WURARE. Wurare 1.05 KALMOMI ONLINE GRAMMAR

Transcription

1 WURARE KALMOMI aæbôn daæ aækwai aælba ka (f) amsa wa\ ba\yan baæra baæri baætu\ (m) Bìsìmillaæ! ce] cikin da\ ê (m) da\mu (m) da e da mina\ (f) auko\ fìla]s (m) gaæban gaærê (m) gida\ (m) go\ oæ (m) go\de ìna\@ ji ka\wo\ ka]n kaæ a tu\ kawaæi ko\@ ko\ko (m) ko\mai kusa daæ kwa\lê (m) kwa\no (m) kya]u (m) the thing that, what there is, there are benefit, good fortune answering behind let me, let s conversation, matter In the name of Allah!, i.e. Be my guest! say in, inside pleasure bothering last a long time rainy season bring thermos jug in front of town household, compound kola nut thank where? hear, feel, smell bring on reading just, only isn t that the case? millet gruel everything near to carton enamelware bowl goodness, beauty kya a\ra Alla h yaæ a\raæ sau ê. aæ ashin maægana (f) maæi (aælba ka ) maænaæ madara\ (f) mafêcê (m) matso\ mê o\ rage riga\ ruwa\ (m) sa\fiya\ (f) sa\mu sau ê saura\ sawwaæ e\ Allaæh yaæ sawwaæ e\! sha\ sha\ zuma\m (m) sha\y (ma) so] sukaæ ê (m) ta\shì taæfê tsaæka\nin za\fê (m) zauna zazza ê (m) zuba used in da kyar with difficulty increase May Allah increase feeling better. underneath talking, speaking one that has (benefit) emphasizes a statement or command milk fan draw close hand to be left; reduce have already done water; rain morning time get ease, feeling better be left, remain lighten, ease May Allah lighten (your suffering)! drink sugar ants tea wanting sugar get up, arise go away between heat, hotness sit down fever pour ONLINE GRAMMAR! be sentences " Location: 'the cup is in the cupboard' " first four topics in Locative Sentences menu! be sentences " Presentation and pointing out! Verb tenses " The Continuative with action nouns! Nouns with modifiers " Determiners " Previous Reference Marker 1

2 GRAMMAR TOPICS Locative sentences: the cup is in the cupboard Negative locative sentences: Ahmadu is not at home Questions in locative sentences: what is in the cupboard?, where is the cup? Emphasizing words in locative sentences: the CUP is in the cupboard, the cup is in the CUPBOARD Locative prepositions: in, on, under, in front of, behind, between, near Presenting or showing: here s, there s Introduction to the Previous Reference Marker (PRM) Visiting and greeting a sick person Sharing koko, tea, kola nuts CULTURAL THEMES Continuative Pronouns and Expressions of Location Sentences expressing a location require subject pronouns called the Continuative pronouns. There are three sets of Continuative pronouns: neutral Continuative, Negative Continuative, and Relative Continuative (used when a question word is at the beginning of the sentence or when a word is placed at the beginning of the sentence for emphasis). Continuative Negative Continuative Relative Continuative ina gaæban o\fa ba\ na gaæban o\fa aæ ìna\ kana gaæban o\fa ba\ ka gaæban o\fa aæ ìna\ kina gaæban o\fa ba\ kya gaæban o\fa aæ ìna\ Baæla\ yana gaæban o\fa Baæla\ ba\ ya gaæban o\fa aæ ìna\ Baæla\ Kaænde tana gaæban o\fa Kaænde ba\ ta gaæban o\fa aæ ìna\ Kaænde muna gaæban o\fa ba\ ma gaæban o\fa aæ ìna\ kuna gaæban o\fa ba\kwa gaæban o\fa aæ ìna\ muta ne\ suna gaæban o\fa muta ne\ ba\ sa gaæban o\fa aæ ìna\ muta ne\ ana gaæban o\fa ba\ a gaæban o\fa aæ ìna\ Prepositions Most prepositions that express location in Hausa are really nouns, many of which derive from body part terms, e.g. ka]n on comes from kâi head, ba\yan behind comes from ba\ya\ back. The final -n on these prepositions is the linker meaning of, described in the lesson for video segment For this reason, if the object of such prepositions is a pronoun, it requires the POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS (see 1.04 or the APPENDIX), for example Te\buæ yana ba\yan saæ. The table is behind him. Zainaæb tana gaæba na\ Zainab is in front of me. Ina ba\yan kì. I am behind you. Some locative expression use the REAL preposition dà. A pronoun object of dà is the INDE- PENDENT PRONOUN, e.g. yana kusa daæ nê he is near me, ina kusa daæ ke\ I am near you. 2

