UCD School of Nursing, Midwifery & Health Systems

Transcription

1 UCD Schl f Nursing, Midwifery & Health Systems Referencing Guidelines Academic year Prepared by the Schl Teaching & Learning Strategy Grup September 2011

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1 Intrductin 1 2. Plagiarism 2 3. Referencing guidelines 4 4. In-text citatins using the Harvard (authr-date) style 7 5. Cmpiling the list f references 16 References 22

3 1. INTRODUCTION Amng the key attributes f a university graduate are an enquiring mind, prblem slving, critical thinking and creativity. The graduate is als expected t have the skills fr retrieving and critically appraising infrmatin and have gd cmmunicatin skills. The way that students demnstrate evidence f the attainment f these attributes is mainly thrugh the assessment prcess. Hence when written material is submitted by the student, it is assessed nt just fr evidence f the student s knwledge f his/her subject, but als fr evidence f the develpment f these key graduate attributes. Hence, in additin t demnstrating knwledge, the student is als required t demnstrate the ability: T discver what is already knwn abut a subject, i.e. infrmatin retrieval, literature searching, critical appraisal, interpretatin T review published literature in a fair and unbiased way, accurately reflecting what is knwn and a bringing tgether multiple published wrks in a single written piece T cmmunicate ideas effectively, cherently and cncisely thrugh the written wrd T write with accuracy and precisin, using crrect grammar and spelling, prper syntax, and crrect punctuatin T think lgically and clearly and t present the prs and cns f an argument in a balanced way The type f writing that is presented in essays, curse wrk and ther prject wrk is referred t as academic writing. Unlike creative writing (e.g. prse in a nvel), r jurnalistic writing (e.g. reprtage, editrials, cmmentary), academic writing is frmal writing that must meet certain minimum standards f presentatin and expressin. It must be presented, using: Clear and cncise English with crrect grammar, spelling and punctuatin, prper syntax with precisin in the use f language and crrect chice f wrds A particular style f expressin that is frmal in its tne An impersnal bjective style, with absence f persnal pinin, abbreviatins, slang, jargn r cllquialisms The use f the first persn is acceptable, but this must nt be represented as persnal pinin. Fr example, it is apprpriate t write: when searching the CINAHL data base, I used the fllwing key search terms: nurse, patient r we cnducted a review f the literature t lk fr evidence f It is nt apprpriate t write: in my pinin... r I think it is imprtant that... 1

4 A key requirement in academic writing is the use f citatins. Citatins are references t the published r unpublished wrk f thers. In academic writing citatins are essential, in rder t: Demnstrate the surce f statements and ideas that are expressed in the essay by the student Acknwledge the wrk and the ideas f thers Permit the reader f the essay 1 t make infrmed judgements abut the material in the essay and abut the relevance f the cited wrk(s) t the tpic under discussin within the essay Indicate the precise surces that were cnsulted in cmpiling the essay r prject, s that the reader may lcate and retrieve the relevant material if required Reduce the likelihd that an act f plagiarism will be cmmitted. 2. PLAGIARISM The fllwing extract frm the UCD plicy n plagiarism (UCD, 2011) defines plagiarism and prvides examples f what cnstitutes plagiarism. Plagiarism is the inclusin f anther persn s writings r ideas r wrks, in any frmallypresented wrk, which frms part f the assessment requirements fr a mdule r prgramme f study, withut due acknwledgement either whlly r in part f the riginal surce f the material thrugh apprpriate citatin. Plagiarism can include the fllwing: 1. Presenting wrk authred by a third party, including ther students, friends, family, r wrk purchased thrugh internet services; 2. Presenting wrk cpied extensively with nly minr textual changes frm the internet, bks, jurnals r any ther surce; 3. Imprper paraphrasing, where a passage r idea is summarised withut due acknwledgement f the riginal surce; 4. Failing t include citatin f all riginal surces; 5. Representing cllabrative wrk as ne s wn. 1 The wrd essay is used thrughut this dcument t refer t any frm f written curse wrk that is assessed. 2

5 Plagiarism is a serius academic ffence. While plagiarism may be easy t cmmit unintentinally, it is defined by the act nt the intentin. All students are respnsible fr being familiar with the University statement n plagiarism and with Schl plicy, and if in dubt, are encuraged t seek guidance frm the relevant mdule leader r their persnal tutr. When submitting material (e.g. essay) fr assessment, each student must sign and attach a declaratin that the wrk is their wn. In additin, many mdule crdinatrs require students t submit their wrk electrnically using sftware that detects plagiarism. Wrk submitted in hard cpy is als examined fr evidence f plagiarism. The fllwing guidelines 2 set dwn the precise technical requirements that must be met in accurately citing the wrk f thers when presenting written wrk fr assessment. Student shuld cnsult these guidelines and the examples used t assist them in meeting the minimum standards required f them. 2 These guidelines are infrmed by Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2010) Cite them right: The essential referencing guide (8 th editin). New Yrk: Palgrave Macmillan. 3

