Design, Fabrication and Evaluation of Palm Nut-Pulp Separator

Transcription

1 Journal of Eergng rends n Engneerng and Appled Scences (JEEAS) 3 (): 44-5 Scholarlnk Research Insue Journals, 0 (ISSN: 4-706) jeeas.scholarlnkresearch.org Journal of Eergng rends n Engneerng and Appled Scences (JEEAS) 3():44-5(ISSN: 4-706) esgn, Fabrcaon and Evaluaon of Pal Nu-Pulp Separaor Nwankwojke B. Nduka, Odukwe A. Okay, 3 Agunwaba C. Jonah eparen of Mechancal Engneerng, Mchael Okpara Unversy of Agrculure, Uudke, Ngera. eparen of Mechancal Engneerng, Unversy of Ngera, Nsukka, Ngera. 3 eparen of Cvl Engneerng, Unversy of Ngera, Nsukka, Ngera. Correspondng Auhor: Nwankwojke B Absrac A pal nu-pulp separaor conssng of a cake breaker, auger separaor, hopper, 3HP elecrc oor, nu and pulp dschargng chues was desgned, fabrcaed and evaluaed. he resuls of s perforance es ndcaed 90.05% and 49.9kg/h as he effcency and hroughpu of he separaor respecvely. he resuls of he coparave analyss of nroducng hs achne n se-echanzed sall scale pal fru processng showed sgnfcan dfferences n he aoun of pal ol exraced and pal ol loss o pressed fbre n he exsng seechanzed ehods and hs new echnque. Also he resuls ndcaed no sgnfcan dfference (a α = 0.05) n he ol loss o pal nus beween he wo processes rrespecve of he ype of fru processed. he average quany of pal ol exraced s greaer whle ol loss o fbre s low when he echanzed process wh pal nu-pulp separaon was used and also hs new echnque elnaed nu breakage and second pressng operaon. All aerals used for fabrcaon were sourced locally, and he esaed cos of producng hs achne s one hundred and weny seven housand, one hundred and sxy nara (N7,60.00). Keywords: pressng, screw press, nu breakage, pal ol loss, nu-pulp separaon, separaor INROUCION he wo an pars of an ol pal fru are he percarp (pulp) and nu. he fru pulp fro whch he pal ol s exraced surrounds he nu, whose shell encloses he seed (pal kernel) fro whch anoher ol, he pal kernel ol s obaned (Harley, 988; Purseglove, 995). Alhough, he hree an varees of he ol pal (Elaes guneenss) dsngushed by her frus characerscs are dura, psfera and enera, successful processng of he frus no hese poran ols s only possble wh dura and enera frus due o shelless naure of psfera (NIFOR, 975; Harley, 988). Exracon of pal ol and kernel fro hs frus s pracced usng wo ajor varan ehods, he radonal and echancal ehods. he radonal echnque s he oldes ehod used before he adven of achnery and s sll used by rural dwellers for pal fru processng (FAO, 005). FAO (005) furher wroe ha all achnes and equpen used for pal ol and kernel exracon were developed fro he observaon of he radonal process. However, he sequence of uns operaon nvolved n he radonal processng of ol pal frus no pal ol and kernel dffers fro ha of he echancal ehod; whle he nave echnque separaes dgesed pal frus ash no pal nus and pulp before hand squeezng (pressng) of he pulp for pal ol exracon, he dgesed ash s pressed whou nupulp separaon n he echanzed echnques (Kenneh and Krehld, 000; Nwankwojke e al, 0). hus, exsng experenal records such as Muhurajah (00), FAO (005) and Norla (008) ndcaed ha he echanzed process s faced wh he proble of nu breakage durng pressng and undesred loss of pal ol o pressed fbre (due o aeps o reduce he nu breakage) especally when pressng s used for pal ol exracon. he ers of pressng as he eans of pal ol exracon n odern facores have been acknowledged (Muhurajah, 00; FAO, 005). Accordng o Norla (008), broken nus s usually as hgh as 0% and 5% wh 9% and 0% ol loss o pressed fbre when screw press and auo-hydraulc press were used for pal ol exracon respecvely. Muhurajah (00), ndcaed 9 o % nu breakage dependng on he ype of fru beng processed wh 8% ol conen n he pressed fbre whle an average ol loss o fbre of 0.7% wh a screw press was recorded by Sephen and Eanuel (009). Also FAO (005), ndcaed ha n a sall scale echanzed process where he breakage was no checked, -3% pal ol conen of he pressed fbre was acheved bu hs has negave effecs on he 44

