KWATANCE ONLINE GRAMMAR GRAMMAR TOPICS

Transcription

1 KWATANCE KALMOMI> PREMIER CLINIC (1.14a), JAMI&AR BAYERO (1.14b) aæbinci (m) asìbitì (m) ba kin baro\ bishiya (f) daæbêno (m) daf daæ da\ma (f) daura daæ do\k (m) o rawa (f) farko\ (m) ganye\ (m) ge\fe (m) hagu (m) haænga\ (i e\) hannu\ (m) hanya (f) hu\ta wa\ (f) ja mi&a (f) jìkin kaæ an kai kallo\ (m) kaæma karya food hospital at the edge of leave behind tree date, date palm next to, right beside right, right hand facing, across from horse locust bean tree first leaves side, edge left, left hand spot, see in the distance hand road, street resting university against, on a little carry, take looking at, facing like, as (here) turn at right angles kira (vn kira m) aæ ashê o\fa (f) ma[i (m) mê e muta ne\ (pl) na\ma (m) ne ma\ (i e\) ubu ta\ sa\bo\ (m), sa\buwa\ (f) sa\mu (sa mi sa me\) saænnan so sai taæfiya (f) ta\shì têt (m) ts re\ (m) tukuæba\ (f) tundaæ Tu a wa\ (pl) wajen wuce yawa, daæ yawa za] za] ki call underneath gate oil, gasoline go straight people meat look for write new find, come across then, after that very much, a lot walking arise, set out street shishkebab mound where tsire is roasted since, inasmuch as Europeans toward pass a lot going you are going ONLINE GRAMMAR Verb tenses! Subjunctive! Some functions of the Subjunctive Conditional sentences! [not yet written] Determiners! Demonstratives, Indefinite articles [not yet written] Locative phrases! [not written yet--but see "be" sentences!location] GRAMMAR TOPICS Conditional sentences, i.e. sentences beginning if or when in English Procedural discourse: how to give directions Determiners: Indefinite articles a, a certain; one another Determiners: Demonstratives meaning that one (previously referred to) More expressions indicating location 1

2 Typical sights along a Kano street Gates and entrances CULTURAL THEMES RECOMMENDED ADJUNCT SEGMENTS> 3.02 Shiga Bas, 3.03 Shiga Tasi, 3.04 Neman Mota a Tasha If and When Clauses ( Conditional Clauses) In = Ädan: These words can translate both if and when in English. This reflects the fact that if and when are really just ends of a scale of certainty. when = high certainty When I see a penquin, I feel happy. (I DO see penguins.) if = low certainty If I see a unicorn, I ll be surprised. (An unlikely event.) English marks the certainty scale with different words. Hausa relies on context and knowledge of the world. We saw examples in 1.06b (the choice between ìdan and in is completely free): Ädan maæi gida\ ya\ da\wo\, sai muæ gaya masaæ. (Mai gida quite surely WILL come back.) In kin ka\wo\ go be, sai muæ saæya\. (There is no guarantee mai kayan haja will come back.) Verb tense in the if/when clause: Verb tense in the if/when (= conditional ) clause is usually completive. This is because the event in the if/when clause must usually be completed as the condition for the event in the main clause to take place. For example, mai gida s coming back is a necessary condition for uwar gida to tell him about the jewelry saleswoman. Speakers show considerable variation in whether they use the plain completive or the relative completive in if/when clauses. In the examples from 1.06, uwar gida uses the plain completive, but in the dialogs in 1.14, the speakers seem to always use the relative completive. Distinguishing different when words: Hausa has three words that are translated as when in English: in = ìdan: when used to state something that is a condition for another event dà: when as in the dà sai when then narrative construction (1.13); the when clause is part of a sequence of past events yàushè: when to ask a question, e.g. Yaæusheæ kikaæ zo\@ When did you come? You can tell you should use in/ìdan to translate English when if either if or when would sound reasonable in the English sentence. Telling Someone How to Do Something ( Procedural Discourse ) In 1.13, we saw dà sai when then constructions to tell a story in the past. For example, daæ Faæ êdaæ ta na eæ ta barma\, sai ta ajìye\ when Farida had rolled up the mat, then she put it away. There is another type of clause pairing that could be translated 2

