KIN 301, Winter 2010: Review of Literature Term Paper

Transcription

1 KIN 301, Winter 2010: Review f Literature Term Paper Yur task: T write a f the literature abut yur tpic A paper specific fr this class it cannt be used in any ther class befre r cncurrently In pages, yu must synthesize at least eligible surces relevant t yur tpic Yu must attend t the details regarding: Suitability f yur surces Prper representatin f the results f yur surces Prper citatin f yur surces Leaving a trail that reveals yur research prcess Effectiveness f yur presentatin f evidence Frmatting f the paper & prper (prfessinal) writing style Hw D Yu Access an Article? Search the databases we ve practiced fr Lk fr relevant infrmatin frm yur literature searches When yu find articles f interest, find them: In the WWU Library Via Interlibrary Lan (ILIAD) thrugh WWU Must be requested early! Limits On-line via WWU Library s subscriptin (full-text) 1

2 What Surces Are Acceptable? Primary surces: research articles Gvernment Reprts: limited t, and nly if it is an research reprt These riginal research articles will be the vast majrity ( 16) f yur 20 references Generally, if it has a sectin, it is a primary surce Web sites: Typical sectins f riginal research articles: Intrductin Methds Results Discussin Cnclusin Up t f yur 20 references Particularly useful fr basic definitins f cnditins, injuries, etc. highly reputable sites maintained by prfessinal, nn-prfit rganizatins either.rg r.gv n.cm sites allwed Des nt mean that ALL.rg sites are acceptable (e.g. Wikipedia is ) See Curse Outline fr details What Surces Are Nt Acceptable? Surces are nt permitted: review articles, bks, magazines, newspapers, persnal cmmunicatins, discussin grups, nn reputable web sites, encyclpedias, etc. Review articles and bks: d read them t find ut mre abut the tpic, d find ut wh wrte the riginal research being cited, d find thse articles & cite them, d nt cite the review article - yu will be marked dwn in several sectins f the grading sheet fr citing review articles. An exceptin: a review article yu can use: a, even if it has the phrase literature review in it. A meta-analysis is a statistical methd that prvides new results. 2

3 The Research Prcess Yu must shw evidence f the literature review PROCESS Read articles & take ntes Make a ntes sheet fr each surce using either: Electrnic ntes: make separate Wrd.dc files, r ne page per article in the same file Nte cards: physically write n index cards Summarize the article: IN YOUR e.g. wh, what, when, where, why, hw? Nte page must be t the crrespnding surce when submitted Include in Yur Ntes: As yu make yur ntes, generate the Keep track f yur surces at tp f page n each surce s ntes Include fr direct qutes qutes must be used very, very, VERY sparingly Write descriptrs n the page pssible sub-headings fr yur paper Example f Electrnic Ntes Are these cmplete ntes? Wh? What? When? Where? Why? Hw? 3

4 First Stage Outline Develp the r themes (relate t the descriptrs written n yur ntes) Frm the lgical sequence f tpics If yu are having brain lck r writer s blck, ask yurself: What am I trying t say? What was the riginal questin? What is the s what factr? Example f a First Stage Outline Secnd Stage Outline Develp the fr each majr cncept Outlines may be revised/enhanced as yu learn mre abut yur tpic 4

5 Third Stage Outline Add the that supprt each tpic Frm Outline t Paper Organize yur ntes in rder f yur stage utline Electrnic ntes: cpy/paste relevant ntes in rder Handwritten nte cards: physically lay ut in rder This plan frms the skeletn f yur paper Smth ut the writing, bring frth relevant tpics frm each article, cnnect the dts Refine, review, red repeat NOTE: keep a f yur paper (printed & electrnic cpies), as this will be checked as a evidence that yu engaged in the prcess Organizatin f yur paper: Intrductin: The intrductry paragraph sets the stage fr the paper telling the reader what is t cme, & which sides there are t the stry Bdy f the paper: several sectins dedicated t the main tpics identified in yur Stage 1 utline where yu present the & tell the stry Cnclusins: The clsing paragraph summarizes & brings clsure t the paper & the tpic 5

