Drum Transcription in the presence of pitched instruments using Prior Subspace Analysis
|
|
- Godwin Williamson
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 ISSC 2003, Limerick. Juy -2 Drum Transcription in the presence of pitched instruments using Prior Subspace Anaysis Derry FitzGerad φ, Bob Lawor*, and Eugene Coye φ φ Music Technoogy Centre, Dubin Institute of Technoogy, Rathmines Road, Dubin, IRELAND E-mai: φ * Department of Eectronic Engineering, Nationa University of Ireand, Maynooth, IRELAND E-mai: Abstract -- This paper demonstrates the use of Prior Subspace Anaysis (PSA) as a method for transcribing drums in the presence of pitched instruments. PSA uses prior subspaces that represent the sources to be transcribed to overcome some of the probems associated with other subspace methods such as Independent Subspace Anaysis (ISA) or sub-band ISA. The use of prior knowedge resuts in improved robustness for transcription purposes and enabes the method to work more readiy in the presence of pitched instruments than other subspace methods. The system presented in this paper attempts to extend the use of PSA to transcribe drum sounds in the presence of interfering pitched instruments. I INTRODUCTION In the past few years a number of subspace methods such as Independent Subspace Anaysis (ISA) and Prior Subspace Anaysis (PSA) have been proposed for sound source separation in singe channe mixtures [,2]. The underying assumptions of these methods make them particuary suited to attempting the task of transcribing drums from singe channe audio mixtures, as has been shown in [2,3]. However these methods have deat soey with the case where drums ony are present. This system presented in this paper attempts to extend the PSA method to transcribe drums robusty in the presence of pitched instruments. II SUBSPACE METHODS FOR SOUND SOURCE SEPARATION The subspace methods described in [,2,3] attempt to represent sound sources as ow dimensiona independent subspaces in the time-frequency pane. These methods make a number of assumptions about the signa. An input signa containing a number of sound sources is transformed to a timefrequency representation such as a magnitude spectrogram. It is assumed that the mixture signa spectrogram Y can be decomposed into statisticay independent spectrograms Y. These spectrograms are assumed to be represented by the outer product of an invariant frequency basis function f, and a corresponding invariant ampitude basis function t which describes the variations in ampitude of the frequency basis function over time. This yieds: = Y = Y = f t () = T These independent basis functions represent features of the individua sources. Each source is made up of a number of these basis functions which form a ow dimensiona subspace that represents the sound source. Where the subspace methods differ is in how decomposition of the origina mixture spectrogram Y into outer product basis functions is achieved. ISA achieves the decomposition by performing Principa Component Anaysis on the mixture spectrogram. Components of ow variance are then discarded to achieve ow dimensionaity. Independent Component Anaysis (ICA) [4] is then performed on the remaining components to obtain independent subspaces. The above decomposition is performed in a totay bind manner and makes no use of information about sources known to be present in the
2 mixture. A detaied description of the above decomposition can be found in []. Though an effective means of separating sound mixtures there are significant imitations to the ISA method. Firsty the assumption that the basis functions are invariant means no pitch changes are aowed in the overa spectrogram. However this is not a probem when deaing with sources that can be considered stationary in pitch such as drum sounds, making ISA suited to deaing with drum sounds. Secondy estimating the number of components to retain from PCA remains a probem. The number of components required for separation varies with the frequency and ampitude characteristics of the source sounds, and the threshod method proposed in [] cannot adequatey predict the required number of components. This resuts in the necessity of an observer to decide the number of components to retain. An attempt to overcome this probem by means of sub-band preprocessing is described in [3]. Despite these imitations ISA provides a method of overcoming the probem of identifying mixtures of drums encountered by Sianpää et a when trying to identify and transcribe mixtures of drums [5]. On the other hand PSA assumes that there exists known prior frequency basis functions f p that are good initia approximations to the actua basis functions of the sources of interest. Substituting these f p for the f in equation yieds: T Y f pt (2) = Mutipying the overa spectrogram Y by the pseudoinverse of the prior frequency subspaces yieds estimates of the ampitude basis functions, tˆ : tˆ = fppy (3) where f pp is the pseudoinverse of f p. However the ampitude basis functions returned are not independent and so ICA is carried out on tˆ to give t = Wtˆ (4) where W is the unmixing matrix obtained using ICA. Improved estimates of the frequency basis functions can then be obtained from f = ( Yt ) T p (5) PSA uses prior knowedge to obtain the most important information specificay on the sources of interest and so overcomes the probem of estimating the amount of information needed for separation that is associated with ISA. PSA aso reaxes the assumption that no pitch changes are aowed in the overa spectrogram. Instead it assumes that ony the sources of interest are stationary in pitch. This makes PSA suitabe for attempting to transcribe drums in the presence of pitched instruments. PSA is demonstrated in Figure, which shows the ampitude enveopes obtained from anaysing a drum oop using PSA. Figure. Drum oop separation using PSA The prior subspaces used in this exampe were created by anaysing arge numbers of each type of drum. An ISA-type anaysis such as described in [6] was carried out on each exampe. As mentioned previousy this amounts to carrying out PCA foowed by ICA on the spectrogram of the exampe. The first three principa components retained from the PCA step were passed to the ICA agorithm and the resuting independent frequency subspace with the argest proected variance was taken to represent the exampe. K-means custering was then carried out on the frequency subspaces for a given drum type to yied a singe subspace that best characterised a given drum type. PSA was initiay tested on 5 drum oops containing snares, kick drums and hi-hats. It achieved an overa success rate of 92.5% in successfuy identifying the drums present. This represents an improvement over the 89.5% success rate achieved using sub-band ISA on the same signas [2]. PSA was found to be better than subband ISA in correcty identifying hi-hats and was aso significanty faster than ISA or sub-band ISA due to the fact that PSA does not require the use of PCA. In tests on the same signas PSA was found to be approximatey ten times faster than sub-band ISA and five times faster than ISA. III PSA IN THE PRESENCE OF PITCHED INSTRUMENTS It was previousy noted that as the basis functions obtained by ISA are invariant no pitch changes are aowed within the sources present. It was aso noted that PSA provides a reaxation of this assumption in that this restriction now ony appies to the sources being searched for. As aready noted drum sounds meet this criterion, making PSA a vauabe too for drum transcription. As it is no onger required that a the sources present be stationary in pitch, ony the sources being searched for, it is possibe to extend PSA to work in the presence of pitched instruments.