6 3. REFERENCING GUIDELINES Unlike ther frms f writing, such as literary prse r jurnalism, academic writing requires the writer t supprt a psitin r argument by citing (i.e. making reference t) ther published wrk. This ensures that the ideas f thers are acknwledged and that the reader can easily find the surce f the material that was referenced, such as a jurnal article r a bk. Published material, including material surced n the Internet, is prtected by cpyright laws that cnfer wnership f ideas (referred t as intellectual prperty ) n publishers r n individual(s) wh cntributed t the generatin f the idea(s). Fr these reasns, written material submitted fr assessment shuld cntain citatins (als cmmnly referred t as references ) t the wrk that was cnsulted when preparing the essay. This invlves tw tasks, as fllws: (i) Inserting in-text citatins, i.e. making a reference t an authr within the text f the essay; (ii) Cmpiling a reference list f all surces cited in the text at the end f the essay. Nte: The literature is defined as: all f the published material abut a particular tpic, including bk, jurnal articles, cnference publicatins and sme internet publicatins. Textual and extra-textual material All written material in the bdy f an essay is text. Any written material that is placed in brackets renders that material as extra textual, i.e. utside the bdy f the essay; fr example, Living is easy with eyes clsed (Lennn, 1967). Sme frmatting ds and dn ts D nt use underline functin in written wrk. Use italics instead Use italics nly t emphasise a wrd and nly use it sparingly D nt use italics when inserting direct qutatins. Indent text by ne tab space instead Indented text shuld nt have qutatin marks, unless reprting cnversatin 4

7 When making in-text citatins and when cmpiling a reference list, a number f punctuatin marks are used. The fllwing are used mst frequently (Figure 1). Name Uses 3 The perid (r full stp). The cmma The cln The semi-cln The ellipsis The apstrphe The hyphen, : ;... - The en-dash Parentheses (r brackets) ( ) Square parentheses [ ] Qutatin marks (Duble) Qutatin marks (Single) It clses a sentence In the reference list it is placed at the end f the full citatin It separates the elements in a list (e.g. cmma, cln, semi-cln); it is placed befre certain cnjunctins (like and, but ); it separates elements in a sentence (e.g. I ging away, but I will be back sn.) It intrduces quted material (e.g. Martin Luther King said: We cannt turn back. ); it intrduces a list (e.g. The treatment f TB cnsisted f: rest, exercise, fresh air and nutritin.) Links tw independent clauses in a sentence (e.g. Abdminal exercises help prevent back pain; prper psture is als imprtant.); it is used befre certain wrds, like hwever and fr example Nte: the semicln is a weak perid, nt a strng cmma When quting material in the text, the ellipsis indicates that sme material is mitted frm the qutatin (e.g. She was a writer... wh used her writings fr plitical and nt just scientific ends. ) In this example, the ellipsis replaces mitted material, which is in red fnt: She was a writer, scientist, plitical lbbyist and scial refrmer, wh used her writings fr plitical and nt just scientific ends. ) It is used in cntracted wrds (e.g. d nt becmes dn t); it shw pssessin, (e.g. the student s essay (NB: Fr plural nuns, the apstrphe is placed after the s (e.g. the students experiences). It is used t link tw wrds (e.g. self-cnfidence) and t link tw wrds that, when cmbined, make up an adjective (e.g. nineteenth-century histry; in-text citatins) Ii indicates the space between dates in a chrnlgical range r between pages in a range f page numbers, e.g ; pages Used t include material that is t be de-emphasised, e.g. In 1854 (nt fr the first time) Britain fund itself at war with Russia n the Crimean Peninsula. T indicate extra textual material, such as a citatin in text, e.g. (Fx, 2010) Used t include explanatry wrds r phrases within a sentence (e.g. Winstn Churchill [the Prime minister during WWII] gave inspiring speeches.). T include a missing wrd r phrase within a qutatin t maintain sentence integrity (e.g. The effects [f the disease] are many.) Sets ff material that represents quted r spken language e.g. Dylan wrte: He felt the heat f the night hit him like a freight train. T set ff material that represents quted r spken language Figure 1 Cmmn punctuatin marks and their uses* 3 Fr further infrmatin, see: 5

