Getting Started. mosquito /ll'gyawlh/ mosquito museum /lqi'hall/ museo. de carbono. variábel. English in Use ESO 4 Galician B Burlington Books

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1 Glossary Getting Started amusement park /L'lqIhlLmW UEY/ parque de atraccións arrogant /'DpLZLmW/ arrogante, soberbio/a art gallery /'EW ZDoLpi/ galería de arte beak /VAY/ peteiro bowling alley /'VLHoBn Doi/ salón de birlos brave /VpMd/ valente, afouto/a butterfly /'VJWLcoO/ bolboreta caffeine /'YæcAm/ cafeína carbohydrates /YEVN'kOXpMWg/ carbohidratos, hidratos de carbono carrot /'YDpLW/ cenoria cauliflower /'YFoicoPL/ coliflor cheerful /'arco/ alegre, ledo/a, xovial chimpanzee /abludm'ha/ chimpancé church /WiKa/ igrexa claw /YoG/ pouta crocodile /'YpFYLXOo/ crocodilo department store /XB'UEWlLmW gwg/ grandes almacéns easy-going /Ahi'ZNBn/ de trato doado / fácil, tolerante energetic /CmL'bCWBY/ enérxico/a, activo/a fat /cæw/ graxa fin /cbm/ aleta fly /coo/ mosca fresh /cpci/ natural; fresco/a fried /cpox/ frito/a, fritido/a frog /cpfz/ ra frozen /'cpnhm/ conxelado/a, xeado/a fruit /cpiw/ froita generous /'bcmlplg/ xeneroso/a goldfish /'ZLHoXcBi/ carpa dourada, peixe de cores hard-working /kex'rkybn/ traballador/a honest /'FmBgW/ honrado/a, sincero/a horse /kgg/ cabalo kind /YOmX/ atento/a, amábel lazy /'ocbhi/ preguiceiro/a, lacazán/ana library /'oovplpi/ biblioteca mashed /ldiw/ machucado/a; en puré milk /lboy/ leite mineral /'lbmlplo/ mineral moody /'lixi/ temperamental, de humor / carácter variábel mosquito /ll'gyawlh/ mosquito museum /lqi'hall/ museo nasty /'megwi/ desagradábel nightclub /'mowyojv/ discoteca, club nocturno office /'FcBg/ oficina parrot /'UDpLW/ papagaio paw /UG/ pata; gadoupa, pouta playground /'UoMZpPmX/ parque, zona de xogos post office /'UNgW FcBg/ administración de correo protein /'UpLHWAm/ proteína proud /UpPX/ orgulloso/a, fachendoso/a pushy /'UHii/ agresivo/a railway station /'pmorm gwmim/ estación de tren rude /pix/ groseiro/a, basto/a salamander /'gdolldmxl/ salamántiga, píntega salty /'ggowi/ salgado/a selfish /'gcocbi/ egoísta sensible /'gcmglvo/ asisado/a sensitive /'gcmglwbd/ sensíbel shark /iey/ tiburón, quenlla sheep /iau/ ovella shopping centre /'ifubn gcmwl/ centro comercial snake /gmmy/ serpe soup /giu/ sopa sour /'gpl/ agre, acedo/a spicy /'guogi/ picante; moi condimentado/a spinach /'gubmbwi/ espinacas stubborn /'gwjvlm/ testán/ana, teimudo/a sugar /'ihzl/ azucre sweet /graw/ doce tail /WMo/ cola, rabo tennis court /'WCmBg YGW/ cancha / pista de tenis tiger /'WOZL/ tigre tomato /WL'lEWN/ tomate trunk /WpJnY/ trompa tusk /WJgY/ cairo, cabeiro unique /qi'may/ único/a, excepcional university /qimb'dkglwi/ universidade vitamin /'dbwllbm/ vitamina whale /rmo/ balea whiskers /'rbgylh/ bigotes wing /rbn/ á, ala worm /rkl/ verme 1

2 Unit 1 amaze /L'lMh/ sorprender, deixar impresionado/a ambitious /Dl'VBiLg/ ambicioso/a avoid /L'dQX/ evitar (a) charming /'aelbn/ engaiolante counselling /'YPmgLoBn/ asistencia courageous /YL'pMbLg/ valente, afouto/a dare /XCL/ atreverse; intentar daring /'XCLpBn/ atrevido/a determined /XB'WKlBmX/ resolto/a, decidido/a encourage /Bm'YJpBb/ animar, alentar fearless /'crolg/ intrépido/a give up /ZBd 'JU/ darse por vencido/a, renderse go wrong /ZLH 'pfn/ saír mal humble /'kjlvo/ humilde influential /BmcoH'Cmio/ influente inspiring /Bm'gUOLpBn/ inspirador/a parachute (n) /'UDpLiIW/ paracaídas parachute (v) /'UDpLiIW/ tirarse en paracaídas passionate /'UDiLmLW/ apaixonado/a prove /UpId/ demostrar resourceful /pb'gggco/ con recursos regret /pb'zpcw/ arrepentirse (de) sceptical /'gycuwbyo/ escéptico/a skydive /'gyoxod/ paracaidismo struggle /'gwpjzo/ ter dificultades stuntman /'gwjmwlæm/ dobre, especialista support (n) /gl'ugw/ apoio support (v) /gl'ugw/ apoiar, axudar take risks /WMY 'pbgyg/ correr riscos tough /WJc/ forte turn back /WKm 'VDY/ botarse / volver atrás war correspondent /'rg YFpLgUFmXLmW/ correspondente de guerra wingsuit jumping /'rbngiw bjlubn/ paracaidismo con traxe de ás, wingsuit Unit 2 advisor /LX'dOhL/ conselleiro/a (chief ~: conselleiro/a xefe/a) ally /'DoO/ aliado/a army /'Eli/ exército/a assassination /LgDgB'mMim/ asasinato blockbuster /'VoFYVJgWL/ éxito de taquilla cast /YEgW/ reparto costume /'YFgWqIl/ traxe crown /YpPm/ coroa downfall /'XPmcGo/ caída embarrassed /Bl'VDpLgW/ avergoñado/a execute /'CYgBYqIW/ executar fate /ccbw/ destino find out /comx 'PW/ esculcar, pescudar, descubrir, saber (de) follower /'cfonl/ seguidor/a foreigner /'cfplml/ estranxeiro/a get rid of /ZCW 'pbx Fd/ desfacerse de heir /S/ herdeiro/a kill /YBo/ asasinar, matar kingdom /'YBnXLl/ reino lead to /'oax WL/ levar a leading role /'oaxbn plho/ papel principal loveless /'ojdolg/ sen amor low-budget film /'olhvjbbw cbol/ película de baixo orzamento loyalty /'oqlowi/ lealdade main character /lcbm 'YDpLYWL/ protagonista, personaxe principal minor character /loml 'YDpLYWL/ personaxe secundario outbreak /'PWVpMY/ estoupido plot (n) /UoFW/ argumento, trama plot (v) /UoFW/ conspirar power /'UPL/ poder powerful /'UPLco/ poderoso/a rating /'pmwbn/ índice de audiencia; valoración rebel /pb'vco/ rebelarse, sublevarse reign /pmm/ reinado relative /'pcolwbd/ familiar, parente remake /'palmy/ nova versión royal /'pqlo/ real, da realeza rule /pio/ gobernar scene /gam/ escena setting /'gcwbn/ escenario soundtrack /'gpmxwpdy/ banda sonora special effects /gucio B'cCYWg/ efectos especiais spoiler /'guqol/ revelación stop at nothing /gwfu DW 'mjebn/ non deterse diante de nada throne /eplhm/ trono treason /'WpAhm/ traizón tsar /he/ tsar twist /WrBgW/ xiro inesperado 2

