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1 æ-üó -ûª Ωí -A -Éç-Tx- ˇ Grammar And Vocabulary 'A Phrasal Verb usually consists of a verb and a preposition or an adverb, which are used together in a particular meaning' - Orient Longman's Active Study Dictionary. Verb èπ Preposition ü Adverb ñappleúõç* Gµ o- Á i Å n- ûó úõûë öàe Phrasal Verbs Åçö«Ω. Öü - æ«- Ω-ùèπ Take ÅØË æü -EéÀ 'BÆæ -éì ÅØËC ƒüµ - Ω-ùçí úë Å Ωnç. DE æéπ\ NNüµ Prepositions úõ éìûªh Å n- ûó æü -v æ-ßá -í îëßª - îª a. ÉçTx ˇ µ«æ apple Phrasal Verbs éà î «v ƒüµ uç ÖçC. éàç-c- -öà-e æj-q-lç-îªçúõ: e.g.: i) My neighbour took to smoking. ii) Abhishekh Bachan takes after his father Amitabh. 1. Please take down my phone number lest you may forget. 2. Sorry, I took your mother for your sister. 3. The plane to Dubai will take off in any moment. 4. The new collector has just taken over the charge of our district. J-éÌEo êu- Á i Phrasal Verbs í - -Eç-îªç-úÕ. Put up = get ready, build (E - ô d, Æœü l ç îëßª ) Put out = blow out, crush (Ç Ω p, Åù-*- Ëßª ) Put off = postpone ( ü Ëßª ) take Carry on = continue (éì - ƒ-tçîª ) Carry out = obey (P Ω- ƒ- - œ«çîª ) to = addicted to (Å - -ô - æúø ) after = resemble ( ÚL-Öçúø ) down = write down ( Ææ -éì ) for = mistake for ( Ò Ω- úø ) off = fly into air (Â jéà ü Ææ -èπ E Á Ÿx) over = acquire control (Æ yéπ-jçîª ) R

2 e.g: 1. She put on new clothes on her birthday. (wore) 2. Don't tell the bad news to him, he will break down. (come to grief) 3. The soldiers carried out the Captain's orders. (obeyed) 4. The Arab put up a tent at the Oasis. (raised, built) 5. Our car broke down in the middle of the journey. (failed) 6. Put on the lights since it is getting dark. (switch on) 7. She put out the lights before going to bed. (switched off) 8. The doctor asked his patient to give up smoking. (stop) Exercise Fill in the blanks with suitable phrasal verbs. 1. We should... bad habits if we have any. 2. When you are ill, you will... taste. 3. Write neatly otherwise I cannot... your script. 4. You will... a number of magazines at the library. 5. My father went to school to... my principal. 6. Visalandhra Publishers... good books in Telugu. 7. "Will you please... my children till I return?" 8. The old man is serious. Please... the doctor. 9. Don't disturb father, he is... his files. 10. Don't... today's work to tomorrow. 1. give up 2. go off 3. make out 4. come across Answers 5. call on 6. bring out 7. look after 8. call for 9. looking into 10. put off

3 along with = together with on account of = because of apart from = separate from in case of = in the event of by way of = via due to = on account of Some More Phrase Prepositions ahead of = earlier than somebody in lieu of = in place of in addition to = added to in accordance with = in agreement with Question Tags Question Tags are mini questions that we often put on the end of a sentence in spoken English. Åçõ statement * Ω Tag (ûóéπ) ûªt-lç* ö«x-úøû ç. Ñ é u- æjqlçîªçúõ: 1. Kartheek is a naughty child, isn't it/ he? 2. Abhinav went to school, didn't he? 3. Your friends have met you, haven't they? 4. I'm your friend, aren't I? 5. You didn't get marks, did you? 6. Your mother loves you, doesn't she? 7. Padmasree won't sing well, will she? 8. Your friend can swim well, can't (s)he? 9. Your pet dog will recognize me, won't it?