8 The Harvard Style There are a number f systems (r cnventins) fr citing bth published and unpublished wrk f thers. Fr the purpse f essays and ther assignments, the UCD Schl f Nursing, Midwifery & Health Systems requires students t use the Harvard Style (als knwn as the Authr-date system ). 4 This system f citatin requires in-text citatins, nrmally placed in parentheses (brackets) within the text, and the preparatin f a list f all citatins, cmpiled as a list f references, as fllws: Within the text f the essay insert: i. the cited authr s name(s) (use surname nly) ii. a cmma after the authr(s) name iii. the date f publicatin iv. the page number(s), but nly where a citatin invlves a direct qutatin frm an authr(s) wrk Prepare an accurate list f all references cited in the text and cmpile this list as a list f references. Place the list f references at the end f the essay under the heading References. Example The in-text citatin: In their quest fr entry int the universities, wmen believed that they wuld btain greater scial and prfessinal mbility (Harfrd, 2008). The surce in the reference: Harfrd, J. (2008) The pening f university educatin t wmen in Ireland. Dublin: Irish Academic Press. The basic rules are that: Each citatin in the text must be accmpanied by an accurate reference t that citatin in the list f references. Only citatins in the text shuld be included in the Reference list. The list f references must be presented in alphabetical rder and must cntain all citatins within the text f the essay. The main features and requirements f the Harvard Style are explained belw. 4 Examples f this system can be fund in Endnte. 6

9 4. IN-TEXT CITATIONS USING THE HARVARD (AUTHOR-DATE) STYLE UCD SNMHS 2011 Citatins in the text f the essay must cntain bth the name(s) f the authr(s) and the date f publicatin. Where a citatin includes a direct qutatin frm an authr(s), the page number(s) must als be inserted. There are tw principal ways f citing the wrk f thers within the text f an essay. The first and mst cmmn way is t paraphrase the written wrds f a single authr r multiple authrs using the student s wn language (r synthesis). The secnd way is t insert a direct qutatin frm the surce, using qutatin marks. The examples that fllw indicate the subtle variances in the Harvard style. In-text citing In-text citatins are generally placed either in full in brackets within the text (i.e. extra textual) r partly within the text as part f the sentence structure (i.e. textual). The fllwing examples illustrate the Harvard style: Textual Extra-textual Example: Paraphrase (citatin nt a direct qutatin) f a single authr In a review f antipyretic therapy, Carey (2010) cncluded that the use f antipyretic drugs may be ineffective and may delay recvery. Nte: The date nly is in parentheses, because the authr s name is an integral part f the sentence structure (i.e. the authr s name is textual, but the date is extra textual). Example: Paraphrase f single citatin f tw authrs As nurses are respnsible fr taking measurements, it is essential that they are aware f issues f measurement accuracy (MacKechnie and Simpsn, 2006). Nte: Since the authrs names and the date are nt an integral part f the sentence structure (i.e. bth are extra textual), they are placed in parentheses When citing up t three authrs, all three authrs names are inserted within the in-text citatin. Where the reference includes fur r mre authrs, the first authr name nly is inserted, fllwed by et al which is placed in italics, fllwed by a perid, which is nt italicized, thus: et al. (The phrase et al. is an abbreviatin f the Latin phrase et alii, which means and thers ). Using direct qutatin When using qutatin marks in the Harvard style, it is acceptable t use single qutatin marks, r duble qutatin marks. The rule is t be cnsistent. The single qutatin mark is used in all f the examples that fllw, and is recmmended. 7

10 Example: Paraphrase f single citatin f multiple authrs In a study measuring attitudes f primary care nurses in Ireland twards caring fr peple with hepatitis, Frazer et al. (2011) reprted that the majrity f nurses believed that universal precautins wuld prtect them frm becming infected with hepatitis at wrk. Nte: The citatin refers t a publicatin with mre than three authrs; hence the use f the phrase et al. Example: Paraphrase f multiple citatins f multiple authrs Retrspective studies in humans suggest that failure t munt a febrile respnse is assciated with pr utcme in certain infectins (Bryant et al., 1971, Weinstein et al., 1978, Mackwiak et al., 1980). Nte: All three citatins refer t publicatins with mre than three authrs; hence the use f the phrase et al. Example: Paraphrase (citatin nt a direct qutatin) and multiple authrs Physical antipyretic therapies include ice packs, cling blankets (Styrt and Sugarman, 1990), tepid spnging (Styrt and Sugarman, 1990; Hay et al., 2009), remving clthing (Hay et al., 2009) r fanning (Hay et al., 2009). Nte: The wrd and in the citatin shuld nt be substituted by the ampersand ( & ). Nte: Individual citatins are separated by a semi-cln. Example: Paraphrase (citatin nt a direct qutatin) and tw authrs Ryan and Levy (2003) highlight the fact that it is cmmn fr hspitalised patients with a fever t receive pharmaclgical r physical antipyretic therapy. Nte: The wrd and in the citatin shuld nt be substituted by the ampersand ( & ). In this example the reference is textual and nly the date is extra textual, i.e. the authrs names are an integral part f the sentence structure The secnd way t cite an authr(s) in the text is t insert a direct qutatin frm the surce, using qutatin marks. Hwever, direct qutatins shuld be used sparingly and nly where it is cnsidered that the cited authr s wn wrds are best t cnvey a pint r t illustrate a particular line f argument. The citatin using a direct qute requires the insertin f the authr s surname, the year f publicatin and the page number(s). Example: Direct qutatin as part f the sentence In a review f antipyretic therapy, Carey (2010, p. 2389) cncluded that antipyretics at best d nt alter duratin f illness, but at wrst may prlng it. Nte: The citatin in brackets includes the page number preceded by the letter p Nte: Single qutatin marks ( ) are used. Nte: The full stp is placed utside the qutatin mark (as in this example) and nly falls inside the qutatin mark if the material quted is a cmplete sentence. Nte: Cmpare this example with Example 1 abve. 8