3 Unit 3 ancient /'MmiLmW/ antigo/a, do pasado anxious /'DnYiLg/ angustiado/a; preocupado/a (be ~: preocuparse, inquietarse) assume /L'gqIl/ supor, supoñer attempt /L'WClUW/ intentar, tratar de corpse /YGUg/ cadáver develop a theory /XBdCoLU L 'eblpi/ desenvolver unha teoría disturbed /XB'gWKVX/ axitado/a; preocupado/a dust /XJgW/ po eruption /B'pJUim/ erupción flame /coml/ chama flashing /'coæibn/ escintilante frighten /'cpowm/ asustar get stuck /ZCW 'gwjy/ encallar, varar get to the bottom of /ZCW WL fl 'VFWLl Fd/ chegar ao fondo / coñecer todos os detalles de glowing /'ZoNBn/ vivo/a; brillante haunted /'kgmwbx/ enmeigado/a; engaiolado/a laughter /'oecwl/ riso, gargallada lay down /ocb 'XPm/ botarse locate /on'ymw/ localizar look into /ohy 'BmWI/ estudar; investigar, pescudar missing /'lbgbn/ desaparecido/a notice /'mnwbg/ ver, advertir, decatarse occurrence /L'YJpLmg/ suceso, fenómeno proof /UpIc/ proba(s) refuse /pb'cqih/ negarse relief /pb'oac/ alivio research (n) /pb'gka/ investigación research (v) /pb'gka/ investigar reveal /pb'dao/ demostrar; revelar roar /pg/ ruxido; balbordo shadow /'idxlh/ sombra smoke /glny/ fume source /ggg/ orixe succeed /gly'gax/ ter éxito, triunfar turn /WKm/ volverse turn out /WKm 'PW/ resultar vanish /'ddmbi/ desaparecer; extinguirse wave /rmd/ onda whisper /'rbgul/ moumeo, murmurio wonder /'rjmxl/ preguntarse Review 1 free /cpa/ liberar take care of /WMY 'YS Ld/ coidar twin /WrBm/ xemelgo/a Unit 4 allow /L'oP/ permitir commute /YL'lqIW/ desprazarse acotío (ao lugar de traballo) considerate /YLm'gBXLpLW/ considerado/a crime rate /'YpOl pmw/ taxa de criminalidade day-to-day /'XMWLXM/ diario/a, cotián/á feel left out /cao occw 'PW/ sentirse excluído/a gang /ZDn/ banda criminal, panda get along with /ZCW L'oFn rbf/ levarse ben con graffiti /ZpL'cAWi/ graffiti, pintada green space /'ZpAm gumg/ zona verde Glossary homeless /'knlolg/ en fogar / teito (be ~: non ter fogar) in charge of /Bm 'WiEb Fd/ responsábel de, a cargo de juvenile delinquency /XjIdLmOo XB'oBnYrLmgi/ delincuencia xuvenil lend /ocmx/ prestar, deixar litter /'obwl/ lixo, refugallos low-income /'olhbmyjl/ de baixos ingresos mayor /lcl/ alcalde/sa overcrowding /NdL'YpPXBn/ superpoboación poverty /'UFdLWi/ pobreza pull one s weight /UHo rjmh 'rmw / facer a súa parte de traballo reach a compromise /paa L 'YFlUpLlOh/ chegar a un acordo residential area /pchb'xlmio CLpiL/ zona residencial see eye to eye /ga 'O WL O/ estar de acordo sense of belonging /gcmg Ld VB'oFnBn/ sentido de pertenza (feel a ~: sentirse aceptado/a) share /is/ compartir slum /gojl/ barrio baixo suburb /'gjvkv/ aforas, arrabaldes; barrio residencial take advantage of /WMY LX'dEmWBb Ld/ aproveitarse de traffic jam /'WpDcBY bdl/ atasco, atoamento treat /WpAW/ tratar unemployment /JmBl'UoQlLmW/ desemprego well-being /'rcovabn/ benestar willing to /'rbobn WL/ disposto/a work camp /'rky YælU/ campo de traballo youth /qie/ xuvenil 3

4 Unit 5 advertising agency /'DXdLWOhBn CBbLmgi/ axencia de publicidade attract /L'WpDYW/ atraer awareness /L'rCLmLg/ coñecemento banknote /'VDnYmNW/ billete bargain /'VEZLm/ choio, bicoca, ganga; oferta blow away /VoN L'rCB/ ser arrastrado polo vento, voar budget /'VJbBW/ orzamento cash /YDi/ (cartos en) efectivo, metálico cashier /YD'iR/ caixeiro/a charge /WiEb/ cargar, cobrar coin /YQm/ moeda convey a message /YLmdM L 'lcgbb/ transmitir unha mensaxe copper /'YFUL/ cobre counterfeiting /'YPmWLcBWBn/ falsificación credit card /'YpCXBW YEX/ tarxeta / cartón de crédito discount /'XBgYPmW/ desconto exchange /BYg'WiMmb/ cambiar, trocar fake /ccby/ falso/a flyer /'cool/ folleto free sample /cpa 'geluo/ mostra gratuíta goods /ZHXh/ produtos, artigos guarantee /ZDpLm'WA/ garantía height /kow/ altura increase (n) /'BmYpAg/ aumento increase (v) /Bm'YpAg/ aumentar luxury /'ojyilpi/ luxo make /lmy/ marca make up one s mind /lcby JU rjmh 'lomx/ decidirse on sale /Fm 'gmo/ á venda; rebaixado/a pedestrian /UL'XCgWpiLm/ peón price range /'UpOg pcbmb/ orzamento, gama de prezos price tag /'UpOg WDZ/ etiqueta product /'UpFXJYW/ produto purchase /'UKWiLg/ adquirir, mercar, comprar receipt /pb'gaw/ recibo, tícket reduce /pb'xqig/ rebaixar, reducir refund /'pacjmx/ volver, reembolsar save up /gmd 'JU/ aforrar shine /iom/ brillar, coruscar shop display /'ifu XBgUoM/ expositor, escaparate special offer /gucio 'FcL/ oferta especial strategy /'gwpdwlbi/ estratexia tempt /WClUW/ tentar trial period /'WpOLo UBLpiLX/ período de proba Unit 6 a billion /L 'VBoqLm/ mil millóns add /DX/ agregar, engadir admit /LX'lBW/ confesar, recoñecer agree /L'ZpA/ estar de acordo; acceder announce /L'mPmg/ anunciar awareness /L'rCLmLg/ concienciación, conciencia bottle /'VFWo/ botella breed /VpAX/ reproducirse bury /'VCpi/ enterrar, soterrar can /Yæm/ bote, lata cardboard /'YEXVGX/ cartón carton /'YEWm/ caixa / envase (de cartón) challenge /'WiDoLmb/ reto cloth /YoFe/ tea, tecido complain /YLl'UoMm/ queixarse container /YLm'WCBmL/ colector; envase cotton /'YFWm/ algodón current /'YJpLmW/ corrente cut down /YJW 'XPm/ cortar decompose /XAYLl'UNh/ descompor(se), descompoñer(se) disposable product /XB'gUNhLVo UpFXJYW/ produto refugábel dump /XJlU/ verter, tirar end up /CmX 'JU/ acabar, rematar endanger /Bm'XMmbL/ pór en perigo energy source /'CmLbi ggg/ fonte de enerxía explain /BY'gUoMm/ explicar glass /ZoEg/ cristal global warming /ZoNVo 'rglbn/ quecemento global go viral /ZLH 'doplo/ espallarse axiña, facerse viral issue /'BiI/ tema, asunto jar /be/ bote / tarro (de cristal) landfill /'odmxcbo/ vertedoiro leather /'ocfl/ coiro, pel metal /'lcwo/ metal natural resource /mdaplo pb'ggg/ recurso natural net /mcw/ rede paper /'UMUL/ papel peel /UAo/ casca, pel plastic /'UoDgWBY/ plástico pollute /UL'oIW/ contaminar profitable /'UpFcBWLVo/ proveitoso/a, beneficioso/a promise /'UpFlBg/ prometer renewable /pb'mqilvo/ renovábel seed /gax/ semente 4