4 í -Eéπ: Positive sentences èπ Negative Question Tags, Negatives èπ Positive Question Tags ú L. É «: Positive Sentence + Negative Tag: 1. Poshetty should pass the exam, shouldn't he? 2. There was a lot of traffic, wasn't there? 3. Harshini will be here soon, won't she? Negative Sentence + Positive Question Tag: 1. Shashank won't be late, will he? 2. Swamy and Ramu don't smoke, do they? 3. Sneha has not got a smart phone, has she? Questions for Practice A) Read the situation and write a sentence with a Question Tag. In each situation you are asking your friend to agree with you. 1. Your friend is much shorter than you. What do you say to him/ her? You You look out of the window. The sky is blue and the sun is shining. What do you say to your friend? (beautiful day) It You are with friend outside a restaurant. You are looking at the prices - which are very high. What do you say? (expensive) It You have just come out of the cinema with a friend. You really enjoyed the film. What do you say to your friend? The film...

5 5. You and your friend are listening to a woman singing. You like her voice very much. What do you say to your friend? (a lovely voice) She... B) Add the right Question Tags for the following. 1. Let's lock the gate and then go,...? 2. I am a poor man,...? 3. I am not a philosopher,...? 4. Sneha has a sweet voice,...? 5. All that glitters is not gold,...? 6. Mr. Sai Ram trains us NCC Parade,...? 7. I will learn English grammar,...? 8. The Swamiji never smokes,...? 9. Gandhiji started Satyagraha in South Africa,...? 10. You made a lot of mistakes in your essay,...? Answers A) 1. You are much shorter than me, aren't you? 2. It's a beautiful day, isn't it? 3. It's very expensive, isn't it? 4. The film is greatly enjoyable, isn't it? 5. She has a lovely voice, hasn't she? B) 1. shall we? 2. aren't I? 3. am I? 4. hasn't she? 5. is it? 6. doesn't he? 7. won't I? 8. does he? 9. didn't he? 10. didn't you? Ω-îª -ûª: úõ.- -Ø -ßª -ù

6 Tenth English Grammar & Vocabulary æü - Å -Ææç-üµ ç îëæœ, µ«- N -D-éπ-Jç-îª-ú -EéÀ éìeo v æûëu-éπ- Á i æü - úøôç ÅE- - Ωu- - -ûª çc. Å «çöà Åç»- èπ Ææç ç-cµç* éìeo Grammatical and Vocabulary Ææç ç-üµ - Á i Åç» í Jç* ûá -Ææ -èπ çü ç. Summative Assessment apple OöÀéÀ -áèπ \- Ω \ Íéö«çî Ω. Conjunctions A conjunction is a word which merely joins words, phrases, clauses and most often sentences. Åçõ Conjunctions ÅØËN È çúø æü -, æü çüµ -, é u- éπ æ û. OöÀE Linking words ÅE èπÿú Åçö«Ω. ÅüÁ- «íó îª úøçúõ: 1. 'If' and 'but' are conjunctions (È çúø æü -...) 2. Vaseema is not only tall but also slim. (È çúø phrases...) 3. Whether the firebrigade came first or the police arrived first does not matter. (È çúø clauses...) 4. He is rich but nobody respects him. (È çúø é u-...) Â j é u applex úõ ''and not only... but also whether... or but'' ÅØËN conjunctions. 1. Simple Conjunctions R Simple Conjunctions and but or so yet still because hence therefore, etc., Kinds of Conjunctions Correlative Conjunctions either... or neither... nor both... and although... yet not only... but also whether... or such... that etc., e.g.: i) Do you want to contest or withdraw? ii) She tried hard but could not succeed. iii) You seem to be tired so take rest. Subordinating Conjunctions As if for till that until (al)though before unless even though, etc.,