11 A direct qutatin can als be used within a sentence t set up a direct qutatin, as in the fllwing example: Example: Direct qutatin as part f the sentence, using a semi-cln In a study f the predictrs f lder peple s attendance at the emergency department (ED), Naughtn et al. (2010, p. 687) cncluded: Healthcare needs drve cntact with the ED, this was assciated with a perceptin by lder peple f a lack f alternative resurces in primary care. Nte: Nte that the semi-cln directly precedes the quted material Nte: Shrt qutatins f tw r three lines can be set up within the sentence structure Nte: The page number is inserted Example: Cmbining paraphrase and direct qutatin Hyde et al. (2010) examined Irish wmen s experiences and understandings f the menpause using in-depth interviews with thirty-nine wmen frm varying sciecnmic backgrunds. These authrs reprted that wmen fcused n their bdily experiences, [and] and their altered emtins, when speaking abut the menpause (Hyde et al. 2000, p. 813). Nte: The page number is inserted, because a direct qutatin is included. Nte: the wrd and, which is placed in square brackets, des nt appear in the citied article. The use f square brackets indicates that the wrd is added t maintain gd sentence structure Nte: The verbs like examined and reprted are ften used when citing a research study When presenting direct qutatins f mre than three lines (r mre than 40 wrds), the direct qutatin shuld be preceded by a cln and the entire qutatin shuld be indented by ne tab and n qutatin marks are inserted. Example: Direct qutatin f mre than three lines frm a single sentence, (tw authrs) Referring t the cntributin that nurses can make in the treatment and care f patients with chrnic illness, Cster and Nrman (2010, p. 526) write: Self-management interventins fr patients with asthma, epilepsy, and diabetes are particularly prmising, and nurses are clearly cntributing t educatinal interventins f chrnic disease by bth delivering prgrammes independently and alngside ther prfessinals. Nte: The direct qutatin is preceded by a shrt sentence and a cln ( : ) Nte: In a direct qutatin that is indented, qutatin marks are nt required Nte: The direct qutatin is indented by ne tab space nly Nte: The direct qutatin is preceded by a line space and fllwed by a line space As with the previus example, direct qutatins f greater than three lines r cntaining multiple sentences, r cntaining mre than 40 wrds are set up as a separate paragraph and indented by ne (1) tab space. 9

12 Example: Direct qutatin frm a single passage f text, multiple authrs Fealy, McNamara and Geraghty (2010) write that the study f nineteenth-century sanitary refrm prvides imprtant lessns fr cntemprary infectin cntrl plicy: Tday s level f public mistrust in the health f hspitals and cncerning antimicrbial resistant infectins is reminiscent f the mistrust that peple expressed in the 19 th century, which was als based, in part, n a fear f cntagin. Pwerful histrical lessns fr cntemprary practice are suggested: public trust in the health f hspitals can be regained thrugh effective, independent statutry inspectin systems with a remit t mnitr standards and, where warranted, enfrce cmpliance with standards. Nte: As with the previus example, the quted text is preceded by a sentence and the text is set up as a separate paragraph and indented by ne tab space. Nte: D nt attempt t create a cntinuus sentence with the direct qutatin and the sentence r clause preceding it. Remember, the cln is used in bth examples t set up the direct qutatin. Where a direct qutatin is presented with a piece f the qutatin mitted frm the essay, the direct qutatin must demnstrate this. The way t achieve this is by simply inserting the qutatin and inserting an ellipsis, which is a punctuatin mark cntaining a single space fllwed by three dts (n mre r n less than three dts), fllwed by a single space in place f the mitted material frm the quted passage. This dentes that sme f the text that is being quted is mitted, as in the fllwing example: Example: Direct qutatin frm a passage f text with sme quted material mitted Murphy and Fealy (2007) pint t the challenges in achieving family-centred care fr children in hspital: While nurses understand the cmplexities f caring fr children and accept family-centred care as an ideal philsphy fr the care f children and their families, the implementatin f family-centred care in practice presents difficulties fr nurses It requires a relinquishing f the traditinal gate-keeping rle held by nurses in respect f parents, and it requires the skills f negtiatin and cllabratin. Nte: The ellipsis is nt preceded by r fllwed by any ther punctuatin mark. It is preceded by a space and fllwed by a space. When citing tw different wrks published by the same authr in the same year, it is necessary t distinguish between the tw citatins. This is dne by simply identifying the first citatin date with and a and the secnd citatin date with a b. 10

