The most important example The next example The next part To add To clarify To demonstrate To explain To illustrate To put it another way To rephrase it What s more Transitions for emphasis or repetition Absolutely Certainly Always Definitely As I have noted Emphatically As I have said Eternally As has been noted Extremely Assuredly Forever By all means In any case In brief Indeed In fact Naturally Never Nobody denies No doubt Obviously Of course Perennially Positively Surely Surprisingly To be sure To repeat Undeniably Undoubtedly Unquestionably Without a doubt Without reservation Transitions for comparison and contrast Although Despite After all Even though As However Balanced against In comparison But In contrast By comparison In the same way Compared to In spite of Conversely Like Likewise Meanwhile Nevertheless Nonetheless Of course Once in a while On the contrary On the one hand. On the other hand Otherwise Similarly Still Though Unlike Up against Vis à vis Where Whereas While Yet 1 Copyright 2008, TWC, University of Victoria. This copy is solely for the use by a student, staff, or faculty member. Any other use may be an infringement of copyright if done without securing the permission of the copyright owners.

26 Transitional Words and Devices TWC Transitions for concession and exception Admittedly Granted Although this However may be true In spite of Certainly It is true that Despite Maybe Nevertheless Nonetheless Of course Of course, it is true that Once in a while Perhaps Regardless Sometimes Still Though To be sure True Yet Transitions for cause and effect Accordingly Because Another cause Consequently Another effect For As a result For that reason For this reason On account of Since So The first (second, third) cause / effect The most important cause / effect Therefore Transitions for narration and process After At first After a few hours At last (days, months, At the same time years) Before After that Before long Afterwards By this time Almost Earlier Always Eventually As Finally As soon as First second third Firstly secondly thirdly Formerly Frequently Immediately In the first place In the meantime Later Later on Meanwhile Nearly Never Next Now Once Previously Soon Subsequently The first (second, third) step The next step The last step Then Thereafter Two hours (days, months, years) later When/While Transitions for description Above Beyond Behind In Below In back of Between In front of Inside Nearby Next to On On one side On the other side Outside Over The least important The most important Under Transitional chains Basically... similarly... as well First(ly)... second(ly)... third(ly)... Generally... furthermore... finally In the first place... also... lastly In the first place... just in the same way... finally In the first place... pursuing this further... finally In the light of the... it is easy to see that In this case in another case To be sure... additionally... lastly Transitions for conclusion or summarization Accordingly Finally As a result Hence As I have said In brief As I have shown In conclusion Consequently Indeed In final analysis In final consideration In general In sum In summary Lastly On the whole Summing up To conclude To summarize To sum up Therefore Thus References Kirszner, L.G. & Mandell, S.R. (2006).Writing first: Practice in context (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin s. The OWL at Purdue (2007). Transitional devices. Retrieved November 1, 2007, from Transition words (n.d.). Retrieved November 1, 2007, from The Writing Centre at the University of Wisconsin Madison (2006). Using transitions. Retrieved November 1, 2007, from 2 Copyright 2008, TWC, University of Victoria. This copy is solely for the use by a student, staff, or faculty member. Any other use may be an infringement of copyright if done without securing the permission of the copyright owners.

27 TRANSITIONAL WORDS AND PHRASES SHOWING RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN AND BETWEEN SENTENCES Transitional words and phrases connect and relate ideas, sentences, and paragraphs. They assist in the logical flow of ideas as they signal the relationship between sentences and paragraphs. In prose, the material is supported and conditioned not only by the ordering of the material (its position) but by connectives which signal order, relationship and movement. Some of the more commonly used connectives are listed below. Note especially how these connections function to develop, relate, connect and move ideas. 1. To signal addition of ideas and, also, besides, further, furthermore, too, moreover, in addition, then, of equal importance, equally important, another 2. To signal time next, afterward, finally, later, last, lastly, at last, now, subsequently, then, when, soon, thereafter, after a short time, the next week (month, day, etc.), a minute later, in the meantime, meanwhile, on the following day, at length, ultimately, presently 3. To signal order or sequence first, second, (etc.), finally, hence, next, then, from here on, to begin with, last of all, after, before, as soon as, in the end, gradually 4. To signify space and place above, behind, below, beyond, here, there, to the right (left), nearby, opposite, on the other side, in the background, directly ahead, along the wall, as you turn right, at the tip, across the hall, at this point, adjacent to 5. To signal an example for example, to illustrate, for instance, to be specific, such as, moreover, furthermore, just as important, similarly, in the same way 6. To show results as a result, hence, so, accordingly, as a consequence, consequently, thus, since, therefore, for this reason, because of this 7. To signal purpose to this end, for this purpose, with this in mind, for this reason, for these reasons 8. To signal comparisons like, in the same (like) manner or way, similarly 9. To indicate contrast but, in contrast, conversely, however, still, nevertheless, nonetheless, yet, and yet, on the other hand, of course, on the contrary, or, in spite of this, actually, a year ago, now, notwithstanding, for all that, strangely enough, ironically 10. To signal alternatives, although, though, while, despite, to be sure, it is true, true, I grant, exceptions, and objections granted, I admit, admittedly, doubtless, I concede, regardless 11. To dispute it isn t true that, people are wrong who say that, deny that, be that as it may, by the same token, no doubt, we often hear it said, many people claim, many people suppose, it used to be thought, in any case 12. To intensify above all, first and foremost, importantly, again, to be sure, indeed, in fact, as a matter of fact, as I have said, as has been noted 13. To summarize or repeat in summary, to sum up, to repeat, briefly, in short, finally, on the whole, therefore, as I have said, in conclusion, as you can see Additionally, pronouns act as connectives when they are used to refer to a noun in the preceding sentences. Repetition of key words and phrases and the use of synonyms which echo important words both serve to establish connections with previous sentences. READING Transitional Words and Phrases: Showing Relationships Within and Between Sentences rev. July 2005