3 1. Prepositions Put an appropriate preposition into the blank in the sentence under each picture. 1. Jaæka\ tana benc. 2. Ta\kalma suna o\fa. 3. Ka\ya yana bo\kitì. 4. Ka ji suna ma\ta\. 5. Raænda\ tana tukwa ne\. (plural of tukunya\) 6. Ra\riya\ tana warya\. 7. Lu\daæyê yana kwa\no. 8. Ita ce\ yana tukunya\. 9. Turmê daæ ta arya\ suna AÁhmaduæ. 3

4 10. &Yan ma\ta\ suna ta barma\. 11. Salma daæ Kaænde suna Ba a&a. 12. Salma tana Baæ a\&a daæ Kaænde Where is it? The speakers in the videos use two forms for asking where something is: AÆ ìna\... yakeæ takeæ Äna\ kwa\noæn AÆ ìna\ sukaæ ôn Äna\ AÆ ìna\ sha\yìn Below are pictures with the name of some object or person above them. Ask where that object or person is using one of the question forms above, then give the answer. Where there are two words separated by a semicolon, ask and answer for each word. The first one is filled in as an example. Ask and answer the same questions for objects and people in your classroom. &yan ma\ta\ Salmaæ< Kaænde Salmaæ< Kaænde 1. Äna\ &yan ma\ta]n@ or AÆ ìna\ &yan ma\ta]n sukeæ@ &Yan ma\ta]n suna kan ta barma\

5 lu\daæyêko\ko< sukaæ êsukaæ ê 4/ Baæshô < Mu\sa\< Tankoæ co\kaælê< ko\f kwa\nuka 7/ co\kaælê< kwa\lêfìla]s< ko\funa takaæ da\< madara\

6 3. Not in a Location Refer to the pictures in exercise 1. Prepositions to answer the following questions. The first is given as an example. ( Online grammar> be sentences " Location " Negative locative sentences) 1. Jaæka\ tana ka]n kuje ra\@ A&a, ba\ ta ka]n kuje ra\. Tana ka]n benc. 2. Ta\kalma suna gaæban 3. Ka\ya\ yana cikin kwaændo\@ 4. Ka jê suna cikin 5. Tukunya\ tana tsaæka\nin 6. Ra\riya\ tana ka]n faæ antì@ 7. Lu\daæyê yana cikin 8. Ita ce\ yana aæ ashin warya\@ 9. Turmê daæ ta arya\ suna kusa daæ AÆhmaduæ@ 10. &Yan ma\ta\ suna ka]n daæ 11. Salmaæ daæ Kaænde suna gaæban ju\na\@ (ju\na\ ^each other&) 12. Salmaæ tana gaæban Kaænde daæ Baæ 13. Baæshô > Ina ba\yan Tankoæ daæ Baæla\@ 14. Baæshô daæ Baæla\> Muna tsaæka\nin Tankoæ daæ 15. Haædêzaæ> Kina ba\ya\na\@ Zainaæb> 6

7 4. Questions about Locations I For each picture below, there are two questions about what or who is in a location. Answer putting emphasis on the person or thing that is actually in the location. ( Online grammar> be sentences " Location " Questioning the subject & Emphasized words in locative sentences) Example Me yake tsaæka\nin tukwa ne\@ Bo\kit ko\ raænda\@ Raænda\ ce take tsaæka\nin tukwa ne\ ( or tsaæka\ninsuæ). 1. Me yake aæ ashin warya\@ Tukunya\ ko\ faæ antì@ 2. Me yake cikin warya\@ Ko\ko ko\ tuwo\@ 3. Wa ce\ ce take ba\yan Kaænde@ Salmaæ ko\ Baæ 4. Wa ce\ ce take kusa daæ Kaænde ko\ Salmaæ@ 5. Wa ne\ ne yake gaæban a\kìn lìttaætta fai@ Îanla\dì ko\ Dattì@ 6. Wa ne\ ne yake tsaæka\nin Mu\sa\ daæ Dattì ko\ Îanla\dì@ 7