13 Example: Tw citatins fr the same authr (single authr) with tw publicatins in the same year McNamara (2010a) writes that academic nursing needs t be respnsive t the prfessin s need fr evidence-based practice and he argues that in the future academic nursing departments in universities will require a mix f expert nurse practitiners, managers, plicy makers and research experts (McNamara, 2010b). Nte: In the reference list the fllwing shuld appear: McNamara, M.S. (2010a) Where is nursing in academic nursing? Disciplinary discurse, identities and clinical practice: a critical perspective frm Ireland, Jurnal f Clinical Nursing, 19 (5 6), pp McNamara, M.S. (2010b) What lies beneath? The underlying principles structuring the field f academic nursing in Ireland, Jurnal f Prfessinal Nursing, 26 (6), pp Example: Tw citatins fr the same authr with tw publicatins in the same year Academic nursing needs t be respnsive t the prfessin s need fr evidence-based practice, and in the future, academic nursing departments in universities will require a mix f expert nurse practitiners, managers, plicy makers and research experts (McNamara, 2010a, 2010b). Nte: This is simply an alternative t the previus example. This same rule applies when there are multiple authrs in the same year, as in the fllwing example. Example: Tw citatins fr the same authr (multiple authr) with tw publicatins in the same year The majrity f lder peple in Ireland have clse relatinships with family friends and neighburs (Drennan et al., 2008a) and d nt experience lneliness (Drennan et al., 2008b) Nte: In the reference list the fllwing shuld appear: Drennan, J., Treacy, P., Butler, M., Byrne, A., Fealy, G.M., Frazer, K. and Irving, K. (2008a) Supprt netwrks f lder peple living in the cmmunity, Internatinal Jurnal f Older Peple Nursing, 3, Drennan, J., Treacy, P., Butler, M., Byrne A., Fealy, G.M., Frazer, K. and Irving, K. (2008b) The experience f scial and emtinal lneliness f lder peple in Ireland, Ageing and Sciety, 28, pp Nte: The same authrs are listed fr the tw citatins. An alternative way t cite tw different wrks published by the same authr in the same year is t place the authr and details in parentheses at the end f the sentence, as the fllwing example illustrates: 11

14 Example: Tw citatins fr the same authr with tw publicatins in the same year The majrity f lder peple in Ireland have clse relatinships with family friends and neighburs and d nt experience lneliness (Drennan et al., 2008a, 2008b). Nte: This is simply an alternative way f citing the same surce as cited in the previus example. When mre than ne surce was cnsulted fr the same statement, it is imprtant t cite all f the surces that were cnsulted, as in the fllwing example: Example: Tw citatins fr the same authr with tw publicatins in different years A number f researchers reprted a delayed effect f the emergency-department interventin (McCusker et al., 2001; Min et al., 2003). Nte: each individual citatin is separated by a semi-cln Edited bk When inserting an in-text citatin frm a bk, it is imprtant t check whether the bk is by a single authr(s) r is an edited bk. In the case f an edited bk there will be multiple authrs, with each chapter typically written by a single authr(s). In the case f an edited bk, the citatin shuld refer t the chapter authr and nt the bk editr. Example: Citatin fr a single authr in an edited bk During the Great Flu pandemic f in Ireland, bth dctrs and their patients believed that a healthy, clean, fit bdy was the mst effective prtectin against flu (Fley, 2011, p. 160). Nte: the Authr is Fley and the citatin is frm an edited bk by Cx and Luddy (2011). Hence the citatin in the reference list shuld read: Fley, C. (2011) This revived ld plague: Cping with flu, in Cx, C. and Clear, C. (eds) Cultures f care in Irish medical Histry, New Yrk: Palgrave Macmillan, pp Nte: the wrd in precedes the bk editrs names Nte: the abbreviatin eds in brackets indicates that Cx and Luddy are the bk s editrs Nte: the abbreviatin eds is nt fllwed by a perid Nte: The first and last page numbers f the chapter are included. Secndary surce When citing a surce that was cited by anther surce, thus is termed a secndary surce. If it is nt pssible t find the riginal cited surce, the surce may be cited in the essay as a secndary surce, and s it is necessary t demnstrate this in the text f the essay. This is achieved by using the phrase cited in r ther variatins f the phrase within the in-text citatin. It is preferable t find the riginal surce and an essay shuld cntain minimal secndary surces. 12