7 2. Correlative Conjunctions OöÀØË Pair conjunctions ÅE èπÿú Åçö«Ω. e.g.: i) Mr. Narender can neither ride a two-wheeler nor drive a four-wheeler. ii) Helen Keller was both deaf and dumb. iii) We don't know whether there are human beings on the moon or not. 3. Subordinating Conjunctions e.g.: i) Kartheek will play indoor games if it rains. ii) You won't get good marks unless you write answers in your own sentences. iii) It's a universal fact that God knows everything. Exercise - 1 Fill in the blanks with appropriate conjunctions she tried hard, she could not succeed. 2. We must hurry... we won't get seats. 3. Abhinav won't do homework... he is warned. 4. Kamala Hasan is... a good dancer... a great actor. 5. When I went to the hospital,... the doctor... the nurse was present. 6. Wait for me... I return. Combination of Sentences È çúø ËÍ y Ω é u- Conjunctions Ææ æ -ßª çûó äíé éπuçí L* µ«ç - Ωèπ ç-ú éπl œ ßÁ îª a. ÅüÁ- «íó îª úøçúõ: Combining with but/ although: Ñ é u- æj-q-lç-îªçúõ: My neighbour is rich. He is not happy. Ñ È çúø é u- É «éπl œ îá Òpîª a: My neighbour is rich but (he is) not happy. (but = é F, although = Å æp-öàéã) Ó example îª úøçúõ: Murali did not study well but (he) passed the exam. Although Murali did not study well, he passed the exam.

8 Combining with so/ as/ since/ because: Trees give us rain. We should not cut down them. Ñ È çúø é u- Â j Ê Ì\ o conjunctions ûó á «combine îëßá îóa îª úøçúõ: Trees give us rain so we should not cut down them. As trees give us rain, we should not cut down them. Since trees give us rain we should not cut down them. We should not cut down trees because they give us rain. Combining with or/ if (not)/ unless: OöÀE æ Ω-ûª (Conditional) ûó èπÿúø -èπ o é u applex Ö æ-ßá -T ƒhç. e.g.: Water the plants regularly. They will grow well. Water the plants regularly or they won't grow well. If you water the plants regularly, they will grow well. Unless you water the plants regularly, they won't grow well. Combining with both... and/ not only... but also: e.g.: Sachin is a fast bowler. He is a strong batsman. Sachin is both a fast bowler and a strong batsman. Sachin is not only a fast bowler but also a strong batsman. Exercise - 2 Combine each pair of sentences into one using conjunctions. 1. Water runs deep. It is a universal truth. 2. Swamy invited Sohel to tea. But the latter did not go. 3. When I went to your house, your father was not there. Your mother was also not there. 4. Touch the wire barehandedly. You will get a shock. Answers Exercise Although 2. or 3. unless 4. not only... but also/ both... and 5. neither... nor 6. until

9 Exercise It is a universal truth that water runs deep. 2. Although Swamy invited Sohel to tea, he did not go. 3. When I went to your house, neither your father nor your mother was there. 4. If you touch the wire barehandedly, you will get a shock. Conditional Clauses If Clause á æ púø æ Ω-ûª ûál-ßª -ñ -Ææ hçc. Åçõ condition. Conditional sentences apple È çúø clause NCµí Öçö«. Åçü apple äéπöà If clause, È çúóc Main clause. Let's learn these types of sentences in detail. Types of Conditionals Type - 1: The first conditional or Probable Conditional DØËo Open conditional ÅE èπÿú Åçö«Ω. The action in both clauses are likely to happen. It refers to the future. It is used when there is a possibility that the if - event might happen. Åçõ Ç»- µ«çûó èπÿúø -èπ - o-ü - o- ô! e.g.: i) If it rains, we will postpone the match. It might or might not rain. ii) If you are ready we can start. iii) If the weather is fine, we will go on a picnic. If clause applee verb Simple Present apple, Main clause applee verb Simple Future (will/ shall/ can + vb) apple Öçú L. Type - 2: Second conditional or Improbable/ Imaginary Conditional: The if-event is either hypothetical or unlikely i.e., it talks about actions that the speaker thinks are possible but not very probable. We don't really expect this to happen. e.g.: i) What would you do if you won a lottery? (Don't expect that you will win a lottery) ii) If I spoke English, everyone would respect me. (but I cannot speak English). iii) If you worked hard, you would succeed (but you don't work hard).