8 7. Su wa ne\ ne suke gaæban la\baæ a\ Îa lìbai ko\ ma 8. Su wa ne\ ne sukeæ gaæban Zainaæb daæ Maza\ ko\ &yan 5. Questions about Locations II Refer to the pictures in exercise 4 above to answer the questions, but in this exercise, put emphasis on the location which correctly answers the question. ( Online grammar> be sentences " Location " Questioning the location & Emphasized words in locative sentences) Example> AÆ ìna\ raænda\ takeæ@ AÆ tsaæka\nin tukwa ne\ ko\ aæ gaæbansuæ@ AÆ tsaæka\nin tukwa ne\ (raænda\) takeæ. 1. AÆ ìna\ tukunya\ takeæ@ AÆ aæ ashin warya\ ko\ kusa daæ ita@ 2. AÆ ìna\ tuwo\ yakeæ@ AÆ cikin tukunya\ ko\ aæ cikin warya\@ 3. AÆ ìna\ Kaænde takeæ@ AÆ gaæban Salmaæ ko\ aæ ba\yantaæ@ 4. AÆ ìna\ Salmaæ takeæ@ Kusa daæ ta\ga ko\ kusa daæ 5. AÆ ìna\ Dattì yakeæ@ AÆ gaæban a\kìn lìttaætta fai ko\ aæ cikinsaæ@ 6. AÆ ìna\ Îanla\dì yakeæ@ AÆ tsaæka\nin Baæshô daæ Mu\sa\ ko\ aæ ba\yansuæ@ 7. AÆ ìna\ a lìbai sukeæ@ AÆ cikin la\baæ a\ ì ko\ aæ gaæbansaæ@ 8. AÆ ìna\ Zainaæb daæ Haædêzaæ sukeæ@ Kusa daæ la\baæ a\ ì ko\ kusa daæ a\kìn lìttaætta fai@ 8

9 6. Presentative Turn back to 1.04 Gabatarwa I, exercise 4. Demonstratives. Use the presentative ga here is, there is to refer to the objects designated by the arrow in each picture, e.g. ga ja\kuna ca]n there are some donkeys. Where possible, try to add a locative phrase such as ba\yan AÁhmaduæ behind Ahamdu, aæ ka]n faæ antì on the tray, etc. Example: # Ga ja kê nan aæ gaæbanmuæ. Ga ja kê can. " Lotto Pictures Use the grids of Lotto pictures from the lesson for video segment 1.02 for discussion or written assignments. You can replay the lotto game or simply discuss the pictures with an expanded repertoire of questions in addition to identifiying objects, for example, using possessive pronouns, locative sentences, prepositions, and presentatives: Äna\ lu\daæyê@ Where is the ladle? Me yake kusa daæ What is near the ladle? Lu\daæyê yana cikin Is the ladle in the bowl? Ga kwa\no kusa daæ lu\daæyê. There s a bowl near the ladle. Wannaæn lu\daæyin wa ne\ Whose ladle is this? (referring to the student who has the sheet with the picture of the ladle) Wannaæn lu\daæyinkì ne\@\ Is this your ladle? ë, lu\daæyêna\ ne. Yes, it s my ladle. 9

10 8. The Previous Reference Marker (PRM): Introduction In video segment 1.05a Wurare: Mata we see the following exchange (slightly modified): Baæ a\&a > Za\ kuæ sha\ Kaænde µ Salmaæ> ë, za\muæ sha\. Baæ a\&a > To]. Kaændeæ> Äna\ kwa\noæn ko Will you drink some koko? Yes, we ll drink some. OK. Where s the bowl of koko? Note that koko in the first line is in the root form, but in the last line it ends in n. This n is called the Previous Reference Marker or PRM. It has the form n with masculine and plural nouns and trilled - with feminine nouns. If the base noun ends in a High tone, addition of the PRM causes the word to end in Falling tone: Masculine noun Feminine noun Plural noun Final Low tone do\kìn ^the horse& kyanwaæ ^the cat& ja\kunaæn ^the donkeys& Final High tone ja kôn ^the donkey& ka za] ^the hen& ma\ta]n ^the women& The PRM is used, though not obligatorily, when a word has been previously mentioned or implied by what someone has said. It is sometimes called the definite article, but this is misleading. There is often no PRM in Hausa when English would use the definite article the, and conversely, Hausa sometimes uses the PRM where English would not have a definite article, as in the little dialog above, where kokon in the last line has a PRM but the English translation does not modify koko with the. Exercise:Find all the nouns in the dialogs of 1.05a Wurare: Mata and 1.05b Wurare: Maza. (1) Identify those which do and do not have the PRM. (2) Try to figure out why the PRM is added to those which have it. (3) Identify nouns where, on the basis of the paragraph above, you might expect the PRM, but where it is absent. (4) Try translating the sentences containing the nouns into English and decide whether or not English would need the with the noun. 10