3 However a number of issues must be addressed before PSA can be used to transcribe drums in the presence of pitched instruments. The first of these is to note that the presence of a arge number of pitched instruments wi cause a partia match with the prior subspace used to identify a given drum. This causes interference in the recovered ampitude enveope, which can in turn make detection of the drums more difficut. However it shoud be noted that pitched instruments have harmonic spectra with resuting regions of ow intensity between partias. Furthermore due to the rues of harmony used in popuar music many of the pitches payed simutaneousy wi be in harmonic reation to each other and so wi have many overapping partias. As a resut every time pitched instruments occur there wi be regions in the frequency spectrum where itte or no energy is present due to pitched instruments. It can therefore be seen that using a higher frequency resoution reduces the interference due to the pitched instruments, and as a resut improves the ikeihood of recognition of the drums. This is demonstrated in Figure 2, which shows the snare ampitude enveopes obtained from spectrograms of an excerpt from a pop song. The spectrograms had FFT sizes of 52 and 4096 respectivey. The interference due to other instruments can be seen to be greaty reduced at the higher frequency resoution, and as a resut the snare drum is more easiy identified at the higher frequency resoution. However the use of higher frequency resoution comes at the price of a reduction in the time resoution, which eads to inaccuracies in the detected onset times of the drum events. out over a greater range of the spectrum than the snare and kick drum, making it more sensitive to the presence of pitched instruments. However by noting that most of the energy of pop songs is contained in the ower region of the spectrum, it is possibe to overcome this probem. The power spectra density (PSD) of a signa gives an estimate of the average power at each point in the spectrum [6]. Dividing a spectrogram by the PSD wi emphasise those regions of the spectrum where there is ess power, in this case the upper regions of the spectrum. This resuts in improved recognisabiity of the hi-hats. This is demonstrated in Figure 3 which shows the hi-hat ampitude enveopes obtained from an excerpt from a pop song both with and without PSD normaisation. The PSD was obtained using an eigenvector method using a sma number of eigenvectors to capture ony the broad regions where most of the energy occurs. During testing of the modified PSA agorithm it was discovered that whie successfu in many cases, in some cases the agorithm did not perform correcty. Further anaysis reveaed that this was as a resut of the sensitivity of the ICA agorithm to the interference or noise due to the presence of pitched instruments remaining in the snare and kick drum ampitude enveopes. To overcome this probem a vaues in the ampitude enveope beow a set threshod are set to zero. A normaised ampitude of 0.4 was found to be a suitabe threshod for both the snare and kick drum. This operation is not carried out on the hi-hats as the interference was found to have been sufficienty eiminated by the PSD normaisation step. Figure 2. Snare enveopes at different frequency resoutions Despite the use of high frequency resoution the interference present in the hi-hat subspace was in some cases found to be consideraby greater than that in the bass drum or snare subspaces. This caused probems in trying to identify hi-hat events. The extra interference appears to be as a resut of the fact that the hi-hat prior subspace has its energy spread Figure 3. Hi-hat ampitude enveopes with/without PSD step However the threshoding operation was found to have another consequence. The resuting snare and kick drum enveopes contained arge areas of no activity, with sudden and sharp peaks occurring when a snare or kick occurred. This contrasts with the more natura peaks and decays occurring in the hihat enveope. When these very different ampitude enveopes were input to an ICA agorithm the
4 resuting independent signas contained unusua artifacts such as numerous sudden arge ampitude moduations which were detected as events where none was present. To eiminate this probem it was necessary to carry out ICA on ony the snare and bass drum ampitude enveopes, as they are comparabe in that they both contain sharp peaks and arge areas of no activity. This resuted in the correct separation of bass drums and snare drums in most cases. The hi-hat enveope is passed directy to the onset detection agorithm. Whie this gives good resuts in genera it can resut in extra errors in detection of hi-hats. As the hi-hat ampitude enveope no onger undergoes ICA the agorithm oses the abiity to distinguish between a snare occurring on its own and a snare and hi-hat occurring simutaneousy. However in many cases a hi-hat does occur simutaneousy with the snare, so this ony resuts in a sma reduction in the efficiency of the transcription agorithm. IV DRUM TRANSCRIPTION IN THE PRESENCE OF PITCHED INSTRUMENTS To test the abiity of PSA to transcribe drums in the presence of pitched instruments a drum transcription system was impemented in Matab. The system impemented deas ony with snares, bass drums and hi-hats. Due to the source signa ordering probem in the ICA step it is assumed that the bass drum has a ower spectra centroid than the snare. The system was tested on 20 excerpts taken at random from pop songs from as wide a range of styes as possibe ranging from pop to disco and rock. The drum patterns from these excerpts were transcribed by an expert istener. Because of the imperfect separation of the ICA step the ampitude enveopes were normaised and onsets over a given threshod were taken to be a drum onset. The same threshod was used for both snare and kick drums whie a ower threshod was used for the hi-hats. This refects the fact that the ampitude of the hi-hats in rea word exampes can vary widey depending on the stye of drumming. The resuts obtained are outined in Tabe. Though the resuts demonstrate the effectiveness of PSA as a method for transcribing drums in the presence of pitched instruments a greater number of errors occur than for PSA with drums ony. Possibe reasons for this are discussed beow. Type Tota Missing Incorrect % Snare Kick Hi-hats Overa Tabe. Drum