Study Guide. Advanced Composition

Transcription

1 Study Guide Advaced Compositio

2 Note: Studets caot take ENG300 util or uless they take Eglish Compositio. Studets eed to show proof of the prerequisite before they take this course.

3 INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS 1 LESSON ASSIGNMENTS 13 LESSON 1: A REVIEW OF THE WRITING PROCESS 17 LESSON 2: PLANNING A RESEARCH PAPER AND 37 EVALUATING SOURCES LESSON 3: FINDING SOURCES, TAKING NOTES, 51 AND SYNTHESIZING LESSON 4: DRAFTING, REVISING, AND FORMATTING 67 A RESEARCH PROJECT LESSON 5: DEFINITION: 85 EXPLAINING WHAT YOU MEAN LESSON 6: READING AND WRITING 107 ABOUT LITERATURE LESSON 7: COMPARISON AND CONTRAST: 137 SHOWING SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES LESSON 8: ARGUMENTS 161 SELF-CHECK ANSWERS 183 APPENDIX 213 C o t e t s iii

4 INTRODUCTION Welcome to your Advaced Compositio course. I this course, you ll practice research ad writig skills by developig papers that require you to use sources ad correctly cite them usig MLA formattig. You ll lear to look at writig with a critical eye a skill you ca apply to your ow work, as well as to the readig you do for research or i your daily activities. You ll apply these skills to your ow writig through editig ad revisig. Note: For Lesso 7, you re required to read oe ovel that has bee tured ito a movie ad to watch that movie. The list of movies made from books is extesive ad icludes To Kill a Mockigbird, The Pricess Bride, ad Girl with a Pearl Earrig. (A short story or childre s book is t a appropriate selectio. You must read a full-legth ovel.) COURSE OBJECTIVES The primary objective of the course is to use research to pla, orgaize, develop, ad edit a variety of papers with clarity ad precisio usig stadard MLA formattig. Whe you complete this course, you ll be able to Use the writig process to write essays usig differet patters of developmet Apply a appropriate rhetorical style to a audiece ad purpose Write effective thesis statemets Develop paragraphs usig topic seteces, adequate detail, supportig evidece, ad trasitios Idetify, defie, ad aalyze literary elemets Develop critical readig skills Use resposible research methods to locate appropriate secodary sources I s t r u c t i o s 1

5 Use Moder Laguage Associatio (MLA) citatio ad documetatio style to referece secodary source material correctly ad appropriately Quote, paraphrase, ad summarize secodary source material correctly ad appropriately Use the covetios of stadard writte America Eglish to produce correct, well-writte essays COURSE MATERIALS The followig materials are part of this course: 1. This study guide, which cotais A itroductio to your course A lesso assigmets page, which outlies the study assigmets i your textbook Self-checks ad aswers to help you assess your uderstadig of the material 2. Your course textbook, Successful College Writig, which cotais your assiged readigs, as well as additioal quizzes, essay assigmets, as well as additioal quizzes ad essay assigmets. 2 Istructios to Studets

6 YOUR TEXTBOOK Your primary text for this course is Successful College Writig, 6th editio, by Kathlee T. McWhorter. Begi reviewig the text by readig the table of cotets o pages xxvii xlv. The follow the study guide for directios o required readig assigmets. Note the followig features of your text: The Quick Start features at the begiig of each chapter are short itroductios desiged to help you get a head start o the material. Make sure you work through the exercises, eve though they wo t be formally evaluated. The orgaizatio withi chapters icludes major headigs ad subheadigs that break dow each chapter s cotet ito maageable sectios. Exercises ad model essays are also importat parts of every chapter. Moder Laguage Associatio ad America Psychological Associatio (APA) style guides for citig ad documetig your research. These ca be foud begiig o page 616 i Chapter 24. A grammar hadbook that icludes iformatio ad exercises o the foudatioal elemets of writig, such as grammar, setece structure, puctuatio ad word choice. Istructios to Studets 3

7 YOUR STUDY GUIDE This study guide is iteded to help you get more out of the material i your textbook. It s ot a substitute for readig your text. The material for this course is divided ito eight lessos. Each lesso cotais oe or more assigmets. Here s a good procedure to follow: 1. Read the itroductio to each assigmet i this study guide. 2. Read the required sectios i the textbook, keepig your study guide hady as you read. If the study guide refers to a specific figure i the textbook, pay particular attetio to that item. 3. After you read the material i the textbook, retur to this study guide ad use the assigmet summaries to quiz yourself o the material you ve read. Use the headigs i the outlie to ask yourself questios. 4. Whe you feel cofidet that you uderstad the material for a particular assigmet, complete the self-check i this study guide ad compare your aswers to those give at the ed of this study guide. Do ot submit the self-checks for gradig. 5. Whe you ve completed all the assigmets for a particular lesso, review the material ad complete the examiatio, quiz, ad/or essay exam(s) for that lesso. Submit each writte project for gradig ad evaluatio as soo as you complete it. 6. Complete each lesso i this maer. 4 Istructios to Studets

8 A STUDY PLAN This study guide cotais your lesso assigmets, quizzes, exams, ad essay exams for the eight lessos you ll complete for this course. The self-checks at the ed of each assigmet will help you assess your uderstadig of the material so you ll kow whether you should move o to the ext assigmet or review the material before cotiuig. Study pace. You have a study time limit for the semester but ot oe specific to Advaced Compositio. You must pace yourself wisely through the semester s courses to meet the expiratio date, allowig sufficiet time for readig, prewritig, draftig, revisig, ad gradig. Geerally, you should allot at least two weeks for each lesso, with some takig loger tha that. You must complete each exam i the correct order. The goal of this course is to help you grow as a writer by buildig o your stregths ad improvig your weakesses with each assigmet. Therefore, this course emphasizes the process approach to writig. Ideally, you ll submit each exam, quiz, ad prewritig ad essay project i order after you ve received your evaluatio of the previous lesso, so that you ca apply the istructor s feedback to your ext writig project. You must successfully complete the prewritig exams for Lessos 6 ad 7 before you submit the essay exams. While you re waitig for evaluatios, you should begi to work o the ext lesso s assigmets. If you have other courses available for study, you may work o those materials while takig this Eglish course ad submit ay completed exams. Orgaizatio. To keep your work for this course orgaized, create clearly labeled files i your word processig program. We recommed you create a primary file folder amed Advaced Compositio. Withi that folder, create separate folders, such as Self-Checks ad Course Notes. Also create a folder for each writte exam (Lessos 5, 6, 7, ad 8), where you ll keep files of your research otes, rough drafts, ad fial draft. Establish a clear amig system for each file so you do t cofuse early drafts with your fial versio of a essay. Whe you reope a rough draft, immediately click Istructios to Studets 5

9 Save As ad add the date before further revisio. That way you wo t lose aythig you may delete but later wish you had kept. Required video lectures. There are three required videos for the course posted o your studet portal. Each video icludes iformatio that will help you to complete your assigmets successfully. Exam submissios. Use the followig guidelies whe submittig your exams: Multiple-choice quizzes ad examiatios: You ll submit your aswers for these exams olie. Writte essays ad prewritig projects (Lessos 5, 6, 7, ad 8): Uless the idividual essay or project istructios specify otherwise, papers must be typed doublespaced usig a stadard, 12-poit fot (Times New Roma or Calibri are good examples) ad left justificatio. Use 1-ich margis o all sides. Each page must have a header i the proper format, cotaiig studet ame, studet umber with exam umber, page umber, mailig address, ad address. Jae Doe Nice Street My Tow, AZ jaedoe@yahoo.com Name each documet usig your studet umber first, the the six-digit lesso umber, ad fially your ame (for example, _500504_Jae Doe). Save each as File Type: Rich Text Format regardless of the word processig program you use. Follow the istructios i the textbook o pages to esure your paper is properly formatted. Use Istructor, rather tha a istructor s ame. The course is Advaced Compositio ENG 300. Do t use headigs i the body of your paper. 6 Istructios to Studets

10 Exams ca be submitted olie from the studet portal usig the Take Exam butto ext to the lesso umber o the studet portal. Check to be sure that the documet you ve uploaded is the oe cotaiig your fial work for evaluatio. Evaluatio. Evaluatio usually occurs withi seve busiess days of receipt. Exams are scored accordig to the parameters of the exam assigmet usig the Advaced Compositio Course Rubric, which is located i the Appedix of this study guide with a complete explaatio of evaluatio criteria ad skill levels. Istructors may write feedback o both the essay ad the evaluatio chart. To read the istructor s commets, dowload the Istructor Feedback file. Be sure to save this file to your computer sice it s available o your studet portal for just a brief time. Evaluatio Process Your istructors will score each writig assigmet by applyig the rubric cotaied i this sectio to evaluate how well your work illustrates both the basic ad advaced traits of good writig i various research settigs (see Appedix). Although the basic techiques of writig are t taught i this course, you re required to produce good writig. If you re usure of somethig, retur to the textbook to fie-tue your skills. For geeral iformatio, sca your textbook s table of cotets for a chapter breakdow ad page umbers. For specific characteristics, use the textbook s idex. O the chart i the Appedix, each trait is broke ito three skill levels explaiig what writig at each level looks like ad to what extet the writig shows the listed trait. Each skill level is assiged a score that correspods to the appropriate letter grade withi the Pe Foster College gradig scale. (For iformatio about the gradig scale, see the Studet Hadbook.) As such, these scores do t represet a amout awarded from a possible rage of poits. Istead, each score value is costat. That meas if your writig exhibits the give characteristics, you automatically ear the desigated score for that trait ad skill level. Papers with icosistecies amog skill levels will be scored accordig to the middle groud. For example, you may have spelled ad puctuated everythig with excellet style but your grammar Istructios to Studets 7

11 is poor. The evaluator will average the score of high Skill Realized for Covetios with the score of low Skill Emergig for the score o Covetios. The three levels of skill assessmet are defied as follows: Skill Emergig describes writig that either does t have the trait or that lacks cotrolled, deliberate applicatio. Writig with traits at this level ears a D or a F. Skill Developig refers to writig which shows geeral competece i the trait but which lacks fiesse or depth of uderstadig i applicatio. Traits i this rage ear a low B or a C. Skill Realized idicates the writig demostrates the trait effectively ad creatively, earig a A or a high B. Whe evaluatig your paper, the istructor first reads through your essay to become familiar with its cotet ad flow. He or she the works through the essay, evaluatig both problem areas ad stregths related to the rubric. Next, he or she fills out a blak evaluatio chart idetifyig where your writig falls withi each trait, relyig o the descriptios i the Appedix to provide the full explaatio of the traits your writig displays. Cosequetly, while reviewig your evaluated exam, refer to the followig rubric. 8 Istructios to Studets

12 Thesis: Focus for Audiece ad Purpose The thesis establishes a clearly defied, aalytic focus uique to the assiged topic, purpose, ad audiece. Developmet ad Structure of Ideas i Relatio to Thesis Usig applicable patter(s) of developmet, the writer explores i depth the relatioship betwee thesis, assertio, ad evidece. The opeig egages the reader with the thesis. The body paragraphs develop the thesis i a cotrolled fashio. The discussio closes with a sese of fiality reiforcig the thesis. Icorporatio of Source Material Paraphrases, summaries, ad direct quotatios are aptly itegrated with the writer s style for the purpose ad audiece. Sources are relevat ad reliable. Overall Orgaizatio of Writig Trasitioal words ad coective phrasig guide the reader through the relatioships betwee ideas. Each paragraph cotais oe idea that supports the thesis. The supportig seteces coect to/develop the paragraph s focus. Word Choice ad Presetatio Style The writer shows a cosistet poit of view, captivatig the reader with skillful, precise laguage for the purpose ad audiece. The essay is graceful ad easy to read aloud with a atural, pleasat rhythm through varied setece legth ad structures. MLA Citatio Usig the MLA citatio style, the writer accurately documets the required umber of sources. Covetios Accordig to stadard writte America Eglish, the writer correctly applies spellig, puctuatio (icludig setece structure), ad grammar. These choices make the writig professioal ad easy to uderstad. The writig meets the required legth ad overall submissio format for the assigmet. Istructios to Studets 9

13 The istructor may provide further commets or explaatio about a particular stregth or weakess withi a trait, but primarily you ll deped o the iformatio give i your study guide. I light of that feedback, you should reexamie your paper ad review the textbook to lear ways to stregthe that trait the ext time you write. With each exam, your goal is to craft your writig more deliberately ad skillfully. Retakes. Studets are required to complete all assiged work, icludig a retake for ay first-time failig attempt o a exam. The evaluatio of ay first-time failig exam will iclude a Required Retake form. That form must the be icluded with your retake exam submissio to esure proper hadlig. If the assiged work is t provided, submissios will be evaluated accordig to the criteria but additioal poits will be deducted for ot followig the istructios. I additio, please review school policy about retakes i the Studet Hadbook (available olie). Plagiarism policy. Carefully review the plagiarism policy i the Studet Hadbook (available olie). The first submissio that departs from this policy ears a grade of 1 percet. If it s a first-time submissio, you may retake the exam (per retake procedures). A secod plagiarized submissio will ear a fial grade of 1% ad will be reported to the Academic Review Board. 10 Istructios to Studets

14 ACADEMIC SUPPORT AND ONLINE RESOURCES Pe Foster s digital library offers studets access to olie resources i all major disciplies ad courses offered at Pe Foster, as well as oe of the most comprehesive academic databases available today, Expaded Academic ASAP. Pe Foster s libraria is available to aswer questios about research ad to help studets locate resources. You ca fid the libraria i The Commuity, by usig the Cotact a Istructor lik i your studet portal, or the Ask a Libraria lik i the library. Grammarly.com is offerig discouts to Pe Foster studets who register for a year of service. For a discouted fee, Pe Foster studets have ulimited access to the Grammarly s grammar, spell, ad puctuatio check, as well as the plagiarism check. For studets who have limited experiece with research writig, Grammarly could be the helpig had you eed to egotiate the research papers i your future. To register for Grammarly, please cotact your Eglish istructor. Other Resources Other olie resources for grammar, puctuatio, setece structure, ad mechaics iclude the followig: Daily Grammar: Blue Book of Grammar ad Mechaics: Guide to Grammar ad Writig, sposored by Capital Commuity College Foudatio: Purdue Uiversity s Olie Writig Lab: Istructios to Studets 11

15 NOTES 12 Istructios to Studets

16 Lesso 1: A Review of the Writig Process For: Read i the Read i the study guide: textbook: Assigmet 1 Pages Pages Assigmet 2 Pages Pages Assigmet 3 Pages Pages Assigmet 4 Pages Pages Assigmet 5 Pages Pages Examiatio Material i Lesso 1 Lesso 2: Plaig a Research Project ad Evaluatig Sources For: Read i the Read i the study guide: textbook: Assigmet 6 Pages Pages Assigmet 7 Pages Pages Examiatio Material i Lesso 2 Lesso 3: Fidig Sources, Takig Notes, ad Sythesizig For: Read i the Read i the study guide: textbook: Assigmet 8 Pages Pages Assigmet 9 Pages Pages Assigmet 10 Pages Pages Examiatio Material i Lesso 3 A s s i g m e t s 13

17 Lesso 4: Draftig, Revisig, ad Formattig a Research Paper For: Read i the Read i the study guide: textbook: Assigmet 11 Pages Pages Assigmet 12 Pages Pages Assigmet 13 Pages Pages Assigmet 14 Pages Pages Watch the Usig ad Citig Sources Lecture Quiz RR Examiatio Material i Lesso 4 Lesso 5: Defiitio: Explaiig What You Mea For: Read i the Read i the study guide: textbook: Assigmet 15 Pages Pages , Assigmet 16 Pages Pages , Assigmet 17 Pages Pages Assigmet 18 Pages Pages Essay Examiatio: Essay: Exteded Defiitio Lesso 6: Readig ad Writig About Literature For: Read i the Read i the study guide: textbook: Assigmet 19 Pages Pages Assigmet 20 Pages Pages Assigmet 21 Pages Pages Assigmet 22 Pages Pages Watch the Figurative Laguage: Aalyzig Poetry Lecture Quiz RR Prewritig Examiatio: Prewritig: Literary Aalysis Essay Examiatio: Essay: Literary Aalysis 14 Lesso Assigmets

18 Lesso 7: Compariso ad Cotrast For: Read i the Read i the study guide: textbook: Assigmet 23 Pages Pages Assigmet 24 Pages Pages , Assigmet 25 Pages Pages Watch the Usig Compariso ad Cotrast: Aalyzig a Novel Lecture Quiz RR Prewritig Examiatio: Prewritig: Compariso ad Cotrast Essay Examiatio: Essay: Compariso ad Cotrast Note: For Lesso 7, you re required to read oe ovel that has bee tured ito a movie ad to watch that movie. The list of movies made from books is extesive ad icludes To Kill a Mockigbird, The Pricess Bride, ad Girl with a Pearl Earrig. (A short story or childre s book is t a appropriate selectio. You must read a full-legth ovel.) Lesso 8: Argumets For: Read i the Read i the study guide: textbook: Assigmet 26 Pages Pages Assigmet 27 Pages Pages Assigmet 28 Pages Pages Assigmet 29 Pages Pages Essay Examiatio: Essay: Argumet Note: To access ad complete ay of the examiatios for this study guide, click o the appropriate Take Exam ico o your studet portal. You should ot have to eter the examiatio umbers. These umbers are for referece oly if you have reaso to cotact Studet CARE. Lesso Assigmets 15

19 NOTES 16 Advaced Compositio

20 Lesso 1: A Review of the Writig Process INTRODUCTION I this sectio, you ll practice some of the basic writig skills you ve leared i other courses, such as Eglish Compositio or aother Eglish course. Because you re expected to kow how to put together balaced seteces ad cohesive paragraphs, this review wo t be teachig you how to use the basic tools of writig. Istead, it remids you to use the skills you have ad gives you some practice before askig you to put them to use i your lesso exam. I this lesso, you ll lear how to OBJECTIVES Use active readig methods to uderstad ad iterpret text ad graphics Idetify bias ad recogize the differece betwee fact ad opiio Develop effective thesis statemets ad support them with appropriate evidece Develop uified paragraphs usig supportive details Use trasitios to express coheret ideas Use methods of orgaizatio i writig, icludig topic seteces ad supportig details Apply appropriate techiques of revisio ad orgaizatio to your writig Apply the rules of stadard writte America Eglish for puctuatio ad spellig L e s s o 1 17

21 ASSIGNMENT 1: THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT TEXT AND VISUALS Read the assigmet i this study guide. The read pages i your textbook. The, test your progress usig the self-check. Itroductio As you may recall, there are two parts to the readig process. First, you must comprehed what the author says, ad secod, you must figure out what the author meas. Iterpretig the author s use of words ad their cootatios or symbolism is t always as straightforward as it may seem. No matter how scholarly a article seems, you must approach it with a critical eye. Sortig out facts ad opiios or geeralizatios ad valid coclusios comes easier with practice. You ll become more skillful i active readig the more you use it. Readig Highlights Pages Succeedig i college ad, ultimately, i your career depeds heavily o developig the skills ecessary to read ad thik critically about texts ad visuals. It s importat to uderstad what a author meas, as well as what he or she writes, to determie whether there s more goig o i a text tha meets the eye. You eed to make ifereces (reasoable guesses based o the available facts ad iformatio) to draw logical coectios betwee what the writer states ad what he or she implies. You ll eed to look closely at the available evidece, or ote whether there s o evidece to support either the author s poits or your ifereces ad decide what that meas for the iformatio he or she is attemptig to covey. You ll eed to distiguish facts from opiios to determie if you ca rely upo the author, ad aalyze his or her laguage to esure that you are t beig maipulated by cootatios, figurative laguage, euphemisms, ad doublespeak. Fially, look for ay 18 Advaced Compositio

22 geeralizatios ad assumptios the author makes. If you have doubts about the author s claims, you ll wat to check other more reliable sources. Pages This sectio offers you some helpful tips o makig sese of visuals, such as photographs or computer-geerated images, as well as charts ad graphs desiged to illustrate relatioships amog observable datasets. For most readers, iterpretig visuals poses two basic challeges. First, you may get stuck o a particularly egagig image; you ca get distracted from the flow of the writte text. Secod, you may simply ted to skip over or igore the image. Istead, you should stop, look, ad reflect o the image cosciously. The, as you study the image, reflect o its message ad how it relates to the text. Always assume that the image is there to ehace the author s arrative. Table 4.2 o page 89 of your textbook provides some helpful guidelies for aalyzig photographs. Whe it comes to graphics such as charts, graphs, or complex tables ad figures, readers may be iclied to sca the graphic without aalyzig it. That s ot a good idea. A better idea ca be illustrated by how you should read text material related to mathematics. Whe you get to a equatio, stop. Study it util you actually uderstad what it meas. Apply that same priciple to tables, charts, ad graphs. Table 4.3 o page 91 of your textbook offers a hady referece for uderstadig commo types of graphics, while Table 4.4 o page 92 provides useful guidelies for aalyzig graphics. Lesso 1 19

23 Self-Check 1 At the ed of each sectio of Advaced Compositio, you ll be asked to pause ad check your uderstadig of what you ve just read by completig a Self-Check exercise. Aswerig these questios will help you review what you ve studied so far. Please complete Self-Check 1 ow. 1. Read the followig passage from the essay Civil Disobediece, writte by Hery David Thoreau i 1849, ad aswer the followig questios. This America govermet what is it but a traditio, though a recet oe, edeavorig to trasmit itself uimpaired to posterity, but each istat losig some of its itegrity? It has ot the vitality ad force of a sigle livig ma; for a sigle ma ca bed it to his will. It is a sort of woode gu to the people themselves. But it is ot the less ecessary for this; for the people must have some complicated machiery or other, ad hear its di, to satisfy that idea of govermet which they have. Govermets show thus how successfully me ca be imposed o, eve impose o themselves, for their ow advatage. It is excellet, we must all allow. Yet this govermet ever of itself furthered ay eterprise, but by the alacrity with which it got out of its way. It does ot keep the coutry free. It does ot settle the West. It does ot educate. The character iheret i the America people has doe all that has bee accomplished; ad it would have doe somewhat more, if the govermet had ot sometimes got i its way. For govermet is a expediet by which me would fai succeed i lettig oe aother aloe; ad, as has bee said, whe it is most expediet, the govered are most let aloe by it. Trade ad commerce, if they were ot made of Idia rubber, would ever maage to bouce over the obstacles which legislators are cotiually puttig i their way; ad, if oe were to judge these me wholly by the effects of their actios, ad ot partly by their itetios, they would deserve to be classed ad puished with those mischievous persos who put obstructios o the railroads. a. What reasoable iferece ca you make about the author s opiio of the America govermet? I composig your iferece, use three adjectives that the author would use to describe America govermet. b. Which specific words or phrases i the selectio provide hits regardig his attitude toward America govermet? c. What details are particularly revealig about America govermet? 2. Complete Exercise 4.6 o page 80 of your textbook. 3. Tur to Exercise 4.7 o page 81 of your textbook ad aswer questio Complete Exercise 4.9 o page 82 of your textbook (Cotiued) 20 Advaced Compositio

24 Self-Check 1 5. Read America Jerk: Be Civil, or I'll Beat You to a Pulp o pages Complete Exercise 4.11 o page 84 of your textbook. 6. The followig topic setece is a opiio. Which oe of the aswers gives a fact that supports this topic setece? Although boxig ca be a great way to keep i shape, it s too dagerous for youg adults to pursue boxig seriously. a. Approximately fiftee to twety percet of log-term boxers experiece the disease demetia pugilistica, or puch-druk sydrome, which causes loss of memory, speech impairmets, ad difficulties i movig. b. Boxig has a log history ad was eve selected by the aciet Greeks as a Olympic evet. c. The violece of boxig makes it upleasat to watch. d. Although homicide, suicide, ad cacer are amog the leadig causes of death for America teeagers, more tees die i automobile accidets each year tha from ay other cause. 7. The followig topic setece is a opiio. Which oe of the aswers gives a fact that supports this topic setece? If you wat to get the most out of your readig, it s importat to read actively by takig otes, uderliig, ad carefully focusig o the material rather tha rushig through it. a. It s ow possible to multitask o public trasportatio, waitig at the doctor s offices, adwhile at the gym. b. A Staford study has suggested that readig with close attetio, rather tha just for pleasure, seds blood to may areas of the brai that are importat i thikig ad decisio makig. c. The oly kid of readig studets should skim is material they already uderstad. d. Some teachers recommed that studets practice quickly skimmig to determie if a bookwill be helpful for their research. Check your aswers o page 175 of this study guide. Lesso 1 21

