Referencing Images. Introduction... 1

Transcription

1 General Guide THE LIBRARY Referencing Images Intrductin... 1 Referencing Figures Referencing figures frm web surces... 2 Referencing figures frm print surces... 4 Referencing yur wn figures... 5 Creating a List f Figures... 6 Referencing Tables... 7 Referencing tables frm web surces... 8 Referencing tables frm print surces... 8 Referencing tables yu have created frm ther surces... 9 Referencing yur wn tables... 9 Creating a List f Tables Further Help Intrductin When yu are writing an assignment r dissertatin yu may wish t use images, such as tables, phtgraphs, diagrams, maps and charts, t illustrate a pint r describe what yu are writing abut. If yu did nt create the images yurself, yu must acknwledge them as yu wuld in written wrk. Illustratins fall int tw categries: Figures Tables Phtgraphs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, flwcharts, maps, etc. Text r numbers arranged in rderly clumns and rws. Every time yu use a figure r a table in yur writing, it shuld be referred t three times: 1. In a captin, just belw the image. This includes a number, a title, and its surce. Please see the examples belw fr further infrmatin. 2. In yur writing. Yu shuld include an in-text citatin and a sentence r tw abut the image explaining what it illustrates and why it is there. 3. As a reference in yur bibligraphy. If yu have nly used a few images r tables, yu may include the references in the same bibligraphy (reference list) as yur bks, jurnal articles, etc. If yu are writing a large piece f wrk, such as yur dissertatin r thesis, and have used a lt f illustrative material, yu shuld reference them in a separate List f Figures and/r List f Tables. If yu are unsure what t d, please speak t yur tutr r supervisr.

2 A nte abut cpyright: If yu are writing a PhD thesis and intend t make it available electrnically (fr example, n the University f Salfrd Institutinal Repsitry, USIR), r are writing anything fr publicatin (e.g. a bk r jurnal article) yu shuld seek cpyright permissin frm the creatrs f any illustrative material that yu use. Include a nte at the end f yur captin (see next page) stating that cpyright permissin has been granted, and reference the material fully accrding t the style apprpriate fr yur discipline. As student assignments and taught-curse dissertatins are nt published (r publicly available like a PhD thesis) it is nt necessary t btain cpyright permissin, but yu still must cite any illustrative material as a direct qutatin and prvide full reference details in yur Reference List. Referencing figures frm web surces The fllwing instructins are fr images that yu have fund in varius webs surces, such as webpages, blgs r wikis. Yu might have saved the image as a file such as a jpeg, r taken a screensht f it. If yu use an image frm an electrnic jurnal r electrnic bk, treat it as a print surce (see page 4). Captin The captin is placed directly belw the image, and includes the fllwing infrmatin: Number Title Surce Use italics fr the wrd Figure fllwed by a sequential number (assuming yu are using mre than ne image). Give the image a brief, descriptive title. The creatr r wner f the image and its year f creatin, preceded by the wrd Surce: and enclsed in parentheses. 2 [August12 Anne Sherwin]

3 In yur writing Yu shuld have a sentence just belw r abve the image, explaining why it is there. This shuld mentin the figure number and include an in-text citatin (as yu wuld fr a written qutatin). Figure 1 is an artist s impressin f what was envisaged fr the Cliffrd Whitwrth Library (University f Salfrd, 1970). Nte than in yur text the wrd Figure is nt in italics, but it shuld have a capital F. The citatin includes the creatr f the image and its date, enclsed in parentheses. In yur Reference List In yur Reference List, the abve example wuld lk like this: University f Salfrd. (1970). Artist's impressin f Cliffrd Whitwrth Library. [Drawing] Retrieved frm Frmat f references Creatr The creatr f the wrk. Surname, fllwed by a cmma, fllwed by initial(s). Include full stps and initials between initials. If there is mre than ne creatr put a cmma between each name and an ampersand befre the last name. If the wrk has been created by an assciatin r institutin, etc., use the rganisatins name as the authr. If there is n creatr, start the reference with the title f the wrk. Year the year the wrk was created (if knwn) enclsed in parentheses and fllwed by a full stp. If yu dn t knw the year, use (n.d.) n date. Title In sentence case and italics. There are times when the image will nt have a title fr example, yu may have used a tl such as Digimap t create a map. If this is the case, give the image a descriptin, plus the medium (e.g. Map) enclsed in square brackets. Type f Wrk frmat r medium f the wrk, enclsed in square brackets, fllwed by a full stp. URL the URL f the surce, preceded by the wrds Retrieved frm. D nt underline the URL. Yu d nt need t include a retrieval date as the image will nt change. 3