Transcription Resuts In the case of the bass drums, six snare events were incorrecty identified as bass drums. These errors occurred in excerpts where a disco stye of drumming was empoyed. In these excerpts the snare drum is typicay ess bright than in the other genres of music, and so a greater chance of incorrect identification is the resut. Ony one of the incorrect bass drum detections was as a resut of a bass guitar note being identified as a bass drum. The missing four undetected bass drum events were visibe on the ampitude enveope of the excerpts in question, but were beow the threshod for detection. The bass drums at these points were audiby ower than the other bass drum events in the excerpts. In the case of the snare drum, five of the incorrect snares were as a resut of the combination of a bass drum and a hi-hat occurring simutaneousy being mistaken for snares. This happened in two excerpts. The remaining errors occurred as a resut of noise due to pitched instruments. With regards to the hi-hats the maority of incorrect identifications were as a resut of interference that had not been eiminated in the PSD normaisation step. In two cases an event with the characteristics of a hi-hat was ceary visibe in both the spectrogram and the recovered ampitude enveope, but no event of this type was audibe to the istener. These events may be genuine hi-hat events that have been masked by other audio events, but as there is no way of determining this for excerpts from commercia recordings, these onsets have been cassed as incorrect detections. In the case of the undetected hi-hats the maority of the hats were ceary visibe in the ampitude enveopes, but beow the threshod required for identification. Further improvements may be possibe by adusting the threshods for detection but there is a trade-off between reducing the number of incorrect identifications and increasing the number of missed events. Due to the imitations in the time resoution of the STFT, the detection of onset times had an average error of 0ms. It shoud be noted that this error tended to be consistent across a the drums in a given oop, so that inter-onset intervas remained consistent within a given oop. However it is sti desirabe to improve the accuracy of onset detection in PSA. It shoud be noted that these resuts were obtained without the use of any form of rhythmic modeing to predict when a given drum was most ikey to occur. V CONCLUSIONS & FUTURE WORK Prior Subspace Anaysis has been shown to be a viabe approach for the transcription of drums in the presence of pitched instruments, overcoming some of the probems associated with Independent Subspace Anaysis. Further work needs to be done to improve the correct identification of the drums and to increase the accuracy of the onset times. It is aso proposed to
5 generaise the method to dea with an increased number of drum types. REFERENCES [] Casey, M. & Westner, A., Separation of Mixed Audio Sources By Independent Subspace Anaysis Proceedings Of ICMC 2000, pp. 54-6, Berin, Germany, [2] FitzGerad, D., Lawor, B., Coye, E., Prior Subspace Anaysis for Drum Transcription, 4th AES Conference Amsterdam March 22 nd 25 th 2003 [3] FitzGerad, D., Coye E, Lawor B., Sub-band Independent Subspace Anaysis for Drum Transcription, Proceedings of the. Digita Audio Effects Conference (DAFX02), Hamburg, pp , [4] Hyvärinen A. & Oa E., Independent Component Anaysis: Agorithms and Appications. Neura Networks, 3(4-5): pp , [5] Sianpää J., Kapuri A., Seppänen J., Virtanen T., Recognition of acoustic noise mixtures by combining bottom-up and top-down processing. In proc. European Signa Processing Conference, EUSIPCO [6] Casey, M., Auditory Group Theory: with Appications to Statistica Basis Methods for Structured Audio, Ph.D. Thesis, MIT Media Lab, February 998. [7] Vaseghi, Saeed V., Advanced Digita Signa Processing and Noise Reduction, 2 nd ed. John Wiey & Sons Ltd. pp
Prior Subspace Analysis for Drum Transcription
Audio Engineering Society Convention Paper Presented at the 4th Convention 23 March 22 25 Amsterdam, he Netherands his convention paper has been reproduced from the author's advance manuscript, without
More informationDrum Source Separation using Percussive Feature Detection and Spectral Modulation
ISSC 25, Dublin, September 1-2 Drum Source Separation using Percussive Feature Detection and Spectral Modulation Dan Barry φ, Derry Fitzgerald^, Eugene Coyle φ and Bob Lawlor* φ Digital Audio Research
More informationNCH Software VideoPad Video Editor
NCH Software VideoPad Video Editor This user guide has been created for use with VideoPad Video Editor Version 4.xx NCH Software Technica Support If you have difficuties using VideoPad Video Editor pease
More informationMulti-TS Streaming Software
Appication Note Thomas Lechner 1.2017 0e Muti-TS Streaming Software Appication Note Products: R&S CLG R&S CLGD R&S SLG The R&S TSStream muti-ts streaming software streams a number of MPEG transport stream
More informationOperation Guide
MO0503-EA Getting Acquainted Congratuations upon your seection of this CASIO watch. To get the most out of your purchase, be sure to read this manua carefuy and keep it on hand for ater reference when
More informationITU BS.1771 Loudness Meter BLITS Channel Identification for 5.1 Surround Sound
RW-6seiter_IBC_009_GB_RZ_V5.qxp 0: Seite Functions of the various modes: ypica dispay patterns and their interpretation a few exampes: 900 900S 900D 900SD Mode 960 960S 960D 960SD 900 900S 900D 900SD F
More informationOperation Guide 5200
MO1103-EA Getting Acquainted ongratuations upon your seection of this ASIO watch. To get the most out of your purchase, be sure to read this manua carefuy. Be sure to keep a user documentation handy for
More informationTopology of Musical Data
Topoogy of Musica Data Wiiam A. Sethares Department of Eectrica and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA, sethares@ece.wisc.edu November 27, 2010 Abstract Techniques for discovering
More informationEnergy meter MRE-44S. MRE-44S/DC24V energy meter
MRE-44S MRE-44S/DC24V energy meter Comprehensive consumption data anaysis in rea time High resoution and accuracy (cass 0.) even in harmonicay distorted grids Aso anayses harmonics (optiona, up to 50 Hz)
More informationDown - (DW Sampler Hold Buffer * Digital Filter * Fig. 1 Conceptual bunch-by-bunch, downsampled feedback system.