25 ASSIGNMENT 2: DEVELOPING AND SUPPORTING A THESIS Read the assigmet i this study guide. The, read pages i your textbook. Check your progress by completig the self-check exercises. Itroductio You may recall from previous writig courses that a thesis statemet serves as a uifyig priciple for a essay or a article. It summarizes the key idea you wat to covey, highlights your approach to the topic, ad stimulates the reader to follow your thought process. It must accomplish those feats i a clear, tightly focused way, however. Otherwise, you ad your reader ca become lost i a cofusig, vague, or overly broad tagle of ideas. Readig Highlights Pages A thesis statemet is the mai poit of a essay. It tells you what the essay is about ad what the author s positio is o the chose topic. Although a thesis statemet is usually short, comprised of oe or two seteces, creatig a effective statemet typically requires a good deal of sythesizig ideas ad details that you discovered durig the prewritig process. The followig guidelies for writig effective thesis statemets ca be foud o pages Make a assertio. Be specific. Focus o a cetral poit. Offer a origial perspective o your topic. Avoid makig a aoucemet. Use the thesis to preview the orgaizatio of your essay. 22 Advaced Compositio

26 Pages A thesis must be supported by evidece; otherwise it will be cosidered a geeralizatio or opiio. There are may differet kids of evidece you ca use to back up your thesis ad give it substace. Commo types of evidece iclude examples, explaatio of a process, advatages ad disadvatages, compariso ad cotrast, historical backgroud, defiitios, ad explaatio of causes ad their effects, amog others. Study Table 6.1 o page 126, which shows you the types of evidece that ca be used to support a specific workig thesis: Namely, Acupucture, a form of alterative medicie, is becomig more widely accepted i the Uited States. Figure 6.2, o page 129, offers a example of a worksheet you might use to orgaize evidece to support your thesis. Pages Read ad aalyze the essay Iteret Addictio by Greg Beato. As you read, take ote of the strategies ad the evidece the author uses to poke fu at overblow cocers about Iteret addictio, callig attetio to expesive treatmets ad dire predictios from the 1990s, whe the Iteret was too slow to do much harm. Note also how he shifts his toe ad presets evidece that suggests that, while the likelihood of serious social problems resultig from Iteret addictio are ulikely, some form of Iteret obsessio could affect society because of the umber of people spedig so much of their lives olie. Lesso 1 23

27 Self-Check 2 1. You ve bee researchig adult illiteracy i the Uited States ad have a 14-page draft that icludes two pages about how widespread the problem is, six pages aalyzig the causes of the problem, ad six pages evaluatig possible solutios ad proposig oe you feel would be effective. Write a brief evaluatio of the appropriateess of each of the followig thesis statemets i terms of what you ve already writte. a. Adult illiteracy poses the greatest threat to America today. b. Adult illiteracy i America has may causes, but it ca be elimiated. c. How ca the problem of adult illiteracy i America be effectively addressed? d. Subsumig a myriad of causal factors, adult illiteracy maifests itself throughout cotemporary America society. 2. From the followig, choose the best workig thesis for a research paper about the impact of govermetal policies o the way hospitals provide health care. a. U.S. govermet policies o health care have chaged durig the past 20 years resultig i hospitals that curretly fuctio as oligopolies. b. U.S. govermet policies o health care differ greatly from those of Asia atios due to the differet social ad ecoomic structures uderlyig the govermet. c. U.S. govermet policies o health care should be chaged to reflect citizes curret cocers. 3. Read the followig thesis statemets ad decide whether they re effective. Mark each oe as either effective or ot effective. If the statemet is t effective, revise it to make it so. a. The America ecoomy should provide jobs, fair wages, ad police istaces of discrimiatio i hirig. b. The poit I wat to emphasize is that sex educatio i public schools ca reduce the rate of teeage pregacies. c. A healthy exercise program must be based o a perso s level of fitess. d. I leared a lot about ature from hikig. 4. Read (or reread) George Beato s essay, Iteret Addictio. The tur to page 135 ad respod to the three questios uder Aalyzig the Writer s Techique. 5. Read (or reread) George Beato s essay, Iteret Addictio. The tur to page 135 ad respod to the three questios uder Thikig Critically about the Readig. Check your aswers with those o page Advaced Compositio

28 ASSIGNMENT 3: DRAFTING AN ESSAY Read the assigmet i this study guide. The, read pages i your textbook. Check your progress by aswerig the self-check exercises. Itroductio To make a poit with your essay, you obviously must get people to read it. A strog itroductio will grab your readers attetio ad let them kow what to expect. As you make your poits, effective illustratios ca help readers follow your argumet ad ifluece their thikig toward your poit of view. Your edig should tie it all up i a coclusio that completes your argumet, reflects your thesis, ad leaves your audiece thikig. Readig Highlights Pages The itroductory sectio of this chapter examies a geeral structure of a essay. Figure 7.1 o page 139 presets a overview of the etire process of writig a essay, from prewritig to editig ad proofreadig the fial draft. Figure 7.2 o page 140 offers a graphical illustratio of the mai features of a essay, which iclude A title that states your topic i a way that geerates readers iterest A itroductio that presets your arrowed topic, states your thesis, offers backgroud, ad edeavors to capture ad hold readers iterest The body, which is typically composed of four or more paragraphs that support ad explai your thesis usig evidece A coclusio that draws your essay to a close by reaffirmig your thesis without simply restatig it Lesso 1 25

29 Pages This sectio looks at various methods of orgaizig evidece withi the body of a essay. Amog the most commo strategies are Most-to-least or least-to-most, through which evidece is preseted accordig to importace or relevace to the thesis Chroological order, i which supportig details are preseted i the order i which they occurred a orgaizatioal method ofte used i arrative essays Spatial order, ofte used i descriptive essays, presets details i terms of locatio This sectio also discusses differet ways i which you might approach creatig a outlie for your essay. Oce you ve determied the orgaizatioal method. Iformal outlies (sometimes referred to as scratch outlies) are shorthad summaries of each paragraph usig key words ad/or phrases. Formal outlies typically use umbers ad letters to orgaize paragraphs i a logical order that begis with a geeral statemet, uder which specific details are listed. Formal outlies may be composed of either seteces or topics ad subtopics. Some writers prefer to use a graphic orgaizer. A sample is preseted i Figure 7.3 o page 147. Pages This sectio examies strategies for writig a strog itroductios, effective coclusios, ad titles that preset the topic i a way that captures readers attetio ad suggests your approach. Pages Chapter 7 cocludes with two essays, which illustrate the priciples of orgaizig a essay discussed i the chapter. The Studets Write essay (pages ), No Place Left for Privacy, is the first draft of a essay by Latrisha Wilso. The process though which she established her workig thesis was covered i Chapter 6. The secod essay, Black Me ad 26 Advaced Compositio

30 Public Space, by Bret Staples (pages ), is a arrative i which the author recouts a umber of icidets i which his blackess ispired such fear that he was afraid for his ow safety, explais how he tries to set his victims at ease, ad touches o his feeligs of ager at so ofte beig mistake for a crimial. Lesso 1 27

31 Self-Check 3 Study the followig paragraph, ad the complete items 1 4. How did a hadful of Spaish coquistadors overcome a Mexica empire comprisig a populatio i the millios? The mighty, literate, ad culturally sophisticated Aztec society of Mexico may have appeared ivicible. But two factors seem paramout i their coquest. First, the Europeas had superior weapory. Secod, ad perhaps of much greater iterest, subtle cultural factors were ivolved. Aciet prophecies recorded by Aztec priests foretold the arrival of a bearded god, a icaratio of the mighty Quetzalcoatl, arrivig i the Aztec year Reed I (1516) exactly whe Herado Cortez arrived. Had Cortez bee viewed as a demoic, rather tha a divie, apparitio, superior weapory would t have saved the Spaiards from Aztec fury. Cortez took practical advatage of his temporary godliess to gather idigeous allies agaist the hated Aztecs. Meawhile, to haste the success of the Spaish coquest, both Aztecs ad their oppressed populatios bega to succumb to Europea diseases like typhoid, measles, ad cholera. 1. Does the first setece of this paragraph egage the reader? Explai your view i a few seteces. 2. Create a thesis statemet for a essay based o the paragraph. 3. Read this cocludig paragraph; the ote which two tips for writig a coclusio were used. The Spaish coquest of the Aztec Empire of Mexico was aided by oe of the great iroies of history, the myth of the retur of the bearded god Quetzalcoatl. Yet, as we revisit this terrible drama, we are remided of a broader fact ad a wider cotext: Similar tragedies still occur today whe Wester civilizatio ecroaches o aciet idigeous cultures. 4. Which oe of the followig titles would be best? Why did you reject the others? a. They Expected a God ad Got a Gradee b. Cortez ad the Prophecy that Betrayed the Aztecs c. A Empire Falls for a Fable 5. Havig read or reread the essay by Bret Staples o pages , tur to page 157. Uder Aalyzig the Writer s Techique, respod to all five items. Check your aswers with those o page Advaced Compositio

32 ASSIGNMENT 4: WRITING EFFECTIVE PARAGRAPHS Read the assigmet i this study guide. The, read pages i your textbook. Check your progress by aswerig the self-check exercises. Itroductio You ve o doubt studied paragraph writig before. However, to prepare for your writig assigmets, it wo t hurt to review the process. I some ways, the same skills used for writig paragraphs also apply to research writig. Your textbook effectively presets the steps you eed to take to write a strog paragraph (pages ). Remember, a paragraph is likely to be well crafted if it Addresses oly oe topic. The topic setece should clearly relate to ad support the thesis statemet. Develops the idea set for the topic setece by providig appropriate details icludig defiitios, aalysis, ad evidece Employs trasitios ad repetitios to help readers follow the logical flow of ideas through the paper To review paragraph structure, study Figure 8.1 o page 161. Readig Highlights Pages Keep i mid that the topic setece of a paragraph is equivalet to a thesis i a essay. Just as each topic setece should support the thesis of a essay, the supportig details ad the cocludig or trasitioal setece closig a paragraph should support the topic setece. Make sure you fully uderstad the followig priciples: Lesso 1 29

33 A topic setece should be focused. That is, it should tell the reader what the paragraph is about while expressig the author s poit of view, possibly while makig a poit about the topic. Avail yourself of the material offered i your text, ad especially the comparisos betwee focused ad ufocused topic seteces. A topic setece may be used to preview the orgaizatio of the paragraph. Agai, your text samples will help you grasp that idea. The topic setece of a paragraph should support the thesis of your essay. If it does t, you ve goe off o a taget; you ve jumped the track that should lead from your itroductio to your coclusio. A topic setece should be strategically placed. As you may kow at this poit, that meas that a topic setece is sometimes best placed early i the paragraph or eve at the ed of the paragraph. Pages To write a uified, well-developed paragraph, you must have supportig details. You ca use the process of craftig your supportig details to detect related topics that do t support your topic setece. If a detail does t support your topic, it will lead your reader astray. By the same toke, practice i writig supportig details will help you avoid geeralizatios i lieu of cocrete specific details. Keep i mid that you wat to focus o the who, what, whe, where, how, ad why of your topic. Also keep i mid that cocrete examples ad illustratios are more likely to keep your reader egaged. Be sure to study the five tips for writig cocrete specific details o pages of your text. 30 Advaced Compositio

34 Pages Good writig should flow. Oe paragraph should lead comfortably ad logically to the ext paragraph. A good example is a well-writte ad well-directed screeplay. I a well-edited movie, trasitios allow the viewer to follow the plot. The ext time you watch a movie, study the way oe scee is crafted to lead ito the ext. Are you able to follow the actio smoothly or does it leave you cofused? Effective trasitios will keep your reader egaged with your topic. Study the list of commoly used trasitios o page 169 i your textbook to match types of prose coectios with useful ad appropriate trasitios. This sectio icludes a draft of The Value of Voluteerig, a essay by Robi Ferguso, o pages Study it to see how effectively Ferguso uses trasitios ad repetitios. Lesso 1 31

35 Self-Check 4 Revise each of the followig seteces usig the specified guidelie. 1. Use who, what, whe, where, ad how questios: Bats hut at ight because they have builti soar. 2. Name people, places, or objects: Waitig for the bus, my brother stood at the corer holdig a furled umbrella. 3. Use active verbs: Seeig the taxi pull up outside, Mirada wet to the door to greet her husbad. 4. Use descriptive laguage that appeals to the seses: I ejoy the view from Walker Poit. Read the followig paragraph; the aswer questios 5 8 usig the setece umbers give i the istructios. (1) The two primary schools of behavioral psychology are classical coditioig ad operat coditioig. (2) There are three keys to uderstadig these perspectives. (3) First, both perspectives focus o behavior, ot cosciousess, thoughts, or subjective feeligs. (4) Secod, both perspectives aim at ways to chage or modify a subject s behavior. (5) Third, both perspectives attempt to predict future behaviors based o providig specific techiques for modifyig preset behavior. (6) A key to uderstadig ad differetiatig the two schools of behaviorism is recogizig that both classical coditioig ad operat coditioig are based o a few basic cocepts. (7) These cocepts, such as coditioed respose, operat, or partial reiforcemet, must be carefully leared. (8) Oce they are, you ll be fairly well iformed about how behaviorists view huma behavior ad how they coduct their research. 5. List the trasitioal expressios used i seteces 3, 4, ad Describe the type of coectio these terms provide i the seteces. 7. Write a summary that codeses these three seteces ito a sigle setece. Remove or add words as ecessary. 8. Expad setece 8 to summarize the cotet of the paragraph. Check your aswers with those o page Advaced Compositio

36 ASSIGNMENT 5: REVISING CONTENT AND ORGANIZATION Read the followig assigmet. The read pages i your textbook. To gauge your progress, complete the self-check. Itroductio Mark Twai oce said, The time to begi writig a article is whe you have fiished it to your satisfactio. By that time you begi to clearly ad logically perceive what it is you really wat to say. He was t kiddig. Researchig ad writig a essay is a process of discovery that begis whe you choose your topic ad does t ed util you ve revealed to your reader what you ve leared. It s oly after you read your fiished paper that you kow whether you ve succeeded. Readig Highlights Pages While researchig ad draftig your paper seem to be the most time-cosumig tasks, make sure you do t rush through the revisio process. If you look at Figure 9.1 o page 175, A Overview of the Writig Process, you ll see that much aalysis ad reworkig is i order. If you let your paper rest for a day or two, you may discover o the first readig that your coclusio does t match your thesis. You may also fid that your orgaizatio or trasitios eed work or that you eed more detail to support a area. Fixig these flaws takes time, ad sometimes eve additioal research, so allow at least a week to thoroughly aalyze ad revise your paper. Pages This sectio briefly examies some useful techiques of revisio. While they may be familiar to you, you may ot have tried all of them. Give particular attetio to the followig poits. Lesso 1 33

37 Allow your draft to rest before you read it for revisio, so you ll see it with fresh eyes. Read your draft aloud to get the sese of its flow ad coherece. If you stumble or ca t follow the logic, it eeds rewritig. Prit or type your draft. Workig with a hard copy makes it easier to appraise the writig objectively. Draw a graphic orgaizer (see the sample o page 177) or outlie. Pages Askig key questios will give you a clear picture of whether your essay eeds mior or major revisio. Use a flowchart like the oe i Figure 9.3 o page 179 to aalyze your paragraphs ad your essay as a whole to list revisios you eed to make. The followig are some further suggestios for reviewig poits of aalysis: Write a setece or two describig your audiece ad make sure all the elemets of your paper address that group. State the purpose of your paper i a sigle setece; a carefully crafted thesis statemet should have summed up that purpose. Make sure your title, itroductio, ad coclusio effectively address your thesis. Use a flowchart like the oe show i Figure 9.4 o page 181 to evaluate your etire essay. Please ote Pe Foster s Code of Coduct, Academic Dishoesty, ad Plagiarism policies. Review your studet hadbook before you share your work with aother studet. Pages This sectio is cocered with fidig a good reviewer who ca give feedback o your writig. If you re studyig at home, you wo t have classmates with whom to get together ad read assigmets, but if you have cotact with fellow studets, you may wat to etwork with them that way. Otherwise, ask a family member or fried to read ad review your essay usig the questios ad suggestios listed i these pages as a guide. Oce agai, evaluate each of your paragraphs usig the flowchart o page Advaced Compositio

38 Pages This sectio o usig your istructor s commets icludes the rough draft of a essay about guerilla street art. It s marked up by highlights liked to editorial commets. Oce you ve read the rough draft ad commets, study the six tips o pages to thik about how to use a istructor s commets to improve your essays. Page 187 This sectio provides some helpful commets about cosiderig your learig style. To assess your learig style, read pages of Chapter 2. Pages Uder the Studets Write sectio, you ll cosider the revisios Latrisha Wilso adopted to improve her essay, No Place Left for Privacy. She used a graphic orgaizer for that purpose, so you ll wat to study Figure 9.6 o pages to see just what she revised ad why. You ll the take a guided tour through Ms. Wilso s fial draft. Editig ad Proofreadig for C ovetios All areas of life operate accordig to certai codes or rules. Readers expect academic essays to reflect the rules or covetios goverig such writig. Whe a writer fails to polish a paper so it follows these customs, readers will ot oly be disappoited but also will lose cofidece i the writer, ad they may ot uderstad what the writer is tryig to commuicate. The covetios of writig iclude correct ad appropriate grammar, dictio, puctuatio, capitalizatio, setece structure, ad spellig. For this course, your papers must follow the covetios of stadard America Eglish. If you eed to refresh your uderstadig of these covetios, make use of the various resources available to you. Part 7 of your textbook (pages ) provides a useful referece to commo grammatical ad puctuatio questios. Lesso 1 35

39 You may also refer back to the academic support ad olie resources o pages of this study guide. Liks to other applicable websites are available at the Library Services lik o your studet page. Before movig o to Lesso 2, please complete the examiatio for Lesso 1. Self-Check 5 1. Complete exercise 9.1 o page 186 of your textbook. 2. I Workig Together o page 193, respod to all five questios. Check your aswers with those o page Advaced Compositio

40 Lesso 2: Plaig a Research Paper ad Evaluatig Sources INTRODUCTION The writer Isaac Asimov is said to have writte may of his popular-sciece books without doig ay research. But Asimov was a professor of biochemistry ad vice presidet of Mesa Iteratioal, a orgaizatio for people with exceptioally high itelligece. While most of us use the reservoir of kowledge ad experiece i our mids whe we write, it s ulikely that the average perso ca write competetly ad extesively usig oly that metal filig cabiet. Eve if you thik you kow somethig for example, a quote you memorized log ago whe you check it agaist the origial, it may ot be precisely as you remembered it. That s why we use sources to check, ad while we re checkig, we may fid additioal iformatio that s relevat to our topics. Research papers are t busy work. You ll lear ot oly how to thik, write, ad orgaize, but also how to pay attetio to detail, commuicate your ideas to others, ad fid support for your ideas. The skills used i developig a research paper are all trasferable to the job market. OBJECTIVES Whe you complete this lesso, you ll be able to Develop a feasible topic Describe techiques for choosig ad arrowig a topic Frame useful research questios Establish a workig thesis statemet Explai the differece betwee primary ad secodary sources Evaluate the relevace ad reliability of sources Read actively ad critically to aalyze sources L e s s o 2 37

41 ASSIGNMENT 6: USING SOURCES AND PLANNING YOUR RESEARCH PROJECT Read the followig assigmet. The read pages i your textbook. Be sure to complete the self-check to gauge your progress. Itroductio People i ay society deped o each other for susteace of all kids. That s defiitely true i the world of scholars. Those who acquire ad express ideas through the writte word rely o may resources, ad they uderstad the eed to ackowledge the work of other thikers ad writers. Like Isaac Asimov, they may have assimilated a lot of geeral kowledge ad made coclusios of their ow; but aytime a writer borrows ideas or words directly from aother perso, that perso must be cited as the source for those ideas. Complete freedom to choose a topic might make the job of plaig a research paper harder, ot easier. A writig assigmet will usually be accompaied by some limits to work withi ad some descriptio of what s expected, so begi plaig your paper by defiig the assigmet. First, thik about the objective of the paper. A good place to start is with the verbs what are they askig you to do? Verbs like describe, persuade or covice, or compare ad cotrast tell you what you eed to accomplish with the paper, as well as what primary patter of developmet to apply. Oce you have your objective clearly i mid, you ll be able to explore appropriate sources. Readig HIghlights Pages Whe should you use sources to fid iformatio you do t kow? The simple aswer is whe they help you achieve your purpose with your audiece. I most cases, makig a poit 38 Advaced Compositio

42 ad drawig a coclusio require iformatio ad examples. You ll also eed to use sources to tur geeral statemets ito compellig specific bits of iformatio. Depedig o the ature of your essay, sources are also used to provide historical backgroud, cotext, or techical iformatio, as well as to support opiios with facts. Explorig differet sources ca also help you to sythesize your ideas, uderstad your topic i more detail, ad discover cotrastig poits of view that might led fresh isight to your thesis. Review Figure 22.1 o page 559, which shows you the steps ivolved i writig a paper usig sources. This chapter s skills are outlied i detail. The basic steps i selectig, arrowig, ad discoverig ideas for a research topic are similar to methods used i ay other essay writig. They iclude prelimiary readig, prewritig, ad viewig your topic from differet perspectives. Pages I this sectio, you ll study five practical guidelies for choosig a appealig ad feasible topic. Cosider what these recommedatios mea to you. After defiig the assigmet, ad perhaps above all, it makes sese to choose a topic that iterests you. However, i actual experiece, some topics may seem iterestig at first glace but the seem less iterestig as you lear more. I other cases, a radom idea or topic may catch your attetio while you re explorig o the Iteret or i a olie catalog at the library. That s why seekig out a iterestig topic requires a ope mid, as the followig sceario shows. Thik through it carefully, because it will reappear as this lesso proceeds. Suppose your compositio teacher requires you to develop a paper with some coectio to Cetral Africa, leavig the details to your iterests. You re iterested i what motivated Joseph Corad whe he wrote The Heart of Darkess. The ovel cotrasts the metality of Westerers to the apparetly radom savagery of Cetral Africa, where ature seems to overwhelm the order ad reaso of civilizatio. You do some Iteret searchig, but as you do, you fid that Eglish graduate studets ad scholars of all kids have writte Lesso 2 39

43 moutais of material o this topic. Not oly would the topic be umaageable, it s also ulikely that you could come up with a fresh perspective o the topic. However, you do fid that the film Apocalypse Now is based o Corad s book. Now you may be o to somethig. But soo the same problem arises. You ll have to kow Corad literary criticism iside out to write aythig fresh ad egagig about the film. So your search cotiues. The, skimmig a page o Cetral Africa, you discover that civil war ad mass murder i the Democratic Republic of Cogo (DRC) (formerly Zaire) ivolve iteratioal corporate iterest i a mieral called columbite-tatalite, popularly kow as colta. You ve ever heard of colta, but a quick Iteret search reveals that colta is essetial to the productio of cell phoes ad other electroic products. Quickly searchig some more, you fid that the topic yields sources, the topic is fresh ad curret (but ot too ew, sice there s iformatio available), ad it seems maageable. As you kow, a reasoed approach to arrowig ad discoverig ideas about a topic is prelimiary readig, prewritig, ad viewig your topic from differet perspectives. You re iterested i the colta issue, ad so far, i your prelimiary readig, you ve uearthed the followig facts: Colta is a mieral that combies iobium ad tatalum. Tatalum is a rare metal that s a crucial compoet of the trasistors used i cell phoes ad i some other techological cotexts. As the demad for colta has soared, so has its price i iteratioal markets. Roughly 80 percet of the global supply of colta is foud i the far easter highlad regios of the Democratic Republic of Cogo. The Democratic Republic of Cogo is the third-largest Africa atio. Its capital, Kishasa, is ear the mouth of the Cogo River, far to the west of the highlad regio. 40 Advaced Compositio

44 The govermet cetered at Kishasa oversees a lad of poverty ad political corruptio. The colta miig regio borders Ugada, Rwada, ad Burudi. A brutal civil war, characterized by rape, torture, ad radom murder, disrupts the etire colta miig regio. The violece of the civil war is strogly related to the smugglig of colta from the DRC. Iteratioal iterests, out of Belgium ad other atios, will buy the colta wherever they ca get it. Efforts by the Uited Natios ad other atios to cotai the violece have had little or o success. The miig is creatig extesive evirometal destructio. The habitat of the edagered Easter Lowlad Gorilla is beig destroyed by the miig operatios. At this poit, you ca thik about differet perspectives o the geeral topic of colta miig. Differet poits of view ad, therefore, differet arrowed topics ca be explored by usig research questios. For example, What s the history of Wester coloialism i this regio? What are the uses of colta? What cultural ad sociological impacts does colta miig brig about? What s the ecoomic importace of colta locally ad globally? Who beefits from the use of colta? What s the evirometal impact of colta miig? What parties are resposible for colta smugglig, ad how are they ivolved i the civil war (to what advatage)? Lesso 2 41