5 shell /ico/ casca shout /ipw/ berrar tin /WBm/ lata (de conservas) tonne /WJm/ tonelada warn /rgm/ advertir, avisar whisper /'rbgul/ bisbar, moumear, murmurar wildlife /'rooxooc/ flora e fauna wood /rhx/ madeira wool /rho/ la Review 2 fence /ccmg/ cercado, valado kidnap /'YBXmDU/ raptar, secuestrar pull away /UHo L'rCB/ afastar, apartar ransom /'pdmgll/ rescate stand over /gwæmx 'NdL/ vixiar de preto store /gwg/ gardar Unit 7 ankle /'DnYo/ nocello back /VDY/ costas band /VDmX/ grupo musical bandage /'VDmXBb/ vendaxe be sick /VA 'gby/ golsar, trousar, vomitar (Br. Eng.); estar doente (Am. Eng.) bite /VOW/ trabadura; picadura brain /VpMm/ cerebro chest /acgw/ peito cold /YNoX/ arrefriado cough /YFc/ tusir device /XB'dOg/ dispositivo dizzy /'XBhi/ mareado/a elbow /'CoVLH/ cóbado fear /cr/ medo flu /coi/ gripe food poisoning /'cix UQhLmBn/ intoxicación alimentaria headache /'kcxmy/ dor de cabeza heart /kew/ corazón itchy /'BWii/ que produce proído (be ~: proer) knee /ma/ xeonllo lung /ojn/ pulmón neck /mcy/ pescozo nerve cell /'mkd gco/ neurona ointment /'QmWlLmW/ pomada, ungüento, untura pill /UBo/ pílula rash /pdi/ sarabullo rib /pbv/ costela shoulder /'inoxl/ ombro skin /gybm/ pel sneeze /gmah/ espirrar sore /gg/ dorido/a, irritado/a (~ throat: dor de gorxa) spine /guom/ columna vertebral, espiña dorsal Glossary sprained /gupmmx/ cunha escordadura (have a ~ ankle: ter unha escordadura de nocello) sting /gwbn/ picadura, picada stomach /'gwjlly/ estómago swollen /'grlholm/ inchado/a, inflamado/a temperature /'WClUpLaL/ febre; temperatura throat /epnw/ gorxa upset stomach /JU'gCW gwjlly/ estómago revolto wheelchair /'raowicl/ cadeira de rodas wrist /pbgw/ pulso X-ray /'CYgpM/ radiografía Unit 8 accountant /L'YPmWLmW/ contábel bitter /'VBWL/ amargo/a, acedo/a, agre bland /VoDmX/ insípido/a, eslamiado/a blind /VoOmX/ cego/a, invidente bright /VpOW/ brillante bump /VJlU/ golpe leve, toque chilly /'WiBoi/ frío/a coarse /YGg/ áspero/a damp /XDlU/ húmido/a deaf /XCc/ xordo/a deafening /'XCcmBn/ enxordecedor/a despair /XB'gUS/ desesperarse, perder a esperanza developing /XB'dCoLUBn/ en (vías de) desenvolvemento guide dog /'ZOX XFZ/ can guía hearing /'kblpbn / oído, ouvido hearing aid /'kblpbn CBX/ audífono hearing loss /'kblpbn ofg/ perda de audición, xordeira high five /ko 'cod/ choca eses cinco hug /kjz/ aperta, abrazo in one's teens /Bm rjmh 'WAmh/ ao longo da adolescencia loose /oig/ folgado/a mute /lqiw/ mudo/a odourless /'NXLoCg/ inodoro/a perceive /UL'gAd/ comprender; percibir release /pb'oag/ liberar scented /'gcmwbx/ perfumado/a, aromático/a, arrecendente sight /gow/ vista; espectáculo sighted /'gowbx/ vidente 5

6 sign language /'gom odnzrbb/ lingua de signos smell (n) /glco/ olor, ulido; olfacto smell (v) /glco/ ulir smooth /glif/ terso/a sniff /gmbc/ olfactear soft /gfcw/ suave stroke /gwplhy/ agarimar, aloumiñar, acariciar taste (n) /WMgW/ sabor; gosto taste (v) /WMgW/ probar, gorentar tasteless /'WMgWoLg/ eslamiado/a (be ~: non ter sabor) tight /WOW/ axustado/a, apertado/a, cinguido/a touch (n) /WJWi/ tacto; (mostra de) contacto touch (v) /WJWi/ tocar; conmover transparent /Wpæmg'UæpLmW/ transparente visually-impaired /'dbjhloi BlUCLX/ discapacitado/a visual Unit 9 A-Level /'MoCdo/ de acceso á universidade advisor /LX'dOhL/ conselleiro/a amaze /L'lMh/ sorprender, deixar impresionado/a amazed /L'lMhX/ sorprendido/a, impresionado/a amazement /L'lMhlLmW/ sorpresa, abraio, asombro amazing /L'lMhBn/ asombroso/a, abraiante, incríbel ambitious /Dl'VBiLg/ ambicioso/a assassination /LgDgB'mMim/ asasinato attract /L'WpDYW/ atraer attraction /L'WpæYim/ atracción attractive /L'WpDYWBd/ atractivo/a awareness /L'rCLmLg/ concienciación, conciencia burned out /VKmX 'PW/ esgotado/a consider /YLm'gBXL/ considerar, formularse considerate /YLm'gBXLpLW/ considerado/a consideration /YLm'gBXLpMim/ consideración; preocupación container /YLm'WCBmL/ colector; envase cram school /'YpDl gyio/ escola de cursos intensivos depressed /XB'UpCgW/ deprimido/a determined /XB'WKlBmX/ resolto/a, decidido/a dishonest /XBg'FmBgW/ pouco honrado/a, deshonesto/a disposable /XB'gUNhLVo/ refugábel disprove /XBg'UpId/ rexeitar, rebater encouragement /Bm'YJpBblLmW/ apoio, ánimo, alento get along with /ZCW L'oFn rbe/ levarse ben con get nowhere /ZCW 'mnrcl/ non chegar a ningures, non acadar / conseguir ningunha cousa get started /ZCW 'gwewbx/ comezar, poñerse / porse en marcha get to the bottom of /ZCW WL fl 'VFWLl Ld/ chegar ao fondo / coñecer todos os detalles de give away /ZBd L'rCB/ agasallar give back /ZBd 'VDY/ volver give up /ZBd 'JU/ darse por vencido/a, renderse impatient /Bl'UCBimW/ impaciente impolite /BlUL'oOW/ maleducado/a, descortés; de mala / má educación inconsiderate /BmYLm'gBXLpLW/ desconsiderado/a inconvenient /BmYLm'dAmiLmW/ inconveniente, inoportuno/a (be ~: vir mal) laugh /oec/ rir(se) laughable /'oeclvo/ ridículo/a, irrisorio/a laughter /'oecwl/ riso, gargallada look after /ohy 'EcWL/ coidar de / a look for /'ohy cg/ procurar, buscar look into /ohy 'BmWI/ estudar; esculcar Look out! /ohy 'PW/ Coidado! loyalty /'oqlowi/ lealdade make a difference /lmy L 'XBcpLmg/ influír, cambiar make a mistake /lmy L lb'gwmy/ cometer un erro, errar, equivocarse make one's bed /lcby rjmh 'VCX/ facer a cama make up one s mind /lcby JU rjmh 'lomx/ decidirse mark /ley/ cualificación odourless /'NXLoLg/ inodoro/a part-time job /'UEWWOl bfv/ traballo a tempo parcial passionate /'UDiLmLW/ apaixonado/a perceive /UL'gAd/ comprender; percibir perception /UL'gCUim/ percepción, idea perceptive /UL'gCUWBd/ perspicaz, agudo/a pollute /UL'oIW/ contaminar polluted /UL'oIWBX/ contaminado/a pollution /UL'oIim/ contaminación reside /pb'hox/ residir, vivir resident /'pchbxlmw/ residente, habitante residential /pchb'xlmwio/ residencial sceptical /'gycuwbyo/ escéptico/a score /gyg/ resultado stressed out /gwpcgw 'PW/ estresado/a stressful /'gwpcgco/ estresante take action /WMY 'DYim/ tomar medidas take advantage of /WMY LX'dEmWBb Ld/ aproveitarse de take one's temperature /WMY rjmh 'WClUpLaL/ coller a temperatura take risks /WMY 'pbgyg/ correr riscos taste (n) /WMgW/ sabor taste (v) /WMgW/ probar, saborear tasteless /'WMgWoLg/ eslamiado/a (be ~: non ter sabor) 6