6 Intrductin sectin This is an academic paper Avid the temptatin t exercise intrductins) writing (sensatinalistic Dn t ask yur reader t imagine smething r make grandise statements. Keep the tne prfessinal. Fcus n the issues that are ging t be discussed. The intrductin shuld remain very general Sme tpics must be fr the reader. Describe the issues r the cntrversy that will be discussed. Include citatins t studies? Shuld be basic enugh t need citatins. Des nt include citatins t studies (generally), as lng as the inf presented will be described in the paper. Only prvide citatins if presenting very detailed/specific infrmatin (e.g. 10% f the ppulatin ) Length: ~ Pint f the intrductin: definitely nt a full page fr an assignment f this length. The intr shuld end with a descriptin f the questin that will be addressed by the paper. Yu shuld nly make statements in the intr that yu will supprt with evidence in the f the paper. Avid a final intrductry sentence that sunds like a Save that fr the cnclusins paragraph. statement. Bdy f the paper Length: 5-6 pages, nt including the page r Make sure all sectins f the paper relate t yur tpic. Dn t get lst in the details can t see the frest fr the trees Cnsider the view frm 50,000 feet Cnsider whether each sectin adds t the paper What am I trying t say? What was the riginal questin? s what factr? 6

7 Presenting the evidence in the bdy f the paper Understand what yu are reprting: carefully study yur tpic. Always cnsider the reader when yu write can they fllw yur writing? When yu d nt understand the results that yu are presenting, this is bvius. Explain Be thrugh - it will be bvius t me if there is a majr sectin Cver all sides f the stry: Present frm yur paper e.g.: yur paper s tpic is the effect f supplementing with [X] n athletes, but yu d nt include evidence related t the risks. infrmatin is included e.g.: yur paper s tpic is the effect f cnditin *X+ n athletes, but yu cite nly studies n the general ppulatin, & nt with athletes Let the research speak fr itself the evidence nt just that which yu agree with If the research is nt cnclusive, present what is knwn abut the different perspectives If the research is cnclusive, speak t the evidence. (Avid the wrds r.) Use effective transitin phrases. If there are sme studies that cnclude [X], & ther studies that cnclude Y, & these are nt in keeping with each ther, then. Cnnect the dts fr yur reader. If it is pssible fr yu t determine the reasn fr the differing cnclusins (e.g. different ), then all the better. (an attempt shuld be made) Cnnect the dts fr yur reader Just the results f studies is nt enugh. Is the evidence yu re reprting supprting r refuting the thery? Pint ut the f the evidence. e.g. a paper is abut the effects f prtein supplementatin n health. Yu describe a study that cncluded that Hrmne [X] is nt elevated as a result f prtein supplementatin. Translate fr the reader whether this is a fr a persn s health r perfrmance. Yu must present in the methdlgy that might affect the results. e.g. the categry athletes may nt be enugh. Des it matter if they were pwer athletes r endurance runners? Were they middle-aged, r were they children? Etc. 7

8 All details d nt necessarily need t be utlined fr each study, if the same type f ppulatin is used & is part f yur tpic e.g. effects f glare n lder drivers all studies included will be n lder drivers. Hw much detail d yu prvide fr each study? Prvide enugh infrmatin that yur reader can understand the full impact f a study. A duble-blind study demnstrated that a placeb grup shwed n mre change in mental & physical health than that f the treatment grup (Barringer et al., 2003). Nt enugh infrmatin here hw lng was the fllw-up perid? One week? Tw years? What ppulatin was studied? Be careful nt t take up t much f the paper with just infrmatin fr the evidence t be clear & relevant. and study. Prvide just enugh In-text citatins f yur surces: Tell the reader where the infrmatin came frm using Fllw APA style fr punctuatin & alphabetizing A study cnducted by Smith and clleagues (2003) demnstrated that peple must breathe. - r - A recent study demnstrated that peple must breathe (Smith et al., 2003). Fr prper frmatting, fllw APA guidelines spelled ut in the manual When multiple studies are cited t supprt a single statement Studies cited are listed in rder The f authrs within each study is maintained 2 authrs: Peple must breathe (Smith & Jnes, 2003). 3 authrs: Peple must breathe (Smith, Jnes, & Jacksn, 2003). 2 studies: Peple must breathe (Brks, 2005; Smith et al., 2003). When multiple authrs are invlved in a study Fr r mre authrs: nly list them all (up t 5) the first time yu cite the article. Then, use: 1st authr et al. Fr r mre authrs: never list them all within the in-text citatins. Instead, always use: 1st authr et al. Where t place cmmas, semiclns, parentheses, etc...? 8

9 Examples: (frm Sherman et al., 2006) If there is n in-text citatin fr a statement: reasns: It is part f the intrductin r cnclusins sectin, and yu presented the evidence in the bdy f the paper, t, with the prper citatin It is a transitin sentence at the beginning r end f a paragraph reasns: It is yur pinin Yu made it up It is plagiarism (mre later) 9