2 Journal of Eergng rends n Engneerng and Appled Scences (JEEAS) 3():44-5(ISSN: 4-706) bleachably and oxdaon conservaon of he exraced pal ol. Based on he experenal records of Muhurajah (00), Nwankwojke e al (0), reasoned ha he qualy of he pal ol exraced n hs process was affeced due o soe sall kernels crushed durng pressng released her pal kernel ol no he pal ol. Muhurajah (00), revealed ha as pressng pressure ncreases durng pressng of dgesed pal fru ash, he nus break and s crushed peces fll he epy spaces creaed beween he nus as he pal ol s been expelled ou of he cake o per reasonable deolng of he pressed fbre. Producon of hgh qualy pal ol and kernel and effecve recovery of hese producs (0% loss) durng her exracon fro ol pal frus are he prary objecves of echanzng ol pal frus processng, apar fro reducng edu and drudgery. Also s only he fru pulp ha conans he pal ol exraced durng pressng. For hs reason soe operaors of sall scale processng equpen aes he local ehod by sorng he pal nus ou fro he dgesed pulp anually edaely afer echancal dgeson before pressng of he pulp. he anual separaon of dgesed pal fru cake no pulp and nus afer echancal dgeson s n pracce aong soe sall scale pal fru processors n rural counes of Ngera, Ghana and oher Wes Afrcan naons (FAO, 005). Alhough, hs easure elnae praccally all nu breakage assocaed wh pressng and proves de-olng of pressed fbre as desred, he pracce yelds pal ol of hgh FFA due o undesred delay n hs anual process whch exposes he dgesed pal fru ash o crobal aack (Akor, 977). Bu accordng o Akor (977) and RMRC (004), neher copanes nor ndvduals desre pal ol wh hgh FFA. hus, o reduce e, undesred exposure of he dgesed pal fru cake and drudgery nvolved n hs pal nupulp separaon process. Nwankwojke e al (0) proposed for uns operaon sequence odfcaon n he echanzed pal frus processng o nclude pal nu-pulp separang achne beween he dgeser and press as shown n Fgure. Snce hs proposed uns operaon sequence odfcaon s n accord wh Akor (977) whch called for odfcaon n soe pal fru processng achnes produced by Sork Arserda and oher foregn copanes o su our condons as we know he, hs work aed o develop and evaluae a pal nu-pulp separang achne. Fgure : Flow dagra of pal ol and kernel exracon by he proposed echanzed ehod wh a pal nu- pulp separaon sep. MAERIALS AN MEHOS esgn Consderaons he pal nu-pulp separang achne was desgned and developed based on he followng consderaons:. he avalably of aerals locally o reduce cos of producon and also aerals were seleced for he varous coponens of hs achne based on he ype of force ha wll be acng on he, he work hey are expeced o perfor and he envronenal condon n whch hey wll funcon.. he fbrous ol rch dgesed pulp can pass hrough narrow sls (denson<3) bu pal nus canno, and also ha he cake fro he dgeson process s farly copaced whch us be horoughly slacked before effecve separaon of he pulp and nus wll be possble.. I s desred ha he nus and her kernels should no susan njury durng cake breakng, herefore he nernal walls of he achne were lned wh score pads. v. he hopper s a wde open ype and s nclned a an angle greaer han he angle of repose of he dgesed ash ( ) wh seel by ore han 0 0 for effecve loadng and fall of he ash no he achne by gravy. v. he dschargng chue was also nclned a angle an angle greaer han he angle of repose of he dgesed pulp ( ) wh seel by ore han 0 0 for effecve dscharge. 45