15 Example: In-text citatin f a secndary surce By the turn f the twenty-first century, there were many areas f midwifery practice in which little r n research had been cnducted (Raisler, 2000, cited in Butler et al. 2009, p. 577). Nte: The phrase cited in is used t indicate that the citatin is t a secndary surce. The surce f the in-text citatin is Butler et al. (2009) and nt Raisler (2000) and hence the citatin in the reference list is t Butler. The reference shuld read: Butler, M., Meehan, T.C., Kemple, M., Drennan, J., Treacy, M. and Jhnsn, M. (2009) Identifying research pririties fr midwifery in Ireland, Midwifery, 25 pp Example: In-text citatin f a secndary surce (alternative methd) Butler et al. (2009) cite a study by Raisler (2000), which shwed that there were many areas f midwifery practice in which little r n research had been cnducted. Nte: This is an alternative way f citing the same surce as cited in the previus example. The Internet When citing an nline article r a particular website surce, it is preferable t cite the authr name and date in parentheses, where these are knwn. If there is n authr indicated, cite the title f the nline article r reprt and the date in brackets. Where n article r reprt title is indicated in the nline surce, cite the unifrm resurce lcatr (URL) in parentheses. In the reference list, cite the fllwing: the title f the Internet article r publicatin, and the date n which the site was accessed and the article retrieved. When citing an internet surce in the reference list, cpy the full URL as it appears in the address bar, s that the reader may retrieve the nline surce if required. Example: In-text citatin f an Internet surce, where authr(s) name is knwn Umble et al. (2007) used a cmbinatin f quantitative and qualitative data cllectin methds, including an nline survey and participant interviews. Nte: The citatin in the reference list shuld read: Umble, K.S., Diehl, A., Gunn, S. and Haws, S. (2007) Develping leaders, building netwrks: An evaluatin f the natinal public health leadership institute, University f Nrth Carlina: The Nrth Carlina Institute fr Public Health. Available nline at: (Accessed: 24 June 2011). 13

16 Example: In-text citatin f an Internet surce, where reprt title is knwn The demgraphic prfile f the Irish traveller ppulatin is characterised by high fertility and premature mrtality (All-Ireland Traveller Health Study, 2010) Nte: The citatin in the reference list shuld read: Department f Health and Children (2010) All-Ireland traveller health study. Dublin: Department f Health and Children, Available nline at: (Accessed: 27 June 2011). Nte: The citatin cntains the authr name (in this case Department f Health and Children), the place f publicatin (Dublin) and the publisher (Department f Health and Children). Example: In-text citatin f an Internet surce, where reprt title is knwn Darwin s thery heralded a new era, in which the age f faith and religius certainty was replaced by an age f religius dubt ( 2011). Nte: The citatin in the reference list shuld read: The Victrian Web (2011) Available nline at: (Accessed: 27 June 2011) Nte: The date f the citatin is the year n which the nline article was retrieved. D nt use Wikipedia as a surce fr an academic essay. While this website may be useful as a surce f infrmatin n a whle range f tpics, including articles n ppular culture in such fields as media studies, it is nt a reliable surce f infrmatin. The mst reliable surce is academic research and ther schlarly material published in peer-reviewed jurnals r bks. Cnference papers Individual papers at academic cnferences may be cited in the text f an essay. Often the prceedings f a cnference are published in a bk f cnference abstracts, with a page number fr each cnference abstract. An abstract is a shrt summary f the cnference paper. Example: In-text citatin f a cnference paper Crawley (2010) cnducted an investigatin int lder wmen s experiences f ageing. The citatin in the reference list shuld read: Crawley, L. (2010) Wmen in ld age: An egalitarian analysis f the emtinal significance f affective inequalities, Thirty-ninth Annual Cnference f the British Sciety f Gerntlgy, Brunel University, Lndn, 5 8 July. Lndn: British Sciety f Gerntlgy. 14

17 Unpublished wrks Unpublished wrks can als be cited and referenced in an academic essay. When listing the reference in the reference list, it is imprtant t indicate that the wrk is unpublished. A cmmn example f an unpublished wrk is a PhD thesis Example: In-text citatin f an unpublished wrk Fx (2011) examined the use f cmplementary and alternative medicine amng wmen with breast cancer in Ireland. Nte: The citatin in the reference list shuld read: Fx, P. (2011) An investigatin f the use f cmplementary and alternative medicine amng wmen with breast cancer in Ireland. Unpublished PhD thesis. University Cllege Dublin. 15

18 5. COMPILING THE LIST OF REFERENCES When cmpiling the list f references, it is essential that all citatins in the text f the essay are included in the reference list at the end f the essay. The reference list is cmpiled in alphabetical rder. Each reference shuld be separated by a single line space. When cmpiling the reference list d nt use numbering r bullet pints and d nt underline jurnal r bk titles. Jurnal article In the reference list a jurnal article must be cited as fllws: 1. The authr s/authrs last name, fllwed by a cmma 2. The authr s/authrs initials(s) fllwed by a perid. If mre than ne authr, each authr s name is separated by a cmma 3. The year f publicatin in rund brackets 4. The full title f article in single qutatin marks, fllwed by a perid. Capitalise nly the first wrd f the article title and any prper nuns cntained in the article title. If the article title cntains a cln, capitalise the wrd immediately fllwing the cln 5. The title f the jurnal written in italics, fllwed by a cmma. Capitalise the first letter f each wrd in the jurnal title, except fr linking wrds such as and, f and fr. Each wrd in the jurnal title shuld be written ut in full and nt abbreviated. 6. The jurnal issue infrmatin t include: the vlume number and, where applicable, the issue r part number in rund brackets, fllwed by a cmma, fllwed by the abbreviatin pp fllwed by a perid 7. The page numbers f the cited article fllwed by a perid. Example: jurnal article, single authr Sheridan, A.J. (2006) The impact f plitical transitin n psychiatric nursing: A case study f 20th century Ireland, Nursing Inquiry, 13 (4), pp Nte: The punctuatin mark separating page numbers is an en-rule punctuatin mark ( ) and nt a hyphen ( - ). Example: jurnal article, tw authrs Cghlan, D. and Casey, M. (2001) Actin research frm the inside: Issues and challenges in ding actin research in yur wn hspital, Jurnal f Advanced Nursing, 35 (5), pp Nte: the wrd and is inserted between the tw authrs names 16