11 9. Describing a Place Describe the room below using locative sentences and the presentative ga there is. Use a few negative sentences, such as tsintsiya\ ba\ ta kusa daæ kwa\lê. Here are a few words that will be useful but which have not appeared in earlier video segments. aækwa tì (m) filo (m) gado\ (m) hu la\ (f), hu\luna e\diyo (m) r ga\ (f), rêguna waændo\ (m), wanduna ^trunk, chest& ^pillow& ^bed& ^cap& ^radio& ^gown, shirt& ^pants& 11

12 10. Translation Translate the questions and answers into Hausa. 1. (referring to girl #1) Who is this? 2. That s Salma. 3. (referring to girl #2) Is this Kande? 4. No, that s not Kande, it s Bara a. 5. Where is Salma? Is she far from (ne\saæ daæ) Kande and Bara a? 6. No, she is not far from them, she is between them. 7. Who is behind Salma? 8. I don t know. Who is behind her? 9. Is the picture of the girls in front of you? 10. Yes, it is in front of me. 12

13 11. (referring to men #1 and #2) Who are these men? 12. They are friends of Tanko. 13. (referring to man #3) Who is this? 14. THAT is Tanko. 15. Where are the men? 16. They are in Musa s room. 17. What is in front of Musa? 18. His book is in front of him. 19. Where is your book? 20. My book is in front of me. 13

14 CULTURAL NOTES Zìya\ aæ maraæ la\fiya (visiting a sick person) Sha]n ko\ko (drinking ko\ko what is ko\ko@) Sha]n sha\y Côn go\ oæ (eating go\ oæ what is go\ oæ@) Gaisuwa\ daæ Maraæ La\fiya Here are some expressions that one might use when visiting a sick person. Practice the question & answer pairs. Use the pronoun form appropriate to your addressee (kina and kì to address a woman, kana and kaæ to address a man). For zaæzza ê fever, try substituting other ailments, e.g. cêwoæn ka]i headache, cêwoæn cik stomach ache, mu aæ a cold. G> Saænnu. A> Ya]uwa. G> Alla h yaæ sawwaæ e\. A> AÁmin. G> Alla h yaæ a\raæ sau ê. A> Na\ go\de. or AÁmin. Q> Na\ ga kina kana amsa wa\ daæ kya. R> Ba\ na jôn da\ ê. Q> Me ya sa me\ kì kaæ@ A> Zaæzza ê yake da\mu na\. Koko Ko\ko is a gruel made of very finely ground millet cooked in water and often flavored with tamarind, or sometimes potash. One normally adds sugar when drinking it. It is typically drunk for breakfast, but can be drunk at other times, such as after meals as a kind of desert or as the visitors do in the video. Here is a recipe for ko\kon ge\ro\ millet koko from Hajiya Rabi Umar, Girka da Kanki, Ma&aikatar appleananan Hukumomi da Taimokon Kai da Kai, Kano, Aæbôn daæ ke cikê> ge\ro\ mu\du 1, ruwa\ (1) AÆ ji aæ ge\ro\ aæ wanke aæ markaæ a\. (2) AÆ ta\ce daæ mata\cê aæ bar shì ya kwa]nta\. (3) AÆ ta\ceæ ruwan ka]i ha sai ga sara\ taæ kwa]nta\ so sai. (4) AÆ tafaæsaæ ruwa\ aæ tukunya\. (5) A} iyaæ êbaæ ga sara\ maæi kaurê aæ je\fa duæn uæleduæn uæle aæ cikin ruwan za\fê aæ rufe aæ bar shì ya tafaso\. (6) AÆ da\maæ ga sara\ daæ an ruwan sanyê aæ kwa\raæ ruwan za\fê daæ ga\ya\ aæ cikin ga sara\ aæ da\ma. (7) AÆ ha aæ ruwa\ aæ raægo\waæ ga sara\ aæ zuba aæ ka]n da ma miyaæ ga sara\ aæ ru\ a. Za\ taæ canjaæ kala kuma taæ yi kaurê. AÆ an a\raæ ruwa\ ìdan ta\ yi kaurê daæ yawa. Ingredients: 1 measuring bowl of millet, water (1) Wet the millet, wash it, and grind it. (2) Strain it with a strainer and let it sit ( lie ). (3) Strain off the water on the top until the flour has settled out completely. (4) Boil water in a pot. (5) One can dip out the thickened flow, drop it in blobs into the hot water, cover it, and leave it until it comes to a boil. (6) Stir the (remaining) flour with a little water, pour the hot water with dough into the flour, and stir. (7) Combine the remaining flour with water, pour it onto the stirred mixture of (cooked) flour and mix. It will change color and become thick. Put a little more water in if it becomes too thick. 14