45 Clearly, addressig all of those aspects of the colta issue would be umaageable withi the limits of a relatively brief research paper. You ll eed to create a workig thesis that helps you arrow your topic. Reviewig all of your questios, you decide to cocetrate o the evirometal issue. You write, Regioal coflicts i Africa are threateig the last habitat of the rare Easter Lowlad Gorilla. To develop this thesis, you have to cofie yourself to summarizig the colta issue while focusig o the Easter Lowlad Gorilla ad its threateed habitat. Now you eed ew research questios for your arrowed topic. They might iclude What s the Easter Lowlad Gorilla s habitat like? How is the miig affectig it? How log has the habitat destructio bee goig o? Ca the damage be reversed? How else ca the gorillas be protected? 42 Advaced Compositio

46 Self-Check 6 Use this backgroud material to complete the self-check. Keep your aswers i a selfcheck file or a separate otebook. Accordig to Queeslad s Evirometal Protectio Agecy, more tha 90 percet of the species that have existed o Earth are ow extict. Natural habitats ad particular species have bee affected by huma activity, sometimes leadig to the extictio of a species (biso, moutai lios, ad gray wolves are early wiped out). Over millios of years, may species died out whe they could t adapt to a eviromet altered by climate chage. Natural selectio is the process by which species develop traits favorable to survival withi a particular habitat. 1. Review the material about usig questioig to explore your topic from differet perspectives uder Try Prewritig o pages Narrow the topic extictio of aimal species by listig oe or more questios each from the perspective of biology, geology, history, ad ecoomy. 2. After reviewig the material o pages , create a workig thesis ad at least three research questios to address oe of the perspectives further. Check your aswers with those o page 183. Lesso 2 43

47 ASSIGNMENT 7: CONSIDERING SOURCE TYPES AND EVALUATING SOURCES Read the followig assigmet. The read pages i your textbook. Be sure to complete the self-check to gauge your progress. PENN FOSTER Virtual Library The school s library provides access to may prit sources olie through the Expaded Academic ASAP periodical database. Use the library lik from your homepage at the school s website. Itroductio Before you begi your search for sources, make sure you have a copy of your workig thesis ad your research questios i frot of you. Refer to it each time you locate a potetial source, ad make sure it s relevat to your topic before you prit or copy ay articles or borrow ay books. While you may ot wat to take time to thoroughly read each piece, at least look i a book s idex or table of cotets to see if your topic is covered ad sca ay item you believe you eed. The iformatio you fid might be a repetitio of somethig you already have, it may be out of date, or it may be too geeral for your eeds. Select oly those sources that you re likely to use before closely readig the source. A Iteret search egie may be your favorite place to fid iformatio quickly, but do t deped too heavily o the articles you fid there. A lot of the best, i-depth iformatio for a research paper is foud oly i prit sources. Make sure you cosult your library s search egie the referece libraria. He or she ca show you where to fid excellet sources olie as well as i prit. Make a poit of choosig at least a few prit sources, particularly whe you eed primary sources. 44 Advaced Compositio

48 Readig Highlights Pages The sources you select for your research will fall ito two distict categories. Primary sources come from the horse s mouth. That is, the iformatio is available i a first-perso documet or recordig, rather tha a quote or iterpretatio by aother perso. Such sources are cosidered extremely reliable. Primary sources iclude letters, ovels, speeches, diaries, the writigs of scietists ad philosophers, ad may other types of text or records. It may be a persoal accout of a battle or a iterview with a celebrity. The followig are some examples of primary sources: A letter from James Madiso to his wife Dolley Abraham Licol s secod iaugural address Nietee Eighty-Four, a ovel by George Orwell A diary kept by a soldier durig the Korea War The poetry of Emily Dickiso A radio broadcast from a reporter observig the destructio of the Hideburg Albert Eistei s published papers o the special theory of relativity Secodary sources either support or commet o primary sources. They may serve your purpose better tha primary sources if you re lookig for authority to back up a argumet. If a origial mauscript of a play is the primary source, the a critical essay discussig the work is the secodary source. A author iterested i the life of Samuel Adams would cosult as may primary sources (actual writigs by Adams himself) as he or she could before writig a biography of Adams. If you used the resultig biography as a source for your paper, that would be a secodary source. The author may have quoted the primary sources ad collected facts from them, but he or she also wet o to iterpret ad draw coclusios from the material. Lesso 2 45

49 Eve whe usig primary sources, you must be careful of traslatios. For example, Plato s dialogues have bee traslated differetly by differet scholars; Emily Dickiso s poems were arbitrarily edited i early editios. You may have to do further research to determie the professioal reputatio of the traslator or editor. Also be careful with websites; it s ofte difficult to verify the credetials of a website s author(s). The followig are examples of secodary sources: Ke Burs documetary, The Civil War A Ecyclopedia Britaica article o Freud s theories Rome: The Biography of a City by Christopher Hibbert Sources ca also be categorized by type. Scholarly sources, for example, iclude articles ad books writte by academics ad scietific researchers. Referece works are compilatios of facts, data, ad other sorts of iformatio, amog which ca be cosidered ecyclopedias, dictioaries ad thesauruses. Popular sources ecompass a wide rage of materials, such as ewspapers, magazies, ad geeral iterest works of ofictio. Table 22.1 o page 568 offers a hady compariso betwee scholarly jourals ad popular sources. Page 569 Whe is a source relevat? Use commo sese. If the source helps you aswer oe of your research questios, it s relevat. But remember to cosider your audiece, your thesis, ad the timeliess of your source. Your audiece ad your purpose the way you ited to develop your thesis will affect the sources ad iformatio you choose to review ad to iclude i your paper. Suppose you re lookig at the pros ad cos of DNA testig i crime ivestigatios. A scietific work i populatio geetics might be too techical for your audiece. A maistream magazie article o how DNA testig is used i ovels or televisio programs may be biased ad misleadig. Your most relevat sources will be articles from law eforcemet agecies or civil rights orgaizatios that focus o this issue. 46 Advaced Compositio

50 Also remember that the world chages quickly, particularly i respect to techology. Whe evaluatig a source, you may fid that it s simply out of date. O the other had, older sources may be helpful if you re researchig the historical backgroud of a issue. Pages How ca you decide if a source is reliable? Your text offers you four guidelies. I geeral, scholarly sources are more factual ad balaced tha geeral-iterest sources. Some ews sources are cosidered reliable the New York Times has a better reputatio tha a supermarket tabloid, ad a website that eds i.edu is more reliable tha a blog. A good source ames the author, so you ca check his or her credetials. But eve amog scietists ad scholars, judgmets ad opiios differ. You may have to check facts ad other opiios to tell whether a article is biased, but be aware of your ow biases, too. The techiques for evaluatig Iteret sources are t much differet from those used for evaluatig prit sources. The mai differece is that the accuracy, purpose, ad timeliess of Iteret sources ca be somewhat difficult to evaluate. If you ca t verify a fact or a site s credibility, it s best ot to use it. Pages Whe reviewig sources for a research paper, you ll eed to examie them critically, usig may of the same techiques for aalyzig writig that you reviewed i Lesso 1. For example, you ll eed to distiguish betwee fact ad opiio ad examie the source author s use of laguage. Look for geeralizatios, assumptios, ad omissios, ad scrutiize the material for sigs of bias, which may ot be immediately apparet. Before movig o to Lesso 3, please complete the examiatio for Lesso 2. Lesso 2 47

51 Self-Check 7 1. Write a brief paragraph differetiatig primary ad secodary sources, ad give oe example of each. The, i a secod paragraph, describe the advatages ad disadvatages of secodary sources. 2. I a paragraph, explai the differece betwee relevat ad reliable sources to support the thesis of a research paper or essay. Use examples to support your ideas. 3. List three questios you could use to evaluate the accuracy of a Iteret source. 4. Which of the followig will probably cotai the most objective data? a. A report with charts documetig hourly wage rates by a occupatioal group b. A memoir about workig i a coal mie c. A editorial i the Washigto Post d. A letter rebuttig a article i a medical joural 5. You may cosider a article from a Iteret source reliable if the article a. first appeared i a prit source or publicatio. b. cotais the author s ame ad the publicatio date. c. provides documeted iformatio. d. is published by a atioal associatio. 6. Label each of the followig statemets as fact (F), opiio (O), or expert opiio (EO). a. A Gallup poll idicated that 60 percet of respodets agree that it s better to marry someoe who shares similar iterests. b. Accordig to Dr. Howard Garder of Harvard Uiversity, there are at least eight differet kids of itelligece. c. The Great Smoky Moutais of Teessee offer usurpassed opportuities for ladscape photography. d. The attetio spa of adults is about 20 miutes. e. Dever, the so-called Mile-High City, is the site of a U.S. govermet mit. (Cotiued) 48 Advaced Compositio

52 Self-Check 7 7. Label each of the followig as fact (F) or geeralizatio (G). Explai your choice, ad idicate what kid of support or documetatio would be ecessary for you to evaluate each statemet s accuracy. a. Most people who live i Sa Fracisco hold far-left political views. b. Jupiter s atmosphere is rich i methae. c. People i may atios opposed the ivasio of Iraq. d. The average summer temperature i Seattle is 72 degrees Fahreheit. 8. I oe or two short paragraphs, idetify ad explai what assumptio or assumptios you fid i the followig paragraph. I love ma as my fellow; but his scepter, real or usurped, exteds ot to me, uless the reaso of a idividual demads my homage; ad eve the the submissio is to reaso, ad ot to ma. I fact, the coduct of a accoutable beig must be regulated by the operatios of its ow reaso; or o what foudatio rests the throe of God? Mary Wollstoecraft ( ), excerpt from A Vidicatio of the Rights of Wome (Secod Revised Editio, 1792) Check your aswers with those o page 184. Lesso 2 49

53 NOTES 50 Advaced Compositio

54 Lesso 3: Fidig Sources, Takig Notes, ad Sythesizig INTRODUCTION May studets have bee traied to thik that the first thig they eed to do whe they have a research assigmet is to visit libraries, log oto the Iteret, or iterview other people i search of iformatio. But you yourself are a importat source of iformatio i fact, you should be the first source of ideas for your research project. No matter what subject or topic you re researchig, you probably have some kowledge or ideas about it. That s why we covered the various ways to geerate ideas, cosider differet perspectives from which to view topics, ad develop research questios all before you looked for ay source material. This lesso guides you through the ext phase of the process locatig, choosig, ad usig sources to develop ad support your arrowed topic (your workig thesis). We begi at the library, a resource ofte eglected today because Google searches are so easy. For a academic research paper, however, the library is your most essetial tool ad should act as the startig poit for your search process. Use your local library (ad, i particular, the referece libraria) as well as virtual libraries, such as the college s library (click the Library Services lik o your studet page) or others icludig the followig sites: Iteret Public Library: The WWW Virtual Library: L e s s o 3 51

55 OBJECTIVES Whe you complete this lesso, you ll be able to Use keywords, library catalogs, databases, ad periodical idexes to locate sources i the library Locate ad evaluate sources o the Iteret Take effective otes from sources Explai techiques for gatherig citatio iformatio Correctly paraphrase iformatio take from sources Properly icorporate direct quotatios Explai how to sythesize iformatio from sources Discuss approaches to field research ASSIGNMENT 8: USING LIBRARY SOURCES Read the followig assigmet. The read pages i your textbook. Be sure to complete the self-check to gauge your progress. Readig Highlights Pages The best way to lear your way aroud a library is to take a actual tour of the library. Ask for a map or floor pla at the circulatio desk. Take some time to look aroud. Locate the stacks, the periodical sectio, ad the microfiche ad microfilm resources. Talk to the referece librarias about the types of resources they offer. Ask about the library s website ad how to lik to the library catalog or databases to which the library subscribes. You might eve take a tour of the library s website. Figure 23.2 shows a example of a uiversity library home page. Be sure to study Figure 23.1 o page 575. It will guide you through the steps ivolved i researchig your topic. Carefully study the material uder A Overview of Library Sources. Refer to it ofte as you lear to locate useful library sources. 52 Advaced Compositio

56 Pages Quite ofte, library resources such as catalogs ad jourals are located o databases. To search efficietly, remember to use keywords to access iformatio i a database of ay kid. Suppose you eter the word Napoleo ito a computer liked to a database ad click Go or Search. The keyword will brig up a list of resources that cotai the word Napoleo probably hudreds or thousads of them. If you ve already arrowed your topic, add the area of your focus, such as uificatio or Napoleoic Code, to limit the umber of sources to those most likely to be useful. Each database liks keywords to subject matter i differet ways; your readig will help you uderstad some of those differeces. I geeral, keywords are words or phrases related to your topic. If you ve used search egies like Google or Yahoo, you re already familiar with the cocept. You ll eed to keep i mid that library resource databases ofte categorize iformatio uder subject headigs. The issue here for a researcher is the fact that subject headigs, like substace abuse or fiacial services, may be quite distat from keywords you might use to look for iformatio o a Iteret search egie. Whe iformatio is arraged uder subject headigs, you might wat to use a strategy suggested i your text. For example, if your topic is the causes of residetial segregatio, you could look eter key words or subject headigs like urba racial segregatio, mortgage red-liig, or urba reewal. Whe searchig databases for topics or sources, it helps to be familiar with Boolea operators. Boolea searches use words like ad, ot, ad or to limit or expad search results to focus or broade your search. Referece librarias are experts i the use of Boolea operators, so ask them to show you how it s doe. Lesso 3 53

57 Pages You ca use a library catalog to locate books ad, i may cases, periodicals, ewspapers, govermet documets, ad electroic sources (websites). The illustratios i Figures 23.3 ad 23.4 o pages 580 ad 581 of your textbook show sample search pages ad search results. However, your library s format ad procedures for accessig the library s catalog may differ. Check the meus o the moitor scree to help you get started, but always ask for help if you do t kow how to begi or ca t fid what you wat o the meus. Libraries may subscribe to both geeral ad specialized databases. The former, such as Academic Search Complete, offers access to the full text of thousads of articles o a wide rage of subjects. You have access to several databases through the Library Services lik o your studet portal. Specialized periodical idexes ad abstracts geerally list techical ad academic articles withi a specific academic disciplie, such as art history, biology, or educatio. Etries are usually accompaied by a abstract, which provides a useful summary of the article alog with other pertiet iformatio. Full-text articles may be directly accessed if they re offered i HTML. Articles i PDF files require Adobe Acrobat Reader or similar programs to view or prit the material. Make sure you have this free dowload o your computer. Referece books iclude geeral-iterest ecyclopedias, specialized ecyclopedias, dictioaries, specialized dictioaries, atlases, ad almaacs. If you wat to look up a fact, read a cocise discussio of the history of a topic, or fid basic backgroud iformatio, use a referece book. I additio to referece books for the geeral reader, specialized referece books offer more academic ad detailed discussios. 54 Advaced Compositio

58 Self-Check 8 1. Access ad study the homepage. The aswer these questios. a. Where are Virgiia Tech Exteded Campus facilities located? b. Click the Libraries lik at the top of the page (there s aother oe at the bottom of the page, as well). This will take you to a slightly differet page, o which you ll fid a search box. Click the Addiso tab. Select Author from the Keyword drop-dow meu. The eter Freud, Sigmud ad click Search. You ll ope a list of sources for Sigmud Freud. Scroll dow to the book Civilizatio ad Its Discotets. Where is it located i the Newma Library? What is this book s call umber? Who traslated ad edited this work, ad who was the publisher? c. Click o the lik for this etry. Explore the iformatio available i this area. What are the subject categories for this book? Check your aswers with those o page 186. Lesso 3 55

59 ASSIGNMENT 9: INTERNET RESEARCH AND FIELD RESEARCH Read the followig assigmet. The read pages i Chapter 22 of your textbook. Be sure to complete the selfcheck to gauge your progress. Itroductio Electroic media have radically trasformed the way people trasmit, store, ad access iformatio. You re probably familiar with the Iteret ad sites like Twitter ad YouTube. However, this assigmet will show you how to locate Iteret sources you ca use to write a serious essay or a research report. Iteret sources iclude listservs, ewsgroups, ad the web. While much of this material may soud familiar, readig it ca help you uderstad more about the Iteret ad how to fid your way aroud. Readig Highlights Pages Coutries have extesios, such as.uk for the Uited Kigdom ad.jp for Japa. For some purposes, the website s coutry of origi may be a factor i how useful it is. The Web was origially desiged to allow scietists ad academics to share iformatio. Today, the Web liks millios of websites across the globe ad facilitates quick commuicatio, commerce, ad iformatio access. Websites are accessed through olie web browsers, such as Firefox, Microsoft Iteret Explorer, or Google Chrome. Each website is idetified by a uiform resource locator (URL) with three parts Part 1, http, stads for hypertext trasfer protocol ad will be a part of most Web addresses. Part 2 idetifies the server where the website is hosted. Opeig it should lead to a site s homepage. Part 3 idetifies a cyber-path to the locatio of a particular web page. 56 Advaced Compositio

60 Part 2 is the key elemet to examie. It idetifies the server where the site s iformatio is stored ad explais extesios the tag that idetifies the type of etity publishig the site. For research purposes,.edu ad.gov are usually the most reliable, although reputable ews, medical, ad busiess orgaizatios may have a differet tag, such as.org or.com. You must be more careful with those, because some may cotai seriously slated iformatio. If you access them, read the cotet carefully ad critically to determie their worth to your topic. Be sure to ote the list of search egies o page 582, alog with hady tips o how to use keywords. Keep i mid that differet search egies ofte provide differet resposes to key words. For that reaso, it may make sese to check out keyword resposes o more tha oe search egie. Locatig useful Iteret sources demads care ad good judgmet. Because some of the material o the Web is iaccurate, biased, iveted, or merely etertaiig, you must make a effort to idetify authoritative websites. Whe you fid good sites, you ca bookmark them, but remember to keep a separate list of the sites from which you copied or prited iformatio for your i-text citatios ad works-cited page. Review the lists of ews sites ad govermet documet sites o pages , which ca be hady startig poits for research. Page 583 Listservs ad ewsgroups coect groups of people through particular servers. College listservs, for example, may iform faculty members of the Biochemistry Departmet about upcomig evets, grade deadlies, ad so o. Newsgroups may serve as discussio forums amog people, such as the editorial staff of a daily ewspaper or the sales represetatives of a compay or idustry. Pages For may writers, field research yields results that ca t be foud i published sources. This sectio examies the proper techiques of three forms of field research: iterviews, surveys, ad direct field observatio. Lesso 3 57

61 Self-Check 9 Questios 1 7: Idicate whether the questios are true or false. 1. A article i Reader s Digest o carpal tuel sydrome, writte by a chef who has the ailmet, is a accurate source for a paper o carpal tuel. 2. Iformatio foud o a.gov website is likely to be accurate. 3. Ay iformatio published o the Web udergoes a striget review process. 4. A website called is probably ot a reliable source for factual iformatio. 5. All iformatio foud o the Web has a author listed. 6. A article by the Natioal Rifle Associatio o the importace of gu owership will probably preset all sides of the issue. 7. A book writte i 1988 discussig demographics i Chia is likely to be the most appropriate source for a paper o the 2003 SARS disease outbreak. To aswer the followig questios, imagie that you ve bee assiged a art history paper o female artists i history, ad you chose Artemisia Getileschi, bor i Rome i To lear more about Artemisia, choose a search egie ad type i her ame. Explore at least three websites that are, i your judgmet, reliable for this assigmet. Look for both biographical iformatio ad examples of her work, ad the aswer the followig questios. 8. Who was Artemisia s first art teacher? 9. What was the ame of her first dated ad siged paitig? 10. What evet scarred her life whe she was 19 years old? 11. Which of her paitigs is cosidered a reactio to that evet? 12. Other tha Orazio, which baroque artist s ifluece is see i Artemisia s work? 13. What criteria did you use to choose reliable websites? Check your aswers with those o page Advaced Compositio

62 ASSIGNMENT 10: WORKING WITH SOURCES Read the followig assigmet. The read pages i Chapter 22 of your textbook. Be sure to complete the selfcheck to gauge your progress. Itroductio I this sectio, you ll study techiques for gatherig citatio iformatio from sources, takig otes, paraphrasig, recordig direct quotatios, evaluatig ad sythesizig your sources, ad writig a aotated bibliography. You ll also lear what costitutes plagiarism ad how to use sources ethically ad resposibly. Learig the art of correct paraphrasig ad the procedures for usig a direct quotatio are crucial to writig a research report or a thoughtful essay, so make careful otes o these procedures. Readig Highlights Pages Extractig iformatio from sources must be systematic. Some people prefer usig idex cards (see Figure 23.5 o page 587 for a example). Others create computer files orgaized for takig otes, writig out quotatios, ad makig commets. Still others may take advatage of computer-based citatio (or referece maagers). Keep i mid that the advatage of ote cards is that you ca arrage them accordig to the poits you wish to make, ad they ca be easily rearraged if you fid somethig ew ad worthwhile toward the ed of your search for iformatio. But whichever method you choose, be sure to mark each page with its source, both for citatio purposes ad i case you have to revisit the material for additioal iformatio. Aother possibility is pritig or photocopyig material ad the uderliig ad writig margi otes directly o the copies. Aotatios are a importat step toward beig able to sythesize sources ad draw coclusios of your ow Lesso 3 59

63 about your topic. I may ways, a persoal commet is a type of freewritig. Whe a bit of iformatio captures your attetio, you eed to write dow the coectio to your arrowed topic ad your thoughts while they re fresh. Fially, such aotatio helps you put your ideas together as you go, thereby providig a great deal of the writig eeded for your paper. Just be sure you keep careful track of which ideas ad iformatio come from sources ad which are your ow persoal commets. Page 588 Whe you take iformatio from sources, you ll ote it i oe of the followig ways, each of which must iclude correct documetatio of the source: Direct quote Summary Paraphrase Combiatio of quote with summary or paraphrase Pages I busiess ad professioal research projects, it s ofte the job of the researcher to read through a source, or a umber of sources, ad summarize the fidigs for a CEO or other idividual. That perso depeds o the researcher to accurately covey the essece of the iformatio but ot waste time by presetig more tha what s ecessary. The same priciple applies to the summarizig otes for the research papers you ll write. Although summary otes covey the same iformatio as the source you re workig with, it shortes or codeses the wordig, sometimes drastically. It restates, i just a few seteces, the ideas that are cotaied i a paragraph, a few paragraphs, or eve several pages. For istace, you might eed to summarize backgroud iformatio so your reader has a uderstadig of the cotext of a issue you re reportig o or give some history to clarify a problem you ve 60 Advaced Compositio

64 ucovered. The followig are the six basic steps to take as you read through several pages of a source you wat to summarize: 1. Uderlie the mai ideas or key facts related to your purpose. 2. Cross out details ad facts that are t importat to your purpose. 3. Sca through what you ve uderlied from begiig to ed ad the set the source aside. 4. Write dow the mai ideas i your ow words without lookig at the source. 5. Sca the uderlied material agai to verify the facts you ve icluded i your summary. 6. Codese the mai ideas ito oe setece or a few seteces, depedig o how much of the iformatio you eed for your research project. Carefully study the five guidelies for writig summary otes offered o page 588 i your textbook, ad bookmark the page for future referece. Also remember that eve though your summary otes are writte i your words, you must cite the source if you use all or part of a summary from your otes whe writig your paper. I the ext lesso, you ll lear differet ways to itegrate each of the ote-takig methods ito your actual paper. For ow, iclude careful, detailed source iformatio for ay ote that you make whe researchig. Pages As with summaries, paraphrasig restates a author s ideas i your ow words. Whereas a summary greatly codeses the facts ad ideas, a paraphrase keeps the same basic order of iformatio. Paraphrases are useful for may reasos. As a studet, if you ca read a passage ad put it ito your ow words, the you ca be sure you uderstad that passage. Beig able to write a good paraphrase also shows that you grasp the material well eough to traslate the ideas ito your ow words. As a writer, paraphrasig helps you avoid usig too may direct quotes ad ecourages you to phrase the iformatio i your ow idividual writig style. Fially, Lesso 3 61