10 äéπ--öà, È ç-úø conditionals èπ µ ü ç îª ü lç. If he runs fast, he will win the race. (First conditional) If he ran fast, he would win the race. (Second conditional) Éçü apple Á ü öà sentence Å Ωnç Åûªúø Ëí çí æ Ω -Èí-ûªh- îª a; t-éπ- çc, æçüáç Èí - Ìîª a. é F È çúó sentence Å Ωnç Åûªúø Ëí çí æ Ω -Èí-ûª h-û ú? à Á! æçüáç Èí - úøç Åçûª t-éπçí ü ÅØËC v æa-üµ y-e-ææ hçc. Type - 3: Third conditional or Unfulfilled Conditional It refers to the past actions that did not happen because a certain condition was not fulfiled. ç ƒcµç-îª- -éπ- Ú- ûª yûª îá æ p-èπ ØË condition. e.g.: i) If I had seen you, I would have stopped. (I did not see you, so I did not stop.) ii) If we had been early, we would have got seats. (We were not early so we did not get seats.) iii) If you have asked me, I would have helped you. (You did not ask me, so I did not help you.) Â j Fo èπÿú ïj-t- Ú- öà í Jç* îá æ pèπ ØË N æ-ßª! öà verb forms í EçîªçúÕ. éàçc æöàdéπ îª úøçúõ: If Clause Words other than 'If' Main Clause 1 st conditional Present simple Future present will + vb 2 nd conditional Past simple Future past would + vb 3 rd conditional Past perfect had + PP would have + PP Other words can be used instead of 'if' in conditional sentences. Study them. (Uûª - o æü ): 1. Keep some extra money in case of emergency. 2. You won't get a shock unless you touch a live wire. 3. You can use my camera provided you handle it with care. 4. Write neatly otherwise the examiner won't award you marks. 5. I will allow you in after I check your hall-ticket.

11 6. You can stay with us as long as you pay the room rent. 7. Follow your dietician's menu and you will feel fit. Exercise - 3 Rewrite the following sentences in the third conditional without changing the meaning. 1. She invited me to tea. I went to her house. 2. Our teacher explained the lesson in detail. We understood it. 3. He started early. He got the entry. 4. We booked the tickets in advance. We got comfortable seats. Answers 1. If she had not invited me to tea, I wouldn't have gone to her house. 2. If our teacher had not explained the lesson in detail, we wouldn't have understood it. 3. If he had not started early, he wouldn't have got the entry. 4. If we had not booked the tickets in advance, we wouldn't have got comfortable seats. Writer: D. Narayana

12 Tenth English Grammar And Vocabulary ÉçTx- ˇ apple éìeo æü v æßá -í N*-vûªçí Öçö«. ØË Ω a-èπ ØË ü - appleøë v ü l îª œûë ÆæÈ j v æßá í v ƒo-ùuûª Å - -úø -ûª çc. µ«ƒ- æ- Ω- Á i uéπ- Ωù Ææ vû èπ Å í -ùçí, éπu E tùç v æ ù æ Ωy-éπçí Ö o- æ púë N -ú -EéÃ, Å Ωnç îëææ -éó- -ú -EéÃ Ææ - í Öçô çc. É «çöà NGµ o Á i Åç»- æj-q-lü lç. Ñ é u- í -Eç-îªçúÕ: i) It's very cold outside. (It's = It is) Using 'It' for several purposes ii) Vaseema bought a mobile phone and kept it in her bag. Á ü öà éπuç- applee It ÅØËC çü í Ê Ì\ o üëfo Ææ *ç-îªúøç ü. Ééπ\úø It ÅØËC Impersonal Noun. The impersonal 'it' can be used in general statements. 'It's'... ÅØËC Sentence Opening í úø -éπ apple ÖçC. e.g.: 1) It's impossible to walk on water. FöÀÂ j úø- ôç (ÅØËC) Å ƒüµ uç. 2) It's easy to preach. îá æpúøç (ÅØËC) Ææ µºç. É «çöà Sentence Opening Ìéπ Nüµ ç: e.g.: 1) Your shoes look awful. They should be mended. = It's time your shoes mended. 2) Why is Kartheek still in bed? He should get up. = It's time Kartheek got up. Note that we use simple past after it's time Åçõ It's time someone did something. Exercise - 1 Make sentences using 'It's time...' with the situations given below. 1. Padmasree has been using the same compass box for a long time. She should buy a new one. 2. You think Shruthi should buy a new school bag. It is old and shabby. 3. The pollution in Boath is getting worse day by day. The Gram Panchayat should do something about it. 4. You think Preethi should write to her parents. She hasn't written to them for months. R