7 tasty /'WMgWi/ saboroso/a, apetitoso/a, sabedeiro/a, rico/a top (adj) /WFU/ alto/a top (n) /WFU/ posto máis alto, cume unemployment /JmBl'UoQlLmW/ desemprego uninspiring /JmBm'gUOLpBn/ aborrecido/a, pouco estimulante vocational training school /dn'ymilmo WpMmBn gyio/ escola de formación profesional Glossary Review 3 breathe /VpAf/ respirar, alentar climb up /YoOl 'JU/ subir (por), gabear mortified /'lgwbcox/ terribelmente avergoñado/a shake (something) out /imy gjlebn 'PW/ sacudirse, quitar (algunha cousa) de enriba slow down /'golh XPm/ minorar a velocidade stable /'gwmvo/ corte, cortello take off /WMY 'Fc/ quitar (roupa) uneasy /Jm'Ahi/ incómodo/a 7

8 Speaking Glossary Interviewing How would you describe yourself? /kp rhx qi XB'gYpOV qggcoc/ Como te definirías? What s the most exciting thing you ve ever done? /rfwg fl lngw BY'gOWBn ebn qid CdL XJm/ Que é o máis emocionante que fixeches xamais? Have you ever struggled with something? /kdd qi CdL 'gwpjzox rbf gjlebn/ Algunha vez tiveches dificultades con algo? How have you changed in the last few years? /kp kdd qi 'ammbx Bm fl oegw cqi qrh/ Que cambiou de ti nos últimos anos? What are you passionate about? /rfw E qi 'UDiLmLW LVPW/ Que é o que te apaixona? Are you a risk taker? /E qi L 'pbgy WMYL/ Es arriscado/a? Are you ambitious? /E qi Dl'VBiLg/ Es ambicioso/a? Who do you admire and why? /ki XI qi LX'lOL LmX ro/ A quen admiras e por que? Talking about films What type of film is it? /rfw 'WOU Ld cbol Bh BW/ Que tipo de película é? What s it about? /rfwg BW L'VPW/ De que se trata? What is the setting? /rfw Bh fl 'gcwbn/ Cal é o escenario? Is the cast good? /Bh fl 'YEgW ZHX/ É o reparto bo? What did you like about the film? /rfw XBX qi 'ooy LVPW fl cbol/ Que che gustou da película? What s your favourite scene? /rfwg qg 'ccbdlpbw gam/ Cal é a túa escena favorita? Has it got special effects? /klh BW ZFW gucio B'cCYWg/ Ten efectos especiais? Did it get good ratings? /XBX BW ZCW ZHX 'pmwbnh/ Recibiu / Obtivo unha boa valoración? Talking about unusual phenomena What happened exactly? /rfw 'kæulmx BZhDYWoi/ Que ocorreu / pasou exactamente? Where did they see it? /'rcl XBX fm ga BW/ Onde o/a viron? When did this occur? /'rcm XBX fbg LYK/ Cando ocorreu? Has anyone else reported seeing it? /klh CmBrJm Cog pbugwbx 'gabn BW/ Alguén máis dixo que o/a viu? What did it look like? /rfw XBX BW 'ohy ooy/como era? How did people feel when they saw it? /kp XBX UAUo 'cao rcm fm gg BW/ Como se sentiu a xente cando o/a viu? What could be a possible explanation for this? /rfw YLX VA L UFgLVo CYgUoL'mMim cl fbg/ Que posíbel explicación podería ter isto? Talking about problems and solutions It bothers me that. /BW 'VFfLh la fdw/ Preocúpame que.... I m fed up with. /Ol 'ccx JU rbf/ Estou farto/a de.... I can t stand. /O 'YEmW gwæmx/ Non podo soportar / aturar.... It s a pity that. /BWg L 'UBWi fdw/ É unha mágoa / pena que.... I m afraid that. /Ol L'cpCBX fdw/ Temo que.... get on my nerves. /ZCW Fm lo 'mkdh/... póñenme fóra de min. The should. /fl ' ilx/ O / A... debería.... It s clear. /BWg 'YoBL/ Está claro que.... Why don t? /'ro XLHmW/ Por que non...? If they, there would be. /Bc fm ' fcl rhx VA/ Se eles/as..., habería.... The would have solved the problem if it had. /fl rhx kdd 'gfodx fl UpFVoLl Bc BW klx/ O / A... solucionaría o problema se tivese.... If it gets worse,. /Bc BW ZCWg 'rkg/ Se vai a peor,.... Making a decision How much would you like to spend? /'kp lja rhx qi ooy WL gucmx/ Canto querería gastar? How would you like to pay? /'kp rhx qi ooy WL UM/ Como lle gostaría pagar? Have you considered? /kdd qi YLm'gBXLX/ Pensou en...? I can t make up my mind. /O YEmW lcby JU lo 'lomx/ Non podo decidirme. What have you got on sale? /rfw kdd qi ZFW Fm 'gmo/ Que teñen rebaixado? Have you got anything particular in mind? /kdd qi ZFW CmieBn UL'WBYqLoL Bm lomx/ Ten en mente algo / algunha cousa en particular? I'll take it! /Oo 'WMY BW/ Lévoo! Conducting a survey What kinds of things do you recycle? /rfw YOmXh Ld ebnh XI qi pa'goyo/ Que tipo de cousas reciclas? What do you do with your empty bottles? /rfw XI qi XI rbf qg 'ClUWi VFWoh/ Que fas coas botellas baleiras? Is there anything else you recycle? /Bh fcl CmieBn Cog qi pa'goyo/ Hai algo máis que recicles? 8