Bunch-by-Bunch Feedback for PEP II* G. Oxoby, R. Caus, N. Eisen, J. Fox, H. Hindi, J.Hoefich, J. Osen, and L. Sapozhnikov. Stanford Linear Acceerator Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94309 I.
More informationThe Basics of Monitor Technology (1)
The Basics of Monitor Technoogy 2-187-799-12(1) Preface In recent years, the editing systems and equipment used by broadcasters, production houses and independent studios have improved dramaticay, resuting
More informationVocal Technique. A Physiologic Approach. Second Edition
Voca Technique A Physioogic Approach Second Edition Voca Technique A Physioogic Approach Second Edition Jan E. Bicke, D.M.A. 5521 Ruffin Road San Diego, CA 92123 e-mai: info@purapubishing.com Website:
More informationSpecifications. Lens. Lens Shift. Light Source Lamp. Connectors. Digital. Video Input Signal Format. PC Input Signal Format.
Projection Distance Chart Dispay size (16:9) Projection distance Screen diagona (inch) W (mm) H (mm) Wide (m) Tee (m) 60 1,328 747 1.78 3.66 70 1,549 872 2.09 4.28 80 1,771 996 2.40 4.89 90 1,992 1,121
More informationRemarks on The Logistic Lattice in Random Number Generation. Neal R. Wagner
Remarks on The Logistic Lattice in Random Number Generation Nea R. Wagner 1. Introduction Pease refer to the quoted artice before reading these remarks. I have aways been fond of this particuar random
More informationOperation Guide 3197
MO1004-EA Getting Acquainted Congratuations upon your seection of this CASIO watch. To get the most out of your purchase, be sure to read this manua carefuy. Keep the watch exposed to bright ight The eectricity
More informationMMS-Übungen. Einführung in die Signalanalyse mit Python. Wintersemester 2016/17. Benjamin Seppke
MIN-Fakutät Fachbereich Informatik Arbeitsbereich SAV/BV (KOGS) MMS-Übungen Einführung in die Signaanayse mit Python Wintersemester 2016/17 Benjamin Seppke MMS-Übungen: Einführung in die Signaanayse mit
More informationConvention Paper 6031 Presented at the 116th Convention 2004 May 8 11 Berlin, Germany
Audio Engineering Society Convention Paper 6031 Presented at the 116th Convention 2004 May 8 11 Berlin, Germany This convention paper has been reproduced from the author's advance manuscript, without editing,
More informationDiploma Syllabus. Music Performance from 2005
Dipoma Syabus Music Performance from 2005 SPECIAL NOTICES This Music Performance Dipoma Syabus from 2005 is a revised version of the Performing sections of the Dipoma Syabus from 2000. It is vaid wordwide
More informationOperation Guide 3271
MO1106-EA Operation Guide 3271 Getting Acquainted ongratuations upon your seection of this ASIO watch. To get the most out of your purchase, be sure to read this manua carefuy. Be sure to keep a user documentation
More informationD-ILA PROJECTORS DLA-X95R DLA-X75R DLA-X55R DLA-X35
D-ILA PROJECTORS DLA-X95R DLA-X75R DLA-X55R DLA-X35 D L A-X S e r i e s DLA-X95R 4K-resoution D-ILA Projector JVC D-ILA projector premium mode that adopts high-grade parts reaises 4K-resoution* 1 and industry
More informationOperation Guide 3172
MO1007-EC Congratuations upon your seection of this CASIO watch. Appications The buit-in sensors of this watch measure direction, barometric pressure, temperature and atitude. Measured vaues are then shown
More informationOperation Guide 4717
MO0812-EB Getting Acquainted Congratuations upon your seection of this CASIO watch. To get the most out of your purchase, be sure to read this manua carefuy. This watch does not have a Time Zone that corresponds
More informationOnset Detection and Music Transcription for the Irish Tin Whistle
ISSC 24, Belfast, June 3 - July 2 Onset Detection and Music Transcription for the Irish Tin Whistle Mikel Gainza φ, Bob Lawlor*, Eugene Coyle φ and Aileen Kelleher φ φ Digital Media Centre Dublin Institute
More informationOperation Guide 3270/3293
MO1109-EA Getting Acquainted Congratuations upon your seection of this CASIO watch. To get the most out of your purchase, be sure to read this manua carefuy. Be sure to keep a user documentation handy
More informationReal-Time Audio-to-Score Alignment of Music Performances Containing Errors and Arbitrary Repeats and Skips
IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON AUDIO, SPEECH, AND LANGUAGE PROCESSING, VOL. XX, NO. YY, 2015 1 Rea-Time Audio-to-Score Aignment of Music Performances Containing Errors and Arbitrary Repeats and Skips Tomohiko
More informationLONG term evolution (LTE) has now been operated in
IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORKING 1 A Pricing-Aware Resource Scheduing Framework for LTE Networks You-Chiun Wang and Tzung-Yu Tsai Abstract Long term evoution (LTE) is a standard widey used in ceuar
More informationUsing wordless picture books in schools and libraries. Ideas for using wordless picture books in reading, writing and speaking activities
CfE eves Eary to Fourth (Ages 3-16) Using wordess picture books in schoos and ibraries Ideas for using wordess picture books in reading, writing and speaking activities Resource created by Scottish Book
More informationOperation Guide 2531
MO0404-EC Getting Acquainted Congratuations upon your seection of this CASIO watch. To get the most out of your purchase, be sure to carefuy read this manua and keep it on hand for ater reference when
More informationOperation Guide 2804
MO007-EA Getting Acquainted Congratuations upon your seection of this CASIO watch. To get the most out of your purchase, be sure to carefuy read this manua and keep it on hand for ater reference when necessary.