13 Adverbs of Manner Adverbs that answer the questions 'how' are adverbs of manner. äéπ æe (véàßª ) ïjíí Nüµ -Ø Eo ûál-ê üë véàßª N Ï- æùç. î «- - Ωèπ N Ï- æ-ù«- èπ -ly îë Ωaúøç ü y véàßª N Ï- æ-ù«- - -à Ωp-úø-û. e.g.: Adjective Adverb Adj. Adv. quick quickly good well immediate immediately é F fast fast attractive attractively hard hard Ñ é u- í -Eç-îªçúÕ: i) Sania Mirza is a good tennis player. ii) The horse is a fast animal. Â j é u- applexe Sania Mirza, The horse ÅØËN - Nouns. Good, fast ÅØËN Çßª Nouns á «çöà Ó/ á «ç-öà Ó ûá - æ -ûª -Ø o. é öàd Nouns í Jç* îáê pn Adjectives. Ééπ Adverbs á «ç-öà Ó îª úøçúõ: i) Sania plays tennis well. (Ééπ\úø plays ÅØË verb í Jç* îáê p well ÅØËC Adverb). ii) The horse runs fast. (Ééπ\úø runs ÅØË verb í Jç* îáê p fast ÅØËC Adverb.) Exercise - 2 Match the parts of the sentences under 'A' with those in 'B'. A 1. The staff meeting ended... ( ) a)... neatly and meticulously. 2. Sneha speaks English... ( ) b)... thoroughly and systematically. 3. Her temperature rose... ( ) c)... abruptly and dramatically. 4. The police searched his house... ( ) d)... steeply and dangerously. 5. She packed her clothes... ( ) e)... fluently and correctly. The use of 'Since' and 'As' B 'Since' and 'As' often mean 'because' 'áçü -éπçõ, ü 'Åçü -éπe. ÉN é u üµ u link í æe-îë- ƒh.

14 e.g.: 1) Since I haven't much money, I can't buy a house. (= because I haven't much money.) 2) As I woke up late I missed the school bus. (= because I woke up late.) Here, 'Since' and 'As' express reason. Exercise - 3 Match the parts of the sentences under 'A' with those in 'B'. A 1. As the rains failed last year ( ) a)... we went back. 2. Since our team played well ( ) b)... he is honest. 3. As the house was locked ( ) c)... there was famine. 4. Since it was a holiday ( ) d)... we won the match. 5. I trust him because ( ) e)... she stayed at home. Choosing Right Words Ææçü - s Eo öàd éπuç apple ÆæJí _ ÉN -úõ- ÚßË æü úøéπç ûálæœ Öçúøôç ç*c. Å æ púë ÊÆ-ô- æ púø ûªúø - -éó- -Lq Å -Ææ Ωç Öçúøü. We come across words which look similar in meaning. But in certain contexts only one word is appropriate. The dictionary can give you useful information about using the right word in the right place. ç* Dictionary apple Usage Notes éàçü É «çöà æü úø-é -EéÀ Ææç ç-cµç-* Ææ -î Ωç Öçô çc. É «çöà æü úøéπç îª ü lç. 1. We often go on a trip to Kodaicanal, é F travel é ü. 2. I wish I had more money, é F hope é ü. 3. I can hear someone calling, é F listen é ü. Exercise - 4 Fill in the blanks choosing the words from those given in brackets. 1. Alexander Fleming... Penicillin. (discovered invented found) 2. The dacoits... the bank. (stole robbed carried away) 3. Gardening is my favourite.... (habit custom hobby) B