9 How far do you have to go to the nearest recycling bins? /kp ce XI qi kdd WL ZLH WL fl mblpbgw pa'goyobn VBmh/ Até onde tes que desprazarte para ir ao colector de reciclaxe máis próximo? When you go shopping, do you look for environmentally friendly products? /rcm qi ZLH ifubn XI qi ohy cl BmdOpLmlCmWLoi 'cpcmxoi UpFXJYWg/ Cando vas de compras, procuras produtos ecolóxicos / respectuosos co medio natural? Are you willing to pay a little more for green products? /E qi rbobn WL UM L obwo lg cl 'ZpAm UpFXJYWg/ Estás disposto/a a pagar un pouco máis polos produtos ecolóxicos? Do you think you could do more for the environment? /XI qi ebny qi YLX XI lg cl fl Bm'dOpLmlLmW/ Cres que poderías facer máis polo medio natural? Talking about pictures This picture shows. /'fbg UBYaL ilhh/ Esta fotografía amosa.... are apparently. /E L'UDpLmWoi/... seica están.... That might have. /fdw ' low kdd/ Ese/a... podería ter.... It could be that. /BW 'YHX VA fdw/ Podería ser que.... It looks like. /BW 'ohyg ooy/ Seica.... I suppose that. /O gl'unh fdw/ Supoño que.... It seems to me that. /BW galh WL 'la fdw/ Paréceme que.... I would say that. /O rhx 'gm fdw/ Diría que.... I think that. /O 'ebny fdw/ Creo que.... It appears that. /BW L'UBLh fdw/ Dá a impresión de que.... Discussing an experience You ll never believe what happened to me. /qio 'mcdl VBoAd rfw kdulmx WL la/ Non vas crer o que me pasou.... felt so good that. /ccow 'gn ZHX fdw/... sentía tan ben que.... All of a sudden,. /'Go Ld L gjxm/ De súpeto / socato.... Before I knew it,. /VB'cG O mqi BW/ Cando quixen decatarme,.... I ll never forget. /Oo 'mcdl clzcw/ Nunca esquecerei.... I d never been so. / OX 'mcdl VAm gn/ Nunca me dera tanta.... All I wanted to do. /'Go O rfmwbx WL XI/ O único que quería facer.... Reacting to news Speaking Glossary You don t say! /qi 'XLHmW gm/ Non me digas! That s too bad! /fdwg 'WI VDX/ Que mágoa / lástima! That s terrible! /fdwg 'WCpLVo/ Que horror! That was lucky! /fdw rlh 'ojyi/ Vaia sorte! Expressing surprise I had no idea. /O kdx mn O'XBL/ Non tiña nin idea. That s amazing! /fdwg L'lMhBn/ É incríbel. I don t believe it. /O XNmW VB'oAd BW/ Non podo crelo. You really did that? /qi 'paloi XBX fdw/ De verdade fixeches iso? Giving feedback That s right. /fdwg 'pow/ Iso / Así é., Moi ben. I m afraid you re wrong. /Ol LcpCBX qhl 'pfn/ Temo que estás errado / non tes razón. Try again. /WpO L'ZCm/ Inténtao outra vez / de novo., Volve intentalo. Good for you! /'ZHX cl qi/ Ben feito!, Moi ben! Expressing certainty Definitely. /'XCcBmLWoi/ De certo / Seguro., Sen dúbida. Of course. /Ld 'YGg/ Por suposto / Abofé que si. Absolutely. /'DVgLoIWoi/ Desde logo., Por suposto / Abofé que si. Comparing and contrasting Like you,... /ooy 'qi/ O mesmo ca ti,... Unlike you,... /'JmoOY qi/ A diferenza de ti,... Just like you,... /'bjgw ooy qi/ Igual ca ti,... Empathising I can only imagine how /O YLm Nmoi B'læbBm kp/ Xa podo imaxinar como... That s really scary. /fdwg 'paloi gyclpi/ Dá moito medo. I bet you were... /O 'VCW qi rk/ Aposto a que estabas... Showing regret I m sorry /Ol 'gfpi/ Sinto... It s a pity /BWg L 'UBWi/ É unha mágoa / pena... It s a shame /BWg L 'iml/ É unha mágoa / pena... It s too bad /BWg 'WI VDX/ É unha mágoa / pena... Expressing hope hopefully /'knucloi/ cun pouco de sorte / agardemos... it s likely /BWg 'ooyoi/ é probábel... there s a chance /fclh L 'aemg/ cabe / existe a posibilidade... 9

10 Responding to guesses You re close! /qhl 'YoNg/ Xa case o tes! Well done! /rco 'XJm/ Ben feito! You re way off! /qhl 'rm Fc/ Frío, frío! Have another go! /kdd L'mJfL ZLH/ Inténtao outra vez / de novo! Try again! /WpO L'ZCm/ Inténtao outra vez / de novo! Reacting Are you serious? /E qi 'gblpilg/ Dilo en serio? I d never have guessed! /OX 'mcdl kdd ZCgW/ Nunca o adiviñaría / imaxinaría! You re kidding! /qhl 'YBXBn/ Estás de broma. Responding to thanks You re welcome. /qhl 'rcoyll/ De nada. It s a pleasure. /BWg L 'UoCjL/ É un pracer. Don t mention it. /'XLHmW lcmim BW/ De nada. Not at all. /mfw LW 'Go/ De nada. Sequencing So then /gn 'fcm/ Daquela... After that /'EcWL fdw/ Despois diso... The next thing /fl 'mcygw ebn/ Despois diso... Assessing our actions I guess I should /O 'ZCg O ilx/ Supoño / Coido que debería... I suppose I could /O gl'ulhh O YLX/ Supoño / Coido que podería... I m afraid I don t /Ol L'cpCBX O XLHmW/ Temo que eu non... Showing concern Are you alright? /E qi Go'pOW/ Estás ben? Oh, you poor thing! /N qi UG 'ebn/ Ah, pobriño/a! Take care of yourself. /WMY 'YS Ld qggcoc/ Cóidate. I hope you feel better. /O knu qi cao 'VCWL/ Agardo que te atopes / sintas mellor. Agreeing / Disagreeing It s hard to say. /BWg kex WL 'gm/ É difícil de dicir. You may be right. /qi lm Vi 'pow/ Pode que teñas razón. I d agree with that. /OX L'ZpA rbf fdw/ Estou de acordo con iso. I m not convinced. /Ol mfw YLm'dBmgW/ Non estou convencido/a. Asking for clarification Why do you say that? /'ro XI qi gm fdw/ Por que dis iso? What do you mean? /'rfw XI qi lam/ Que queres dicir? Could you explain that, please? /YLX qi BY'gUoMm fdw UoAh/ Poderías explicar iso, por favor? 10