3 when then in English. That is when you tell someone how to do something (this is called procedural discourse ). This may be giving directions, as in the 1.14 video segments, or it could be in telling how to make koko. For example, in 1.14b, the person giving directions says, Ädan kikaæ yi hagu, za\ kì ga gidan ma]i Mobil. When you go left, ( then) you will see a Mobil service station. We can call this the ìdan sai or ìdan FUTURE construction. The first clause will begin with ìdan/in, usually with completive or relative completive, the second clause will usually either be in the future or in sai + subjunctive. As in the dà sai when then construction, sai is not absolutely necessary with the second clause, but it is very common when using the subjunctive (you CANNOT use sai with the future). Thus, in 1.14a, the person giving directions could have said any of the following (the one he actually says is the third one): In ka ta\shì taæfiya, za\ kaæ mê e kaæ je\ wajen wancaæn do\kìn, sai kaæ wuce. In ka ta\shì taæfiya, sai kaæ mê e kaæ je\ wajen wancaæn do\kìn, sai kaæ wuce. In ka ta\shì taæfiya, kaæ mê e kaæ je\ wajen wancaæn do\kìn, sai kaæ wuce. When you set out to go, (then) you go straight and go toward that horse, then you pass by. Indefinite articles wani, wata, wa ansu wasu The words that can translate the English indefinite articles a, an are below. In Hausa, these words tend to single out the referent from others of its kind. They can therefore often be translated a certain, a particular. There is also a plural that is used something like Spanish unos. wani (m), e.g. wani muætu]m a man, a certain man wata (f), e.g. wata maæceæ a woman, a certain woman wa ansu wasu (pl), e.g. wa ansu muta ne\ wasu muta ne\ some people, certain people These words can also translate another, a different. This arises when a referent of a certain type has been mentioned and a NEW referent of the same type is inroduced, e.g. Na\ haængi wani daæbêno do\go\, saænnan na\ haængi wani (daæbêno ) gaæje\re\. I spotted a date palm, a tall one, then I spotted another (date palm), a short one. Za\ kì ga wata o\fa. Daf daæ ita za\ kì ga wata ( o\fa ). You will see a gate. Right next to it you will see another (gate). Demonstratives meaning that one (in question) In the videos for 1.04, we saw the demonstratives wannaæn ^this (one)&, wancaæn ^that (one)&, etc. used to point out something nearby or far away. There are examples in the videos 1.14, e.g. wancaæn do\k that horse (down there), wannaæn têtìn this street (right here). Note the Hi-Lo tone pattern on the demonstratives. Demonstratives can also mean that one (I have already mentioned). In this usage, the tone pattern is often reversed to Lo-Hi. Thus, in 1.14a, the man giving directions says, appleo\fa ta biyu, waænnan shê ne o\faæ asìbitìn Premier Clinic, where he has already mentioned the gate referred to by wànnan. 3

4 1. Premier Clinic Listen to directions in the video and answer each question by checking the correct box. Try to do this without looking at the printed dialog. 1. Äna\ ne wannaæn muætu]m za] 2. Waæceæ irìn dabba za]i gani 3. Ba\yan ya\ karya hannunsaæ na da\ma, me za]i 4. Me ne\ ne yake jìkin 5. appleo\fa nawaæ za]i 6. AÆ ìna\ Ba\taæ takeæ@ Bata Asìbitì Gaærê Do\k Sa\nìya\ Ja kê Maæi na\ma Wata hanya Daæbêno Bishiyaæ o ra\wa Wasu Tu a wa\ Muta ne\ suna aik Îaya Biyu Uku Hagu daæ Premier Clinic Dauraæ daæ Premier Clinic AÆ o\faæ Premier Clinic 2. Ja\mi&aæ Ba\ya oæ Complete as for exercise AÆkwai Ja\mi&aæ Ba\ya oæ nawaæ@ 2. Me ake saæye\ aæ 3. Ya ya su\nan 4. Ba\yan ta\ wuce o\faæ, waæceæ hanya za\ taæ bi@ 5. Me yake daura daæ gidan ma]i Mobil@ 6. Me yake kallon Ja\mi&a æ Ba\ya oæ@ Îaya Biyu Ukuæ Ma]i Na\ma Sa fa hannu appleo\faæ Ruwa Sa\buwa appleo\fa appleo\faæ Ka\bugaæ Waddaæ ta mê e Waddaæ ta yi hagu Waddaæ ta yi da\ma Wurin côn aæbinci Sa\buwa ja\mi&a Tso\huwa ja\mi&a Ma su côn ts re\ Tukuæba ts re\ appleo\fa indaæ akaæ ubu taæ ^^Ja\mi&aæ Ba\ya oæ&& 4

5 Premier Clinic : pictures for discussion

6 ^^Ja\mi&aæ Ba\ya oæ&&> pictures for discussion Baæya\nìn Ho\tuna In the two sets of pictures above, select those which show the men or women doing something and describe the actions using the verbs bi, ganê, haænga\, mê e, ne ma\, nu\na, sa\mu, shìga, taæfi, or others that are appropriate. Use different tenses to describe the action as ongoing (continuative), complete (completive), or about to happen (future). You could also make up question and answer pairs about the pictures. 6