15 Shayi Hausas generally prefer tea to coffee. The most common type of tea is middle eastern green tea. It is always drunk with sugar and usually with concentrated canned milk (madara or milik). Ubiquitous in towns are streetside tea sellers who sell tea, instant coffee, and bread to passersby. Goro Go\ oæ kola nuts are not really nuts. They are a type of kernel somewhat smaller than a chicken egg and of similar shape which grow inside a pod, with perhaps a dozen to the pod. Kolas do not grow in Hausa country. Today they are nearly all brought to the Hausa area from southern Nigeria. They are of various colors, ranging from white through pink to dark red. They have a cleft down the middle and can be split in two. They have about the consistency of a raw potato and a bitter, astringent taste. They contain caffeine, a half-kola having about the stimulating effect of a strong cup of coffee. In everyday Hausa life, they play the role of coffee or cigarettes in US or European life, both for their stimulating effect and as a way to occupy the hands and mouth. In addition to everyday consumption, kolas play an important social role. People pass out kolas on holidays, and large quantities of kolas are distributed at important life events such as marriages and at naming ceremonies for newborns. For such occasions, kolas are obtained from large scale distributors, but for everyday consumption, the most common source is masu goro, girls who ply the streets with trays of kolas for individual sale. Continuative pronouns showing action or state lasting over time Continuative ina sha]n sha\y kana sha]n sha\y kina sha]n sha\y yana sha]n sha\y tana sha]n sha\y muna sha]n sha\y kuna sha]n sha\y suna sha]n sha\y ana sha]n sha\y Relative continuative (cf. zaæzza ê yake da\mu na\) sha\y nake sha] sha\y kake sha] sha\y kike sha] sha\y yake sha] sha\y take sha] sha\y muke sha] sha\y kuke sha] sha\y suke sha] sha\y ake sha] Negative continuative ba\ na sha]n sha\y ba\ ka sha]n sha\y ba\ kya sha]n sha\y ba\ ya sha]n sha\y ba\ ta sha]n sha\y ba\ ma sha]n sha\y ba\ kwa sha]n sha\y ba\ sa sha]n sha\y ba\ a sha]n sha\y 15

16 Ko\ko daæ sha\y : Here are some questions on preparation and drinking of ko\ko and sha\y. The questions are all in the Continuative. In your answers, use the same structure as the question, simply substituting the answers to the question word in place of the question word. For example, Q> Daæ me ake yôn ko fê@ A> Daæ ruwa\ daæ ga rin ko fê ake yôn ko fê. ^With what does one make coffee@& ^With water and coffee powder one makes coffee.& Ko\ko Daæ me ake yôn ko\ko@ Me ake zuba wa\ cikin ko\ko@ AÆ cikin me ko\ko yakeæ@ Daæ me ake sha]n ko\ko@ Yaæusheæ ake sha]n ko\ko@ Sha\y Daæ me ake yôn Me ake zuba wa\ cikin AÆ cikin me sha\y yakeæ@ AÆ cikin me ake zubaæ Yaæusheæ ake sha]n Baæya\nìn ho\tuna > Below are some pictures from the Wurare videos. Use the continuative pronouns with one of the following actions to describe what you see. In addition to regular statements (e.g. Kaænde tana sha]n ko\ko), try (a) putting the object at the beginning for emphasis (e.g. ko\ko Kaænde take sha] ^ko\ko is what Kande is drinking&) 1 and (b) making negative statements (e.g. Kaænde ba\ ta sha]n sha\y ^Kande is not drinking tea&). jôn da\ ê sha]n [fill in the name of a drink] aukaæn [fill in the name of an object] zubaæ [fill in the name of a substance] côn go\ oæ gaisuwa\ maægana hê a amsa wa\ kaæ a tu\ Note that the final n of shâ is omitted when the object is not following it. This is the same n as the possessive n in phrases like lu\daæyin miya ladel for miya. 16

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