10 Things yu must nt d in yur in-text citatins D nt cite surces using the that is sufficient in a written paper. name in the text. It will be in the reference list, & Crrect: A duble-blind study cnducted by Smith and clleagues (2003) demnstrated that Incrrect: A duble-blind study published in The Annals f Internal Medicine (2003) demnstrated that D nt list 10 studies that supprt ne statement. This is a waste f space in a shrt paper. Prviding ne r tw studies t supprt a statement will suffice. When using a webpage as a reference, d nt cite the in the in-text citatin (this ges in the reference list) instead, cite the authr (rganizatin s name), & the date. When presenting results frm the same study ver a few sentences, d nt cite the study after sentence. Find anther way t be clear that yu are still citing the same study. Examples: Prly cnstructed: A duble-blind study fund that [X] caused hyperactivity in children (Jnes, 2008). The children in the grup cnsuming [X] were scred higher by their teachers and parents n the hyperactivity scale (Jnes, 2008). Children cnsuming [X] scred prly n their schlwrk during the study perid (Jnes, 2008). Scial interactins with ther children suffered frm the cnsumptin f [X] (Jnes, 2008). Once the children stpped cnsuming [X], the hyperactivity levels decreased, and nrmal academic and scial functin resumed (Jnes, 2008). A better ptin: A duble-blind study fund that [X] caused hyperactivity in children (Jnes, 2008). The authrs reprted that children in the grup cnsuming [X] were scred higher by their teachers and parents n the hyperactivity scale, that they scred prly n their schlwrk during the study perid, and that their scial interactins with ther children als suffered frm the cnsumptin f [X]. In the same investigatin, it was als reprted that nce the children stpped cnsuming [X], the hyperactivity levels decreased, and nrmal academic and scial functin resumed. D nt place the in-text citatin fllwing the perid ending a sentence. Place the in-test citatin the perid. D nt Crrect: The treatment failed (Jacksn, 2008). Incrrect: The treatment failed. (Jacksn, 2008) the nrmal punctuatin f a sentence because f an in-text citatin. Crrect: Walker et al. (2004) analyzed In a recent study, Walker et al. (2004) analyzed Incrrect: Walker et al., (2004) analyzed D nt use an authr s Walker et al. (2004), analyzed Walker et al. analyzed (2004). name when reprting n a study Crrect: Hawking (2000) stated that the universe is expanding. Incrrect: Stephen Hawking (2000) stated that the universe is expanding. 10

11 Primary vs. Secndary Citatins What is a primary citatin? Answer: citing infrmatin frm a paper that riginates frm that paper (frm the specific methds, results, r riginal statements made by the authrs. What is a secndary citatin? Answer: citing infrmatin frm a paper that the authr attributed t smene else s study (with an in-text citatin). Example f a secndary citatin Example: Yu read an article written by Smith & Brwn in In this article, they a study by Jhnsn & Michael (1990). The infrmatin frm Jhnsn & Michael is very pertinent t yur paper, & yu want t use this infrmatin. What d yu d? Yu must - get yur hands n and read - Jhnsn & Michael s paper s it can becme ne f yur surces. If there is n way t access Jhnsn & Michael: What is UNacceptable: Attributing the infrmatin t be frm the Smith & Brwn study, using a secndary citatin: Smith & Brwn (2004) suggested that... Citing Jhnsn & Michael in yur study and listing the study in yur reference list, if yu did nt actually access it and read the infrmatin fr yurself. What is Acceptable: Yu may cite accrding t the APA Manual, page 247: Jhnsn & Michael s study (as cited in Smith & Brwn, 2004) suggested that... List Smith & Brwn in yur reference list Nte: this srt f citatin will be & must be used nly in special cases (waiting fr an interlibrary lan is nt ne f these cases!). 11

12 Aviding making a secndary citatin Let s revisit the general structure f a primary surce (riginal research paper): Intrductin: cite infrmatin presented in the intrductin f a research paper and attributed t anther study. This is a secndary citatin. Exceptin: an attributed t anther study. thery r thught presented by the authr and Methds: acceptable sectin t find riginal infrmatin in an article Results: acceptable Discussin: acceptable (with cautin) Cnclusin: acceptable Randm reference checks We will randmly select a few references and determine whether yu have: accurately interpreted & presented the results f the study cited the crrect study fr the infrmatin put the results int yur wn wrds The Blackbard Aviding Plagiarism assignment requires yu t demnstrate this 12