19 Example: jurnal article, multiple authrs Hyde, A., Carney, M., Drennan, J., Butler, M., Lhan, M. and Hwlett, E. (2010) The silent treatment: Parents narratives f sexuality educatin with yung peple, Culture, Health and Sexuality, 12 (4), Bk In the reference list a bk is cited as fllws: 1. The authr s/authrs surname, fllwed by a cmma 2. The authr s/authrs initials(s) fllwed by a perid. If mre than ne authr, each authr s name is separated by a cmma. 3. The year f publicatin, in rund brackets 4. The full title f the bk, including any subtitle, written in italics, fllwed by a perid. Capitalise nly the first wrd f the bk title and any prper nuns cntained in the bk title, fllwed by a perid. If the bk title cntains a cln, capitalise the wrd immediately fllwing the cln 5. The editin number f the bk, but nly if the bk is nt the first editin, fllwed by a perid, fllwed by a cmma (e.g. 2 nd ed.,) 6. The place f publicatin, fllwed by a cln 7. The name f the publisher, fllwed by a perid Example: Bk, single authr Fealy, G.M. (2009) The Adelaide Hspital Schl f Nursing, : A cmmemrative histry. Dublin: Clumba Press. Nte: Only the first wrd and prper nuns in the bk title are capitalised. Example: Citatin fr a bk in the reference list, multiple authrs McDnnell, O., Lhan, M., Hyde, A. and Prter, S. (2009) Scial thery, health and healthcare. Lndn: Palgrave Macmillan. Nte: The penultimate and last authrs names are separated by and and nt a cmma. Bk chapter in an edited bk Many bks are edited bks. This means that ne r mre editrs have cmpiled the bk and that each chapter in the bk is generally written by a different authr(s). Therefre edited bks tend t have multiple authrs, s when citing frm a particular chapter in an edited bk, it is imprtant that the name f the chapter authr(s) is cited in the in-text citatin. In the reference list fr a bk chapter in an edited bk, the authr and title f the bk chapter 17

20 and the pages in which the chapter appears must be cited alng with the names f the bk editrs and details f the bk as fllws: 1. The authr s/authrs last name, fllwed by a cmma 2. The authr s/authrs initials(s) fllwed by a perid. 3. The year f publicatin, in parentheses 4. The full title f the bk chapter, including any subtitle, fllwed by a perid. Capitalize the first wrd and any prper nuns nly in the bk chapter title 5. The editr s/editrs surname, fllwed by editr s/editrs initials(s) 6. The abbreviatin ed. in parentheses fr a single editr, r eds in parentheses fr multiple editrs 7. The full title f the bk, including any subtitle, written in italics, fllwed by a perid. Capitalise nly the first wrd f the bk title and any prper nuns cntained in the bk title. If the bk title cntains a cln, capitalise the wrd immediately fllwing the cln 8. The place f publicatin, fllwed by a cln. 9. The name f the publisher, fllwed by a cmma 10. The pages in which the bk chapter appears, fllwed by a perid Example: Bk chapter, single authr in an edited bk Furlng, E. and O Tle, S. (2006) Psychlgical care fr patients with cancer. In: Kearney, N. and Richardsn, A. (eds) Nursing patients with cancer: Principles and practice. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstne, pp Nte: The abbreviatin eds is an abbreviatin f the wrd editrs and is placed in parentheses after the bk editrs names. Nte: Fr tw r mre bk editrs, the abbreviatin is eds, as in this example. Nte: The abbreviatin eds is nt fllwed by a perid. Nte: The abbreviatin is ed. where there is a single editr and the abbreviatin ed is fllwed by a perid. Published reprt In the reference list a published reprted is referenced similar t a bk and must be cited in the fllwing rder: 1. The authr s/authrs last surname, fllwed by a cmma, 2. The authr s/authrs initials(s) fllwed by a perid 3. The year f publicatin, in parentheses 4. The full title f the reprt, including any subtitle, written in italics, fllwed by a perid. Capitalise nly the first wrd and any prper nuns cntained in the reprt title. If the reprt title 18