15 The use of Prepositions A preposition is a word that is used before a noun or pronoun to show its relation with other words in a sentence. éπuç- applee ô üµ u Ææç ç-üµ Eo ûá - æ-ú -EéÀ úëüë Preposition. e.g.: Kartheek spoke to Abhinav with his hands in his pockets. Ñ éπuç- applee to/ with/ in ÅØËN Prepositions. ÉçTx- ˇ apple Prepositions N -éπ~-ù- Á i æü. OöÀ úøéπç Nçûªí Öçô çc. äíé Preposition NNüµ Ææçü s applex ËÍ y Ω Å n ÉÆæ hçc. Åçü Íé OöÀÂ j v æûëuéπ ü % œd ƒjç*, ƒüµ îëßª úøç ûª æp-e-ææj. Some Commonly Used Prepositions in on at to for from before after beside behind about against over during between through round along across towards among etc., OöÀ úø-é Eo îª ü lç: 1. Will you be able to meet me at school? (at indicates place.) 2. My uncle lives in Japan. (in indicates place.) 3. She died of cholera. (of indicates reason.) 4. He is a son of poor parents. (of indicates possession.) 5. I got up late in the morning. (in indicates time.) Highlights A) in/ on/ at/ to/ for/ from/ till/ since Time Ææ *ç-îª-ú -EéÀ Ö æ-ßá -T ƒhç. in months/ years/ seasons îá æp-ú -EéÀ úøû ç, É «: in August in 2015 in the evening in summer etc., On days and dates îá æp-ú -EéÀ úøû ç, É «: on Sundays on 26 th January on Ramzan etc., At definite time of the day îá æp-ú -EéÀ úøû ç, É «: at nine at noon at midnight at the age of ten etc.,

16 for/ since: OöÀE Present Perfect, Present Perfect Cont. Tenses apple úøû ç, É «: i) for three weeks, for ten minutes Åçõ for a period of time Ææ *-Ææ hç-ü - o- ô. ii) since Friday, since March Åçõ point of time Ææ *-Ææ hçc. e.g.: 1. I have been using the same school bag for three years. 2. I have been using the same school bag since my childhood. B) in/ on/ at Place Ææ *ç-îª-ú -EéÀ Ö æ-ßá -T ƒhç, É «: 1. Ravi lives at Banjara Hills in Hyderabad. 2. I met my friend on the train. 3. Why are you standing at the gate? Note: Prepositions èπ Ææç ç-cµç-*- ç-ûª- - Ωèπ ûá -í apple true translation î «Ææçü s applex ÒÆæí ü. Ñ é u- í -Eç-îªçúÕ. 1. It's ten by my watch. (Not in my watch) 2. Vaseema spoke to me on phone. (Not with me) 3. We watch cricket on TV. (Not in TV.) 4. Shruthi caught Preethi by her arm (Not with her arm.) 5. There are some birds in the tree. (Not on the tree.) 6. Abhinav has just left for hyderabad. (Not left to...) C) Phrase Prepositions ÉN æü - çüµ Ω ƒ applex Öçö«, É «: in front of for the sake of fond of according to by means of inspite of from door to door different from on the eve of with the help in search of look down upon etc., e.g.: 1. The rowdy was arrested according to IPC Gandhiji died for the sake of our country. 3. The dog entered the garden by means of a hole in the fence. 4. Harshini is fond of watching serials on tv. D) Followed Prepositions éìeo Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives çü v æûëu-éπ- Á i Prepositions NCµí ƒh. OöÀE îª úøçúõ:

17 proud of congratulate on different from agree with/ to look at abstain from abide by proceed to good at weak in relation with/ to admission into rich with etc., e.g.: 1. I am good at English but poor in Maths. 2. Ramu congratulated Murali on his success. 3. She would never agree to such a plan. 4. English is quite different from Telugu. 5. Do you agree with my argument? Exercise - 5 Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions. 1. The cat is hiding... us... the table. 2. I shall return your dictionary... a week or two. 3. My cousin is older... me... two years. 4. Kashmir is the bone of content... India and Pakistan. 5. Take... your dirty shirt and put... a new one. 6. Are you satisfied... your performance in test? 7. The godown is infested... rats. ANSWERS Exercise It's time Padmasree bought a new compass box. 2. It's time Shruthi bought a new school bag. 3. It's time the Gram Panchayat did something to control pollution in Boath. 4. It's time Preethi wrote to her parents. 1 - c; 2 - e; 3 - d; 4 - b; 5 - a. Exercise - 2

18 Exercise c; 2 - d; 3 - a; 4 - e; 5 - b. Exercise discovered 2. robbed 3. hobby Exercise from, under 2. in 3. than, by 4. between 5. off, on 6. with 7. with Writer: D. Narayana

Tenth English Language Functions (The use of Polite Forms)

Tenth English Language Functions (The use of Polite Forms) Passing the examination is not the sole aim of language learning but using language in everyday life. Dialoguing is the only way which will equip