3 Journal of Eergng rends n Engneerng and Appled Scences (JEEAS) 3():44-5(ISSN: 4-706) escrpon of he Pal Nu-Pulp Separaor he ajor coponens of he pal nu-pulp separang achne are he frae, hopper, cake breakng un, separang un, elecrc oor, pal nu and pulp dschargng chues (Fgure ). he frae, ade fro.5 hck angle ron s he an supporng srucure upon whch oher coponens of hs achne were ouned. he feed hopper, hrough whch he dgesed pal fru ash s fed o he achne s a recangular frusu ade fro ld seel shee of 3 hckness wh a op openng of 000 x 500 and a hegh of 500. he hopper slans wh an nclnaon of 60 0 fro he lef end of he separaor no he upper chaber hrough a 300 square aperure a rgh hand sde of he op cover for easy flow of he dgesed ash no he upper chaber of he achne. Fgure : Isoerc vew of he pal nu-pulp separaor wh denfed par he cake breakng and separang uns are housed n he upper chaber and lower chaber of he separaor respecvely. he cake breakng un consss of a 30 daeer ld seel shaf of lengh 430, cake breaker ebrane of 90 n lengh ade of 85 daeer ld seel ppe and ffy-sx peces of 6 daeer ld seel rods (beaers) wh a lengh of 40 each. he beaers were welded vercally o he ebrane n four rows a spacng of 86 fro one anoher. he space beween he rows s he roary oon of beaers slacks he farly copaced dgesed pal fru ash as falls fro he hopper hrough no he rgh end of he lower chaber, hereby deachng he enangled pal nus fro he pulp for effecve separaon. he nernal walls of he achne were lned wh score pad o ensure ha he nus neher break nor susan nernal njury as her h he walls durng cake breakng. he acual separaon of he slacked ash fro he upper chaber akes place n he separang un a he lower chaber. he separang un consss of a par of adjusable blade, a shaf of 530 lengh ade fro a 30 ld seel rod and an auger ebrane of lengh 90 ade fro a daeer ld seel ppe upon whch a eal of hckness was scrolled and welded (gven an auger flgh of 4. wh he weld) n a spral for wh a pch of 9. he lower chaber was consruced wh an adjusable narrow sl a he boo whch exends hrough s lengh fro rgh o lef. he sl s.5 wde fro he rgh o a lengh of 000 and 50 wde fro hs pon o he reanng par of he chaber. he.5 openng allows he pulp only o be dscharged hrough whle he nus carred o he end dscharges hrough he 50-sl as he auger conveys he loosed cake fro rgh o he lef hand sde of he chaber. he dscharge chue, ade fro a ld seel shee of 3 hckness was folded below and across he whole lengh of he lower chaber wh a wdh of 45 and a declnaon of 60 0 projecon for effecve dschargng of he separaed pulp and nus. he chue was dearcaed no wo along s lengh accordng o.5 and 50 sls forng he pulp and pal nu dschargng chues respecvely. ESIGN ANALYSIS Volue and Wegh Capacy: he effecve volue,v of hs separaor ha can be occuped by he dgesed pal fru ash depends on he par of

4 Journal of Eergng rends n Engneerng and Appled Scences (JEEAS) 3():44-5(ISSN: 4-706) s rough ha consues upper chaber where he ash fro he hopper s slacked before feedng o separang un a he lower chaber and volue occuped by he cake breaker. he lengh, l wdh, w and hegh, h of he par of he achne rough whch consues upper chaber are.3, 0. 