11 Grammar Appendix Introduction Contraste Present Simple / Present Continuous O Present Simple expresa hábitos, mais o Present Continuous sinala o que está a ocorrer mentres se fala. I usually eat salad, but today I m eating lasagna. (Polo xeral como ensalada, mais hoxe estou a comer lasaña.) O Present Simple tamén se emprega para falar de programas e horarios mentres que o Present Continuous para falar de plans persoais que ocorrerán no futuro vindeiro porque se fixaron de antemán. The next train leaves at 4 o clock. (O vindeiro tren sae ás 4.) It doesn t leave at (Non sae ás 4:15.) I am cooking for my friends today. (Hoxe cociño / cociñarei para os meus amigos.) [xa se decidiu] Co Present Simple adoitan empregarse as seguintes expresións temporais: every day / week / year (todos os días / semanas / anos), once / twice a year (unha / dúas veces ao ano), on + un día da semana en plural, etc. Co Present Continuous, porén, adoitan empregarse estas: now (agora), at the moment (neste momento), today (hoxe), these days (hoxe en día), etc. Cando o Present Continuous ten valor de futuro, as expresións temporais que se empregan son: soon (axiña), later (máis tarde), tomorrow (mañá), tonight (esta noite), next week / month / year (a semana / o mes / o ano que vén), etc. Todas estas expresións poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase, mais adoitan poñerse ao final. O Present Simple tamén adoita empregarse cos seguintes adverbios de frecuencia: always (sempre), usually (polo xeral, normalmente), often (a miúdo), sometimes (algunhas veces), never (nunca), etc. Estes colócanse diante do verbo, agás no caso do verbo to be, que van detrás. Os verbos estáticos Os verbos estáticos empréganse para expresar gostos, sentimentos e desexos, actividades da mente, posesión e percepción. Refírense a estados en canto de accións, polo que non se adoitan empregar co Present Continuous. I want to eat pizza. (Quero comer pizza.) Cando se empregan co Present Continuous adoitan ter un significado diferente. I think this is a nice nightclub. (Penso que este é un club nocturno agradábel.) I m thinking about travelling to Paris. (Estou pensando en viaxar a París.) Contraste Past Simple / Past Continuous O Past Simple sinala que a acción ocorreu e rematou no tempo sinalado na frase, mentres que o Past Continuous fala de accións prolongadas que estaban a ocorrer no pasado. He did his homework last Monday. (Fixo os deberes o luns pasado.) He was doing his homework all afternoon yesterday. (Estivo a facer os deberes durante toda a tarde de onte.) Co Past Simple adoita empregarse when e co Past Continuous as conxuncións while ou as. We were listening to the news when Peter arrived. (Estabamos a escoitar as noticias cando chegou Peter.) While / As we were listening to the news, Peter arrived. (Mentres estabamos a escoitar as noticias, chegou Peter.) Co Past Simple e o Past Continuous adoitan empregarse as seguintes expresións temporais: as que levan ago (hai) ao final da expresión, last night / week (esta noite, a semana pasada), at + unha hora, on + un día / data, in + un ano, yesterday (onte), etc. Todas estas expresións poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase, mais adoitan poñerse ao final. Contraste will / be going to Will emprégase para anunciar accións ou feitos futuros, para predicir o que se cre que ocorrerá e para expresar decisións súbitas. Paul will travel to Australia. (Paul viaxará a Australia.) I think it will snow tonight. (Coido que nevará esta noite.) I m worried. I ll phone the police. (Estou preocupada. Chamarei á policía.) En cambio, be going to emprégase para falar de intencións, plans ou decisións e para expresar o que vai ocorrer pois se ven indicios diso. I m going to learn French. (Vou aprender francés.) She s going to have a baby. (Vai ter un bebé.) Con will e be going to adóitanse empregar as seguintes expresións temporais: later (máis tarde), soon (axiña), in an hour (nunha hora), tomorrow (mañá), next year (o ano vindeiro), in the future (no futuro), in + un ano, etc. Todas estas expresións poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase, pero adoitan poñerse ao final. 11

12 Os determinantes a / an some any Con nomes contábeis en singular. Úsanse diante dun nome que non é coñecido polo falante. un/unha a picture, an orange Frases afirmativas: Con nomes contábeis en plural e non contábeis. Frases interrogativas: Cando a pregunta expresa unha oferta ou petición e agárdase que a resposta sexa afirmativa. uns/unhas algúns/algunhas algo de un pouco de (ou non se traduce) There are some trees. We ve got some fruit. Would you like some tea? Frases negativas ou interrogativas: Con nomes contábeis en plural e non contábeis. ningún/ningunha nada de (ou non se traduce) algún/algunha algúns/algunhas algo de (ou non se traduce) Os cuantificadores a lot of / lots of many much How many...? Cantos/as...? How much...? Canto/a...? I haven t got any sisters. She hasn t got any money. Are there any biscuits? Have you got any water? Con nomes contábeis en plural e non contábeis. moito/a/os/as unha chea/ morea de A lot of children study here. I have got a lot of homework. Lots of people enjoy films. Con nomes contábeis en plural. moitos/as Many students play football. Frases negativas e interrogativas: Con nomes non contábeis. I haven t got much money. moito/a Was there much smoke? Nomes contábeis en plural. How many chairs are there? Nomes non contábeis. Cando vai co verbo to be serve para preguntar o prezo dunha cousa. How much flour do you need? How much is it? O comparativo dos adxectivos Para comparar dúas cousas, animais ou persoas empréganse os adxectivos en grao comparativo. O comparativo de superioridade (máis... que / ca / do que) úsase para comparar dúas cousas, animais ou persoas cando unha supera á outra nalgún aspecto. Para formalo cómpre reparar na lonxitude do adxectivo: 1. Se ten 1 sílaba, ou 2 e remata en y, considérase curto e engádeselle a terminación -er. Detrás ponse a partícula than. The red dress is cheaper than the blue one. (O vestido vermello é máis barato que o azul.) Nos seguintes casos, o adxectivo cambia ao engadirlle -er: - Se ten 1 sílaba e remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante, dóbrase esa consoante: thin - thinner big - bigger - Se ten 2 sílabas e remata en consonante + y, cámbiase o y por un i: crazy - crazier lucky - luckier - Se remata en l, duplícase esa letra: cruel - crueller - Se remata en e mudo, só se engade -r: nice - nicer 2. Se o adxectivo ten 2 sílabas ou máis, é longo e a comparativa fórmase con more + adxectivo + than. My trainers are more comfortable than yours. (Os meus tenis son máis cómodos que os teus.) O comparativo de inferioridade fórmase con less + adxectivo + than (menos... que / ca / do que). The book is less popular than the film. (O libro é menos popular que a película.) O comparativo de igualdade fórmase con (not) as + adxectivo + as ((non) tan... como/a). My office is not as large as hers. (O meu despacho non é tan grande coma o seu.) O superlativo dos adxectivos Emprégase para comparar máis de dúas cousas, animais ou persoas e dicir que unha salienta sobre as demais. Leva the diante do adxectivo e tamén cómpre ter en conta a súa lonxitude: - Se é curto, engádeselle a terminación -est segundo as mesmas regras que para formar o comparativo. Paul is the strongest boy in my class. (Paul é o rapaz máis forte da clase.) - Se é longo, ponse diante the most. This is the most elegant shirt in the shop. (Esta é a camisa máis elegante da tenda.) O superlativo pode ir seguido das preposicións in, of e on. She is the best actress of all / on TV. (É a mellor actriz de todas / da televisión.) Para indicar que alguén ou algo é inferior que o resto nalgún aspecto emprégase a estrutura the least + adxectivo. This is the least interesting book in the library. (Este é o libro menos interesante da biblioteca.) Os adxectivos irregulares Ao non seguiren regra ningunha, cómpre aprender as súas formas comparativa e superlativa de memoria. 12