More informationImportant Information... 3 Cleaning the TV... 3
Contents Important Information... 3 Ceaning the TV... 3 Using the Remote Contro... 4 How to Use the Remote Contro... 4 Cautions... 4 Instaing the Remote Contro Batteries... 4 The Front and Rear Pane...
More information3,81 mm Wide Magnetic Tape Cartridge for Information Interchange - Helical Scan Recording - DDS-2 Format using 120 m Length Tapes
Standard ECMA-198 2nd Edition - June 1995 Standardizing Information and Communication Systems 3,81 mm Wide Magnetic Tape Cartridge for Information Interchange - Heica Scan Recording - DDS-2 Format using
More informationKeywords Separation of sound, percussive instruments, non-percussive instruments, flexible audio source separation toolbox
Volume 4, Issue 4, April 2014 ISSN: 2277 128X International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering Research Paper Available online at: www.ijarcsse.com Investigation
More informationMuslim perceptions of beauty in Indonesia and Malaysia Neil Gains Warc Exclusive Institute on Asian Consumer Insight, February 2016
Musim perceptions of beauty in Indonesia and Maaysia Nei Gains Warc Excusive Institute on Asian Consumer Insight, February 2016 Tite: Musim perceptions of beauty in Indonesia and Maaysia Author(s): Nei
More informationOperation Guide 5135
MO1006-EA Operation Guide 5135 Getting Acquainted ongratuations upon your seection of this ASIO watch. To get the most out of your purchase, be sure to read this manua carefuy. This watch does not have
More informationRunning a shared reading project. A scheme of activities to help older children share picture books with younger ones
CFE Leves Eary Senior phase (Ages 3-16) Running a shared reading project A scheme of activities to hep oder chidren share picture books with younger ones Resource created by Scottish Book Trust Contents
More informationOperation Guide 3150
MO0805-EA Getting Acquainted ongratuations upon your seection of this ASIO watch. To get the most out of your purchase, be sure to read this manua carefuy. Keep the watch exposed to bright ight The eectricity
More informationLecture 9 Source Separation
10420CS 573100 音樂資訊檢索 Music Information Retrieval Lecture 9 Source Separation Yi-Hsuan Yang Ph.D. http://www.citi.sinica.edu.tw/pages/yang/ yang@citi.sinica.edu.tw Music & Audio Computing Lab, Research
More informationOBJECTIVE EVALUATION OF A MELODY EXTRACTOR FOR NORTH INDIAN CLASSICAL VOCAL PERFORMANCES
OBJECTIVE EVALUATION OF A MELODY EXTRACTOR FOR NORTH INDIAN CLASSICAL VOCAL PERFORMANCES Vishweshwara Rao and Preeti Rao Digital Audio Processing Lab, Electrical Engineering Department, IIT-Bombay, Powai,
More informationOperation Guide 3143
MO0804-EA Getting Acquainted Congratuations upon your seection of this CASIO watch. To get the most out of your purchase, be sure to read this manua carefuy. This watch does not have a time zone that corresponds
More informationOperation Guide 4719
MO0801-EA Getting Acquainted Congratuations upon your seection of this CASIO watch. To get the most out of your purchase, be sure to read this manua carefuy. Keep the watch exposed to bright ight The eectricity
More informationEDT/Collect for DigitalMicrograph
May 2016 (Provisiona) EDT/Coect for DigitaMicrograph Data Coection for Eectron Diffraction Tomography EDT/Coect Manua 1.0 HREM Research Inc. Introduction The EDT/Coect software has been deveoped by HREM
More informationSpectrum Management. Digital Audio Broadcasting. Content Protection. Video Streaming. Quality of Service
Wecome 3 Spectrum Management Impementation of the Digita Dividend technica restraints to be taken into account Jan Doeven, KNP 4 Digita Audio Broadcasting The evoution of DAB Frank Herrmann, Larissa Anna
More informationHorizontal Circuit Analyzing
THE HA2500 Horizonta Circuit Anayzing Rea Answers - Rea Profits - Rea Fast! HA2500 Universa Horizonta Anayzer Why A Universa Horizonta Anayzer For Your Business? Today s CRT video dispay monitors support
More informationGaussian Mixture Model for Singing Voice Separation from Stereophonic Music
Gaussian Mixture Model for Singing Voice Separation from Stereophonic Music Mine Kim, Seungkwon Beack, Keunwoo Choi, and Kyeongok Kang Realistic Acoustics Research Team, Electronics and Telecommunications
More informationMeasurement of overtone frequencies of a toy piano and perception of its pitch
Measurement of overtone frequencies of a toy piano and perception of its pitch PACS: 43.75.Mn ABSTRACT Akira Nishimura Department of Media and Cultural Studies, Tokyo University of Information Sciences,
More informationOperation Guide