0 and 0. respecvely. he radus, r and lengh, l of he cake breaker ebrane are and.9 respecvely whle he radus, r b and lengh, l b of each of he ffy-sx (56) beaers aached o hs ebrane are and 0.04 respecvely. hus, consderng 5% headspace, he axu allowable fll volue, V (0.75 V ) of he achne was f deerned as usng followng relaon: V f 0.75lwh r l nrb lb where n s he oal nuber of he beaers. he wegh capacy of he separaor was esaed as 390.N usng densy, ass and volue relaonshp gven as; W V g where: = Bulk densy of dgesed pal fru cake, 060 kg/ 3 (Muhurajah, 00) g Acceleraon due o gravy, 9.8/s Selecon of pulleys and bels: he achne requres four pulleys for s drves, one ouned on he elecrc oor shaf, one each a boh ends of he auger shaf and he reanng one ouned a lef end of he cake breaker shaf. ue o s avalably, cos and perforance; cas ron pulleys were seleced. he daeers of he seleced drvng and drven pulleys for he oor/auger drve are 00 and 00 respecvely whle hose of he auger/cake breaker drve are respecvely 00. he cenre dsances, C beween he adjacen pulleys were deerned usng Equaon 3 as 50 and 00 for he oor/auger and auger/cake breaker drves respecvely (Shara and Aggarwal, 006 C 3 Where and are daeers of drvng and drven pulleys. he lenghs of he V-bels requred were nally copued as 98 and 74 for he oor/auger and auger/cake breaker drves respecvely usng Equaon 4: L C.57( ) 4 4C Snce each of he drves ranss less han 3.5kW, V-bel of ype A s requred for boh drves (Khur and Gupa, 005; Shara and Aggarwal, 006). Based on IS: sandards, 06 and 747 sandard pch lengh V-bels were seleced for he oor/auger and auger/cake breaker drves respecvely. Consequenly, Equaon 4 was 47 furher used o deerne he exac cenre dsances beween he adjacen pulleys as 55.0 and for he oor/auger and auger/cake breaker drves respecvely. eernaon of shaf daeers: he daeers, d of he auger shaf and cake breaker shaf of hs achne were deerned usng axu sress relaons gven as; 6 d K bm b K M 5 where: Allowable sress for seel shaf wh provson for key ways = 4N/ M = Maxu wsng oen on he shafs, N-. M b Maxu bendng oen on he shafs, N-. kb Cobned shock and fague facor for bendng. k Cobned shock and fague facor for wsng. Bendng and wsng oens occur on shafs as a resul of appled loads and bel ensons. he axu wsng oen on each of he shafs was deerned usng he relaonshp gven by Khur and Gupa (005), as; M 6 j he bendng oens (B.M.) on each of he shafs were deerned usng he sandard procedures as follows; he bels gh sde enson, 3 was deerned as 63.79N and 68.5N for he oor/auger and auger/cake breaker drves respecvely usng he followng equaons gven by Khur and Gupa (005), as; ax 7 c a ax 8 c v Where and c 9 are he cenrfugal and ax axu enson of he bels. he coeffcen of frcon, beween he pulleys and he bels, ass per un lengh, axu safe sress, and cross seconal area, a of he bels were obaned fro sandard ables as 0.3, 0.08kg/,.N/ and 8 respecvely (IS: Khur and Gupa, 005; Shara and Aggarwal, 006). he bel speeds, v for he oor/auger and auger/cake breaker drves were copued as 7.64/s and 3.8/s respecvely fro he followng relaons N v 0 60

5 Journal of Eergng rends n Engneerng and Appled Scences (JEEAS) 3():44-5(ISSN: 4-706) N N Where he speeds of he prary (elecrc oor) drver pulley, N = 460rp N = he speed of drven pulleys Consequenly, he enson on slack sde of each bel, was deerned usng Equaon as 3.08N and j 9.9N for he oor/auger and auger/cake breaker drves respecvely..3 log cos ec j he groove angle of each of he pulleys s 38 0 (hus, = 9 0 ) whle he angles of lap, were deerned as.74rad. and 3.4rad. for he oor/auger and he auger/cake breaker drves usng Equaon 3 gven by Khur and Gupa (005) as; 80 sn 3 C he appled loads and bel ensons on he cake breaker shaf s shown n Fgure 3. B.M. a A and = 0N- B.M. a B = 74.5N- B.M. a C = N- hus, he axu bendng oen on he cake breaker shaf s 74.5N-. Snce feedng of he farly copaced dgesed