13 Adxectivo Comparativo Superlativo good (bo/a) better best bad (malo/a, mao/má) far (lonxano/a, afastado/a) worse farther / further worst little (pouco/a) less least Unit 1 farthest / furthest O Present Perfect Simple Afirmativa Forma contraída I have talked I ve talked You have talked He has talked She has talked It has talked We have talked You have talked They have talked Negativa I have not talked You have not talked He has not talked She has not talked It has not talked We have not talked You have not talked They have not talked You ve talked He s talked She s talked It s talked We ve talked You ve talked They ve talked Forma contraída I haven t talked You haven t talked He hasn t talked She hasn t talked It hasn t talked We haven t talked You haven t talked They haven t talked Interrogativa Respostas curtas Afirmativa Negativa Have I talked...? Yes, I have. No, I haven t. Have you talked...? Yes, you have. No, you haven t. Has he talked...? Yes, he has. No, he hasn t. Has she talked...? Yes, she has. No, she hasn t. Has it talked...? Yes, it has. No, it hasn t. Have we talked...? Yes, we have. No, we haven t. Have you talked...? Yes, you have. No, you haven t. Have they talked...? Yes, they have. No, they haven t. Grammar Appendix Interrogativa: Has / Have + suxeito + un verbo en participio. Has she worked as a war correspondent? (Ela traballou como correspondente de guerra?) Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + has / have sen contraer en afirmativa ou contraído coa partícula not en negativa. Have you seen the film? Yes, I have. / No, I haven t. (Viches a película? Vina. Si. / Non.) Co Present Perfect Simple adoitan empregarse as seguintes expresións temporais e adverbios: ever interrogativa: algunha vez negativa: nunca, xamais Have you ever travelled abroad? I haven t ever watched that film. never afirmativa: nunca She has never called me. always sempre You ve always been her friend. already afirmativa: We ve already finished the xa exam. just afirmativa: acabar/vir de They have just arrived here. He hasn t found his glasses negativa: aínda yet. yet interrogativa: Have you bought any fruit xa yet? for durante My brother has lived in ou non se traduce Manchester for five years. since desde/dende I haven t heard from him since recently hai pouco Has Lisa talked to you recently? lately ultimamente Jim hasn t been to the gym lately. several They have worked for us varias veces times several times. so far How long has your até o momento assignment taken you so far? co tempo, over the Many children have read ao longo dos years that book over the years. anos Cómpre ter en conta que just, already, always, ever e never se poñen entre o auxiliar have e o participio do verbo principal. Yet colócase ao final da frase, for vai seguida dun período de tempo pois indica a duración da acción, e since vai diante do momento en que comezou a mesma. O resto poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase, mais adoitan poñerse ao final. Afirmativa: suxeito + has / have + un verbo en participio. They have climbed Mount Everest twice. (Subiron ao monte Everest dúas veces.) Negativa: suxeito + has / have + a partícula not ou a contracción n t + un verbo en participio. Paul hasn t been to China. (Paul non estivo en China.) 13

14 Os usos do Present Perfect Simple Accións que comezaron no pasado e aínda continúan (leva for ou since e tradúcese en presente) Accións pasadas que afectan ao presente ou teñen consecuencias no momento actual Accións pasadas sen especificar cando ocorreron Accións moi recentes (leva just e tradúcese por acabar / vir de + inf.) She has worked here since (Ela traballa aquí dende 1999.) I have already finished. I m bored now. (Xa rematei. Agora estou aborrecida.) They have enjoyed their holiday. (Pasárono ben nas vacacións.) The train has just left the station. (O tren acaba de saír da estación.) Contraste Present Perfect Simple / Past Simple O Present Perfect Simple sinala que o ocorrido no pasado garda relación co presente e non di cando sucedeu. Porén, o Past Simple fala de accións pasadas que xa non afectan ao momento actual e sinala cando ocorreron. She has worked as a newspaper reporter since (Traballa como xornalista dun xornal desde 2010.) She wrote the article for the magazine yesterday. (Escribiu o artigo para a revista onte.) used to Used to expresa feitos ou estados que eran habituais noutro tempo e logo deixaron de selo. Só ten forma de pasado e vai seguido doutro verbo na forma base. Tradúcese como o pretérito imperfecto do verbo adoitar ou do verbo que o segue. Afirmativa: suxeito + used to + un verbo na forma base. We used to go to the swimming pool every day. (Adoitabamos ir / Iamos á piscina todos os días.) Negativa: suxeito + did not / didn t + use to (sen d ) + un verbo na forma base. He didn t use to buy vegetables at the supermarket. (Non adoitaba mercar / mercaba verduras no supermercado.) Interrogativa: Did + suxeito + use to (sen d ) + un verbo na forma base. Did you use to play tennis on Sundays? (Adoitabas xogar / Xogabas ao tenis os domingos?) Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + did ou didn t. Did she use to travel abroad? Yes, she did. / No, she didn t. (Adoitaba viaxar / Viaxaba ao estranxeiro? Viaxaba. Si. / Non.) Unit 2 As oracións de relativo Son oracións subordinadas que achegan máis información sobre a persoa, cousa ou animal que se amenta na oración principal e van introducidas por pronomes relativos que poden ser o suxeito ou o complemento da oración. Neste último caso é común omitilos na conversa. Who: emprégase cando o antecedente é unha persoa. He is the actor who plays the role of Henry VIII. (É o actor que interpreta o papel de Henrique VIII.) Which: emprégase para se referir a cousas ou animais. I didn t like the film which she recommended. (Non me gustou a película que recomendou.) That: emprégase para se referir a persoas, cousas ou animais. Downton Abbey is a series that you should watch. (Downton Abbey é unha serie que deberías ver.) Where: emprégase cando o antecedente é un lugar. Nunca se omite nin se pode substituír por that. Windsor Castle is the place where the Royal Family spend the summer. (O Castelo de Windsor é o lugar onde a familia real pasa o verán.) When: emprégase cando o antecedente é unha cláusula temporal. Pódese omitir ou substituír por that. It was the year when she married the king. (Foi o ano en que casou co rei.) Whose: emprégase cando o antecedente é unha persoa. Expresa posesión. She was the queen whose husband was assassinated. (Ela foi a raíña cuxo marido foi asasinado.) Compostos de some, any e no Empréganse polo xeral nas oracións de relativo. A partir de some fórmanse someone (alguén), somewhere (a / nalgún sitio, en algures) e something (algo, algunha cousa, unha cousa). As tres empréganse en oracións afirmativas. Someone has knocked at the door. (Alguén petou na porta.) We can go somewhere on holiday. (Podemos ir a algures de vacacións.) She has got something important to tell her friends. (Ten algo importante que dicir aos seus amigos.) A partir de any fórmanse anyone, anywhere e anything, que se empregan en oracións negativas e interrogativas, mais con distinto significado. En frases negativas significan ninguén, a / en ningures, nada, mentres que en oracións interrogativas significan alguén, a / en algures, algo, algunha cousa. Do you know anyone who watches Game of Thrones? (Coñeces a alguén que vexa Xogo de tronos?) 14