MO0312-EA Getting Acquainted Congratuations upon your seection of this CASIO watch. To get the most out of your purchase, be sure to carefuy read this manua and keep it on hand for ater reference when
More informationProfessional HD Integrated Receiver Decoder GEOSATpro DSR160
Professiona HD Integrated Receiver Decoder GEOSATpro DSR160 User Manua V1.00-C Preface About This Manua This manua provides introductions to users about how to operate the device correcty. The content
More informationVoice & Music Pattern Extraction: A Review
Voice & Music Pattern Extraction: A Review 1 Pooja Gautam 1 and B S Kaushik 2 Electronics & Telecommunication Department RCET, Bhilai, Bhilai (C.G.) India pooja0309pari@gmail.com 2 Electrical & Instrumentation
More informationSection 2 : Exploring sounds and music
Section 2 : Exporing sounds and music Copyright 2014 The Open University Contents Section 2 : Exporing sounds and music 3 1. Using stories and games to introduce sound 3 2. Working in groups to investigate
More informationOperation Guide 5008
MO080-EA Operation Guide 008 Getting Acquainted Congratuations upon your seection of this CASIO watch. To get the most out of your purchase, be sure to read this manua carefuy. This watch does not have
More informationNAIVE - Network Aware Internet Video Encoding
NAIVE - Network Aware Internet Video Encoding Hector M. Bricefio MIT hbriceno@cs. mit. edu Steven Gorter Harvard University sjg @ cs. harvard. edu Leonard McMian MIT mcmian@cs.mit. edu Abstract The distribution
More informationTRANSCENSION DMX OPERATOR 2 USER MANUAL
TRANSCENSION DMX OPERATOR 2 USER MANUAL I. PRODUCT DESCRIPTIONS Thank you for using our company the 192 CH DMX OPERATOR. To optimize the performance of this product, pease read these operating instructions
More informationOperation Guide 3195
MO0911-EA Operation Guide 3195 Getting Acquainted Congratuations upon your seection of this CASIO watch. To get the most out of your purchase, be sure to read this manua carefuy. Keep the watch exposed
More informationTHE importance of music content analysis for musical
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AUDIO, SPEECH, AND LANGUAGE PROCESSING, VOL. 15, NO. 1, JANUARY 2007 333 Drum Sound Recognition for Polyphonic Audio Signals by Adaptation and Matching of Spectrogram Templates With
More informationOperation Guide 3220
MO1007-EA Getting Acquainted Congratuations upon your seection of this CASIO watch. To get the most out of your purchase, be sure to read this manua carefuy. Keep the watch exposed to bright ight The eectricity
More informationMUSC5 (MUS5A, MUS5B, MUS5C) General Certificate of Education Advanced Level Examination June Developing Musical Ideas.
Genera Certificate of Education Advanced Leve Examination June 2011 Music MUSC5 (MUS5A, MUS5B, MUS5C) Unit 5 Deveoping Musica Ideas Briefs To be issued to candidates at the start of the 20 hours of controed
More informationOperation Guide
MO1302-EB Getting Acquainted Congratuations upon your seection of this CASIO watch. To get the most out of your purchase, be sure to read this manua carefuy. Warning! The measurement functions buit into
More informationOperation Guide
MO0908-EA Getting Acquainted Congratuations upon your seection of this CASIO watch. To get the most out of your purchase, be sure to read this manua carefuy. Warning! The measurement functions buit into
More informationOperation Guide
MO1603-EA 2016 ASIO OMPUTER O., LT. Operation Guide 5484 5485 Getting Acquainted ongratuations upon your seection of this ASIO watch. To get the most out of your purchase, be sure to read this manua carefuy.
More informationIntercom & Talkback. DanteTM Network Intercom BEATRICE R8. Glensound. Network Intercom. Eight Channel Rackmount Intercom.
G ensound Dante Intercom & Takback Eight Channe Rackmount Intercom Highights Dante and AES67 Compiant Simpe To Use Inteigeabe Loudspeaker 48kHz Crysta Cear Digita Audio Mains/ PoE Powered Low Noise Microphone
More informationRX-V890. Natural Sound Stereo Receiver. Contents OWNER S MANUAL
RX-V890 Natura Sound Stereo Receiver CAUTION OWNER S MANUAL Contents PROFILE OF THIS UNIT... 6 SPEAKER SETUP FOR THIS UNIT... 7 CONNECTIONS... 9 ADJUSTMENT BEFORE OPERATION... 15 BASIC OPERATIONS... 18
More informationOperation Guide 3017
MO0602-EA Operation Guide 3017 Getting Acquainted Congratuations upon your seection of this CASIO watch. To get the most out of your purchase, be sure to read this manua carefuy. Keep the watch exposed
More informationA motor behavioral evaluation method for children with developmental disorders during music therapy sessions: A pilot study.