13 Plagiarism What is plagiarism? Plagiarism is ACADEMIC DISHONESTY, and is nt tlerated at WWU r in yur future prfessinal settings Presenting smene else s wrds as Cpying wrd fr wrd (r almst wrd fr wrd), even if yu prvide an. Hw d yu avid cmmitting plagiarism? Prvide fr all infrmatin, evidence, thughts, cmmentary that is nt uniquely yur wn Summarize the findings f yur surces If yu cannt adequately d justice t the authr s results withut using wrds, then yu must use qutatin marks Qutes shuld be used extremely in ur field Avid ineffective qutes; use nly qutes that are pwerful & irreplaceable If there are t many (r ineffective) qutes, it means: Yu dn t understand the research Yu cannt interpret the research Yu cannt (r didn t bther t) synthesize the inf. Smene else is writing yur paper! Cnclusins sectin The cnclusins sectin must include: a summary f the evidence presented a clear determinatin f the status f the literature In the cnclusin, yu need t pints. N Bad examples: All the studies shwn here can prf that. the pints made, nt just mentin that there are There are many limitatins f studies & variables t cnsider befre determining the definite effectiveness f the treatment. A gd example wuld reiterate the variables t cnsider that supprt and refute the effectiveness f the treatment infrmatin shuld be presented here, and s citatins are here. 13

14 Frmatting Page limit: 5-6 pages (1/4 page lee-way) Mre is better t lng is dcked the same as t shrt. Include main tpic : left-justified, nt indented. Cnsult the APA style manual fr frmatting yur: Spacing (what is APA line spacing? Shuld there be spaces between paragraphs?) Margins Reference list In-text citatins Subject headings Title Page The ONLY thing in yur entire paper that is Qutes (which yu shuld think hard abut using) Page numbering Running header (n each page at upper right) this shuld nt be present n the Title page etc. in APA frmat N excuse fr getting the title page frmat wrng Dwnlad example frm Dr. C s site (Example) Nte: It is a really pr start t have a misspelled wrd in yur title. (e.g. ATHELTES) The title shuld be repeated n the first page f the paper. Running header A shrtened versin f the Gd examples: Exercise and Obesity (e.g. shrt fr title: Is Exercise an Effective Strategy fr Reducing Obesity? ) Vitamin Supplementatin & Perfrmance (e.g. shrt fr title: Des Vitamin Supplementatin Enhance Athletic Perfrmance? Bad examples: Is there a relatinship *Student s Last Name+ Must be in the field, therwise will be bumped arund by text. (fund by duble-clicking near tp f page). Must be n every page, nt different fr each sub-sectin. Shuld nt appear n page. (Page Layut -> Page Setup -> Layut tab -> Headers & Fters -> check the bx fr Different first page r duble-click in header field, select Different first page in the design ribbn) 14

15 Reference Pages: Als duble-spaced Fllw the SLS frmat Include page number & running header Nte: the paper must be 5-6 pages, & this des reference list. include the title page & the Cmmn methds fr writing a pr paper: Writing style: Infrmatin nt presented in a lgical sequence Paragraphs d nt have Imprper grammar, tense, subject-verb agreement Overuse f qutes Mre explanatin needed Only recmmendatins r cnclusins included, withut In-text citatins: Nt enugh Infrmatin des nt in text & reference list Authrs names deleted, inverted, misspelled Incrrect punctuatin (als in reference list) Cmmn methds fr shting yurself in the ft Inadvertently plagiarizing because yu didn t Start t late, save t much fr the final weekend Submitting the paper late Nt having 20 surces Nt including in yur packet specified n the grading sheet Pr quality f ntes, utlines N prfreading/editing f the writing quality Nt using APA frmatting fr the paper, citatins, and reference list 15

16 Hw will yur grade be determined? See grading sheet (take ntes n ne f the cpies) Research & Planning ( % f grade) Structure & APA Style ( % f grade) Cntent ( % f grade) Submissin Instructins Printed materials: Turn in all required materials (see the grading sheet) in a manila envelpe Where? At the When? Mnday,, BEFORE class! Include yur cpy f the grading sheet, with yur name n it Begin the assembly f yur packet well in advance Electrnic cpy: Turn in an electrnic cpy f yur paper Where? (submissin instructins will be psted n Blackbard) When? Als due befre class begins (will be time-stamped by Blackbard) Must match yur printed versin. Nte: whatever filename yu give yur paper will be the name I have t wrk with. Yu MUST name yur paper like this: _KIN 301 paper.dc 16

17 Final Bits f Advice Prfread: Have smene prf read yur paper that will lk at it with a (Classmate, Rmmate, Relative, WRITING CENTER!) Back-up yur files: Save files in multiple places: (server, cd, USB stick, ) Avid: last minute rush in the cmputer labs traffic delays disasters (Pwer utage? Lst everything at the last minute?) These are all scenaris Cnsult the curse utline, these lecture ntes, & the grading sheet when searching, writing, & submitting Keep a list f yur questins, and ask them: befre/after class during ffice hurs at the class sessin dedicated t last-minute paper questins d nt listen t rumrs f the requirements. When in dubt, cnsult these guidelines, and ask us. Cmplete the Aviding Plagiarism Assignment n Blackbard by 17

