ENGLISH THE USE OF ARTICLES Sravanthi is going to hospital (either for treatment or as a doctor/nurse)

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1 -õ -ö ENGLISH THE USE OF ARTICLES a) Hospital, school, police station, temple, church, prison Á ü - j v æüë-»- öà primary purpose éóææç Åçõ ÅN ËöÀ éóææç ÖüËlPç* ÖØ oßá öà éóææç ü JzÊÆh (Öü - æ«- Ωùèπ school îªü - -éó- -ú -EéÀ ü îªü îá æp-ú -EéÀ), öà çü á «çöà article Ö æ-ßá -Tç-îª-èπÿúøü. Kiran is going to college. (either to study or to teach) Sravanthi is going to hospital (either for treatment or as a doctor/nurse) é F Â j îá œp v æüë-»- öà primary purpose éóææç é èπ çú ËÍ æe éóææç ( Åçõ school polling station í vote Ëßª úøç éóææç) ü JzÊÆh öà çü definite article 'the' Öçî L. He is going to the school (to cast his vote) She is going to the hospital (to meet her friend who is working there) b) ƒüµ - Ω-ùçí Proper Nouns çü á «çöà Article Ö æ-ßá -Tç-îª-èπÿúøü. é F äéπ Proper Noun äéπ éπ~ùç / N æ-ßª ç apple «í v ææœcl îáçcûë öàe Common Nouns í Ö æ-ßá -T- ƒhç. Öü - æ«- Ωùèπ 'He is a Bill Gates' Åçõ Åûªúø Bill Gates ««í üµ - ç-ûª -úøe Å Ωnç. Mukesh Ambani is the Bill Gates of India Åçõ v æ æçîªç Á û heéà Bill Gates á «Å ûë Åûªuçûª üµ - ç-ûª úó µ«ω-ûª-üë-»-eéà Mukesh Ambani ÅçûªöÀ üµ - ç-ûª -úõe µ«ç. Ritvik is a Virat Kohli (a good batsman) Ritvik is the Virat Kohli of our college cricket team. c) We use either indefinite article or definite article before a singular countable common noun that represents the whole class. A cow is a useful animal (Any cow) The dog is a faithful animal. (Here it means all dogs) é F - æfl generic sense apple Ö æ-ßá -Tç-*- æ púø vûªç á «çöà article Ö æ-ßá -Tç-îª-èπÿ-úøü. Man is a social animal. Girls are more industrious than boys. Words followed by some prepositions PREPOSITIONS 1. Agree to something: We agree to your proposal Agree with a person: We agree with you 2. Angry with a person : The teacher is angry with her Angry at something: He is angry at her behaviour R

2 3. Differ with a person Mohana differs with Amrutha on that issue. Differ in opinion The two leaders differ in their opinion. Differ from anything India differs from Pakistan in many respects 4. Apologize to a person /Apologize for something: You should apologize to your teacher for your nasty comments in the class 5. Apply to a person / Apply for something: Have you applied to the principal for leave? Look at the use of certain prepositions where people often tend to make mistakes: a) We watched a nice dance programme on TV b) The child sat on her mother s lap c) They congratulated him on his success d) She is on the committee e) Bhavya goes to college on foot f) Please sign in ink g) Khyati is good at English h) She was dressed in jeans i) Prudhvi left for Chennai j) The old man died of dengue k) She is suffering from malaria l) I prefer coffee to tea m) He is junior to me (also superior, inferior, senior etc.) Some Confusing Preposition Pairs a) Among / Between We use between with two persons or things whereas among is used with more than two persons or things. Sohini sits between Rishita and Priya. The four brothers shared the property among themselves. b) Beside / Besides 'Beside' means 'next to' or by the side of but 'Besides' states that something is there in addition to something else. My office is located beside the State Bank of India. Besides biscuits, we need some milk. c) Since / For Since is used with point of time (since 1999, since March, since morning, since 10 am, since Monday etc.,)