65 sice most sources use laguage that s ot distictive eough to quote directly, paraphrases simply covey the iformatio you eed to cover. Icorrect paraphrasig, whe your ow phrasig ad setece structure are too close to the author s, is cosidered plagiarism, a subject that will be discussed i more detail i Chapter 24. To avoid plagiarizig, set the source aside ad work completely from what you remember of the passage, writig as if you were explaiig the mai idea to someoe. Plagiarism ofte occurs whe you have t take eough time to uderstad the material. If you fid yourself doig ay of the followig, you re i dager of plagiarizig while tryig to paraphrase: Goig back ad forth betwee a source ad your writig Usig a thesaurus to isert a differet word here or there withi a setece Chagig the form of the words, such as a verb to a ou ( clarify to clarificatio ) Puttig the same words i differet order For further practice o writig paraphrases, visit the Purdue Uiversity Olie Writig Lab (OWL) at A direct quote is simply a uique phrase or setece that you copy directly from the source, word for word. You idicate a direct quote by usig quotatio marks aroud the phrase, setece, or seteces that you ve take from the source, alog with the source citatio which ofte cosists of the page umber of the source i paretheses. If you re icludig a direct quote withi you ow setece, the citatio is usually placed i paretheses at the ed of the setece. Use this style of puctuatio ot oly i your paper, but also as you take otes, so you do t iadvertetly plagiarize. If you did t use quotatio marks, you could mistake a quote for a summary you wrote yourself. Eve with the citatio iformatio, you would have committed plagiarism, because you did t idicate that you were usig the author s exact wordig. 62 Advaced Compositio

66 A quote must exactly reproduce the author s words, icludig spellig ad puctuatio, eve if they re outdated or icorrect. As you record a quotatio i your otes, do t delete ay words or chage ay word forms, eve if you do t thik you ll use that part of the quote or kow you ll have to chage a preset tese verb to a past tese. Istead, record it exactly, so you have the complete, accurate quotatio before you whe you re ready to iclude it i your paper. Techiques for adjustig quotatios to fit your setece will be discussed i Chapter 24. Pages As you go through your research, it s imperative to keep a detailed record of all the iformatio you eed i order to accurately cite your source. Figure 23.6 o page 592 offers a sample worksheet that simplifies the task of keepig track of your sources for further research or proper citatio. Pages Researchig your workig thesis ofte uearths additioal relevat sources. What s more, you may discover iformatio that affects how you plaed to develop your workig thesis. If you re makig persoal commets or aotatios while researchig, you re better able to determie if you re gettig sidetracked or eed to revise your thesis. Modify your workig thesis as you go to save time ad avoid disappoitmet. Throw away ideas for which you are t fidig support, or adjust your directio based o a surprisig discovery. For example, say your workig thesis is that a woma raised i a family where the head of the household is a professioal i a give field is more likely to pursue a career i that field, but you the discover credible iformatio from more tha oe source that idicates the impact of paret or guardia occupatio does t affect a woma i terms of career choice, but it does have a impact o overall grades at the high school ad college levels, regardless of career goal. Your revised thesis might say that a woma raised with a paretal figure who is a professioal i his or her field is more likely to get good grades ad pursue a career as a professioal i a Lesso 3 63

67 field of her choice. Makig such decisios ad chages as you go also helps you group similar ideas ad details from differet sources, thereby accomplishig the first steps i sortig ad sythesizig your iformatio. Use the exploratory questios o page 593 to guide you i revisig your workig thesis both while you re researchig ad as you prepare to draft your paper. You ca begi arragig your ideas by choosig categories from amog your sources, as show o pages 593. A graphic orgaizer, such as the oe i Figure 23.7 o page 595, is also a useful tool for groupig your sources. A list of pros ad cos is a third way to orgaize ideas, which is especially useful for argumets or a compare-ad-cotrast approach. Note: It s sometimes useful to use more tha oe approach to the process of sythesis. Pages Occasioally, istructors may ask you to provide a aotated bibliography for a research paper. I such cases, i additio to providig the relevat publicatio iformatio, you ll follow each citatio with a brief summary of each source. You ca see a sample of a aotated bibliography o page 596. Before movig o to Lesso 4, please complete the examiatio for Lesso Advaced Compositio

68 Self-Check 10 Questios 1 4: Read the sample source, i which the uderlied passages idicate quotatios to be used i the exercises. The seteces have bee umbered to idetify them. The material appears o page 12 of the source. Oce you fiish readig, complete each of the seteces, isertig the appropriate quote from the sample source. Be sure to use the proper form ad puctuatio for i-text citatios. (1) I love ma as my fellow; but his scepter, real or usurped, exteds ot to me, uless the reaso of a idividual demads my homage; ad eve the the submissio is to reaso, ad ot to ma. (2) I fact, the coduct of a accoutable beig must be regulated by the operatios of its ow reaso; or o what foudatio rests the throe of God? (3) It appears to me ecessary to dwell o these obvious truths, because females have bee isulated, as it were; ad, while they have bee stripped of the virtues that should clothe humaity, they have bee decked out with artificial graces that eable them to exercise a short-lived tyray. (4) Love, i their bosoms, takig place of every obler passio, their sole ambitio to be fair, to raise emotio istead of ispirig respect; ad this igoble desire, like the servility i absolute moarchies, destroys all stregth of character. (5) Liberty is the mother of virtue, ad if wome be, by their very costitutio, slaves, ad ot allowed to breathe the sharp ivigoratig air of freedom, they must ever laguish exotics, ad be reckoed beautiful flaws i ature. Mary Wollstoecraft ( ), excerpt from A Vidicatio of the Rights of Wome (Secod Revised Editio, 1792) 1. (Setece 1) Wollstoecraft asserts that while she loves her fellow ma has o sway over her. 2. (Setece 3) The author argues that people s capacity to guide their lives through reaso is amog. 3. (Setece 3) It s i that cotext that she deplores the arrow restrictios of wome s prescribed social roles, proclaimig that wome are desiged to attract, maipulate, ad over the me i their lives. 4. (Setece 5): Declarig that, Wollstoecraft argues that if wome are, the they re precluded from ever ihalig the. (Cotiued) Lesso 3 65

69 Self-Check 10 Read the followig passage carefully. The write three research questios to begi your search for material for a essay based o some aspect of the evets described i the paragraph. I Britai, the July electio of 1945 drove the Coservative party from power. It seems the Brits had had their fill of blood, toil, tears, ad sweat. Churchill resiged as Prime Miister ad became leader of the oppositio. I the sprig of 1946, Sir Wisto traveled to Fulto, Missouri to deliver a speech i the auditorium at Westmister College. I his address, he wared that a iro curtai had falle across Europe. He argued that the Eglish-speakig peoples had a commo bod that would uite them i commo defese agaist the loomig threat of the Soviet Uio uder Stali. Ideed, his speech provided a arrative that would shape the views of a etire geeratio. That was o mea feat. The state of the world was by o meas clear i the sprig of Europe s ecoomy was maily rubble ad ashes. Eve as George Catlett Marshall prepared a pla to restore Europe s ecoomy, Stali s Soviet Uio was showig its colors ad defiig its itet. After so much blood ad horror, aother kid of darkess rose across Easter Europe. Just as, i March of 1942, it was ot at all clear how the war would tur out, i the sprig of 1946, it was ot at all clear what directio the world would take. 5. Check your aswers with those o page Advaced Compositio

70 Lesso 4: Draftig, Revisig, ad Formattig a Research Project INTRODUCTION I this sectio, you ll lear how to actually write your research paper. Oce you've selected ad arrowed your topic, prepared your thesis statemet, ad collected ad orgaized your otes, it's time to write the first draft. If the first steps are completed properly, the writig should be fairly straightforward. You arrage your otes accordig to the patter of developmet you ve chose ad begi writig. As you preset your ideas, you may geerate more questios requirig some additioal research or fid a gap i your logic, but you ca easily fix these problems at this stage. Oce you re satisfied with your draft, you ca edit ad proofread to correct ay techical errors. OBJECTIVES Whe you complete this lesso, you ll be able to Explai how to select a thesis topic Develop a effective thesis statemet Provide effective support for your thesis statemet Orgaize the first draft of a research paper Itegrate sources ito a essay or research paper Use formattig, editig, ad proofreadig techiques to revise your work Describe the MLA style for i-text citatios ad a Works Cited page L e s s o 4 67

71 ASSIGNMENT 11: ORGANIZING YOUR RESEARCH PROJECT AND AVOIDING PLAGIARISM Read the followig assigmet. The read pages i Chapter 23 of your textbook. Be sure to complete the selfcheck to gauge your progress. INTRODUCTION You kow how to select a topic ad complete your research. Now you re ready to see how everythig comes together ito a first draft. The better job you do of orgaizig your otes ad sources, the easier it is to put them together ito a essay or research paper. I this assigmet, you ll review effective techiques for sortig out your research ad developig your ideas as you work o your first draft. READING HIGHLIGHTS Pages Before you start draftig a research project, you eed to thik about how to orgaize it. I other courses Eglish Compositio or aother Eglish course you probably studied patters of developmet, so you have some idea of how to choose a patter that suits your thesis ad your audiece. You ve defied the assigmet ad goe through the process of collectig ad sythesizig sources. The ext step is to arrage your otes accordig to the categories ad subcategories you idetified while evaluatig ad sythesizig your sources. The illustratio o page 601 lists several possibilities, depedig o the method you used to documet your sources. Fially, you ll eed to create a outlie or a graphic orgaizer to arrage your ideas ad referece the sources you ll use i your project. 68 Advaced Compositio

72 Pages Lesso 3 itroduced the importat distictio betwee paraphrasig ad plagiarism. This sectio examies the issue i further detail, explaiig the differece betwee accidetal ad deliberate plagiarism. Either type of plagiarism carries heavy sactios, which may iclude failure of the course, expulsio from the istitutio, or, i some cases, legal actio. It s simply uacceptable to copy someoe else s work ad try to pass it off as your ow. The box at the bottom of page 602 spells out the criteria for determiig whether or ot material has bee plagiarized. Notice that simply omittig quotatio marks from a attributed direct quote is a form of plagiarism. Page 603 cotais a list of steps you ca take to avoid plagiarism, as well as a geeral guidelie for deemig what to documet. TIP: Table 24.1 o page 604 offers a brief summary of examples that ca help you determie whether or ot to documet certai types of material. Lesso 4 69

73 Self-Check Review the material o pages that discusses how a studet might use a graphic orgaizer to sythesize sources for a paper. Usig the graphic orgaizer o page 595 as a guide, create a outlie of a paper o the subject choosig a simpler approach to livig. The outlie may be iformal, formal, or costructed i the form of a graphic orgaizer. You may also wish to review the material o pages to help you with this exercise. Questios 2 3: Read the sample source material ad complete the istructios that follow to practice avoidig plagiarizig ad actively egagig with source material. 2. Read the followig passage. The Chihuahua is a challegig dog to have as a pet. The Chihuahua is ot oly devoted, sweet-tempered, ad exceedigly cute, but also stubbor, feisty, ad proe to destructive behaviors like diggig ad chewig. Because of the Chihuahua s dimiutive size (two to seve pouds), may owers do t uderstad at first how much trouble this type of dog ca be. Too may Chihuahuas start out as darlig puppies who are lavished with attetio ad ed up as utraied adults, uceremoiously dropped off at the dog poud. a. Write a paraphrase of the passage. b. Write a oe-setece summary of it. c. Write a persoal commet about the paragraph. 3. Read this passage take from the study guide to Readigs i World Civilizatios, by Elizabeth Sigorotti Miklus, page 53. As Britai s empire spread, so too did its sports. Prior to the Civil War, cricket was the most popular team sport i the Uited States, but cricket had a competitor, aother stick ad ball game, kow variously as base, goal ball, or base ball. I 1845 Alexader Cartwright suggested that the group of me with whom he played baseball o a vacat lot i New York City orgaize a club, chargig dues, creatig rules of coduct ad play, ad levyig fies for those who violated the rules. After the ed of the Civil War, cricket o loger held its popular place, but baseball did. Coditios, the, were highly favorable for the emergece of a team sport, a America team sport, to replace the British sport of cricket. a. Write a paraphrase of the passage. b. Write a oe-setece summary of it. c. Write a persoal commet about the paragraph. Check your aswers with those o page Advaced Compositio

74 ASSIGNMENT 12: DRAFTING YOUR RESEARCH PROJECT Read the followig assigmet. The read pages i your textbook. Be sure to complete the self-check to gauge your progress. Itroductio Writig a research paper is a opportuity to lear about a subject you re iterested i. By readig what others have discovered about your topic (researchig), you fid out ot oly facts, but also opiios o what the ideas mea ad what ca be deduced from them. Because part of your supportig evidece depeds o what others have observed, said, ad cocluded, you eed to kow how to itegrate the ideas you ve decided to use ito a cohesive, readable paper. You also have to give credit to the sources i a way that s methodical ad uderstadable. Readig Highlights Pages Your textbook has made draftig your research paper a stepby-step process that s easy to follow. May of the ie steps, like followig a itroductio-body-coclusio format, keepig your audiece i mid, or icorporatig i-text citatios, should seem both familiar ad reasoable by this time. You may wat to bookmark this page for referece whe you re actually writig your assigmets. As you draft your research paper, keep the followig poits i mid: You re still i the process of discovery ad sythesis, so if you fid yourself deviatig from your pla to pursue a ew thought, follow your isticts to see where they lead. Such sidetracks at this stage ofte produce the most powerful ad covicig writig. Lesso 4 71

75 Focus o your ow thoughts ad aalysis istead of the sources. The iitial draft should reflect your uique pla of developmet for the thesis, ot what others say. Oce you kow what you thik, you ca choose the iformatio that supports your ideas. If you strig together quotatio after quotatio, readers wo t hear your voice just a series of facts ad opiios. As you iteract with ad itegrate source iformatio, your mid will trigger additioal coectios to your thesis ad to other poits you ve made or will make. Jot dow otes i the margi of your draft as you go so you do t lose the ideas. If you ca t explai iformatio from a source i relatio to your thesis, the set it aside rather tha force it ito your draft. You may thik of a explaatio later or, more likely, realize that the iformatio was t appropriate. Oce your draft is complete, revisit your workig thesis ad modify it to fit what you actually wrote, particularly i relatio to the coclusios you ve draw at the ed. Draftig a research paper ivolves cyclig back through various steps i the process. For example, whe you otice that a key poit you wat to make does t have eough supportig material, you ll have to do further research to locate that iformatio. Of course, that research may lead you to develop other poits or to reorgaize your ideas. Pages As you leared i the previous lesso, there are three ways of extractig iformatio from sources paraphrasig, summarizig, ad direct quotatio. All three methods must be documeted through appropriate citatios. Several differet approaches may be used for i-text citatios. By readig the textbook s examples, you ll see how to itroduce sources ito your paper ad apply Moder Laguage Associatio (MLA) style. As a rule, whe you first metio a source, it s best to use a sigal phrase that provides some backgroud iformatio to the reader. For example, Frost, whose research ito victim-blamig is well 72 Advaced Compositio

76 kow, is cosidered a authority o this issue... Sigal phrases are importat for direct quotes, summaries, ad paraphrases to idicate ot oly that the iformatio is t your ow, but also that your source is a authority o the subject. You re attributig that iformatio to the ower of it. Paraphrases, summaries, or direct quotatios must also be itegrated ito the flow of your paper. A lead-i or trasitioal phrase that puts each borrowed idea ito the cotext of your thesis will help your reader make the coectio betwee the two. Note the examples of properly itegrated or ot itegrated quotatios o page 607. Also, study the set of verbs o page 608, which ca help you itroduce source material. Be sure to use the right verb to fit the cotext. Remember, however, that a research paper is t a patchwork of other people s ideas, where you use itroductios or trasitioal phrases to pi it all together. Istead, it s a uiform whole i which the parts are wove together to create a ew piece of cloth (your report). The strog thread that holds everythig together is your ow thikig. A remider that bears repeatig: Always make sure your ow words set up ad guide the reader ito uderstadig the coectio betwee the quote, summary, or paraphrase ad the logical flow of your argumet or discussio. If you drop a direct quote ito a research paper without placig it i the cotext of your ow words, it may lose its impact or, worse, be misuderstood. Whe you explai how the quote relates to the topic, you show how that opiio or lie of thikig supports or develops your purpose. That way, you make sure readers use the iformatio to support your coclusios, ot draw their ow, which may be far differet tha what you iteded. Lesso 4 73

77 Self-Check Which of the followig seteces correctly attributes a quote? a. Brascomb argues, It s a good idea to lurk (i.e., read all the messages without cotributig aythig) for a few weeks, to esure that you do t break ay of the rules of etiquette whe joiig a listserv (7). b. Brascomb argues that it s a good idea to lurk (i.e., read all the messages without cotributig aythig) for a few weeks, to esure that you do t break ay of the rules of etiquette whe joiig a listserv. (7) c. Brascomb argues that it s a good idea to lurk (i.e., read all the messages without cotributig aythig) for a few weeks, to esure that you do t break ay of the rules of etiquette whe joiig a listserv (7). d. Brascomb argues that it s a good idea to lurk (i.e., read all the messages without cotributig aythig) for a few weeks, to esure that you do t break ay of the rules of etiquette whe joiig a listserv. 2. Which of the followig seteces is properly puctuated as a quote itegrated ito text? a. The moder world requires both the ability to cocetrate o oe thig ad the ability to atted to more tha oe thig at a time, Ideally, each idividual would cultivate a repertoire of styles of attetio, appropriate to differet situatios, ad would lear how to embed activities ad types of attetio oe withi aother (Bateso 97). b. The moder world requires both the ability to cocetrate o oe thig ad the ability to atted to more tha oe thig at a time: Ideally, each idividual would cultivate a repertoire of styles of attetio, appropriate to differet situatios, ad would lear how to embed activities ad types of attetio oe withi aother. (Bateso) c. The moder world requires both the ability to cocetrate o oe thig ad the ability to atted to more tha oe thig at a time: Ideally, each idividual would cultivate a repertoire of styles of attetio, appropriate to differet situatios, ad would lear how to embed activities ad types of attetio oe withi aother (Bateso 97). d. The moder world requires both the ability to cocetrate o oe thig ad the ability to atted to more tha oe thig at a time: Ideally, each idividual would cultivate a repertoire of styles of attetio, appropriate to differet situatios, ad would lear how to embed activities ad types of attetio oe withi aother. (97) (Cotiued) 74 Advaced Compositio

78 Self-Check 12 Read the followig text from a source. The evaluate the paraphrases accordig to the material you ve studied. A key factor i explaiig the sad state of America educatio ca be foud i overbureaucratizatio, which is see i the compulsio to cosolidate our public schools ito massive factories ad to icrease to mammoth size our uiversities eve i uderpopulated states. The problem with bureaucracies is that they have to work hard ad log to keep from substitutig self-servig survival ad growth for their origial primary objective. Few succeed. Bureaucracies have o soul, o memory, ad o cosciece. If there is a sigle stumblig block o the road to the future, it is the bureaucracy as we kow it. Edward T. Hall, Beyod Culture, Achor Publishig, 1977, p Which oe of the followig examples most effectively paraphrases the source? a. Accordig to Edward T. Hall, America educatio is overly bureaucratic. This is maifest i the icreasig size of educatioal istitutios, eve i small states. Bureaucracies are bad because they ted to work to promote their ow survival ad growth rather tha that of the istitutio, as was their iitial objective. Most bureaucracies fail because they have a cosciece or a soul. I believe that bureaucracies are the biggest stumblig block o the road to the educatioal future (219). b. Bureaucratizatio has proved to be a major stumblig block o the road to our educatioal future. America istitutios have become factories that are more coducive to the growth of bureaucratic procedures tha to the growth of the studets who atted them. Bureaucracies have to work log ad hard to keep from promotig their ow survival rather tha the educatioal goals that were their primary objective (219). c. Bureaucratizatio has proved to be a major stumblig block o the road to our educatioal future. America istitutios have become factories that are more coducive to the growth of bureaucratic procedures tha to the growth of the studets who atted them. This meas that, as Edward T. Hall says i his book, Beyod Culture, today s educatioal istitutios have o soul, o memory, ad o cosciece. d. I his book, Beyod Culture, Edward T. Hall discusses the problems posed by the icreasig bureaucratizatio of America educatioal istitutios. Hall maitais that overbureaucratizatio is oe of the key factors goverig the state of educatio i America today. He poits to the tedecy of bureaucracies to promote their ow eed both to remai stable ad expad to the exclusio of all else. That tedecy, he believes, is resposible for the fact that may public schools more closely resemble factories tha educatioal istitutios. I Hall s words, Bureaucracies have o soul, o memory, ad o cosciece (219). (Cotiued) Lesso 4 75

79 Self-Check 12 Choose the best aswer for the followig questios. 4. True or False? Citig sources withi the cotext of your presetatio requires the use of parethetical citatios. 5. True or False? Usig a itroductio before a quote helps establish the credibility of your source. 6. Which of the followig represets the correct i-text citatio for usig the followig direct quote i a primary source by Hery David Thoreau? The progress from a absolute to a limited moarchy, from a limited moarchy to a democracy, is a progress toward a true respect for the idividual. a. Nothig else is eeded. It s correct as it stads sice the quote is i quotatio marks. b. You must idicate all source iformatio i a parethetical citatio. c. You eed to itroduce the quote as havig bee writte by Thoreau or use his ame i paretheses after the quotatio. d. You should list the iformatio about Thoreau oly o the works-cited page. 7. Which of the followig is the correct MLA i-text citatio of a Viktor Yushcheko quote foud withi a article writte by Olea Horodetska without page umbers? a. Accordig to Viktor Yushcheko, as he faced ear-certai victory to become Ukraie s ew presidet, For 14 years we have bee idepedet. Now we have become free. b. Accordig to Viktor Yushcheko, as he faced ear-certai victory to become Ukraie s ew presidet, For 14 years we have bee idepedet. Now we have become free (qtd i Horodetska). c. Accordig to Viktor Yushcheko, as he faced ear-certai victory to become Ukraie s ew presidet, For 14 years we have bee idepedet. Now we have become free. (Qtd by O. Horodetska). d. Accordig to Viktor Yushcheko, as he faced ear-certai victory to become Ukraie s ew presidet, For 14 years we have bee idepedet. Now we have become free Check your aswers with those o page Advaced Compositio

80 ASSIGNMENT 13: REVISING YOUR FIRST DRAFT Read the followig assigmet. The read pages i your textbook. Be sure to complete the self-check to gauge your progress. Itroductio The first draft of a paper is somethig like a first coat of pait. Up to this poit, how you wrote your questios, persoal commets, ad ideas was t very importat, as log as you uderstood them. But oce you begi to revise your rough draft, writig style becomes very importat. Whe applied to writte reports, style meas the way you use words, seteces, ideas, ad structure i your writig. It covers differet techiques you eed to cosider whe revisig your presetatio before givig it to your audiece. Characteristics of style iclude clarity, cociseess, coherece, usage, voice, toe, ad ubiased laguage. For further assistace with these cocepts, review the grammar ad style maual i Part 7 of your textbook. You ca also go to Pe Foster s Library Resources for more liks to writig resources. You ca visit the academic support ad olie resources listed o pages of this study guide as well. As your text suggests, give the first draft of your paper some breathig time before you retur to it for assessmet ad revisio. Let the pait dry; the go back ad do it over. Check each detail to be sure you ve doe the best job you ca. Sometimes that will mea reorgaizig seteces or paragraphs to clarify your ideas. After you ve revised it to your satisfactio, let it rest agai before the fial revisio ad proofreadig. Lesso 4 77

81 Readig Highlights Pages Revisio should proceed i two steps. First, assess the paper overall, markig the deficiecies, revisig your thesis, ad coductig ay additioal research. Secod, rewrite seteces ad paragraphs to improve your wordig, select more effective examples, ad make the paper easier to read. Every setece of your fial draft should support your thesis ad lead directly to your coclusio. Use Figure 24.4 o pages as a guide to revisig your paper, ad bookmark the page for future referece. Pages The text provides seve guidelies for formattig a academic paper. You must apply these guidelies withi the cotext of the submissio requiremets o page 6 of this guide. You may ot use headigs i ay of your research papers for this course. Istead, be sure that you use appropriate coective phrasig ad trasitioal devices to guide your readers through the ideas you re presetig. Pages Whe you re ready for the fial editig ad proofig, refer to this sectio of the text before you begi. It s too easy to read what you thik you wrote, rather tha what s actually o the page; therefore, let your brai rest for a day or more before you approach it for the fial review. Use the guidelies i the text for editig ad proofreadig your paper. 78 Advaced Compositio