28 TRANSITIONAL WORDS AND PHRASESSHOWING RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN AND BETWEEN SENTENCES EXERCISE I. Circle the letter that correctly identifies the nature of the underlined transition in each of the following sentences. 1. A water main downtown broke this morning, so several businesses had no water for hours. a. addition b. time c. comparison d. cause and effect 2. Even though most Americans are primarily concerned about AIDS as it exists in the U.S., it should be remembered that it is now nearly a worldwide disease. a. addition b. time c. contrast d. comparison 3. Larry will probably be a late bloomer socially, just like his older brothers. a. time b. contrast c. comparison d. cause and effect 4. There are ways you can make boring tasks more pleasant. For instance, bring a portable radio and listen to music on the earphones while you work. a. contrast b. comparison c. illustration/example d. cause and effect 5. The lazy checkout clerk forced the six-pack of cola into the bottom of the bag, tearing it. Then she shrugged her shoulders and said, I guess you ll have to carry the bag from the bottom. a. time b. contrast c. comparison d. illustration/example READING Transitional Words and Phrases: Showing Relationships Within and Between Sentences rev. July 2005

29 TRANSITIONAL WORDS AND PHRASES SHOWING RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN AND BETWEEN SENTENCES 6. Science-fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke correctly predicted that satellites would be used for communication. Moreover, in 1947 he correctly predicted that 1959 would be the year the first rocket to the moon was launched. a. addition b. time c. contrast d. cause and effect 7. Some people in New Jersey built their houses very close to the shoreline. Consequently, they have had to spend a lot of money trying to protect their property from the sea. a. addition b. contrast c. illustration/example d. cause and effect 8. Running can make people more aware of their physical surroundings, such as the scent of honeysuckle or the changing moods of the trees. a. addition b. contrast c. illustration/example d. cause and effect 9. Residents complain bitterly about potholes in the streets and sloppy trash pick-up, yet these same people resist paying higher taxes for the improvement of these services. a. time b. contrast c. comparison d. illustration/example 10.Telephone interviewing allows for a large number of responses in a short time and at relatively low cost. Moreover, the method permits interviewers to reach respondents at specific times of the day; this is an important consideration in the study of radio and TV listening habits. a. addition b. time c. contrast d. comparison READING Transitional Words and Phrases: Showing Relationships Within and Between Sentences rev. July 2005

30 TRANSITIONAL WORDS AND PHRASES SHOWING RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN AND BETWEEN SENTENCES EXERCISE II. Circle the letter of the word that correctly identifies the appropriate transition word or phrase. Then underline the kind of transition you have used. 1. the invention of television, people probably spent more of their leisure time reading. a. Nevertheless b. Because c. Before The transition word indicates: addition cause and effect time 2. If you re having company for dinner, try to get as much done in advance as possible., set the table the day before. a. For instance b. In contrast c. Similarly The transition word indicates: illustration/example comparison contrast 3. I m very allergic to flowers, my boyfriend bought a bouquet of roses. a. Until b. Because c. Even though The transition word indicates: time contrast addition 4. My grandfather loves to say, You re as nervous a long-tailed cat in a roomful of rocking chairs. a. after b. as c. as a result The transition word indicates: cause and effect time comparison 5. Manny s car stereo was on full blast, I could see his lips moving, but I had no idea what he was saying. a. Moreover b. Because c. Just as The transition word indicates: comparison addition cause and effect READING Transitional Words and Phrases: Showing Relationships Within and Between Sentences rev. July 2005