pal fru cake fro hopper no he upper chaber of he achne s parally sudden, K b =.5 and K =.5. he axu wsng oens on hs shaf was also copued fro Equaon 6 as N-. hus, he shaf daeer was calculaed as 8.3 usng Equaon 5. Hence, a sandard 30 daeer sold shaf was seleced for he operaon of he cake breakng un. he auger shaf and he forces acng on, s as shown n Fgure 4. Fgure 3: he cake breaker shaf showng forces acng on where: W c s he wegh of he cake breaker = 9.43N W cp s he wegh of he auger/cake breaker shafs drven pulley = 6.73N. s he auger/cake breaker drve bels gh sde enson = 68.5N. s he auger/cake breaker drve bels slack sde enson = 9.9N. he reacons, R A and R c were deerned by akng oen abou A; M A 0 ; R C R C 45.47N Also Fy 0 ; R A RA 88.7N hus, he bendng oens on hs shaf were copued usng Fgure 3 as follows; 48 Fgure 4: he auger shaf showng forces acng on where: W a s he auger wegh = 0.5N W ap s wegh of he oor/auger shafs drven pulley = 7.3N W cp s he wegh of he auger/cake breaker shafs drvng pulley = 6.73N. 3 s he auger/cake breaker bels gh sde enson = 63.79N 4 s he auger/cake breaker bels gh sde enson = 3.08N. he reacons of he bearngs, R B and R were deerned by akng oen abou B; M B 0 ; R ; R 4.5N Also Fy 0 ; R B ; RB N hus, he resulan bendng oens on hs shaf are as follows; B.M. a A and E = 0N- B.M. a B = 9094N- B.M. a C = N- B.M. a = 55.0 N- herefore, he axu bendng oen on he auger shaf s N-. he axu wsng oen hs shaf was also deerned fro

6 Journal of Eergng rends n Engneerng and Appled Scences (JEEAS) 3():44-5(ISSN: 4-706) Equaon 6 as 507N-. Snce he feedng of he slacked dgesed pal fru cake fro no he auger separaor s gradual and seady, K b =.5, K =.0 (Khur and Gupa, 005) and also he shaf daeer deerned usng Equaon 5 s 8.7. Consequenly, a sandard 30 daeer sold shaf was seleced as auger shaf. Selecon of Pre Move (Elecrc Moor): he power requred for he operaon of hs achne s he oal su of he power requred o drve s uns and he power requred o overcoe he drves frcon. he power, P requred n he cake breakng and separang uns were deerned as 0.6kW and.5kw respecvely usng Equaon 4. P j v 4 akng care of 0% possble power loss due o frcon, he oal power requred o drve he developed pal nu-pulp separang achne was copued as.94kw (.60HP). herefore a 3HP elecrc oor was seleced for he operaon of hs achne. EXPERIMENAL PROCEURE he developed separaor was evaluaed usng wo dfferen ses of experenal desgn. ura and enera frus used were procured fro Onyeje Ol Pal Planaon, Aawo n Ikwuano, and Aba Sae Sall Holders Ol Pal Manageen Un a Akol- Ieny, all n Aba Sae of Ngera. In he frs experenal plan, he hroughpu, P (kg/h) and effcency, (%) of he achne were suded usng sx experenal runs. ura frus were used n he frs hree rals whle he las hree nvolved enera frus. In each of he rals, a sop wach was used o onor he e of separang 0kg of echancally dgesed pal fru ash usng he developed separaor, afer whch he oupus (separaed pulp and nus) were weghed and recorded as per each run. hereafer, he hroughpu, P (kg/h) and effcency, (%) of he achne were deerned fro he daa obaned usng he followng relaons; P (kg/h) = o 5 (%) = o 00 6 where: o = oal ass of he pulp and nus separaed = Mass of dgesed pal fru cake npu = e aken for he separaon (s) used n he frs ffeen rals whle enera frus were used for he second ffeen runs. A freshly prepared 40kg of dgesed pal fru ash fro he sae source was used n each bach of he ess. Each es nvolved dvdng he dgesed fru ash no wo edaely afer echancal dgeson usng a horzonal dgeser, whls one par (0kg) of he ash was separaed no pulp and nus usng he pal nu- pulp separaor before pressng