82 Self-Check Make the setece clearer: The sicere belief of all of those who are members of the board was that the compay should move to take actio o the issues about which they had talked. 2. Make the setece more precise: The city of Sa Fracisco has may opportuities for leisure activities. 3. Rewrite the setece usig active rather tha passive voice: A decisio was reached by members of the board. 4. Make the toe better suited to a formal presetatio: The employees are pretty together ad kow their stuff. 5. Correct laguage that shows a stereotype: A employee usually feels more cofidet about his ew job after he s completed his traiig. 6. Correct the iformal, ospecific laguage: Lots of times i may years, differet professioal people who were iterested i makig educatio better have asked me what we kow about how people lear so we ca use it to make educatio better. 7. Make the setece clearer: With the lid off the reactor core was exposed, allowig radioactive isotopes to escape. 8. Make the setece clearer: We propose to provide the above egieerig services hourly based o the followig estimates. For the followig seteces, replace the idioms with appropriate academic phrasig ad correct ay other problem i style. 9. Jaice put her figer o the source of the problem. 10. Tom was of two mids whether to take o aother part-time job so close to the fial examiatios. 11. There were doubts as to whether the compay s dealigs were above board. 12. As usual, the shortage of moey proved to be the mai stumblig block. Check your aswers with those o page 189. Lesso 4 79

83 ASSIGNMENT 14: DOCUMENTING YOUR SOURCES: MLA STYLE Read the followig assigmet. The read pages i your textbook. Be sure to complete the self-check to gauge your progress. Itroductio This assigmet is uique. It covers the 22 pages of your text s guide to usig the MLA style i documetig sources, givig you a good sese of the MLA approach to i-text citatios ad listig Works Cited i a research paper. This sectio is t meat to be read ad remembered you ll use it as a referece whe you complete your writig assigmets. The MLA style is stadard for Eglish courses at every level, from secodary to postgraduate, ad also for other humaities disciplies, such as art history, philosophy, ad wome s studies. Readig Highlights Pages There are two acceptable forms for writig MLA i-text citatios: attributio ad parethetical citatio. The attributio method metios the author s ame early i a setece or paragraph, placig page umbers i paretheses at the ed of the setece or paragraph. A parethetical citatio icludes the author s last ame ad page umber(s) at the ed of a setece. Pages Read the examples for specific cases of authorship ad volumes. Note the istructios for Iteret sources give o page 620. Whe you cite a Iteret source, be sure to give the reader eough iformatio i your list of Works Cited to locate the source. If there s o author, use a shorteed versio of the title. 80 Advaced Compositio

84 Pages Study these guidelies for your Works Cited list. List oly the sources cited i your paper. Alphabetize the list usig authors last ames ad put the list o a separate page at the ed of your paper. Whe you prepare your list, carefully follow the istructios give o these pages ad look closely at the examples i the book. Every space ad puctuatio mark gives iformatio, so the format has to be followed exactly. Book attributios ca vary quite a bit, ad that variety is illustrated for you o these pages. Pay special attetio to the followig: Books with two or more authors Govermet publicatios Edited books or athologies Citatios from a itroductio, preface, foreword, or afterword Traslated books A article or chapter withi a compilatio Two or more works by the same author(s) The diagram at the top of page 623 clarifies the format, especially for visual learers. Study Figure 24.5, Where to Fid Documetatio Iformatio for a Book, o page 622. As a exercise, look at several differet books to see where you would fid documetatio data for each oe. Each article i periodicals, Iteret sources, ad other sources requires specific citatios. The color-coded formattig guides will be very helpful i settig up your works-cited pages. Lesso 4 81

85 Recommeded Exercises Check your work agaist the examples i the text. 1. Usig the guide to listig articles ad periodicals o pages , pick up several magazies ad write out correct citatios for several of the articles. 2. Referecig page 627, do the same exercise usig scholarly joural articles. 3. Read the coded guides ad examples o pages Practice writig proper citatios for two or three sources from the Iteret ad/or other sources. Pages Read the Studets Write essay by Nicholas Destio. Study each of the margi commets to reiforce your uderstadig of the material i this assigmet. If you fid yourself egrossed i the paper s cotet, read it through ad the go back ad examie the margi boxes. Before movig o to Lesso 5, watch the video lecture "Usig ad Citig Sources" o your studet portal ad complete multiple-choice quiz RR. The complete the examiatio for Lesso 4. Remider: Are you readig or have you read the book you chose i preparatio for Lesso 7? 82 Advaced Compositio

86 Self-Check 14 Questios 1 ad 2: Choose the properly formatted citatio. 1. Book citatio a. Brikley, Ala. The Ufiished Natio, New York Kopf, b. Brikley, Ala. The Ufiished Natio. New York. Kopf, c. Brikley, Ala, The Ufiished Natio. Kopf d. Brikley, Ala. The Ufiished Natio. Kopf, Iteret citatio a. Sherma, Chris. Everythig You Ever Wated to Kow About URL. SearchEgieWatch, 24 Aug watch.com/searchday/article.php/ b. Sherma, Chris. Everythig You Ever Wated to Kow About URL. SearchEgieWatch. 24 Aug. 2004, < c. Sherma, Chris. Everythig You Ever Wated to Kow About URL. SearchEgieWatch, 24 Aug < d. Sherma, Chris. Everythig You Ever Wated to Kow About URL. SearchEgieWatch. 24 Aug Accessed 4 Sept A works-cited page for your research presetatio icludes a. oly those sources you refereced by i-text citatio. b. oly those sources you quoted directly. c. all the sources you read while researchig. d. all the sources you obtaied as hits through a Iteret search. (Cotiued) Lesso 4 83

87 Self-Check Which of the followig illustrates the correct MLA works-cited format for a book with two authors? a. Joh Joes ad Mary Smith, 23 Days to a Promotio, Jackso: Last-Moth Publishig House, b. Joes, Joh, ad Mary Smith, 23 Days to a Promotio, 1969, Last-Moth Publishig House. c. Joes, Joh, ad Smith, Mary. 23 Days to a Promotio. Last-Moth Publishig House, d. Joes, Joh, ad Mary Smith. 23 Days to a Promotio. Jackso: Last-Moth Publishig House, True or False? By correctly citig your sources of iformatio ad documetig them o the works-cited page, you meet academic stadards ad avoid charges of plagiarism. 6. Which of the followig is a correct MLA etry for a Iteret article? a. Olea Horodetska, Yushcheko Certai Victor i Ukraie Electio, Reuters. Dec 27, b. Horodetska, Olea, Yushcheko Certai Victor i Ukraie Electio, Reuters, Dec 27, Dec 30, c. Horodetska, Olea. Yushcheko Certai Victor i Ukraie Electio. Reuters,27 Dec. 2004, d. Olea Horodetska. Yushcheko Certai Victor i Ukraie Electio. Reuters. 27 Dec Accessed 5 Jue Check your aswers with those o page Advaced Compositio

88 Lesso 5: Defiitio: Explaiig What You Mea INTRODUCTION I this lesso, you ll review several patters of developmet for writig, icludig descriptio, illustratio, classificatio, ad defiitio. You ve likely studied these patters i other courses such as Eglish Compositio.. The aim of this lesso is twofold: to prepare you for writig the exteded defiitio essay examiatio at the ed of this lesso, ad to help you hoe your skills for writig the essays that accompay Lessos 6 8. As you review the material i each assigmet, ote how each patter of developmet serves specific purposes, as well as how they ca be effectively combied to write more complex ad iterestig essays. OBJECTIVES Whe you complete this lesso, you ll be able to Explai ad apply the priciples of descriptive writig Defie the characteristics of illustratio ad apply them to writig projects Explai the characteristics of classificatio ad divisio Use classificatio ad divisio i your writig Discuss the use of defiitio as a writig techique Employ simple ad exteded defiitios i your essays L e s s o 5 85

89 ASSIGNMENT 15: DESCRIPTION Read the followig assigmet. The read pages ad i your textbook. Be sure to complete the self-check to gauge your progress. Itroductio Descriptive writig ca create a vivid impressio of a perso, place, or thig i the reader s mid. Ulike other patters of developmet, descriptive writig immerses the reader i a rich experiece of the subject though usig laguage that appeals directly to the seses. The goal of descriptive writig is to show rather tha tell, ad the best descriptive writig egages all of the seses ot oly sight, but also hearig, touch, smell, ad taste. Readig Highlights Pages Effective descriptive writig activates the imagiatio through usig active verbs, modifiers that accetuate sesory detail, cootatio, ad figurative laguage. These elemets must be used with care, however. Relyig too heavily o descriptive laguage ca obscure the poit you re tryig to covey, clutterig a passage with too much iformatio istead of providig a clear, cocrete picture. Whe usig descriptive laguage, bear i mid the domiat impressio you wish to create. Pages Read Rachel Maizes essay Bad Dog, lookig closely at the highlighted areas, which poit out differet characteristics of descriptive writig used throughout. Whe you ve fiished readig, look at the sample graphic orgaizer i Figure 13.1 o page 272, which offers a hady illustratio of the developmet of a descriptive essay. The read Mary Roach s essay You Are Your Bike, ad review the graphic orgaizer (Figure 13.2 o page 275) that traces how the differet descriptive elemets are used. 86 Advaced Compositio

90 Pages This brief sectio offers helpful suggestios for itegratig descriptio ito a essay. The key poits are to Iclude oly relevat details Keep the descriptio focused Make sure the descriptio fits the essay s toe ad poit of view Pages This sectio provides tips for thikig critically while you read a descriptive essay. Although it s aimed toward readig ad respodig to someoe else s descriptios, the questios ca also be useful whe evaluatig your ow writig. Pages Read the Studets Write essay by Ted Sawchuck. Notice that the topic of his essay, Heatstroke with a Side of Bur Cream, appears oly i the first setece of the secod paragraph. Like Rachel Maize s essay, the author s topic seteces ad other elemets have bee highlighted, which allows you to see how the author itegrates thematic ad descriptive elemets alog with other patters of developmet. Lesso 5 87

91 Self-Check 15 Review the essay by Ted Sawchuck o pages to complete the two self-check exercises. 1. Uder Aalyzig the Writer s Techique, respod to all four items. 2. Uder Thikig Critically about Descriptio, respod to all four items. Check your aswers with those o page Advaced Compositio

92 ASSIGNMENT 16: ILLUSTRATION Read the followig assigmet. The read pages ad i Chapter 14 of your textbook. Be sure to complete the self-check to gauge your progress. Itroductio Writers use illustratio to make a geeral idea specific, clarify a ufamiliar cocept, ad egage a reader s iterest. As with descriptive laguage, however, illustratio is most effective whe used selectively. Examples must be appropriate ad serve to reiforce your argumet or support your thesis. This sectio reviews the use of illustratio as a tool that ca help readers follow your argumet ad ifluece their thikig toward your poit of view. Readig Highlights Pages Illustratio is geerally used to support a geeralizatio. Carefully review the explaatios ad examples provided i the text i preparatio for readig ad evaluatig the essays icluded i this assigmet. As you read the essays i this chapter, otice that usig a geeralizatio by itself is t a appropriate writig techique a geeralizatio must be developed usig a patter of developmet, such as illustratio, to provide specifics showig how the geeralizatio reflects your purpose. Pages Read the essay The Brais of the Aimal Kigdom by Fras de Waal (pages ). Whe you ve fiished readig, review the characteristics of illustratio described earlier i the chapter. The study the sample graphic orgaizer o page 306 ad cosider how you might use it as a visual guide for aalyzig de Waal s essay. Lesso 5 89

93 Pages As you read Marti Gottfried s essay Rambos of the Road, ote how he uses specific examples to illustrate what he calls auto macho, or road rage. After you ve fiished readig the essay, study the tips provided i Itegratig Illustratio ito a Essay" (pages ). Pages This sectio provides useful guidelies for readig actively ad thikig critically for readig a illustratio essay. For example, while you re readig, highlight the mai ideas ad cosider whether the examples clarify, illustrate, or explai those ideas. Also, cosider how the essay is orgaized. Are the examples arraged i order of importace, i chroological order or spatial order, or are they orgaized by some other method? Reflect o the emotioal impact of the examples used i a illustratio essay, ad cosider whether the examples offered are relevat ad represetative. Thik about what other kids of evidece might have bee used to build a stroger case. Pages Read the Studets Write essay Coformig to Stad Out: A Look at America Beauty," by Nick Ruggia. Like the essays you read i Assigmet 14, select portios of the text have bee highlighted to poit out the orgaizatioal elemets as well as the illustratios the author uses to support his theses. You might also wat to check out the Works Cited page that follows the essay for a good idea of how the author refereces the evidece he s gathered as part of his research. 90 Advaced Compositio

94 Self-Check 16 Review the essay by Nick Ruggia o pages to complete the two self-check exercises. 1. Uder Aalyzig the Writer s Techique, respod to all three items. 2. Uder Thikig Critically about Illustratio, respod to all four items. Check your aswers with those o page 191. Lesso 5 91

95 ASSIGNMENT 17: CLASSIFICATION AND DIVISION Read the followig assigmet. The study pages i textbook. Be sure to complete the self-check to gauge your progress. Itroductio I your everyday life, you probably fid it helpful ad eve comfortig to keep thigs orgaized. By classifyig objects, chores, ad eve the food we eat ito recogizable groups or dividig large etities ito maageable segmets, we make sese of ad keep track of the various parts of our lives. Classifyig or dividig a topic for a essay ca help you orgaize your thoughts ad ideas before you begi a draft, or it ca be the patter of developmet you use to iform your readers about your topic. I this assigmet you ll review the priciples of classificatio ad divisio ad look at how classificatio ad divisio ca be effectively combied with other patters of developmet. While each method of orgaizatio ca be effective o its ow, combiig two or three will give your essay more depth ad allow for more sophisticated approaches to your subject matter. Readig Highlights Page 401 Classificatio is the sortig of items ito specific categories for ease of idetificatio. It seems people are compelled to sort thigs: clothig, office supplies, ad library books are geerally grouped together i ways that help us fid ad use them more efficietly. Eve people are sorted ito groups by family, job title, or persoality type. If we divide a large group, such as a busiess, ito smaller categories, like departmets, we call that divisio. 92 Advaced Compositio

96 Pages Your text discusses the characteristics of the classificatio or divisio essay o these pages. First, remember your readers ad be sure that your categories make sese to them. Use a sigle priciple for classificatio or divisio. For example, if your topic was stars, you could classify them by brightess, color, ad mass, but if you divided them, it would be by types of stars. Each elemet classified or sorted ito parts should be fully explaied. A essay that employs classificatio or divisio frames the parts ad pieces with a thesis, which idetifies the topic. Pages Read the essay My Secret Life o the McJob: Fast Food Maagers by Jerry Newma. I his essay, Newma uses illustratio to both egage his readers ad differetiate the maagemet styles of differet store maagers. As you ejoy readig this essay, cosider the followig questios: What was the most commo maagerial style the author ecoutered? What was the most commo work attitude of mechaical maagers? Why do you suppose relatioship maagers were so rare? Which of these maagerial types is characterized by quickly lettig employees kow what is expected of them? After you ve read the essay, study the sample graphic orgaizer i Figure 17.1 o page 407. Pages Read The Laguage of Juk Food Addictio: How to 'Read' a Potato Chip o pages ad study Figure 17.2 o page 410 to see how the article is illustrated i a graphic orgaizer. Lesso 5 93

97 Pages Study the material o itegratig classificatio or divisio ito a essay. The take a close look at the guidelies for actively readig ad thikig critically about a classificatio or divisio essay. You ll fid these guidelies useful whe studyig or writig a classificatio or divisio essay. 94 Advaced Compositio

98 Self-Check 17 Read the followig passage carefully, the aswer the questios. How Are Rocks Differet from Mierals? Geologists kow the differece betwee rocks ad mierals. Mierals are atural chemical compouds, ad their variety is eormous. They re sometimes classified accordig to their chemical properties. The Daa classificatio system icludes the silicate, carboate, sulfate, oxide, ad elemet classes, amog others. For istace, a very commo mieral i the silicate class, quartz, is maily composed of silico dioxide. The elemet class comprises metals ad itermetallic elemets, such as silver ad gold. I cotrast, the three basic kids of rocks are classified i terms of how they were formed. Igeous rocks are hardeed magma the molte rock foud beeath Earth s crust. Sedimetary rocks are formed from layers of sad, clay, or the remais of marie creatures. Compressed by the weight ad pressure of ocea depths, sad ca become sadstoe, clay ca become shale, ad the skeletos of marie aimals may be trasformed ito limestoe. Fially, metamorphic rocks ca origiate from either igeous or sedimetary rocks. Over billios of years, covulsios of the Earth s crust have pushed igeous or sedimetary rocks deep ito our plaet s subsurface to be trasformed (metamorphosed) by uimagiable heat ad pressure. Over millios of years, graite may be trasformed ito some form of geiss or schist rocks that are ofte foud i the Alps or the Rocky Moutais. Limestoe may be trasformed ito marble, shale ito slate, ad sadstoe ito glitterig quartzite. 1. If the paragraphs are part of a short essay, what is a possible workig thesis for the essay? 2. Outlie the classificatios ad divisios i the essay. Check your aswers with those o page 192. Lesso 5 95

99 ASSIGNMENT 18: DEFINITION Read the followig assigmet. The, read pages i your textbook. Be sure to complete the self-check to gauge your progress. Itroductio Please replace with: As you move from classificatio ad divisio to defiitio, you ca probably see the liks betwee these two patters of developmet. I your essay for this lesso, you ll develop a exteded defiitio of the term family or fried. You ll explore your ow defiitio of the word you choose, ad the use classificatio ad/or divisio to icorporate formal defiitios to show how the defiitio of the term has chaged over a specific time period i respose to oe or more specific social, cultural, ad/or historical factors. Readig Highlights Pages A defiitio, which explais the meaig of a term or cocept, should be give directly ad the may be explored through illustratios ad examples. For example, Voice over: I a film or video, dialog spoke off camera, geerally i the cotext of a series of visual images is a direct defiitio. A exteded defiitio explores the meaig of a topic more completely. The essay by Ja Goodwi, which you ll read as part of this assigmet, offers a exteded defiitio through explaatios of who freegas are ad how they live. I a exteded defiitio essay, you ca expect to fid oe or more characteristics, icludig A brief explaatio of the term: Arachid: A family of creatures withi the Arthropod phylum, which icludes spiders, scorpios, ad horseshoe crabs. Specificity ad focus: I Ja Goodwi s essay Freegas, the focus is o urba foragers ad their place i society. 96 Advaced Compositio

100 A poit: A exteded defiitio makes its poit by elaboratig o the defiitio. With their compoud eyes, treacherous webs, ad graspig madibles, spiders are see by some as prototypes of some alie meace. Varyig or mixed patters of developmet: You might compare ad cotrast spiders ad horseshoe crabs or discuss the evolutio of spiders from acestors of the horseshoe crab. Other approaches would be to use details ad distiguishig characteristics, such as compoud eyes, treacherous webs, ad graspig madibles, or repudiate miscoceptios Spiders play a vital role i curtailig the populatios of isect pests. Pages Oce you ve reviewed the textbook s examiatio of the characteristics of exteded defiitios, read Ja Goodwi s essay, Freegas: They Live o What We Throw Away. Afterwards, study the sample graphic orgaizer for a Exteded Defiitio Essay o page 438. Pages Read the essay by Mike Crissey, Dude, Do You Kow What You Just Said? As you read, imagie creatig a graphic orgaizer for the essay. The study Figure 18.2 to see if your thoughts ad ideas o that objective match up with the orgaizer offered i your text. Pages Pay close attetio to the sectio Itegratig Defiitio ito a Essay, because the istructios establish four kids of terms you should defie o matter what the essay s purpose or patter of developmet is. The eed to defie techical ad abstract terms may be obvious, particularly for a audiece uaware of the jargo. Though it s ot discussed i your textbook, aother elemet to writig a exteded defiitio for a academic paper is to study its etymology, which refers to the origi ad history of the word. For example, as detailed i Merriam-Webster s Lesso 5 97

101 Olie Dictioary, the term etymology comes from the Greek words etumos, meaig true, ad logia, meaig word ad reaso, to idicate a word s literal meaig ad source. This fourteeth-cetury term worked its way from Greek ito the Eglish laguage by passig through Lati, Aglo- Frech, ad Middle Eglish. Uabridged dictioaries will provide the most iformatio, usually icludig the time period the word came ito commo use, the laguage(s) i which some form of it was used, ad the root word(s) for each of its parts. With some, you may have to idetify the root word for a term ad the look up that root word i the dictioary for the origi s defiitio. Be sure to read the sectio or appedix i the dictioary that explais how to read the etymological iformatio to gai full use of this resource tool. Why would ayoe wat to icorporate this type of iformatio ito a defiitio paper? Sometimes a term s etymology is so basic, such as whe the root word meas exactly the same as the term, o purpose is served by discussig it. O the other had, the word s origial meaig ca ofte shed ew light o its curret use ad deepe your uderstadig. Cosider the term plagiarize, which ivolves usig someoe else s work ad ideas as your ow. Origially, the word came from the Lati ad Greek where it meat kidappig, as well as ettig or trappig game (Merriam-Webster). Supplyig this etymological iformatio i your defiitio ca help you portray the agry shock a author feels whe his or her work is kidapped or take hostage by aother perso. I additio, it ca be used to uderscore the crimial cootatios associated with plagiarism, thereby supportig the severe puishmets imposed for such a act. I additio to examiig the types of terms that require defiitio i a exteded defiitio essay, this sectio also offers guidelies for readig actively ad thikig critically about exteded defiitio essays. Pages Because your essay exam for this lesso will be based o exteded defiitio, carefully study the steps outlied i the guided writig assigmet sectio i this chapter. The topic 98 Advaced Compositio

102 for your exam will be assiged, but you may fid it useful to practice usig oe of the topics suggested i this guided writig sectio. Pay special attetio to the editig, proofreadig, ad revisio tips o pages Pages The Readigs: Exteded Defiitio i Actio sectio begis with a Studets Write essay by Kate Atkiso, Guerilla Street Art: A New Use of Public Space (pages ). Note the highlighted words ad passages i the essay while you aalyze the readig. The secod essay, Datig o the Autism Spectrum by Emily Shire (pages ), demostrates the itegratio of exteded defiitio with other patters. Lesso 5 99

103 Self-Check Refer to the paragraphs o rocks ad mierals i Self-Check 17 to aswer the followig questios. a. Look up the term metamorphosis i a stadard college dictioary ad write out several differet defiitios. Which oe would apply to rocks? b. Usig Merriam-Webster s Olie Dictioary at ivestigate the etymology of metamorphosis. (Be sure to look up the term meta- as well.) How does the iformatio you fid help you better uderstad the defiitio? c. What words or cocepts are defied i the paragraphs? d. How does the discussio of rocks ad mierals combie defiitio with classificatio? Reread Kate Atkiso s essay, Guerilla Street Art (pages ). 2. Tur to page 451 ad respod to all three items uder Aalyzig the Writer s Techique. 3. Respod to all five items uder Thikig Critically About Defiitio (pages ). Check your aswers with those o page 193. Before cotiuig o to Lesso 6, please complete the essay examiatios for Lesso Advaced Compositio

104 Lesso 5: Exteded Defiitio Essay OBJECTIVES For this exam, you will Use the writig process to write a essay usig exteded defiitio Write a effective thesis statemet Develop paragraphs usig topic seteces, adequate detail, supportig evidece, ad trasitios Develop critical readig skills Use resposible research methods to locate appropriate secodary sources Use Moder Laguage Associatio citatio ad documetatio style to referece secodary source material correctly ad appropriately Quote, paraphrase, ad summarize secodary source material correctly ad appropriately Use the covetios of stadard writte America Eglish to produce correct, well-writte essays INTRODUCTION As our culture evolves, the laguage we use to express ourselves chages too. To fully uderstad the world i which we live, it s importat to fully comprehed the depth ad breadth of the words that we use to describe it. Words that have more tha defiitio or more tha oe meaig erich ot oly our vocabulary, but also our lives. Topic: Write a 1,500 1,700 word exteded defiitio essay usig either the word fried or the word family that aalyzes the word s historical, social, ad/or cultural evolutio. G r a d e d P r o j e c t 101