18 - - We will return t this lecture n Mnday, Mar Writing style, wrding, phrases Cnsider each : each ne shuld add smething t the paper, & shuld nt just reiterate the previus sentences. Example f a sentence that is useless: The educated cmmunity f individuals studying [X] has devted much time t understanding the effects f [X] Imprper writing styles fr this assignment: D nt pse a in the bdy f yur paper, s that yu can then answer it (as in a call & respnse). Restrict the tne t an academic presentatin f the evidence. D nt make statements fr which yu d nt prvide Sme examples f statements (sme with questinable facts ): A well-balanced diet shuld include the recmmended daily amunts f fruits, vegetables, pultry, dairy, & wheat. Cntrary t ppular belief multivitamins are nt a magic pill. This miscnceptin, hwever, des nt exist nly amng children. Families with [X] cannt [Y] and expect it t cunter the effects f an unhealthy verall lifestyle. Misinfrming children that ding [Y] withut cnsideratin f their [X] will nly lead t a greater prblem in the future. Yunger generatins cannt be expected t understand [X] and the value f [Y] when the same cncepts are s widely misunderstd by adults. Many prfessinal athletes have had t pay the price fr abusing this drug. If yu have ever seen the Olympics yu will ntice the verwhelming number f Africans standing n the pdium in the Track & Field events. In the NBA & NFL it als seems like there are a greater number f African Americans than Caucasian players n the field. Many prfessinal athletes have had t pay the price fr abusing this drug. The multiple purpses f are unique & nt widely knwn by mst athletes wh ingest the supplement. A questin n many peple s minds is If peple knew the psitive effects f [X] they wuld chse t participate in it. 18

19 What s wrng with these statements? 40 percent f adlescents tday have at least ne f the risk factrs fr the nset f heart disease (Phillipp et al. 1989). As mentined previusly (this wrding suggests that yu are being ) Peple wh are diagnsed with [X] need t be asking themselves if they are spending mney n the mst effective treatment in rder t decrease symptms. Once in the bldstream, the amin acid wants t be absrbed int the brain Cmmn wrd chice errrs: is a scial term, & is the bilgical (& mre apprpriate) term There, their, they re (example: is cat, and I think feeding him t much.) The wrd data is plural (Crrect: Greater Culd, nt greater then This persn wants their (his r her) ; Incrrect: this data ), nt culd f (same with shuld have, wuld have) e.g. Incrrect: When an athlete warms up, they increase their heart rate. Crrect: When athletes warm up, they increase Crrect: When an athlete warms up, s/he increases D vs. due (example: Yu have a lt f wrk t, t the pride yu take in yur wrk.) cite, site, sight Yu must the riginal articles when presenting evidence. can be anther wrd fr webpage r website, r a general lcatin. If yu smene far ff in the distance, yu have gd visin. If yu can tell that they re upset frm the tne f their vice, yu have gd. It is incrrect t use an acrnym that yu have nt defined Mre examples fund here: 19

20 Statements f Opinin: D nt include yur persnal pinin r recmmendatins Opinin may be expressed if it is nt Smene else s pinin must be cited Fr example, Smith & Jnes (2005) state the mst imprtant phase f treatment f the ruptured Achilles tendn is..... Avid pinin wrds r phrases mst imprtant great example great r greatest tremendus It wuld be wise bviusly a sure bet Isn t it funny best It is nt wrth it D nt deviate frm Incrrect examples: althugh we knw that persn vice (d nt use I, my, yu, ur ) Smith (2000) als shwed that taking a vitamin [X] supplement cmpared t a placeb can prevent hardening f yur arteries I will summarize the effectiveness f fur treatments in my paper including Write like a researcher Be, avid unnecessary lead-ins: Research has shwn that... r It is well knwn that Instead f: Research has shwn that students heads nd mre frequently during the middle f the lecture than at the beginning (Rw & Chalmers, 2008). Chse: Students heads nd mre frequently during the middle f the lecture than at the beginning (Rw & Chalmers, 2008). Or Chse: Rw and Chalmers (2008) reprted that students heads nd mre frequently during the middle f the lecture than at the beginning. Avid slang r cnversatinal language: catching air a lt bite the dust yu knw blwing ut the knee S, yeah way bigger nt s peachy keen kinda r kind f It is a scary statistic but s true All the stuff mentined abve quite a few 20

21 Questins arising during literature review prcess (t ask instructrs):