15 I didn t go anywhere last weekend. (Non fun a ningures a pasada fin de semana.) The actors won t say anything about the next season. (Os actores non contarán nada sobre a vindeira tempada.) A partir de no fórmanse no one (ninguén), nowhere (ningures, ningún sitio) e nothing (nada, ningunha cousa). Os compostos de no equivalen a not any e só se empregan en afirmativa, pois xa teñen un significado negativo de seu. No one knows how the story will end. (Ninguén sabe como rematará a historia.) They found nowhere to stay in the town. (Non atoparon ningún sitio para ficar na vila.) There is nothing to worry about. (Non hai nada de que se preocupar.) Unit 3 O Past Perfect Simple Afirmativa I had walked You had walked He had walked She had walked It had walked We had walked You had walked They had walked Negativa I had not walked You had not walked He had not walked She had not walked It had not walked We had not walked You had not walked They had not walked Forma contraída I d walked You d walked He d walked She d walked It d walked We d walked You d walked They d walked Forma contraída I hadn t walked You hadn t walked He hadn t walked She hadn t walked It hadn t walked We hadn t walked You hadn t walked They hadn t walked Interrogativa Respostas curtas Afirmativa Negativa Had I walked...? Yes, I had. No, I hadn t. Had you walked...? Yes, you had. No, you hadn t. Had he walked...? Yes, he had. No, he hadn t. Had she walked...? Yes, she had. No, she hadn t. Had it walked...? Yes, it had. No, it hadn t. Had we walked...? Yes, we had. No, we hadn t. Had you walked...? Yes, you had. No, you hadn t. Had they walked...? Yes, they had. No, they hadn t. Grammar Appendix Emprégase para sinalar que unha acción ocorreu antes ca outra no pasado. Esta última vai en Past Simple. Afirmativa: suxeito + had + un verbo en participio. The experts had solved the mystery of the ship. (Os expertos resolveran o misterio do barco.) Negativa: suxeito + had + a partícula not ou a contracción n t + un verbo en participio. We hadn t heard any strange noises in the house. (Non oiramos ruídos estraños na casa.) Interrogativa: Had + suxeito + un verbo en participio. Had they found the missing men? (Atoparan os homes desaparecidos?) Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + had ou hadn t. Had she been to Loch Ness? Yes, she had. / No, she hadn t. (Fora ao Lago Ness? Fora. Si. / Non.) Co Past Perfect Simple adoitan empregarse as seguintes expresións temporais e adverbios: I had cleaned the car before before antes I went to the party. He ate some ice cream after after despois he had finished lunch. as soon As soon as I had got up, I as by the time until when already yet tan pronto / axiña como (para) cando até que cando afirmativa: xa negativa: aínda interrogativa: xa went to buy the newspaper. By the time he was five, he had read many books. Until I went to Italy, I hadn t eaten real Italian food. Ian had finished his homework when I arrived. I had already seen Jim when he said hello to us. It was 3 am and the pub hadn t closed yet. When you arrived at the station, had the train left yet? Contraste Past Perfect Simple / Past Simple O Past Perfect Simple adoita ir en oracións acompañado doutro verbo que vai en Past Simple. O Past Perfect Simple sinala que a acción ocorreu antes que a outra que está en Past Simple. By the time he arrived at the cinema, the film had already started. (Cando chegou ao cinema, a película xa comezara.) Para explicar o motivo polo que ocorreu algo no pasado, ponse o verbo principal da frase en Past Simple e a oración subordinada introducida por because en Past Perfect Simple. We were nervous because we had seen unusual shadows. (Estabamos nerviosos pois viramos unhas sombras estrañas.) 15

16 Unit 4 O primeiro condicional Emprégase para falar de accións que ocorrerán se se cumpre a condición sinalada. Afirmativa: a condición (oración subordinada) exprésase con if + Present Simple, e o resultado (oración principal) adoita ir en futuro con will. He will move to London if he doesn t find a job here. (Mudarase a Londres se non atopa traballo aquí.) Se a condición vai primeiro, ponse unha vírgula entre a oración principal e a subordinada. If he doesn t find a job here, he will move to London. (Se non atopa traballo aquí, mudarase a Londres.) Negativa: pódese negar o verbo en presente, o verbo en futuro ou ambos os dous. If you don t come, I will be sad. (Se non vés, estarei triste.) If you come, I won t be sad. (Se vés, non estarei triste.) If you don t come, I won t be sad. (Se non vés, non estarei triste.) Interrogativa: Will + suxeito + predicado da oración principal + oración subordinada. Will she go to the concert if she leaves work early? (Irá ao concerto se sae axiña do traballo?) Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + will ou won t. Will your parents let you go out if you do your homework? Yes, they will. / No, they won t. (Teus pais deixarán que saias se fas os deberes? Deixaranme. Si. / Non.) Para expresarmos que algo ocorrerá ou non ocorrerá se non se cumpre a condición, a subordinada introdúcese pola conxunción unless, que equivale a if not ( a non ser que, a menos que, se non ). Unless we use public transport, the level of pollution will rise. (A non ser que usemos o transporte público / Se non usamos o transporte público, o nivel de contaminación irá a máis.) O segundo condicional Emprégase para falar de accións hipotéticas referidas ao presente, é dicir, que é pouco probábel que ocorran. Afirmativa: a condición exprésase con if + Past Simple, e o resultado con would (ou a contracción d) + o verbo na forma base. If there were more police officers, people would feel safe. (Se houbese máis policías, a xente sentiríase segura.) No canto de would, podemos empregar o verbo modal could no resultado, mais este sinala que a probabilidade de que se cumpra a hipótese é aínda menor. Equivale ao verbo poder en condicional ou ás expresións talvez ou quizais + condicional. If I had the chance, I could travel around the world. (Se eu tivese a oportunidade, podería viaxar por todo o mundo.) Se o verbo da condición é to be, adóitase empregar were en todas as persoas do singular e do plural. If he were in charge, he d keep the city clean. (Se el estivese ao mando, mantería a cidade limpa.) Para dar consellos emprégase a fórmula If I were. If I were you, I d live in a suburb. (Eu, de ti, viviría nun barrio residencial.) Negativa: pódese negar a condición, o resultado ou ambos os dous. If I didn t have a car, I would go by bus. (Se eu non tivese un coche, iría en autobús.) If I had a car, I wouldn t go by bus. (Se eu tivese un coche, non iría en autobús.) If I didn t have a car, I wouldn t go by bus. (Se eu non tivese un coche, non iría en autobús.) Interrogativa: Would + suxeito + predicado da oración principal + oración subordinada. Would you buy a house in the city if you had enough money? (Mercarías unha casa na cidade se tiveses cartos de abondo?) Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + would ou wouldn t. Would you do volunteer work if you had free time? Yes, I would. / No, I wouldn t. (Traballarías como voluntario se tiveses tempo libre? Traballaría. Si. / Non.) O terceiro condicional Emprégase para falar de condicións enteiramente imposíbeis, pois se refiren ao pasado e xa non poden realizarse. Afirmativa: a condición exprésase con if + Past Perfect Simple, e o resultado con would have + participio. If Phil had finished the project, he would have gone on holiday. (Se Phil rematase o proxecto, marcharía de vacacións.) Negativa: pódese negar a condición, o resultado ou ambos os dous. If I hadn t won the lottery, I would have accepted that job. (Se non me tocase a lotaría, aceptaría ese emprego.) If I had won the lottery, I wouldn t have accepted that job. (Se me tocase a lotaría, non aceptaría ese emprego.) If I hadn t won the lottery, I wouldn t have accepted that job. (Se non me tocase a lotaría, non aceptaría ese emprego.) Interrogativa: Would + suxeito + have + participio + predicado da oración principal + oración subordinada. Would Sarah have helped people at the community centre if she had lived nearer? (Sarah axudaría á xente do centro cívico se vivise máis preto?) Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal suxeito + would ou wouldn t. Would you have arrived at school on time if someone had driven you? Yes, I would. / No, I wouldn t. (Chegarías ao colexio a tempo se alguén te levase en coche? Chegaría. Si. / Non.) 16

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