105 Purpose: To make a specific, uified, ad origial poit about how the defiitio of fried or family has chaged over a particular period of time due to oe or more specific historical, social, ad/or cultural factors. Methods: To use at least four secodary sources to support your exteded defiitio of the term you choose, icludig 1. A etymological dictioary 2. A stadard or traditioal dictioary 3. A article from Expaded Academic ASAP Audiece: Juior ad seior-level distace educatio studets erolled at Pe Foster College THE WRITING PROCESS Prewritig 1. Before you decide o the specific word you ll write your essay about, take time to freewrite what you thik the word meas to you. This exercise should help you to decide which word you have more of your ow ideas ad opiios about ad give you a good place to start. Explore where your defiitio comes from, ad how it departs from the etymological defiitio. 2. Oce you ve chose your word, either fried or family, review the model defiitio essays i your textbook, Goodwi s Freegas (434) ad Crissey s Dude (438). 3. Retur to your freewritig to add additioal iformatio a.research i. Stadard defiitios of the word (431) ii. Etymological dictioaries iii. Traditioal dictioaries Graded Project

106 iv. Expaded Academic ASAP 1. Expaded Academic ASAP is a subscriptiooly database available i Pe Foster s digi tal library. You ca access the database by clickig o the Library Services lik i your Studet Portal. See the Academic Support ad Olie Resources sectio i the itro ductio to this study guide. b.use egatio to explai what your word does t mea ad to address miscoceptios (433). 4. Review your freewritig to write a thesis statemet that makes a claim about your word based o all of the cotet you ve developed.the thesis statemet should make a debatable poit about how the word has evolved over time due to historical, social, ad cultural chages. 5. Prepare a graphic orgaizer or outlie (438) to orgaize your mai poits before you begi writig your essay. Cosider usig other patters of developmet as you pla your body paragraphs to illustrate meaig, offer cotrasts, ad provide examples ( ). Draftig 6. Use your outlie or graphic orgaizer to draft your essay. a. Itroduce the term, provide ay ecessary backgroud iformatio, ad iclude your thesis statemet i your itroductio. b. Start each body paragraph with a topic setece that supports your thesis. i. Remember that topic seteces are ever questios or quotatios. c. Use trasitios to ed paragraphs ad to guide readers to the ext idea. Graded Project 103

107 Revisio 7. Use the chart o pages i your textbook to help you revise your essay. a. Cosider your essay from the readers perspective. i. Do you have a thesis statemet? ii.have you adequately idetified the distiguishig characteristics of your term? b. Employ the recommeded revisio strategies if you ve aswered o to ay of the questios o the flowchart. SUBMIT YOUR EXAM Esure your exam follows the proper format for submissio: 1-ich margis o all sides 12 pt. Times New Roma fot Double spacig 1. Use the header fuctio i your word-processig program to eter your persoal idetificatio ad exam iformatio: Studet Name ID Number Street Address City, State, ZIP Address 2. Save your exam with the file ame: IDNumber_ExamNumber_LastName_FirstName 3. Save your exam i either MS Word or Rich Text Format (.rtf). If a istructor ca t ope the file you submit, it will be retured ugraded. 104 Graded Project

108 4. Whe your exam has bee evaluated ad retured to you, you will be able to review the istructor s commets by clickig o the View Project butto ext to the grade ad dowloadig the Istructor Feedback File. If you have trouble viewig the file, please cotact a istructor. To submit your essay exam, follow these steps: 1. Go to 2. Log i to your studet portal. 3. Click o Take Exam ext to the lesso you re workig o. 4. Follow the istructios provided to complete your exam. Be sure to keep a backup copy of ay files you submit to the school! Tip: Review the evaluatio rubric o the followig page before submittig your essay. Graded Project 105

109 EXTENDED DEFINITION RUBRIC Skill Realized Skill Developig Skill Emergig Not Show Thesis: Audiece, Purpose, ad Topic How well does the thesis establish a clearly defied, aalytical focus uique to the assiged topic, purpose, ad audiece? Developmet How isightfully ad covicigly does the writer aalyze the historical, social, ad/or cultural evolutio of the word family or fried to make a claim about the meaig of the word? Does the studet clearly support the claim through balaced use of assertios, evidece, ad aalytic explaatio? Icorporatio of Source Material How logically ad effectively are paraphrases, summaries, ad direct quotatios from varied, relevat, ad reliable sources itegrated with the writer s style for purpose ad audiece? How well did the writer icorporate the etymology of the word ito the essay? Orgaizatio How gracefully does the writer icorporate trasitioal words ad coective phrasig with appropriate paragraphig to guide the reader through the presetatio? Style ad Voice How eergetically ad cosistetly does the writer iteract with both the topic ad audiece while usig varied, cocrete, active dictio? To what extet does the writer achieve a atural, pleasat rhythm, particularly through setece fluecy? MLA Citatio Did the writer accurately ad correctly at least 4 sources usig MLA citatio style, both i-text ad o the list of Works Cited? Covetios At what level does the writer demostrate correct ad effective stadard writte America Eglish? Format ad Legth Did the paper meet the required legth (1,500-1,700 words) ad formattig requiremets? Graded Project

110 Lesso 6: Readig ad Writig about Literature INTRODUCTION Regardless of gere or disciplie, the purposes of academic writig are to iform, to commuicate feeligs ad ideas, or to persuade. Aalyzig the purpose of aother writer s work or writig to achieve your purpose requires effective critical thikig skills. After all, if you re goig to praise or criticize aother s opiios or try to persuade readers to agree with yours, you must uderstad the topic ad have somethig worthwhile to say about it. I this lesso you ll practice aalyzig ideas ad look at additioal ways to itegrate pertiet ideas ito a essay. OBJECTIVES Whe you complete this lesso, you ll be able to Develop a geeral approach to readig literature Explai the laguage of literature Aalyze short stories ad poetry Write a thoughtful aalysis of a sog L e s s o 6 107

111 ASSIGNMENT 19: A GENERAL APPROACH TO READING LITERATURE; UNDERSTANDING THE LANGUAGE OF LITERATURE Read the followig assigmet. The read pages i your textbook. Be sure to complete the self-check to gauge your progress. Itroductio Sometimes studets dread readig literature for a class, oly to be surprised to fid that a ovel by Steibeck or a poem by Jimmy Satiago Baca reaches them o a level they ever imagied possible. This assigmet offers a few ideas that ca make readig literature a more satisfyig experiece. It also takes a close look at the kids of laguage you re likely to ecouter whe you read a literary work. Readig Highlights Pages Read the Writig Quick Start itroductio about the poet Gwedoly Brooks; the read The Bea Eaters o page 659. Read it at least twice before proceedig to the brief aalysis at the bottom of page 659. Pages These pages offer five guidelies for readig literature. They poit out that readig literature requires a differet approach from everyday readig, but it s worth the effort. Developig a deep uderstadig ad appreciatio of a work of literature ofte requires multiple readigs, as well as some extra time ad effort, to comprehed the uique ad creative ways a author uses laguage ad to digest the differet elemets the author uses. I particular, you may eed to reread a poem, 108 Advaced Compositio

112 short story, or ovel to fully grasp ad articulate the work s theme, a large or geeral issue that s shared by or sigificat to most people. Pages Lesso 5 briefly touched upo some of the commo types of figurative laguage, which you ve probably studied i other Eglish courses. But as you grow as a reader ad a studet, the ideas you ecouter through simile ad metaphor become more mature ad complex. The explaatios ad examples i the text review the terms ad demostrate the use of each. Literary works also use persoificatio, i which huma characteristics are attributed to objects or aimals, ad symbols, which stad for ideas or themes. Iroy plays tricks with words to expose the opposite of what you may expect. Self-Check What is the differece betwee a simile ad a metaphor? Provide your ow iveted examples for each. 2. I what way could a empty ad abadoed house be a symbol? Use your imagiatio ad write out three possible examples. 3. Complete Exercise 25.1 o page 662. Check your aswers with those o page 194. Lesso 6 109

113 ASSIGNMENT 20: ANALYZING SHORT STORIES Read the followig assigmet. The read pages i your textbook. Be sure to complete the self-check to gauge your progress. Itroductio I Lesso 5, you reviewed importat critical readig ad thikig skills as they applied to readig descriptive ad illustrative essays. Together with the guidelies for readig literature ad the discussio of literary laguage offered i the previous assigmet, you re well o your way to aalyzig works of arrative fictio. This assigmet offers two short stories for you to read, as well as a detailed examiatio of elemets commoly foud i short stories ad ovels. Readig Highlights Pages Like most literature, a short story requires more tha oe readig to comprehed because the story is t oly about what happes; it s also about the ideas preseted by the author. The readig strategies offered i this assiged readig sectio will help you uderstad ad iterpret the author s meaig through his or her use of settig, characters, poit of view, figures of speech, ad other literary devices. These strategies apply to ovels ad movies, as well. Use the readig strategies you leared o pages i your textbook as you read The Secret Lio by Alberto Ríos. First, establish the literal meaig of the story: esure that you kow what s happeig ad where, ad who the characters are, as well as their relatioships to each other. The read the story a secod time to see if ay patters develop that could help you achieve a better uderstadig of the title. 110 Advaced Compositio

114 Pages Study the elemets of arrative fictio o these pages, focusig o short stories. The settig of a arrative icludes the time, the place, ad the situatio. Imagie script istructios from a screeplay to get the idea. It s The place is a Pesylvaia tow called Gettysburg. Over three hot days i July, we observe the Battle of Gettysburg from the perspective of may of the major players o both sides. Or, It s October, Two hobos, Cal ad Big Bill, ride the rails i search of a meal or a warm, dry bar. Character is revealed by actio (ad reactio) ad dialogue; ofte the arrator is oe of the characters. The poit of view is simply the perspective from which a story is told. A story may be told i the first perso ( I was late arrivig for my appoitmet with Johy Black ) or the arrator ca be a omisciet thirdperso observer who describes the ufoldig of the drama ad kows the thoughts of the characters. A good plot ivolves a sequece of evets that egage the reader i some way; usually, plot depeds o some kid of coflict. All these elemets work together to express the theme of the story, which is the poit the writer is tryig to make. Themes ofte ivolve a message about huma experiece or the huma coditio. Study the questios i the sample worksheet o page 671, which will help you as you write your essay aalyzig a book ad a movie at the ed of Lesso 7. Pages Read Kate Chopi s The Story of a Hour, a richly descriptive arrative that eds with a iroic twist. Pay attetio to the structure of the story ad the iteractio of the characters. Lesso 6 111

115 Self-Check 20 Reread The Story of a Hour begiig o page 672, the complete questios I what geeral time period does the story take place? How much time elapses from its begiig to its ed? 2. Who is the mai character? What physical characteristics does he or she have? Do his or her physical traits have ay impact o the plot? 3. Does the mai character chage i the course of the story? I what way? 4. What is the theme of the story? How do you kow? Check your aswers with those o page Advaced Compositio

116 ASSIGNMENT 21: ANALYZING POETRY Read the followig assigmet. The read pages i your textbook. Be sure to complete the self-check to gauge your progress. Itroductio For some studets, aalyzig poetry may preset a challege, if oly i overcomig a faulty perceptio of what poetry is. Although writte poetry is less familiar to may of us tha, say, sog lyrics, they re closely related. If you thik of poetry as lyrics, the you might accept that sometimes you have to hear or read them several times before you coect all the ideas ad uderstad what the writer is sayig. Study the iformatio o aalyzig a poem, because at the ed of this lesso you ll be asked to write a essay about a sog, which, as metioed, is similar i may ways to a poem. Readig Highlights Pages Eve if you do t read poetry for pleasure, try to appreciate the may elemets a poet puts together to deliver his or her message. Poetry gais its power from commuicatig feelig ad ituitio through creative use of laguage. Ordiary, literal, left-braied laguage works for logical or practical purposes, ad sometimes eve for arratives. Isights ito values, emotios, or questios of existece are better expressed idirectly through cocise images, toe, ad levels of meaig. Use the guidelies discussed o pages ad the 10 questios o pages to help you aalyze the poems by Robert Frost ad Marily Nelso offered i this sectio. Lesso 6 113

117 Aalyzig Poetry To give you a bit more practice i aalyzig poetry, this study guide offers a closer examiatio of the elemets of poetry, as well as two additioal poems for you to read ad aalyze. As metioed earlier, aalyzig a poem is much like uderstadig thoughtful sog lyrics. The more you liste to a sog, the more you catch, ad after hearig it several times, you realize what the etire message or story is. May popular sogs use symbols or allusios that resoate with their audiece. For istace, just a place ame, like Aruba or the Twi Towers, ca provide the time ad mood the writer wats to ivoke. Poets try to express ideas cocisely, usig clear ideas that evoke ot oly a image, but also a feelig. Note that images appeal to all of the five seses, ot just sight. Whe you read a poem, start by readig it through twice. I fact, do t expect to uderstad it util you ve read it several times. I the first readig, you ll just begi to see where the poet is goig by the time you reach the ed. O the secod readig, you ll see how the earlier ideas develop ad are related to the later oes. With each subsequet readig, more of the poet s message will become evidet. To covey meaig, poets use certai mechaical elemets i additio to themes, emotio, ad figures of speech. Rhyme, meter, ad eve spellig ad puctuatio add substace, depth, ad sometimes ambiguity to a poem. The Poet s Tools Whe you first read the two poems give later i this sectio, you may ot realize that each has a rhyme scheme, because if you follow the puctuatio, as you should, you probably wo t hear it. Read the poems through twice, ad the read each oe aloud. Next, begi lookig for the rhyme scheme. Remember that rhymes are t ecessarily perfect, ad some lies may ot have a rhymig parter. For istace, i Arold s poem Dover Beach o page 117 of this study guide, lies 21 ad 114 Advaced Compositio

118 26 ed i Faith ad breath respectively. He may have iteded them as a half rhyme. I Dickiso s poem o page 119 of this study guide, soul ad all offer a half (or slat) rhyme, but the first lie, which eds with feathers, does t rhyme with ay other lie. While poets sometimes use rhyme to emphasize words, i this case it may be the lack of rhyme that makes feathers stad out. Next, look for other mechaical poits of iterest. While you wo t ecessarily refer to them i your literary aalysis, poets use these tools to add iterest, emphasis, ad mood to a poem. Wheever you come across such elemets, remember that the poet deliberately employed the souds as well as the words. Also remember that ot all poems are deadly serious if a series of words or rhymes seem playful or fuy, chaces are they were meat to be just that. The followig are just a few of the poetical devices a poet ca use to evoke a specific emotio: Alliteratio. Alliteratio is the repetitio of the iitial soud i a series of words. (See lie 8 of Dover Beach. ) Assoace. I assoace, the vowel soud repeats. (I Dover Beach, see the rhymes of the lies with the ite soud: toight, light, flight.) Cosoace. Cosoace uses repeatig cosoat souds, usually at the begiig ad eds of words, but sometimes i combiatio with souds withi a word. (See lies 4 ad 12 of Dover Beach. ) Iteral rhyme. Whe words withi a lie or setece rhyme, it s called iteral rhyme. Like ed rhymes, iteral rhyme may be imperfect. Ed Rhyme. Whe rhymes occur at the ed of lies of a poem, it s called ed rhyme. Two other elemets of poetry are rhythm ad meter. Rhythm refers to how the words soud as they re read. Meter is the patter used to create the rhythm. Meter is measured i feet per lie; each foot is represets a stressed syllable ad oe or two ustressed syllables. Some of these patters are stadard ad have ames, the most familiar beig iambic petameter, which uses oe ustressed ad oe stressed syllable for each foot, with five feet to the lie. Shakespeare ofte wrote i iambic petameter, such as at the ed of his classic Soet 18: Lesso 6 115

119 So log as me ca breathe, or eyes ca see, So log lives this, ad this gives life to thee. Readig the lies aloud gives you a very clear idea of the meter that was writte ito the poem. Whe you read the Emily Dickiso poem, pay close attetio to the meter i each lie. Note how the first lie s meter like its lack of rhyme does t match the rest of the poem. Why should you examie the mechaics of a poem? For oe thig, the words the poet stresses through rhyme or meter will help you pick out what s importat. Also, by payig attetio to the details, you ll discover relatioships betwee lies ad words that you might ot otice otherwise. For istace, rhymig words that appear i the first lies ad are repeated at the ed of the poem may have particular sigificace; or, like the odd lies i the Dickiso poem, a differet soud or meter may sigal importace. Fially, the closer you look ad the more ways ad the more times you read the poem, the more likely you are to grasp its full meaig. Although sog lyrics add the dimesio of rhythm ad meter through a musical score, the sogwriter cosiders these same mechaics. Aalyzig a Poem Now that you have a good idea of what you re lookig for, study the followig poems by Matthew Arold ad Emily Dickiso. Later, you ll have a chace to write your ow aalytical or critical ideas about the poems. Matthew Arold. Matthew Arold ( ) was a promiet poet of the Victoria era. He traveled ad lived i upper-class social circles, maitaiig relatioships with Eglish ad Frech literary figures of the time. He was closely ivolved with issues of educatio ad, for much of his life, was the Ispector of Schools for Eglad. He was cosidered upretetious ad outgoig, eve though much of his poetry reflected a aura of romatic melacholy characteristic of may itellectuals of his age. As his poem Dover Beach suggests, he had some doubts about the future of civilizatio. 116 Advaced Compositio

120 Dover Beach The sea is calm toight, The tide is full, the moo lies fair Upo the straits; o the Frech coast the light Gleams ad is goe; the cliffs of Eglad stad, Glimmerig ad vast, out i the traquil bay. 5 Come to the widow, sweet is the ight air! Oly, from the log lie of spray Where the moo meets the moo-blached lad, Liste! You hear the gratig roar Of pebbles which the waves draw back, ad flig, 10 At their retur, up the high strad, Begi, ad cease, ad the agai begi, With tremulous cadece slow, ad brig The eteral ote of sadess i. Sophocles log ago 15 Heard it i the Aegea, ad it brought Ito his mid the turbid ebb ad flow Of huma misery; we Fid also i the soud a thought, Hearig it by this distat orther sea. 20 The Sea of Faith Was oce, too, at the full, ad roud earth s shore Lay like the folds of a bright girdle furled. But ow I oly hear Its melacholy, log, withdrawig roar, 25 Retreatig, to the breath Of the ight wid, dow the vast edges drear Ad aked shigles of the world. Ah, love, let us be true To oe aother! for the world, which seems 30 To lie before us like a lad of dreams, So various, so beautiful, so ew, Hath really either joy, or love, or light, Nor certitude, or peace, or help for pai; Ad we are here as o a darklig plai 35 Swept with cofused alarms of struggle ad flight, Where igorat armies clash by ight. Lesso 6 117

121 Here s some backgroud o the poem: The beach to which Arold refers i the title is, as you might guess, the famous white cliffs of Dover, where the speaker describes its beauty to his love. Sophocles, a Greek poet ad playwright, was the author of Atigoe (441 BCE ) ad Oedipus the Kig (425 BCE ), tragedies based o deep flaws i the characters ad, by implicatio, i huma ature. The Sea of Faith (third staza) refers to Christedom before the Protestat Reformatio of the sixteeth cetury. Usig the mechaical tools discussed earlier, highlight the lies you thik are most sigificat. Thik about the meaig of the words, ad make sure you look up aythig you do t uderstad. The put ito words the message you believe the poet was tryig to covey. Emily Dickiso. Emily Dickiso ( ) was well educated as a youg woma, but after that lived her etire life i the family home i Amherst, Massachusetts. She wrote hudreds of poems, but oly a few of them were published durig her lifetime, ad most were t discovered util after her death. Her style of puctuatio ad use of slat rhymes was ucovetioal i her day, but she put great thought ito the mechaics of each poem, ad each idiosycratic device had a purpose. Most of her poems did t have titles. Ofte referred to as the Belle of Amherst, Dickiso is ow recogized as oe of America s most outstadig poets. 118 Advaced Compositio

122 Hope is the thig with feathers That perches i my soul Ad sigs the tue without the words Ad ever stops at all Ad sweetest i the Gale is heard Ad sore must be the storm That could abash the little bird That kept so may warm I ve heard it i the chillest lad Ad o the stragest Sea Yet, ever, i Extremity, It asked a crumb of Me. This poem was part of a larger piece titled Life. It ca be cosidered a exteded metaphor, with the bird represetig hope ad all the images relatig to that idea. The little bird is a residet of the huma soul ad always offers comfort, o matter how strog the storm. Self-Check Idetify the cetral metaphor i Dickiso s poem. 2. I Dover Beach, what does the metaphor... aked shigles of the world represet? 3. What is persoificatio? Give oe example from Arold s poem. 4. What is the meaig of the last two lies of Dickiso s poem? Offer additioal critical commets o the poem s edig. Check your aswers with those o page 195. Lesso 6 119

123 ASSIGNMENT 22: LITERARY ANALYSIS Read the followig assigmet. The read pages i your textbook. Be sure to complete the self-check to gauge your progress. Itroductio Whe you write a research paper, you look up iformatio ad opiios that will support your thesis. You should apply the same process to writig a literary aalysis. Oce you ve take a positio o the meaig or importace of a elemet i a poem or sog ad developed your thesis, you ca begi the research process. If you eed to refresh your uderstadig of the research process, make use of the various resources available to you. Refer back to the academic support ad olie resources o pages of this study guide. Liks to other applicable websites are available at the Library Services lik o your studet page. Oce you ve thoroughly aalyzed a poem (or sog) ad decided o a thesis, you ca search for authoritative sources to back you up. Your referece libraria ca help you fid appropriate sources. The you ll itegrate the iformatio ito your paper as support for your ideas, just as you would ay sources for a research paper. Be sure to use proper citatio. Readig Highlights Pages Here, you ll fid basic iformatio o literary aalysis. Literary aalysis does t mea simply summarizig a work. Aalysis must provide a critique of the work, cosiderig its elemets (such as toe, laguage, ad the effect of rhyme, if ay) ad iterpretig the work to reveal its cotext ad message. Study this sectio carefully, as it will come i hady as you complete the prewritig ad essay examiatios for Lesso Advaced Compositio

124 Pages Read the Studets Write essay, The Keepig of The Secret Lio, by Adrew Decker. As you ll see, it s a literary aalysis of the short story you read i Assigmet 20. Note the highlighted sectios that poit out the differet elemets Decker uses to support his thesis, as well as the way he focuses his aalysis o oe aspect of the story. Also, be sure to look at the Works Cited page at the ed of the essay. Self-Check Reread The Keepig of The Secret Lio ad respod to all three items uder Aalyzig the Writer s Techique o page 688. Check your aswers with those o page 196. Before movig o to Lesso 7, watch the video lecture Figurative Laguage: Aalyzig Poetry" o your studet portal ad complete multiple choice quiz RR. The complete the prewritig ad essay exams for Lesso 6. Lesso 6 121

125 NOTES 122 Advaced Compositio

126 Lesso 6: Prewritig: Literary Aalysis OBJECTIVES For this exam, the studet will Use the writig process to draft ad revise a essay Write a effective thesis statemet Idetify, defie, ad aalyze literary elemets Develop critical readig skills Use resposible research methods to locate appropriate secodary sources Use Moder Laguage Associatio citatio ad documetatio style to referece secodary source material correctly ad appropriately INTRODUCTION I 2017, there are t too may studets who claim to like poetry. But whe was the last time you wet a day without music? The fact is, music has always bee more like poetry tha may people realize, ad if you ca uderstad ad appreciate the laguage ad meaig of a sog, the it would t be too hard to read ad uderstad a poem. I this assigmet, you ll apply the techiques of readig poetry to sog lyrics to explore the richess ad appeal of figurative laguage. Topic: Aalyze the use of figurative laguage i a sog Purpose: To show how the sog s use of figurative laguage cotributes to its appeal to its listeers Method: To prepare a outlie or graphic orgaizer that will serve as the foudatio for a 1,200 1,500 word essay G r a d e d P r o j e c t 123

127 To begi the research process by preparig a aotated bibliography i Moder Laguage Associatio citatio ad documetatio format that cosists of at least five sources: 1 primary source: the sog lyrics 4 secodary sources: sog reviews, critiques, articles about the album, profiles of the siger ad/or sogwriter that focus o the music ad lyrics (ot the idividual s persoal life) Audiece: Juior ad seior-level distace educatio studets erolled at Pe Foster College THE WRITING PROCESS Pla ad Prewrite 1. Watch the Literary Aalysis lecture otes video o your studet portal. This video reviews the essay requiremets ad the mai elemets of a literary aalysis. 2. Review the sample literary aalysis prewritig o Katy Perry's "Firework" o your studet portal/i your course resources/i your study guide. Please ote that you may ot use the sog "Firework" for your paper. 3. Make a list of sogs you might write about. Remember that the sog eeds to employ figurative laguage, so you ll most likely eed to sped some time olie lookig up the lyrics to esure that you choose a sog with eough figurative laguage to evetually write 1,200 1,500 words about. 4. Choose oe sog from your list to write about. 5. Develop the cotet for your outlie or graphic orgaizer by first freewritig about your sog: a. What is the sog about? b. How does the sog covey that subject? i. Does it use a straightforward, literal laguage? If so, you may wat to retur to your list ad choose aother. ii.does it employ figurative laguage? 124 Graded Project