Curr Pediatr Res 6; (&): 3-7 ISSN 97-93 www.currentpediatrics.com A motor behaviora evauation method for chidren with deveopmenta disorders during music therapy sessions: A piot study. Zu Soh, Ryo Migita,
More informationv z :,& 9.-b OF WlS D O C U M M 0s ~L~~~ BS
.2 MW KLYSTRON FOR ASYMMETRC STORAGE RNG B FACTORY W. R. Fowkes, G. Caryotakis, E. Doye, E. Jongewaard, C. Pearson, R. Phiips, J. Sackett, E. Wright Stanford Linear Acceerator Center, Stanford University,
More informationUNIQUE LIGHTING SOLUTIONS. LED PRODUCTS for the SIGN INDUSTRY
UNIQUE LIGHTING SOLUTIONS LED PRODUCTS for the SIGN INDUSTRY RIGHT LIGHT SERIES MORE LUMENS per DOLLAR Modue Lumens LED L70 Light Feet / W Feet / 0W Modue Mode Number Coor Lifetime (hrs) Ange SV---W. 90
More informationInstrument Recognition in Polyphonic Mixtures Using Spectral Envelopes
Instrument Recognition in Polyphonic Mixtures Using Spectral Envelopes hello Jay Biernat Third author University of Rochester University of Rochester Affiliation3 words jbiernat@ur.rochester.edu author3@ismir.edu
More informationOperating Instructions VEGAPULS 63 Foundation Fieldbus
Operating Instructions VEGAPULS 63 Foundation Fiedbus Radar Contents Contents 1 About this document 1.1 Function... 5 1.2 Target group... 5 1.3 Symboism used... 5 2 For your safety 2.1 Authorised personne...
More informationTranscription and Separation of Drum Signals From Polyphonic Music
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AUDIO, SPEECH, AND LANGUAGE PROCESSING, VOL. 16, NO. 3, MARCH 2008 529 Transcription and Separation of Drum Signals From Polyphonic Music Olivier Gillet, Associate Member, IEEE, and
More information25th DOE/NRC NUCLEAR AIR CLEANING AND TREATMENT CONFERENCE
DEEP BED CHARCOAL FILTER RETENTION SCREEN IN-PLACE REPLACEMENT AND REPAIR Wiiam Burns and Rajendra Paude Commonweath Edison Company LaSae County Station Raymond Rosten and Wiiam Knous Duke Engineering
More informationComputational Modelling of Harmony
Computational Modelling of Harmony Simon Dixon Centre for Digital Music, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Rd, London E1 4NS, UK simon.dixon@elec.qmul.ac.uk http://www.elec.qmul.ac.uk/people/simond
More informationUSER S GUIDE About This Manual. (Light) 12/24-Hour Format. described below. Setting GMT differential. Longitude
MO0302-A USER S GUIDE 2611 Getting Acquainted Congratuations upon your seection of this CASIO watch. To get the most out of your purchase, be sure to carefuy read this manua and keep it on hand for ater
More informationRX-V793. Natural Sound AV Receiver Récepteur audiovisuel Son Naturel OWNER S MANUAL MODE D EMPLOI
U C RX-V79 Natura Sound V Receiver Récepteur audiovisue Son Nature Thank you for seecting this YMH V receiver. Nous vous remercions d avoir porté votre choix sur ce récepteur audiovisue YMH. OWNER S MNUL
More informationOperation Guide 3147
MO1203-D Operation Guide 3147 Getting Acquainted Congratuations upon your seection of this CASIO watch. To get the most out of your purchase, be sure to read this manua carefuy. Appications The buit-in
More informationImage Generation in Microprocessor-based System with Simultaneous Video Memory Read/Write Access
Image Generation in Microprocessor-based System with Simutaneous Video Memory Read/rite Access Mountassar Maamoun 1, Bouaem Laichi 2, Abdehaim Benbekacem 3, Daoud Berkani 4 1 Department o Eectronic, Bida
More informationINSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS
INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS In this docuent authors wi find instructions for the preparation of papers according to the standard forat required for their pubication. 1. LANGUAGES The officia conference anguages
More informationConcerto in B-flat Major Opus 4 Number 6. G.F. Handel ( )
Concerto in B-fat Major Opus Number 6 G.F. Hande (685-759) Transcribed for fu-sized ever harp tuned to Eb or Bb by Darhon Rees-Rohrbacher DFM A Dragonfower Music Pubication i This pubication is printed
More informationExperimenting with Musically Motivated Convolutional Neural Networks
Experimenting with Musically Motivated Convolutional Neural Networks Jordi Pons 1, Thomas Lidy 2 and Xavier Serra 1 1 Music Technology Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 2 Institute of Software
More informationThe optimal multi-stage contest
MPRA Munich Persona RePEc Archive The optima muti-stage contest Fu, Qiang and Lu, Jingfeng UNSPECIFIED November 2006 Onine at http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/946/ MPRA Paper No. 946, posted 07. November
More informationIPTV and Internet Video
Broadcast is dying. Viewer choice is the future. Read this book by Greenfied and Simpson, two industry insiders, and get a jump-start on the technoogies and business trends that wi be mainstream before
More informationDrum Sound Identification for Polyphonic Music Using Template Adaptation and Matching Methods
Drum Sound Identification for Polyphonic Music Using Template Adaptation and Matching Methods Kazuyoshi Yoshii, Masataka Goto and Hiroshi G. Okuno Department of Intelligence Science and Technology National
More informationHeritage Series. Heritage Heritage Heritage Heritage Extender. Heritage 1000
Heritage Series Heritage 4 Heritage 3 Heritage Heritage Extender Heritage Heritage 4 The Midas Heritage 4 is an evoution of the award winning Heritage 3 with an additiona 6 more busses, which has resuted
More informationModal Bass Line Modules
Moda Bass Line Modues We wi now take a ook at a stye of jazz known as moda tunes. Moda tunes are songs buit on one or two chord changes that ast at east eight bars each. The exampe we use in our study
More informationIntroductions to Music Information Retrieval
Introductions to Music Information Retrieval ECE 272/472 Audio Signal Processing Bochen Li University of Rochester Wish List For music learners/performers While I play the piano, turn the page for me Tell
More informationSupervised Musical Source Separation from Mono and Stereo Mixtures based on Sinusoidal Modeling
Supervised Musical Source Separation from Mono and Stereo Mixtures based on Sinusoidal Modeling Juan José Burred Équipe Analyse/Synthèse, IRCAM burred@ircam.fr Communication Systems Group Technische Universität
More informationAUDIO/VISUAL INDEPENDENT COMPONENTS
AUDIO/VISUAL INDEPENDENT COMPONENTS Paris Smaragdis Media Laboratory Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 039, USA paris@media.mit.edu Michael Casey Department of Computing City University
More informationOperating Instructions VEGAPULS ma/hart
Operating Instructions VEGAPULS 61 4 20 ma/hart Radar Contents Contents 1 About this document 1.1 Function... 5 1.2 Target group... 5 1.3 Symboism used... 5 2 For your safety 2.1 Authorised personne...