3 They have been living here since 2008 For is used with period of time (for seven years, for three months, for two hours, for one week, for four months etc.) Teja has been working at Infosys for a year. SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT a) When two or more subjects are joined by as well as, like, unlike, besides, in addition to, along with, except etc., the verb is used according to the first subject. The major along with his soldiers was wounded in the war The leader as well as his followers has raised the slogans. b) When two or more subjects are connected by not only...but also, neither...nor, either...or, none but the verb is used according to the nearest subject Either my shoes or your coat is always on the floor. Neither the servants nor the master was found in the house. c) éìeo nouns îª ú feéà á x- æ púø plural form appleøë Öçö«é F singular sense appleøë öàe Ö æ-ßá -T- ƒhç. Åçü - x öà ûª yûª singular verbs vûª Ë ƒh. Subjects: Mathematics, Economics, Physics, Politics, Linguistics, Mechanics, Statistics etc. Diseases: Mumps, measles, rickets etc. Games: Billiards, Caroms, Gymnastics, Athletics, Innings, Series etc. Miscellaneous: News Measles is a contagious disease. Economics is his favourite subject d) éìeo nouns á x- æ púø plural form appleøë Öçö«. öàéà singular form ÅØËC Öçúøü. öà ûª yûª á æ púø plural verbs vûª Ë ƒh. Alms, annals, arrears, ashes, assets, binoculars, caves, circumstances, earnings, goggles, jeans, outskirts, pants, premises, proceeds, quarters, refreshments, remains, riches, savings, scissors, shoes, shorts, socks, stairs, statistics(data), surroundings, thanks, tongs, trousers, etc. The scissors are very sharp. My trousers are made of wool. e) éìeo nouns éà plural form ÅØËC Öçúøü. öàe á æ púø singular form appleøë Ö æ-ßá -T- ƒhç. Åçü x öà ûª yûª á æ púø singular verbs vûª Ë Ö æ-ßá -T- ƒhç. e.g.: Advice, alphabet, baggage, bread, cash, equipment, furniture, hair, information, luggage, machinery, scenery, stationery, etc The information about him is false. The furniture is very expensive.

4 TENSES a) éìeo verbs ƒüµ - Ω-ùçí continuous form apple Ö æ-ßá -Tç-îªç. I love my parents (NOT I am loving ) Lavanya knew all the answers (NOT Lavanya was knowing.) a) í ûªç apple È çúø æ äíé- ƒj ïj-t- - æ púø öà apple longer action past continuous tense apple, shorter action simple past tense apple Ö æßá -T- ƒhç. I was taking a bath when the postman came. b) í ûªç apple È çúø æ äéπ ü E ûª yûª Ì-éπöÀ ïj-t- - æ púø öà apple çü í ïj-t æee past perfect tense apple ûª yûª ïj-t æee simple past tense apple Ö æ-ßá -T- ƒhç. When Himanish arrived at the party, Suhas had already gone home c) The Future Perfect Tense is used to express an action which will be finished by a certain time in the future. Raghu and Sarada will have been married for 30 years by next year. d) The expression, It s (quite/high/about) time + subject + V2 is used to refer to the present moment. Here we use the past, but the meaning is present, not past. It expresses that something should have already been done and it s already a little late. It s time we went home. (É æp-öàíé éìçîáç Ç Ææuç Å uçc, Ñ ƒ-öàíé ÉçöÀéÀ ÁRx Öçú -LqçC.) DEGREES OF COMPARISON a) 'Elder' ü 'eldest' æü - äíé èπ ô ç Ææ µº u üµ u ßª Ææ applee ûëú ûál-ßª -îë-ßª -ú -EéÀ úø-û ç. Å «Íí 'elder' ûª yûª á æ púø 'than' ü, 'to' vûª Ë Ö æ-ßá -Tç-î L. 'Older' ü 'Oldest' æü - Éûª Ω uèπ h üµ -üµ u ü Ææ h- üµ u ßª Ææ apple µ ü Eo ûál-ßª -îë-ßª -ú -EéÀ Ö æ-ßá -T- ƒhç. Gopi is my elder brother. Area 1. Perception (senses) 2. Feelings and emotions 3. Mental activity 4. Possession 5. Appearing My friend is older than me. This is the oldest temple in the city. b) Adjectives of Latin origin (superior, inferior, junior, senior, prior, anterior and posterior) are followed by to but not than. Don t feel inferior to anyone Anu is junior to me Verb see, smell, hear, feel, taste, recognize, notice love, like, hate, dislike, detest, desire, wish, want, fear, prefer, refuse, hope know, understand, remember, recollect, believe, expect, forget, think, suppose, consider, trust, imagine, mean, mind owe, have, possess, own, belong (to), contain, consist (of) appear, look, seem

5 c) Fewer is used in the sense of not as many as before a plural countable noun to denote number where as less is used in the sense of a smaller amount of before a singular uncountable noun to denote quantity. There are fewer girls than boys in the class (NOT less girls) There is less sugar in my tea than in yours. (NOT fewer sugar) d) Comparison should always be made between two similar aspects. Look at this example: The climate of Chennai is hotter than Bangalore. Ééπ\úø ÚLéπ ÅØËC È çúø ƒ Ω æu N æ-ßª üµ u Öçú L (Åçõ Chennai û - - Ω-ù«-EéÀ Bangalore û - - Ωù«EéÀ üµ u) é F Chennai û - - Ω-ù«-EéÀ Bangalore í - -EéÀ üµ u é ü. So the correct expression should be The climate of Chennai is hotter than that of Bangalore. e) Some adjectives like unique, round, perfect, ideal, universal, full, complete, etc have no degrees of comparison. They cannot be used in comparison. This is a unique book on English grammar (NOT the most unique) Writer: C.V.S. Ravindranath

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æ-üó -ûª Ωí -A -Éç-Tx- ˇ Grammar And Vocabulary 'A Phrasal Verb usually consists of a verb and a preposition or an adverb, which are used together in a particular meaning' - Orient Longman's Active Study