128 iii. What types of figurative laguage ca you idetify? Review page i your textbook ad the Literary Aalysis lecture otes video o your studet portal. c. What does the figurative laguage represet? 6. Is the sog popular? Why do listeers fid it appealig? Research 7. Your lyrics are your primary source ad cout as oe source o your aotated bibliography ad toward the research requiremet for your essay. Be sure that you have carefully oted where you foud them, either olie or i prit. 8. You ll eed a miimum of four other sources. These sources should focus o the sog s popularity, appeal, ad sigificace i its cultural cotext. a. If you ve chose a cotemporary sog, that would mea aalyzig why audieces have made it so popular or perhaps reviled today. b. If you ve chose a older sog, you might explore why it was sigificat i its ow time period ad/or why it s still meaigful today. c. You do t eed to choose a sog from the Billboard charts for this assigmet. You may have chose a sog that s sigificat to a particular audiece but does t have widespread popularity. You ca still focus o what makes the sog meaigful to those who liste to it. 9. Go to the library. Your Pe Foster digital library provides resources that will help you to meet the research requiremets for your essay, but keep i mid that research i a library, eve a digital oe, is t like searchig olie. To lear more, visit the Pe Foster Library site. Graded Project 125

129 10. Search olie, but remember that you ll eed to evaluate your sources carefully; review pages i your textbook. Some examples of appropriate sources follow. a. Reviews by music critics b. Profiles by jouralists ad other professioal writers c. Articles about the time period, cultural evets, ad social orms Prepare Your Aotated Bibliography Review page i your textbook for specific iformatio ad a sample aotated bibliography. You should also review MLA format for citatio ad documetatio ( ). a. Aotatios are three to five setece summaries of sources that follow the citatio. Make ote of cotet that is relevat to your topic ad that will support your assertios. b. Esure that your citatios are correct by checkig them agaist the MLA sectio i your text. Prepare Your Outlie/Graphic Orgaizer You may choose to submit either a formal outlie or a graphic orgaizer for this assigmet. Your outlie or graphic orgaizer should be sufficietly detailed to illustrate your pla for your essay. I other words, it should be as detailed as possible. Reread page i your textbook o graphic orgaizers ad outlies. 1. This assigmet (both prewritig ad essay) requires you aalyze the use of figurative laguage i a sog, ad the illustrate that sog s cultural appeal ad/or sigificace to its listeers. Please review page i your textbook for the characteristics of a illustratio essay ad a sample graphic orgaizer. 2. Be sure to state your mai poits, secodary poits, ad supportig evidece. Iclude ay refereces to secodary sources as well, ad use MLA parethetical citatio to lik them to your aotated bibliography. 3. Revise your work to esure that your thesis statemet, mai poits, evidece, ad secodary sources all work together to address the purpose of the assigmet. 126 Graded Project

130 ASSIGNMENT CHECKLIST For this assigmet, you must submit your Sog lyrics Outlie or graphic orgaizer Aotated bibliography SUBMIT YOUR EXAM Esure your exam follows the proper format for submissio: 1-ich margis o all sides 12 pt. Times New Roma fot Double spacig 1. Use the header fuctio i your word-processig program to eter your persoal idetificatio ad exam iformatio: Studet Name ID Number Exam Number Street Address City, State, Zip Address 2. Save your exam with the file ame: IDNumber_ExamNumber_LastName_FirstName 3. Save your exam i either MS Word or Rich Text Format (.rtf). If a istructor ca t ope the file you submit, it will be retured ugraded. 4. Whe your exam has bee evaluated ad retured to you, you will be able to review the istructor s commets by clickig o the View Project butto ext to the grade ad dowloadig the Istructor Feedback File. If you have trouble viewig the file, please cotact a istructor. Graded Project 127

131 To submit your essay exam, follow these steps: 1. Go to 2. Log i to your studet portal. 3. Click o Take Exam ext to the lesso you re workig o. 4. Follow the istructios provided to complete your exam. Be sure to keep a backup copy of ay files you submit to the school! Tip: Review the evaluatio rubric o the followig page before submittig your exam. 128 Graded Project

132 LITERARY ANALYSIS PREWRITING RUBRIC Pass Fail Thesis, Ideas, ad Cotet The thesis makes a focused claim that ca be sustaied i a loger essay. The writer aalyzes the literary devices that are used i the sog to create its meaig or theme. The writer aalyzes the ifluece, impact ad/or importace of the sog s message. Orgaizatio Ideas are logically arraged ad help move paper forward. Each proposed mai poit is focused o oe aspect of the topic ad helps support the thesis statemet. Secodary source iformatio is icorporated to support the claim of impact/popularity of the sog. Style ad Voice Maitais a cosistet poit of view o topic Proposed evidece will egage readers iterest i the topic. Bibliography Properly formatted usig MLA guidelies. Provided a miimum of six potetial outside sources for research that could be used i the essay. Effectively summarized the purpose of each source ad aalyzed its relevace to the topic i at least three seteces Covetios The outlie/orgaizer has bee spell-checked ad proofread to check for errors i word choice ad typos. The assigmet is reasoably free of errors that iterfere with a reader s ability to uderstad the cotet. Format The prewrite is developed as a outlie or graphic orgaizer. It icludes all required iformatio i a properly formatted header. Graded Project 129

133 NOTES 130 Graded Project

134 Lesso 6: Essay: Literary Aalysis OBJECTIVES For this exam, the studet will Use the writig process to draft ad revise a essay Write a effective thesis statemet Develop paragraphs usig topic seteces, adequate detail, supportig evidece, ad trasitios Idetify, defie, ad aalyze literary elemets Use resposible research methods to locate appropriate secodary sources Use Moder Laguage Associatio citatio ad documetatio style to referece secodary source material correctly ad appropriately Quote, paraphrase, ad summarize secodary source material correctly ad appropriately Use the covetios of stadard writte America Eglish to produce correct, well-writte essays INTRODUCTION For this assigmet, you ll use the outlie or graphic orgaizer you created i the prewritig assigmet to create a full aalysis of figurative laguage i a sog of your choice. Topic: Aalyze the use of figurative laguage i a sog You ll develop your essay from the outlie or graphic orgaizer you wrote for your previous assigmet. Do t switch your topic; use your istructor s feedback to refie your ideas ad to write your essay. G r a d e d P r o j e c t 131

135 Purpose: To write a 1,200 1,500 word essay that aalyzes the figurative laguage ad literary devices i a sog to show how those elemets cotribute to the sog s appeal to its audiece Audiece: Juior ad seior-level distace educatio studets erolled at Pe Foster College THE WRITING PROCESS Draftig 1. You ve received feedback o your prewritig assigmet that should help you to develop your essay. Review your outlie or graphic orgaizer to esure that you uderstad the istructor s commets ad recommedatios. 2. Reread a. Chapter 7, Draftig a Essay b. Chapter 8, Writig Effective Paragraphs 3. As you begi to draft the ideas you icluded i your outlie or graphic orgaizer, follow the guidelies for writig your a. Title (pages ) b. Itroductio (pages ) c. Coclusio (pages ) 4. The cotet of each paragraph should be cofied to the iformatio itroduced i the topic setece ad should develop that topic logically based o the pla you provided i your outlie or graphic orgaizer. 5. Review Chapter 24 o icorporatig research ito your essay. Be sure to a. Itroduce borrowed cotet b. Properly puctuate quotatios c. Provide i-text, or parethetical, citatios for secodary sources i MLA format d. Use MLA format for your list of works cited 132 Graded Project

136 Revisig 1. Review Chapter 9 o Revisig Your Cotet ad Orgaizatio. 2. Use the checklist o page 179 to check your essay ad revise the elemets to which you aswered o. 3. Use the checklist o page 181 to check to your paragraphs to esure that they are logically developed ad orgaized effectively. Revise the elemets to which you aswered o. ASSIGNMENT CHECKLIST For this assigmet, you must submit your Sog lyrics Essay List of works cited Aotated Bibliography Please save all your work i oe documet; do t upload separate documets for review. Use page breaks betwee your sog lyrics ad essay. Your list of works cited should also be a separate page. Review the sample MLA-style essay o page i your textbook. SUBMIT YOUR EXAM Esure your exam follows the proper format for submissio: 1-ich margis o all sides 12 pt. Times New Roma fot Double spacig Graded Project 133

137 1. Use the header fuctio i your word-processig program to eter your persoal idetificatio ad exam iformatio: Studet Name ID Number Exam Number Street Address City, State, Zip Address 2. Save your exam with the file ame: IDNumber_ExamNumber_LastName_FirstName. 3. Save your exam i either MS Word or Rich Text Format (.rtf). If a istructor ca t ope the file you submit, it will be retured ugraded. 4. Whe your exam has bee evaluated ad retured to you, you will be able to review the istructor s commets by clickig o the View Project butto ext to the grade ad dowloadig the Istructor Feedback File. If you have trouble viewig the file, please cotact a istructor. To submit your essay exam, follow these steps: 1. Go to 2. Log i to your studet portal. 3. Click o Take Exam ext to the lesso you re workig o. 4. Follow the istructios provided to complete your exam. Be sure to keep a backup copy of ay files you submit to the school! Tip: Review the evaluatio rubric o the followig page before submittig your essay. 134 Graded Project

138 LITERARY ANALYSIS ESSAY RUBRIC Evaluatio for exam umber: Skill Realized Skill Developig Skill Emergig Not Show Thesis: Audiece, Purpose, ad Topic Does the thesis make a claim about the sigificace of the sog that alludes to both the figurative laguage it employs ad its impact o its audiece? Developmet How isightfully ad covicigly does the writer aalyze each example of the sog's poetic devices i terms of correct idetificatio ad explaatio of terms for give lie(s), tyig the use of each to the sog's theme? Icorporatio of Source Material How logically ad effectively are paraphrases, summaries, ad direct quotatios from varied, relevat, ad reliable sources employed to support the thesis statemet ad illustrate the assertios made about the sog itself? Orgaizatio How gracefully does the writer icorporate trasitioal words ad coective phrasig with appropriate paragraphig to guide the reader through the presetatio? Style ad Voice How eergetically ad cosistetly does the writer iteract with both the topic ad audiece while usig varied, cocrete, active dictio? To what extet does the writer achieve a atural, pleasat rhythm, particularly through setece fluecy? MLA Citatio Did the writer accurately ad correctly documet at least three required sources usig the MLA citatio style both i-text ad o the list of Works Cited? (Cotiued) Graded Project 135

139 Evaluatio for exam umber: Skill Realized Skill Developig Skill Emergig Not Show Aotated Bibliography Did the writer give five sources, icludig the two cited i the paper? Was each aotatio at least three seteces log? How well did the writer summarize the source's purpose, aalyze its usefuless for the paper, ad reflect o a uique aspect of the source? Covetios At what level does the writer demostrate correct ad effective stadard writte America Eglish? Format ad Legth Did the paper meet the required legth ( words) ad formattig requiremets? Graded Project

140 Lesso 7: Compariso ad Cotrast: Showig Similarities ad Differeces INTRODUCTION Now that you ve had some hads-o experiece with literary aalysis, you re ready to apply what you ve leared o a more advaced level. The critical readig ad thikig skills you developed while aalyzig figurative laguage ad other elemets i short stories, poetry, ad sog lyrics ca be applied to loger arrative fictio as well. As you recall, whe you write about literature, you eed to develop a origial poit of view o a text. Oe commo approach to writig about literature is compariso ad cotrast. Itegratig other patters of developmet such as cause ad effect ca help build your case. Because you ll be usig evidece to support your aalysis, the essay you write at the ed of this lesso will require you to use secodary sources to support your ideas. OBJECTIVES Whe you complete this lesso, you ll be able to Explai poit-by-poit orgaizatio for compariso ad cotrast Characterize subject-by-subject orgaizatio for compariso ad cotrast Explai the use of causal aalysis to show how oe actio or evet leads to aother Defie cause-ad-effect as a patter of developmet, ad apply its techiques Write a essay comparig ad cotrastig a ovel ad a movie made from the ovel. Note: At the ed of this lesso, you ll use the ovel ad movie you chose whe you started the course to write a literary aalysis that compares ad cotrasts the ovel ad the film versio. L e s s o 7 137

141 ASSIGNMENT 23: REVIEWING COMPARISON AND CONTRAST Read the followig assigmet. The read pages i your textbook. Be sure to complete the self-check to gauge your progress. Itroductio Staley is evil; Livigsto is good. That s sharp cotrast. While both Staley ad Livigsto ejoy fishig, Staley ties his ow flies ad fishes i sparklig moutai streams, while Livigsto uses a bamboo pole ad earthworms at the local fishig hole. That s compariso ad cotrast. To compare is to show similarities; to cotrast is to show differeces. You make these judgmets i your daily life without thikig about it, comparig two people s persoalities or your curret televisio with a older oe. We compare the advatages ad disadvatages of retig or buyig ad the utritioal value ad cost of oe food compared to aother. As you study the use of cotrast ad compariso i a paper, thik about how this patter might be used with other patters, such as defiitio. Readig Highlights Pages Carefully review the characteristics of compariso or cotrast essays. Key poits for this patter of developmet are A clear purpose A specific basis of compariso A fair appraisal Compariso or cotrast makes a poit. Why would a writer compare white pie trees to Douglas fir trees? Perhaps he s comparig ad cotrastig their relative virtues as Christmas trees. Why would a writer compare ad cotrast joggig ad walkig as aerobic exercise? Perhaps she wats to compare 138 Advaced Compositio

142 the two with respect to the age ad physical coditio of people who jog or walk. If a writer is a log-distace ruer, he or she might wish to praise the edorphi highs of the threemile jog as opposed to the milder joys of walkig. Details ad sesory impressios provide the flavor of ay effective compariso or cotrast. Pages College-level writig has two basic approaches to compariso ad cotrast. The poit-by-poit approach is illustrated by Amusig Ourselves to Depth: Is The Oio Our Most Itelliget Newspaper? o pages As you read it, try to locate the poits of compariso or cotrast. The piece by Ia Frazier, o pages , demostrates the subject-bysubject approach, i which the author compares the romatic days of pay phoes with today s hectic cell-phoe lifestyle. The graphic orgaizers o pages offer examples of poitby-poit ad subject-by-subject approaches. Compare ad cotrast the two samples to see how they re differet. After readig Ia Frazier s essay, tur to Figure 16.3 o page 378 ad study it to see how subjects are framed ad preseted by the author. The tur back to page 377 ad study the four tips for itegratig compariso ad cotrast ito a paper. Reviewig these key ideas several times is a good way to reiforce them so they become secod ature. Are you iformig or persuadig your audiece? Do you eed to take a stad o a issue? Be sure that your thesis reflects your purpose ad choose the method of developmet that would best preset your ideas to your audiece. Lesso 7 139

143 Self-Check Aalyze the essay Dearly Discoected (pages ) for its subject-by-subject orgaizatio. State the topic of the essay, otig what s beig compared ad cotrasted. Summarize the subjects of paragraphs 1, 2, 4, 7, ad 8, idetifyig a thematic idea that stads out. For istace, the seediess ad sadess of pay phoes is characterized i paragraph Idetify two bases of compariso for this topic: advatages ad disadvatages of itegratig public school classrooms by geder. Write a workig thesis statemet for each of them, oe pro ad the other oe co. Check your aswers with those o page Advaced Compositio

144 ASSIGNMENT 24: READING ACTIVELY AND THINKING CRITICALLY Read the followig assigmet. The read pages ad iyour textbook. Be sure to complete the self-check to gauge your progress. Itroductio As a patter of developmet, compariso ad cotrast may be used o its ow or i combiatio with other patters, such as arratio, argumet, or defiitio. First, you must decide the purpose of your essay, ad the choose the best approach. By readig the examples ad studyig the guidelies for writig ad the flowchart for revisio, you ll be preparig to write a effective essay of your ow. Readig Highlights Pages Review the guidelies for actively readig ad thikig critically about compariso ad cotrast essays. Key poits for aalysis iclude Uderstadig the mai poit Idetifyig the basis of compariso ad the mai poits of compariso Questioig the assumptios ad opiios of the author Examiig the orgaizatio ad how it affects the presetatio of ideas Determiig whether importat poits of comparisos have bee omitted Lesso 7 141

145 Pages Look closely at the steps ivolved i the Guided Writig Assigmet, as compariso ad cotrast will be the domiat patter of orgaizatio you ll be usig to write the essay at the ed of Lesso 7. The examie the flowchart for revisio o pages Pages Eve if you ve already read this studet essay, Border Bites by Heather Giaakos, read it agai, this time applyig your sharpeed skills to readig more critically. Pages I the essay by Abigail Zuger, Defiig a Doctor, with a Tear, a Shrug, ad a Schedule, you ll cosider the use of compariso ad cotrast combied with other patters of developmet. Alog with Giakos essay, you ll be aalyzig this essay for your self-check for this assigmet. 142 Advaced Compositio

146 Self-Check 24 Review the essay Border Bites by Heather Giaakos o pages , the complete items From Giaakos s cocludig paragraph, summarize the cotrast she makes betwee Southwester ad Mexica food. 2. What are the author s poits i paragraphs 1, 3, ad 4? 3. What utritio-orieted iformatio i this compariso could be used for aother compariso/cotrast approach to this topic? Review the essay by Abigail Zuger o pages , the complete items 4 ad Zuger uses three patters of developmet other tha compariso ad cotrast. Idetify them by paragraph ad summarize how each is used. 5. Does the author use a poit-by-poit approach or a subject-by-subject approach? Is it effective? Why or why ot? Check your aswers with those o page 197. Lesso 7 143

147 ASSIGNMENT 25: REVIEWING CAUSE AND EFFECT Read the followig assigmet. The read pages i your textbook. Be sure to complete the self-check to gauge your progress. Itroductio You get ito your car, put the key i the igitio, ad discover to your dismay that the car wo t start. As you look at the fuel idicator o the dashboard, you see that your gas tak is empty. That s a simple descriptio of the relatioship betwee cause ad effect, a type of deductio that we make o a daily basis, sometimes without realizig it. As a patter of essay developmet, cause ad effect sometimes referred to as casual aalysis examies the relatioships betwee evets or experieces i greater detail. The approach you take could examie both causes ad evets, or focus more specifically o oe or the other aspect of the cause ad effect relatioship. A essay that focuses o causes usually emphasizes the reasos somethig occurred. I a effect essay, the emphasis is weighted more heavily o the cosequeces of a evet, situatio, or choice. As you approach writig your essay comparig ad cotrastig a ovel ad a film versio, you may fid yourself discussig cause ad effect i terms of impact of the choices made by the people ivolved i the film. Readig Highlights Pages Carefully review the characteristics of causal aalysis. The key poits to bear i mid are The differet types of cause ad effects relatioships A clear thesis statemet Logical orgaizatio Detailed explaatio of cause ad effect relatioships 144 Advaced Compositio

148 I may cases, causal aalysis is sometimes iteded as a argumet that supports a set of observatios, idetifyig a particular cause or sequece of causes. I other cases, a causal aalysis is iteded to iform readers, to challege their expectatios, or eve to surprise readers. Pages Eve if you ve read it before, study Maria Koikova s Why Summer Makes Us Lazy. As you read the essay, look closely at the highlighted areas, which clearly idicate the differet elemets the author uses to develop her aalysis. After readig the essay, study the three differet graphic orgaizers o pages , which illustrate three differet approaches to orgaizig cause ad effect essays. Pages Read Adam Alter s essay, How Labels Like Black ad Workig Class Shape Your Idetity, which describes the effects of arbitrarily assigig labels ifluece behavior. Afterwards, review the graphic orgaizer i Figure 19.4 o page 471. Pages Review the suggestios for itegratig cause ad effect ito essays based o other patters of developmet, which you may fid helpful while writig your compare ad cotrast essay at the ed of Lesso 7. These suggestios highlight the importace of Usig trasitios Keepig the aalysis simple Emphasizig why cause ad effect is importat i discussig your mai poit The guidelies for readig actively ad thikig critically ecourage you to pay close attetio to details, particularly whe idetifyig the relatioships betwee causes ad effects. If you iclude ay kid of casual aalysis i your ow writig, remember to offer eough evidece to clearly Lesso 7 145

149 establish causal relatioships. Also, beware of commo errors, such as cofusig chroology with causatio ad mistakig correlatio with causatio. Pages Sca the Guided Writig Assigmet. Look through all of it, but pay special attetio to the editig, proofreadig, ad revisio tips o pages Pages Read the Studets Write essay, Is Sharig Files Olie Killig Music? by Joatha Adamczak. Note that the author s thesis idetifies a sigle cause that leads to multiple cosequeces, ad that i the body of his essay he presets both egative ad positive effects. (Also, study the Works Cited page at the ed of the essay.) The read Jurriaa Kamp s Ca Diet Help Stop Depressio ad Violece? which uses evidece from several studies about the positive effects of dietary chages. 146 Advaced Compositio

150 Self-Check 25 Read or reread Adam Alter s essay o pages to aswer questios I additio to cause ad effect, what other patters of developmet does Alter use i his essay? 2. At what poits i the essay does Alter use trasitios to move from oe poit to the ext? 3. Idetify some examples of descriptive laguage Alter uses i his essay. 4. Read or reread Joatha Adamczak s essay o pages ; the tur to page 484 ad respod to all three all three items uder Aalyzig the Writer s Techique. Check your aswers with those o page 198. Before movig o to Lesso 8, watch the video lecture "Usig Compariso ad Cotrast: Aalyzig a Novel" o your studet portal ad complete multiple choice quiz RR. Note: To complete the quiz, you may wish to review pages , which you studied i Lesso 6, Assigmet 20. After completig the quiz, proceed to the prewritig ad essay exams for Lesso 7. Lesso 7 147

151 NOTES 148 Advaced Compositio

152 Lesso 7: Prewritig: Compariso ad Cotrast Objectives: For this exam, studets will Use the writig process to draft ad revise a compariso ad cotrast essay Write a effective thesis statemet Idetify, defie, ad aalyze literary elemets Develop critical readig skills Use resposible research methods to locate appropriate secodary sources Use Moder Laguage Associatio (MLA) citatio ad documetatio style to referece secodary source material correctly ad appropriately Itroductio For decades, the film idustry has adapted beloved books ito movies. Whe a book is adapted ito a film, the story reaches a wider audiece ad provides a ew perspective o the text. I this assigmet, you will use compariso ad cotrast techiques to reveal the ways the plot, characters, ad theme of a story are impacted as elemets of the arrative chage. Topic: To compare ad cotrast a book ad a film based o that book Purpose: To show how the chages made affect the story s plot, characters, ad theme i sigificat ways Method: To prepare a outlie or graphic orgaizer that will serve as the foudatio for a 1,800 2,000 word compariso ad cotrast essay G r a d e d P r o j e c t 149

153 To begi the research process by preparig a bibliography i Moder Laguage Associatio citatio ad documetatio format that cosists of at least six sources 2 primary sources: the book ad the film 4 secodary sources: book ad film reviews, critiques, articles about the book ad film, profiles of the author ad/or the director ad actors that focus o the cotet of the work. Audiece: Juior ad seior-level distace educatio studets erolled at Pe Foster College The Writig Process Pla ad Prewrite 1. Watch the Compariso ad Cotrast lecture otes video o your studet portal. This video reviews the essay requiremets ad compariso ad cotrast techiques. 2. Read the book ad watch the film you ve chose to write about. 3. Develop the cotet for your outlie/graphic orgaizer by freewritig about the chages you ve oticed. Review pages of your textbook ad idetify a few bases of compariso: a. Are there scees omitted or added? How does this affect the sequece of evets? b. What is the cetral coflict of the book? The film? How do the author ad the director preset the coflict? Are the stakes higher i oe or the other? c. Is the mai character s persoality differet i the film? How is it differet? How does it affect the way we uderstad his/her character? i. Is the arrator of the story the same? Does ay elemet of the story chage because we ca t be i the arrator s head at all times? How does this chage our uderstadig of the characters or the story? 150 Graded Project