21 cntains a cln, capitalise the wrd immediately fllwing the cln. 5. The place f publicatin, fllwed by a cln 6. The name f the publisher fllwed by a perid Example: Published reprt, multiple authrs Drennan, J., Naughtn, C., Allen, D., Hyde, A., Felle, P., O Byle, K., Treacy, P. and Butler, M. (2009) Natinal independent evaluatin f the nurse and midwife prescribing initiative. Dublin: University Cllege Dublin. Nte: The publisher in this instance is an institutin and nt a publishing cmpany. Example: Published reprt, n authr indicated Nursing and Midwifery Cuncil (NMC) (2008) Standards t supprt learning and assessment in practice. Nursing and Midwifery Cuncil: Lndn. Nte: The publisher in this instance is a statutry bdy and nt a publishing cmpany. Cnference paper In the reference list a cnference paper published reprted is referenced similarly t a bk and must be cited in the fllwing rder: 1. The authr s/authrs last surname, fllwed by a cmma, 2. The authr s/authrs initials(s) fllwed by a perid 3. The year f publicatin, in parentheses 4. The full title f the cnference paper, placed in single qutatin marks, fllwed by a cmma Capitalise nly the first wrd and any prper nuns cntained in the paper title. If the paper title cntains a cln, capitalise the wrd immediately fllwing the cln 5. The full title f the cnference in italics, fllwed by a perid 6. The lcatin (city) in which the cnference tk place, fllwed by a cmma 7. The date(s) n which the cnference tk place, fllwed by a perid 8. The place f publicatin, fllwed by a cln 9. The name f the publisher r cnference rganising bdy fllwed by a perid Example: Cnference paper Crawley, L. (2010) Wmen in ld age: An egalitarian analysis f the emtinal significance f affective inequalities, Thirty-ninth Annual Cnference f the British Sciety f Gerntlgy, Brunel University, Lndn, 5 8 July. Lndn: British Sciety f Gerntlgy. Nte: The year f publicatin is the year in which the paper was presented, i.e Nte: The place (city) in which the cnference tk place was Lndn. Nte: The name f the publisher/cnference rganising bdy was the British Sciety f Gerntlgy 19

22 Unpublished wrks (thesis) Unpublished wrks, such as a PhD thesis are listed in the fllwing way: 1. The authr s/authrs last surname, fllwed by a cmma, 2. The authr s/authrs initials(s) fllwed by a perid 3. The year f publicatin, in parentheses 4. The full title f the thesis, including any subtitle in italics, fllwed by a perid 5. The wrds unpublished PhD thesis (r unpublished master s thesis, if apprpriate), fllwed by a perid. 6. The name f the degree awarding bdy, fllwed by a perid. Example: Unpublished wrk (thesis) O Tle, S. (2011) A narrative analysis f accunts f dying with Mtr Neurn Disease: Stries f suffering. Unpublished PhD thesis. University Cllege Dublin. Internet Unpublished wrks, such as a PhD thesis are listed in the fllwing way: 1. The authr s/authrs last surname, fllwed by a cmma, 2. The authr s/authrs initials(s) fllwed by a perid 3. The year f publicatin, in parentheses 4. The full title f the dcument, including any subtitle, in italics, fllwed by a perid 5. The place f publicatin, if apprpriate, fllwed by a cln 7. The name f the publisher, fllwed by a perid 8. The phrase Available nline at, fllwed by a cln The URL link, fllwed by the phrase in parentheses: Accessed fllwed by a cln, fllwed by the date n which the article was accessed nline. : Example: Internet article Department f Health and Children (2010) All-Ireland traveller health study, Dublin: Department f Health and Children, Available nline at: (Accessed: 27 June 2011). 20

23 Example f a reference list When cmpiling the reference list d nt use numbering r bullet pints and d nt underline jurnal r bk titles. References Cghlan, D. and Casey, M. (2001) Actin research frm the inside: Issues and challenges in ding actin research in yur wn hspital, Jurnal f Advanced Nursing, 35 (5), pp Hyde, A., Carney, M., Drennan, J., Butler, M., Lhan, M. and Hwlett, E. (2010) The silent treatment: Parents narratives f sexuality educatin with yung peple, Culture, Health and Sexuality, 12 (4): McDnnell, O., Lhan, M., Hyde, A. and Prter, S. (2009) Scial thery, health and healthcare. Lndn: Palgrave Macmillan. Sheridan, A. J. (2006) The impact f plitical transitin n psychiatric nursing: A case study f 20th century Ireland, Nursing Inquiry, 13 (4), Nte: Each reference in the list is separated by a single line space. Fr further infrmatin n the Harvard Style, visit the UCD Library site at: A pdf versin f the file is available at: 21

24 References Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2010) Cite them right: The essential referencing guide (8 th editin). New Yrk: Palgrave Macmillan. University Cllege Dublin (2011) Plagiarism plicy and prcedures. Dublin: University Cllege Dublin Available nline at: (Accessed 4 August 2011). 22