of he separaed pulp for pal ol exracon he reanng ach was pressed o exrac pal ol whou undergong nupulp separaon process. hs s o ensure ha frus processed n he wo ehods as per each bach of he rals were of he sae qualy for effecve coparson. Pressng was perfored for 0nues n boh processes usng anual screw press. he pal ol exraced fro each of wo echanzed processes was hen clarfed, weghed and recorded. In addon, ol losses o pal nus and resdual fbre fro boh processes were also analyzed a Cenral Laboraory of Naonal Roo Crops Research Insue, Uudke, usng solven exracon graverc ehod. Fve hundred graes (500g) of nus and one hundred graes (00g) of fbre saples fro each es were wrapped separaely n whaan No. fler paper. Each wrapped saple was hen placed n a soxhle reflux flask before ounng of he flask on a weghed ol exracon flask conanng 50l of n-hexane solven. hereafer, he exracon flask was heaed afer connecng he upper end of he reflux flask o a condenser, hus he solven vaporzed and condensed no he reflux flask o soak he wrapped saple unl he flask was flled up and sphoned over, hereby carryng he exraced (refluxed) ol down no a bolng flask. hs cycle of vapourzaon, condensaon, exracon and sphon were repeaed for foureen es n each case before reovng he defaed saple carefully wh a par of forceps as he solven condensed back no he reflux flask whle leavng he ol exrac n he bolng flask. he bolng flask wh s conen was hen placed n an oven a 90 0 for 30nues, cooled n a desscaor and reweghed. he wegh of ol loss o he nus and fbre saples, W o analyzed was copued fro he dfference beween he wegh of he flask and he ol exrac, W and ha of he epy flask, W (=.44g) as expressed n equaon 7. W o W W 7 aa obaned were coparavely analyzed usng Analyss of Varance (ANOVA) and urkeys es ehods. A copleely randozed desgn nvolvng hry baches of ess was used n he second experenal plan whch nvolves coparave evaluaon beween he exsng echanzed pal fru processng ehod and he echanzed pal fru processng wh he pal nu-pulp separaor. ura frus were 49 RESULS AN ISCUSSION he resuls of he perforance es (able ) show ha he achne perfored above 90% effcency as expeced. he resuls also ndcaed 49.9kg/h as he average hroughpu of he developed separaor and ha were no sgnfcan dfferences (a α = 0.05) n

7 Journal of Eergng rends n Engneerng and Appled Scences (JEEAS) 3():44-5(ISSN: 4-706) he effcency and hroughpu of hs achne when dura and enera were processed. able : Resuls of Perforance es of he Pal Nu-Pulp Separaor S/NO. Mass of separaed nu oupu Mass separaed pulp oupu oal oupu, o e aken (s) Effcency, (%) hroughpu, P (kg/h) Average he resuls of he coparave evaluaon of he nroducon of he pal nu-pulp separang achne n he se-echanzed sall scale pal fru processng s shown n able. he analyss of varance resuls of hs daa (able ) revealed ha he quanes of pal ol exraced and pal ol loss o pressed fbre n he wo processes were sgnfcanly dfferen (a α = 0.05). hs resul also ndcaed ha here were no sgnfcan dfferences (a α = 0.05) n he average ol loss o nus beween he wo echanzed processes rrespecve of he ype of fru been processed. I s also obvous fro able, ha he average quany of pal ol exraced s greaer whle ol loss o fbre s low wh he echanzed process wh pal nu-pulp separaon. able furher showed ha nu breakage durng pressng was observed n he exsng seechanzed ehod only. ANOVA resuls ndcaed ha here were sgnfcan dfferences n he quany of broken nus assocaed beween dura and enera processng. herefore he pal nu-pulp separang achne proved pal ol and kernel exracon as well as revenue generaon n he secor. I also reduced drudgery and elnaes nu