7 4. Conditional Sentences Select pairs of pictures from the picture sets above and make up conditional sentences combining the actions in the pictures as follows: Premier Clinic, pictures 5-6 : Ädan ya kai têt, sai yaæ karya hannunsaæ na da\ma. Ja\mi&aæ Ba\ya oæ, pictures : In ta mê e wannaæn têt so sai, za\ taæ ga tukuæba maæi ts re\. 5. Giving Directions (1) Premier Clinic and Ja\mi&aæ Ba\ya oæ : Using subsets of pictures from the two video segments, make up little procedural discourses. Do them in both 3 rd person and in 2 nd person. Keep your discourses simple, using the ìdan/in future (or sai + subjunctive), with a minimum of extraneous description. (2) Your own directions: Using the vocabulary and constructions in these video segments, make up sets of directions for places you know, such as how to get to your house from the university. 6. When then In the grammar sections for these video segments, we see three Hausa translations for the English word when : yaæusheæ for asking a question when? in/ìdan for stating a condition in a procedural discourse dà for introducing a when then sequence in a narrative about the past Translate the sentences below, paying particular attention to which when is involved. 1. When the visitor passes the horse, he will see a street and will turn right. 2. When was the visitor looking for the Premier Clinic? 3. When you spot the date palm, then you should go straight 4. When the visitor reached the edge of the road, then he stopped and rested. 5. When the people found the tree, then they sat in the shade (inuwa shade ) and rested. 7

8 6. When Jamila found Maryam on the road, they exchanged greetings. (gaisa exchange greetings ) 7. When did you (feminine) see appleofar Kabuga? 8. When you (feminine) pass appleofar Kabuga, then you should turn left and go straight. 9. When Jamila sees Zumunci Restaurant, she will go straight. 10. When they saw the shishkebab place, then they bought meat. 7. One another Below are pairs of pictures, with different persons or objects of the same type in each picture. Make up sentences that contrast the persons/things in the pictures using wani/wata to mean a, another. The easiest way to do this would probably be to introduce each part of the description with ga here s, then add a descriptive statement for each picture. Examples of the kinds of descriptive statement you could add might be a name: maæi su\na\ X who/which is named X a location: yana kusa daæ hanya it is near the street an action: suna hu\ta wa\ they are resting a description: maæi kyau which is nice, do\go\ tall, tana daæ lamba it has a signboard 1. Mìsa\l > Ga wani gidan ma]i maæi su\na\ ^^Baætayyaæ&&< ga wani maæi su\na\ ^^Mobil&&. 2. (muætu]m) 8

9 3. (maæceæ) 4. ( o\fa ) 5. (daæbêno < she a ga do\ weaverbird nest ) 6. (tukuæba maæi ts re\) 7. (ya]ra\) 9

10 8. (do\k ) 8. Wurare In video 1.05, we saw several words that show location: ba\yan ^behind&, cikin ^in&, gaæban ^in front of, ahead&, ka]n ^on&, kusa daæ ^near to&, aæ ashin ^under&, tsaæka\nin ^between&. Videos 1.14a and 1.14b introduce further location expressions: daf daæ very near, right next to da\ma right daura daæ across from, facing ge\feæn next to, at the edge of hagu left jìkin against wajen toward There are also some new locative uses: (1) Locative word without an object: When one of the location words appears with no object, the -n at the end is omitted. This is because the words indicating location are actually nouns, and the -n is the linker, needed only when linking to a noun or pronoun. To], ka\ baro\ shì aæ ba\ya. Well, you left it behind. AÆ jìkin hanyaæ daægaæ can ge\fe, aækwai wata bishiyaæ o rawa. Right by the road off to the side, there is a locust bean tree. Za\ kaæ sa mi muta ne\ suna hu\ta wa\ aæ aæ ashi. You will find people resting underneath. (2) Use with yi meaning go (in the specified direction) : In addition to the expressions below, you can use other location words that indicate a direction of movement, e.g. gaæba forward, ba\ya backward. AÆkwai wata hanya wa]ddaæ ta yi da\ma. There s a street that goes right. Ädan kikaæ yi hagu, za\ kì ga gidan ma]i Mobil. When you go left, you will see a Mobil service station. Sai kì yi hakà. Then you go like this. (speaker points in the direction) Exercise: Referring the pictures from the videos, make up sentences using locative words in these two ways. Some suggested frames are could be Ya\ Ta\ ga wani... aæ., AÆkwai wani... aæ. Daæ ya ta kai..., sai ya ta yi. Ädan ya ta wuce..., ya\ kaæmataæ yaæ taæ yi. ~ kadaæ yaæ taæ yi. 10