More informationOperation Guide 3063
MO0801-EA Getting Acquainted Congratuations upon your seection of this CASIO watch. To get the most out of your purchase, be sure to read this manua carefuy. Keep the watch exposed to bright ight The eectricity
More informationTopic 10. Multi-pitch Analysis
Topic 10 Multi-pitch Analysis What is pitch? Common elements of music are pitch, rhythm, dynamics, and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture. An auditory perceptual attribute in terms of which sounds
More informationMUSICAL INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION BASED ON HARMONIC TEMPORAL TIMBRE FEATURES
MUSICAL INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION BASED ON HARMONIC TEMPORAL TIMBRE FEATURES Jun Wu, Yu Kitano, Stanislaw Andrzej Raczynski, Shigeki Miyabe, Takuya Nishimoto, Nobutaka Ono and Shigeki Sagayama The Graduate
More informationA NEW LOOK AT FREQUENCY RESOLUTION IN POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY ESTIMATION. Sudeshna Pal, Soosan Beheshti
A NEW LOOK AT FREQUENCY RESOLUTION IN POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY ESTIMATION Sudeshna Pal, Soosan Beheshti Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada spal@ee.ryerson.ca
More informationRapidly Learning Musical Beats in the Presence of Environmental and Robot Ego Noise
13 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS) September 14-18, 14. Chicago, IL, USA, Rapidly Learning Musical Beats in the Presence of Environmental and Robot Ego Noise
More informationLEGEND SERIES. DIMENSIONS In inches (mm)
LEGEND SERIES MODEL LGS -Singe Preset Counter/Rate Indicator MODEL LGD - Dua Preset Counter/Rate Indicator MODEL LG - Four Preset atch/counter/rate Indicator MODEL LGM - Six Preset Counter/Rate Indicator
More informationThe best light for best results!
Leica KL 2500 LCD Twice the amount of ight - idea for specia appication The Leica KL 2500 LCD is the absoute top of the ine cod ight source. By using a 250 Watt cod-ight refector amp, the Leica KL 2500
More informationHUMANS have a remarkable ability to recognize objects
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AUDIO, SPEECH, AND LANGUAGE PROCESSING, VOL. 21, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2013 1805 Musical Instrument Recognition in Polyphonic Audio Using Missing Feature Approach Dimitrios Giannoulis,
More informationLibrary and Information Sciences Research Literature in Sri Lanka: A Bibliometric Study
Journa of the University Librarians Association of Sri Lanka. Vo. 12, 2008 Library and Information Sciences Research Literature in Sri Lanka: A Bibiometric Study Author Gunasekera, Chamani MLIS (Coombo),
More informationTIMBRE-CONSTRAINED RECURSIVE TIME-VARYING ANALYSIS FOR MUSICAL NOTE SEPARATION
IMBRE-CONSRAINED RECURSIVE IME-VARYING ANALYSIS FOR MUSICAL NOE SEPARAION Yu Lin, Wei-Chen Chang, ien-ming Wang, Alvin W.Y. Su, SCREAM Lab., Department of CSIE, National Cheng-Kung University, ainan, aiwan
More informationB. Please perform all warm- ups/exercises and Open Up Wide as close to tempo markings as provided.
Greetings Percussionists: The 201 DUMINE audition music for the Texas Tech University Marching Band- Goin Band from aiderand consists of warm- upsexercises ( GB15 Warm- up for A and Tripet- Grid and Dupe
More informationTOWARDS IMPROVING ONSET DETECTION ACCURACY IN NON- PERCUSSIVE SOUNDS USING MULTIMODAL FUSION
TOWARDS IMPROVING ONSET DETECTION ACCURACY IN NON- PERCUSSIVE SOUNDS USING MULTIMODAL FUSION Jordan Hochenbaum 1,2 New Zealand School of Music 1 PO Box 2332 Wellington 6140, New Zealand hochenjord@myvuw.ac.nz
More informationTHE NEED for supporting multimedia applications in
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 4, NO. 6, NOVEMBER 2005 2777 Transmission of Adaptive MPEG Video Over Time-Varying Wireess Channes: Modeing and Performance Evauation Laura Gauccio, Giacomo
More informationGetting in touch with teachers
Getting in touch with teachers Advertising with INTO INTO Media pack 2017 2018 The INTO The Irish Nationa Teachers Organisation (INTO), was founded in 1868. It is the argest teachers trade union in Ireand.
More information