154 d. How is theme revealed throughout the book ad the film? 4. Now that you ve compared ad cotrasted the book ad the film, freewrite o what the sigificace of these chages are to help you develop your ideas for the thesis statemet. 5. Work through the Guided Writig Assigmet for Compariso ad Cotrast prewritig o page 381 of your textbook. This assigmet will help you determie your purpose ad focus for your compariso ad cotrast essay. Research 1. The book ad the film are your primary sources ad cout as two sources i your bibliography ad toward the research requiremet for your essay. Be sure that you have carefully oted where you foud them, either olie or i a physical copy/i prit. 2. You ll eed a miimum of four other sources. These sources ca be reviews, articles, ad iterviews related to the book ad film. 3. Go to the library. Your Pe Foster digital library provides resources that will help you to meet the research requiremets for your essay, but keep i mid that research i a library, eve a digital oe, is t like searchig olie. To lear more, visit the Pe Foster Library site. Use Expaded Academic ASAP, which is a subscriptio-oly database available i Pe Foster s digital library. You ca access the database by clickig o the Library Services lik i your Studet Portal. See the Academic Support ad Olie Resources sectio i the itroductio to this study guide. 4. Search olie, but remember that you ll eed to evaluate your sources carefully; review pages i your textbook. The followig are examples of quality sources. a. Reviews by book ad film critics Graded Project 151

155 b. Iterviews with the author ad/or the director ad actors c. Profiles by jouralists ad other professioal writers Prepare Your Outlie/Graphic Orgaizer You may choose to submit either a formal outlie or a graphic orgaizer for this assigmet. Your outlie or graphic orgaizer should be sufficietly detailed to illustrate your pla for your essay. I other words, it should be as detailed as possible.reread page i your textbook o graphic orgaizers ad outlies. 1. This assigmet (both prewritig ad essay) requires you aalyze the sigificace of the differeces betwee the book ad the film. Please review pages i your textbook for the characteristics of a compariso ad cotrast essay ad two sample graphic orgaizers. 2. Be sure to state your mai poits, secodary poits, ad supportig evidece. Iclude ay refereces to secodary sources as well, ad use MLA parethetical citatio to lik them to your aotated bibliography. 3. Revise your work to esure that your thesis statemet, mai poits, evidece, ad secodary sources all work together to address the purpose of the assigmet. Assigmet Checklist For this assigmet, you must submit your Outlie or graphic orgaizer Bibliography Submit Your Exam Esure your exam follows the proper format for submissio: 1-ich margis o all sides 12 pt. Times New Roma fot Double spacig 152 Graded Project

156 1. Use the header fuctio i your word-processig program to eter your persoal idetificatio ad exam iformatio: Studet Name ID Number Exam Number Street Address City, State, Zip Address 2. Save your exam with the file ame: IDNumber_ExamNumber_LastName_FirstName. 3. Save your exam i either MS Word or Rich Text Format (.rtf). If a istructor ca t ope the file you submit, it will be retured ugraded. 4. Whe your exam has bee evaluated ad retured to you, you will be able to review the istructor s commets by clickig o the View Project butto ext to the grade ad dowloadig the Istructor Feedback File. If you have trouble viewig the file, please cotact a istructor. SUBMITTING YOUR PROJECT To submit your essay exam, follow these steps: 1. Go to 2. Log i to your studet portal. 3. Click o Take Exam ext to the lesso you re workig o. 4. Follow the istructios provided to complete your exam. Be sure to keep a backup copy of ay files you submit to the school! Tip: Review the evaluatio rubric o the followig page before submittig your exam. Graded Project 153

157 COMPARISON AND CONTRAST PREWRITING EXAM RUBRIC Pass Fail Thesis, Ideas, ad Cotet The thesis makes a focused claim about the types of differeces betwee the chose book ad movie ad the sigificace or effect of those differeces. The outlie/orgaizer provides a close readig of book ad film usig compariso ad cotrast patters of developmet to idetify differeces betwee the two mediums. Each mai poit icludes evidece to prove the differeces betwee the book ad the film exist. The mai poits aalyze the sigificace of the differeces betwee the book ad film. Orgaizatio Ideas are logically arraged ad help move paper forward. Each proposed mai poit is focused o oe aspect of the topic ad helps support the thesis statemet. Secodary source iformatio icludig reviews ad articles is used to support claims made about the sigificace of the differeces to the story. Style ad Voice Maitais a cosistet poit of view o topic Proposed evidece will egage readers iterest i the topic. Bibliography Properly formatted usig MLA guidelies. Provided a miimum of six potetial outside sources for research that could be used i the essay. Covetios The outlie/orgaizer has bee spell-checked ad proofread to check for errors i word choice ad typos. The paper is reasoably free of errors that iterfere with a reader s ability to uderstad the cotet. Format The prewrite is developed as a outlie or graphic orgaizer. It icludes all required iformatio i a properly formatted header. 154 Graded Project

158 Lesso 7: Essay: Compariso ad Cotrast Objectives: For this exam, studets will Use the writig process to draft ad revise a comparisoad-cotrast essay Write a effective thesis statemet Develop paragraphs usig topic seteces, adequate detail, supportig evidece, ad trasitios Idetify, defie, ad aalyze literary elemets Use resposible research methods to locate appropriate secodary sources Use Moder Laguage Associatio (MLA) citatio ad documetatio style to referece secodary source material correctly ad appropriately Quote, paraphrase, ad summarize secodary source material correctly ad appropriately Use the covetios of stadard writte America Eglish to produce correct, well-writte essays Itroductio For this essay, you will use the outlie or graphic orgaizer created i the previous prewritig exam to create a full essay comparig ad cotrastig a book with the film based o that book. Topic: To compare ad cotrast a book ad a film based o that book You ll develop your essay from the outlie or graphic orgaizer you wrote for your previous assigmet. Do t switch your topic; use your istructor s feedback to refie your ideas ad to write your essay. G r a d e d P r o j e c t 155

159 Purpose: To write a 1,800 2,000 word essay that uses compariso ad cotrast techiques to show how the chages made affect the story s plot, characters, ad theme i sigificat ways. Audiece: Juior ad seior-level distace educatio studets erolled at Pe Foster College The Writig Process Draftig 1. You ve received feedback o your prewritig assigmet that should help you to develop your essay. Review your outlie or graphic orgaizer to esure that you uderstad the istructor s commets ad recommedatios. 2. Reread a. Chapter 7, Draftig a Essay b. Chapter 8, Writig Effective Paragraphs 3. As you begi to draft the ideas you icluded i your outlie or graphic orgaizer, follow the guidelies for writig your a. Title (pages ) b. Itroductio (pages ) c. Coclusio (pages ) 4. The cotet of each paragraph should be cofied to the iformatio itroduced i the topic setece ad should develop that topic logically based o the pla you provided i your outlie or graphic orgaizer. 5. Review the Guided Writig Assigmet for Compariso ad Cotrast draftig o page 382 of your textbook. This assigmet will help you determie your orgaizatio ad write your first draft of your compariso ad cotrast essay. 6. Review Chapter 24 o icorporatig research ito your essay. Be sure to a. itroduce borrowed cotet b. properly puctuate quotatios 156 Graded Project

160 c. provide i-text, or parethetical, citatios for secodary sources i MLA format d. use MLA format for your list of works cited. Revisig 1. Review Chapter 9, Revisig Your Cotet ad Orgaizatio 2. Use the checklist o page 179 to check your essay ad revise the elemets to which you aswered o. 3. Use the checklist o page 181 to check to your paragraphs to esure that they re logically developed ad orgaized effectively. Revise the elemets to which you aswered o. 4. Review the Guided Writig Assigmet for Compariso ad Cotrast revisio o page 383 of your textbook. Assigmet Checklist For this assigmet, you must submit your Essay List of works cited Please save all your work i oe documet; do t upload separate documets for review. Your list of works cited should also be a separate page. Review the sample MLA-style essay o pages i your textbook. Submit Your Exam Esure your exam follows the proper format for submissio: 1-ich margis o all sides 12 pt. Times New Roma fot Double spacig 1. Use the header fuctio i your word-processig program to eter your persoal idetificatio ad exam iformatio: Graded Project 157

161 Studet Name ID Number Exam Number Street Address City, State, Zip Address 2. Save your exam with the file ame: IDNumber_ExamNumber_LastName_FirstName. 3. Save your exam i either MS Word or Rich Text Format (.rtf). If a istructor ca t ope the file you submit, it will be retured ugraded. 4. Whe your exam has bee evaluated ad retured to you, you will be able to review the istructor s commets by clickig o the View Project butto ext to the grade ad dowloadig the Istructor Feedback File. If you have trouble viewig the file, please cotact a istructor. SUBMITTING YOUR PROJECT To submit your essay exam, follow these steps: 1. Go to 2. Log i to your studet portal. 3. Click o Take Exam ext to the lesso you re workig o. 4. Follow the istructios provided to complete your exam. Be sure to keep a backup copy of ay files you submit to the school! If you choose to mail the project, here s the correct mailig address: Pe Foster Att: Studet Service Ceter 925 Oak Street Scrato, PA Tip: Review the evaluatio rubric o the followig page before submittig your essay. 158 Graded Project

162 COMPARISON AND CONTRAST ESSAY RUBRIC Novel/Movie: Skill Realized Skill Developig Skill Emergig Not Show Thesis: Audiece, Purpose, ad Topic How well does the thesis establish a clearly defied, aalytical focus uique to the assiged topic, purpose, ad audiece? Developmet How effectively does the writer preset evidece that illustrates the similarities ad differeces betwee the book ad the movie? Did the writer draw coclusios about the sigificace of the chages were made i the adaptatio of the book to the movie? Icorporatio of Source Material How logically ad effectively are paraphrases, summaries, ad direct quotatios from varied, relevat, ad reliable sources itegrated with the writer s style for purpose ad audiece. How well did the writer icorporate elemets from the primary sources (the book ad the movie) ito the essay? Orgaizatio How gracefully does the writer icorporate trasitioal words ad coective phrasig with appropriate paragraphig to guide the reader through the presetatio? Style ad Voice How eergetically ad cosistetly does the writer iteract with both the topic ad audiece while usig varied, cocrete, active dictio? To what extet does the writer achieve a atural, pleasat rhythm, particularly through setece fluecy? MLA Citatio Did the writer accurately ad correctly at least 6 sources usig MLA citatio style, both i-text ad o the list of Works Cited? Covetios At what level does the writer demostrate correct ad effective stadard writte America Eglish? Format ad Legth Did the paper meet the required legth (1,800-2,000 words) ad formattig requiremets? Graded Project 159

163 NOTES 160 Graded Project

164 Lesso 8: Argumets INTRODUCTION Argumets are part of daily life. Whether a perso is passioate about his or her poit of view or simply wats to make a poit, the proper approach to persuasio or argumet makes all the differece i whether a poit of view is accepted by others. Some argumets, such as who is the all-time best quarterback or whether Germa cars are superior to America cars, are merely opiio. But whe it comes to public-policy issues, like capital puishmet or civil rights, ad persoal-fulfillmet issues, like where to live or how to sped leisure time, differeces i viewpoit ca be examied through soud ad reasoed argumets. As a educated citize, you ll beefit from learig the art of persuadig others to your poit of view. OBJECTIVES Whe you complete this lesso, you ll be able to List the basic parts of a argumet Describe effective strategies for readig a argumet Explai the aalytical skills used i critically evaluatig a argumet Idetify strategies for writig effective argumet essays L e s s o 8 161

165 ASSIGNMENT 26: THE ELEMENTS OF ARGUMENT Read the followig assigmet. The read pages i your textbook. Be sure to complete the self-check to gauge your progress. Itroductio You might wi a persoal argumet by sheer force of persoality or persistece, but a writte argumet takes plaig ad orgaizatio to esure your poits are made ad your strategy is effective. Your writte argumet requires you to make a claim ad the prove it by providig reliable sources that support your poit of view. You ll eed to employ reliable methods of persuasio to covice your readers, icludig evidece ad reasos, but you might also appeal to their emotios, eeds, ad values to wi them over to your way of thikig o your topic. Readig Highlights Pages The basic parts of a argumet iclude A issue A claim Support The followig is a example of a well-costructed argumet: I thik the tow coucil should isist that the hedge at the corer of Grove Street ad Secod Aveue be trimmed (1). That hedge obstructs drivers visio ad costitutes a hazard (2). Ad that s ot just my opiio; the police have recorded seve accidets at that corer over the last two moths (3). The issue is framed (1), a claim is made (2), ad support is offered for the claim (3). Figure 20.1 o page 503 offers a example of a graphic orgaizer for a argumet essay. 162 Advaced Compositio

166 Make sure you uderstad the three types of claims ad the various types of support preseted. Whe you write a argumet, your thesis statemet will geerally frame your claim. I some cases, your claim may be implied. (However, you must iclude your thesis i the argumet essay you ll write for this lesso s exam.) Without solid support, however, a argumet is just a usubstatiated opiio. Support for a claim ca be based o reasos, evidece, or appeals to emotio, eeds, or values. By usig the proper approach for your audiece ad backig your claim with solid iformatio ad ideas, you ca build a strog argumet. You ca practice recogizig the elemets of a argumet by seeig if you ca fid claims ad support i advertisemets as you read ad watch televisio. Be especially alert for appeals, which are the basis of most advertisig. Pages Every argumet, by its ature, has opposig poits of view. By aticipatig other poits of view as you write your argumet, you ca refute them as part of your essay. You ca ackowledge a opposig view by admittig the part that has some merit or showig how the oppositio is weak or isufficiet. The keystoe of a effective argumet is its coclusio. A strog fiish will leave your reader with a fial impressio of your argumet ad its stregth. Pages Read Quie Sember s Orga Doatio: A Life-Savig Gift, payig careful attetio to the highlighted areas the margi aotatios, which poit out the author s thesis ad the basic parts of the argumet. Afterwards, read Bria Palmer s essay, Tippig Is a Abomiatio. As you read it, try to idetify the differet elemets of his argumet. The check your evaluatio agaist the graphic orgaizer for Palmer s essay, which appears i Figure 20.2 o page 515. Lesso 8 163

167 Self-Check Create a graphic orgaizer for the essay Orga Doatio: A Life-Savig Gift o pages Questios 2 6: Reread Bria Palmer s essay, Tippig is a Abomiatio, ad aalyze it by aswerig the followig questios: 2. What does Palmer mea whe he says that tippig is a abomiatio? a. Tippig is a good source of extra icome for restaurat workers. b. Tippig has somethig to do with the digestive system. c. Tippig is too complex for large groups of people diig together. d. Tippig is a disgraceful custom. 3. Accordig to Palmer, what are two primary egative cosequeces of tippig? a. Tippig perpetuates racism ad does t icetivize hard work. b. Tippig perpetuates sexism ad does t icetivize promotios. c. Tippig perpetuates capitalism ad does t icetivize revolutio. d. Tippig perpetuates ageism ad does t icetivize early retiremet. 4. Accordig to Palmer, why do restaurat owers like the custom of tippig? a. Tippig is the best way to reward hard work. b. Tippig allows owers to pay their employees less. c. Tippig allows a equitable distributio of tips amog all the restaurat employees. d. Tippig creates a class system at the restaurat that owers ca maipulate. 5. What is a tip credit? a. A tax beefit that allows restaurats to pay employees less tha miimum wage b. A tip charged directly to the customer s credit card c. A surcharge that makes up for isufficiet tips d. A tax credit for people makig uder $15,000 per year (Cotiued) 164 Advaced Compositio

168 Self-Check What does Palmer propose as oe solutio to the problem of tippig? a. Ecourage larger tips so that the dishwashers ad bussers ca have a share. b. Abolish the tip credit o both state ad federal levels. c. Lear to live with the problem of tippig. d. Make tippig illegal. Check your aswers with those o page 199. Lesso 8 165

169 ASSIGNMENT 27: STRATEGIES FOR READING ACTIVELY AND THINKING CRITICALLY Read the followig assigmet. The read pages i your textbook. Be sure to complete the self-check to gauge your progress. Itroductio Although it s easy to react emotioally whe you read a argumet you do t agree with, remember that i aalyzig it, you re lookig for a valid claim supported by acceptable reasos ad evidece. Eve if you disagree with the claim, you might recogize that the argumet is soud. If the author has strog credetials ad is published i a reliable periodical, such as a professioal joural or a respected ewspaper, the argumet also has more credibility. Before you reject a argumet, make sure you have sufficiet kowledge o the subject to judge it fairly. Readig Highlights Pages Be prepared to read a argumet at least twice ad pay attetio to the title, the author, ad the publicatio. If you re ot familiar with the topic or the author, do a little research to gai some isight ito the topic, the publicatio i which the essay or article appeared, ad the author s credetials. More tha oce a humorist like Dave Barry, who s metioed i your text, has received letters rebukig him for his foolish otios, whe i fact he was usig exaggeratio ad sarcasm to make his poit. While you re readig, test your uderstadig by takig otes, creatig a graphic orgaizer, or writig a summary. 166 Advaced Compositio

170 Pages To do a proper job of aalyzig a argumet, you have to idetify the writer s purpose, the audiece, the claim, ad the support for the claim. Support may iclude factual evidece, appeals, or a mixture of the two. You also must assess the writer s credibility based o his or her credetials, as well as the essay itself. A author stregthes his or her credibility by adequately addressig opposig views that is, by icludig a refutatio i his or her argumet. Look for emotioal appeals that are either glarigly obvious if poorly preseted or effectively maipulative if doe well. Much political ad commercial rhetoric is characterized by deceptive claims ad appeals based o emotioal appeals. Study Table 20.1 o page 517 for examples of ufair emotioal appeals. Also, be o the alert for logical errors, such as rhetorical fallacies, or errors i reasoig. Make sure you study the types of faulty reasoig i Table 20.2 o page 518, because oe of these mistakes i a essay ca destroy ay credibility the writer may have. Uless you re aware of these tactics, however, they may seem to make sese whe preseted skillfully. Pages To apply your skills, you ll read ad aalyze two essays. The first essay, by Peter Bregma, opposes the values of multitaskig ad offers six bulleted poits to support his thesis. The secod essay, by David Silverma o pages , defeds multitaskig ad offers four couterargumets that oppose Bregma s thesis. For ow, simply read the essays. You ll aalyze the essays i your self-check. Lesso 8 167

171 Self-Check Tur to page 521 of your text, after the Bregma essay. Respod to all four items uder Thikig Critically about Argumet. 2. Tur to page 524 of your text, after the Silverma essay. Respod to all five items uder Aalyzig the Writer s Techique. 3. Usig Table 20.1 o page 517 as a referece, idetify the ufair appeal to emotio i each of the followig statemets. a. Folks, you all kow me. I ve stood up for your best iterests ever sice eighth grade, whe I was studet coucil presidet. b. These sigle mothers ad I bet you ve kow a few ofte work two or three jobs ad ca hardly feed their kids, much less sped time readig to their kids whe they come home exhausted at the ed of the day. c. Why would Jake Cleaver give a fig about your low wages ad log hours? He was bor with a silver spoo i his mouth. He pays his gardeers less tha miimum wage! d. Oprah Wifrey is agaist the war, which proves my brother is right. Check your aswers with those o page Advaced Compositio

172 ASSIGNMENT 28: WRITING ARGUMENTS Read the followig assigmet. The read pages i your textbook. Be sure to complete the self-check to gauge your progress. You ve leared to idetify the elemets of a argumet; ow tur your attetio to the art of writig argumets. As you ve gathered by ow, a properly coceived argumet makes a poit; the sharper the poit, the better the argumet. A effective argumet also provides logical, coheret, evidecebased support for a specific claim. These are issues to bear i mid as you approach the process of preparig, orgaizig, ad writig a argumet essay your fial examiatio essay for this course. Readig Highlights Pages The key to preparig a good argumet is makig sure you have a issue that s cotroversial eough to egage readers. Oce you have your topic ad have arrowed ad defied your focus, you ca work o your claim. Study the material about arrowig a geeral idea to a specific claim o pages i your textbook. Pages A good argumet requires soud evidece that s ot oly relevat, but also well itegrated ito the orgaizatio of your argumet. Covicig evidece requires rigorous logic. Be sure you uderstad the differece betwee iductive ad deductive reasoig. Iductive reasoig gathers evidece that poits to a coclusio. The followig is a example: Evidece: The polar ice caps are meltig. Evidece: Glaciers aroud the world are meltig. Lesso 8 169

173 Evidece: The hottest years o record have occurred over the last decade. Coclusio: Global warmig is a real ad pressig issue. Deductive reasoig begis with a major premise, proceeds to a mior premise, ad the to a coclusio. Here s a example: Major premise: All birds have fuctioal or vestigial feathered wigs. Mior premise: Sog sparrows have wigs. Coclusio: Sog sparrows are birds. This is a rather simple example of a syllogism, which is the basic form of a deductive argumet. Study the examples i your text. Pages Audiece aalysis is a major part of preparig a argumet. Are you approachig a agreeig, eutral, or disagreeig audiece? It ca be challegig to sway a audiece that s eutral or o the fece. For the disagreeig audiece, your text suggests fidig some kid of commo groud betwee your positio ad the opposig positio of your audiece. For example, I kow we seem poles apart o the immigratio issue, but I thik we ca agree that we wat to live i a fair ad just atio. Humor ad wit ca also help softe a cool or ureceptive audiece. Pages If your argumet does t stir a bit of passio i you, it s ulikely to move the emotios of your audiece. Your objective i a compellig argumet is to move hearts ad mids i favor of your argumet by appealig to your audiece s eeds ad values. O the other had, a soud argumet ca be made better by recogizig opposig poits of view, whether you ackowledge, accommodate, or refute them. 170 Advaced Compositio

174 Pages You ll have a chace to see the characteristics of effective argumet skillfully employed i the essay Secod Chaces, Social Forgiveess, ad the Iteret by Amitai Etzioi ad Radhika Bhat. As you read this essay, study the highlights ad margi otes to see how differet elemets of argumet are used. Pages Before you proceed further, study the sample graphic orgaizer i Figure 21.2 o page 540, which you may fid helpful i sortig out the parts of a argumet essay you pla to write. The read William Safire s essay Abolish the Pey o pages Safire is a master of the art of editorial writig, but do t be sidetracked by his wit. Look for the familiar elemets of a argumet. Afterwards, study the graphic orgaizer o page 543, which offers a visual guide to the orgaizatio of his essay. Pages Because your fial exam will be a argumet essay, carefully study the steps outlied i the guided writig assigmet sectio i this chapter. The topic for your exam will be assiged, but you may fid it useful to practice usig oe of the topics suggested i this guided writig sectio. Lesso 8 171

175 Self-Check Tur to Exercise 21.1 o page 528. Choose two of the five issues for your respose. 2. Tur to Exercise 21.2 o page 529. Choose two of the five issues for your respose. 3. Tur to Exercise 21.3 o page 532. For oe of the three claims, discuss arguig it before three kids of audieces, as specified i the istructios. 4. Tur to Exercise 21.4 o page 534. Reviewig the three claims give i Exercise 21.3, idetify opposig viewpoits ad discus your approach to ackowledgig, accommodatig, or refutig them. Respod to all three claims. Check your aswers with those o page 201. ASSIGNMENT 29: ANALYZING AND RESPONDING TO ARGUMENTS Read the followig assigmet. The read pages i Chapter 21 of your textbook. Be sure to complete the selfcheck to gauge your progress. Itroductio I this assigmet, you ll begi by readig a fasciatig studet essay by James Sturm called Pull the Plug o Explicit Lyrics. Your objective, made evidet i the self-check, will be pursuig a extesive aalysis of the piece that will help you better uderstad how to aalyze ad respod to a argumet.

176 Readig Highlights Pages Before you begi readig Sturm s essay, Pull the Plug o Explicit Lyrics, cosiderer the title ad take a momet to ask yourself a couple of questios. Should middle-school studets have access to music with explicit lyrics? What does the title reveal about the author s viewpoit? As you read ad reread the essay, study the highlights ad aotatios that poit out the author s thesis statemet, his reasoig, his use of trasitios, ad his accommodatio of opposig viewpoits. As you read, make otatios as you thik about your feeligs ad reactios to the essay. Fially, feel free to thik about your persoal experiece ad attitudes about presetday popular music. I what ways have vulgar or suggestive lyrics either attracted or repulsed you? Self-Check 29 The self-check exercises for this Assigmet ca be foud o page Aalyzig the Writer s Techique: Respod to items 1 ad Thikig Critically about Argumet: Respod to all five items. 3. Respodig to the Readig: Respod to all three items. Check your aswers with those o page 203. After you ve completed the self-check, proceed to the essay examiatio for Lesso 8. Lesso 8 173