breakage, excessve loss of pal ol o pressed fbre, nu-fbre separaon and second pressng operaons n echanzed pal fru processng. herefore, adopon of hs nnovaon wll boos effcen producon and recovery of qualy pal ol and kernel n Ngera and oher par of he world where pal rees are culvaed because solved he ajor proble of nu breakage and excessve loss of pal ol o pressed fbre facng he presen day echanzed pal fru processng. he esaed cos of producng he pal nu-pulp separang achne s one hundred and weny seven housand, one hundred and sxy nara (N7,60.00) and s easy o operae. CONCLUSIONS AN RECOMMENAIONS Separaon of dgesed pal fru ash no pal nu and pulp before pressng of he pulp n echanzed pal frus processng proved pal ol and kernel exracon n boh quany and qualy, and also elnaes drudgery, nu breakage, excessve loss of pal ol o pressed fbre, nu-fbre separaon and second pressng operaons. hus, he nnovaon of pal nu-pulp separang achne enals a new gude o he desgners/anufacures of pal fru processng achneres. I s recoended ha anufacurers should ass produce hs achne o reduce cos of producon hrough he benef of bulk purchase of s producon aerals, odfy he exsng pal ol producon lls o ncorporae pal nu pulp separaor beween he dgeser and press, and also effec he sae n all fuure ll desgns. ACKNOWLEGEMENS Fundng and facles suppors receved fro Naonal Maheacal Cenre/Raw Maerals Research and evelopen Councl of Ngera, Abuja (NMC/RMRC) and Mchael Okpara Unversy of Agrculure, Uudke are acknowledged wh graude. REFERENCES Akor, A.J Mechanzaon of he Ol Pal n Ngera. Proceedng of he 977 Conference of he Ngera Socey of Agrculural Engneers on "Agrculural Mechansaon and Operaon Feed he Naon". Unversy of Ibadan, Aprl 4-7, pp.8. FAO Sall-scale Pal Ol Processng n Afrca. Food and Agrculural Organzaon (FAO) Agrculural Seres 48. pp. -55.hp:// Harley, C.W.S he Ol Pal. Longan Group Led London. pp. -56, IS Code. Indan Sandards. Indan Sandard Insue, New elh. Kenneh, F.K. and Krehld, O he Cabrdge World Hsory of Food. Cabrdge Unversy Press London. Khur, R.S., Gupa, J.K A exbook of Machne esgn. S.I. Uns. Eurass Publshng House (PV) Led, New elh. pp. 6-5,0-80, , and

8 Journal of Eergng rends n Engneerng and Appled Scences (JEEAS) 3():44-5(ISSN: 4-706) Muhurajah, R. N. 00. Pal Ol Facory Hand Book, Pal Ol Res. Insue New elh. pp: NIFOR A Manual on Ol Pal Producon. Ngeran Insue for Ol Pal Research (NIFOR) 3rd Edon. pp: 39-4 Norla, A.B.N Repor of Indusral ranng a Felda Pal Indusres Mepaga pal Ol Mll 8600Karak, Pahangarul Makur, Malaysa. pp.8-9 Nwankwojke, B. N., Odukwe, A. O. and Agunwaba, J. C. 0. Modfcaon of Sequence of Un Operaons n Mechanzed Pal Fru Processng, Ngeran Journal of echnology, Vol. 30 No.3 RMRC Repor on Survey of Seleced Agrculural Raw Maerals n Ngera on Ol Pal. Raw Maeral Research and evelopen Councl, Federal Mnsry of Scence and echnology, Abuja. pp Shara, P.C., Aggarwal,.K Machne esgn. S.K. Kaara and Sons, Na Sarak ech; p. 9-58, Sephen, K.A. and Eanuel, S Modfcaon n he desgn of already exsng Pal nu-fbre Separaor. Afrcan Journal of Envronenal Scence and echnology Vol. 3 (). pp Purseglove, J.W ropcal Crops Monocoyledons Vol. and. Longan Group Ld. pp able : Coparave Evaluaon of he Exsng Mechanzed Pal Fru Processng Mehod and he Proposed Mechanzed Pal Fru Processng wh Pal Nu-Pulp Separaon Un Operaon Exsng Mechanzed echnque (whou he proposed pal nu-pulp separaon) Proposed Mechanzed echnque wh pal nupulp separaon sep S/NO Pal ol exraced Ol loss o Fbre (g) Ol loss o nus (g) Broken nus Pal ol exraced Ol loss o Fbre (g) Ol loss o nus (g) W W - W W W - W W W - W W W - W ura Average enera Average