4 Reference List examples: (Please nte yu shuld nly fllw this frmat f references if yu have nly used a cuple f images and are including them in yur Reference List (Bibligraphy). If yu are using a List f Figures, please fllw the layut example n page 6. Aldi, R. G. & Seguin, R. (1998). Prductin flw chart fr distilled spirits manufacturing [Flw chart]. Retrieved frm Bryant, L. R. (2010). Cane tad [Phtgraph]. Retrieved frm Greater Manchester Cngestin Charge [Map]. (2008). Retrieved frm Mmbassa, R. (2005). Jesus bttle, Otag [Acrylic n canvas]. Retrieved frm Ordnance Survey. (2011). [Windgate Edge. Map]. Retrieved frm Schwarz, V. (2010). Wrestling hamsters [Drawing - Clured Pencil]. Retrieved frm Tierney, A. (2008). Laser pen usage [Graph]. Retrieved frm University f Salfrd. (1970). Artist's impressin f Cliffrd Whitwrth Library. [Drawing] Retrieved frm Referencing figures frm print surces Yu may find images in print surces such as bk and jurnals that yu scan and use in yur wrk. If this is the case yu shuld fllw the instructins n pages 2 & 3 f this guide, but instead f having a URL as yur surce yu shuld prvide details f the printed material. Als use these instructins fr images fund in e-jurnals and e-bks. Captin Fllw the instructins n page 2 f this guide. In yur writing When yu use smene else s illustrative material in yur writing yu shuld always treat it as direct qutatin. In yur citatin, include the page number n which yu fund the image. In Figure 2 (Gauguin, 1887, p.15) we see the bright clurs that are typical f artist s later wrk. 4 [August12 Anne Sherwin]

5 Reference List Treat yur image as an item in a bk r jurnal. Start yur reference with the creatr f the wrk and the year it was created, fllwed by its title and medium (as yu wuld fr web images (see page 3). The secnd part f yur reference is fr the wrk yu fund it in. Start with the wrd In, fllwed by the authr r editr f the wrk, its date, the title, the either the publisher details (fr a bk) r jurnal details (fr an image fund in a jurnal). Fr an image fund in a jurnal, use the page number the image was fund n, rather than the whle page range f the article. D nt repeat the creatrs names if they are als the authrs f the bk r article. Reference List examples (Please nte yu shuld nly fllw this frmat f references if yu have nly used a cuple f images and are including them in yur Reference List (Bibligraphy). If yu are using a List f Figures, please fllw the layut example n page 6. Brwn, K. (2006). Frequency f Bulbil Watsnia befre and then ne year fllwing treatment with the herbicide 2,2-DPA [Graph]. In Eclgical Management & Restratin, 7(1), p. 69. Fielding, A., & Hawrth, P. F. (2002). Glden eagle distributin map [Map]. In Upland Habitats. Lndn: Rutledge. Gauguin, P. (1887). At the pnd [Oil n canvas]. In I. F. Walther (2004), Paul Gauguin: : the primitive sphisticate. Kln: Taschen. Rentz, A. (2007). Cnfectinery tribute [Phtgraph]. In New Statesman, 136(4857), p. 42. Tansley, S. A., & Brwn, C. R. (2000). The brad extent f the Cape Flral Kingdm [Diagram]. In Bilgical Cnservatin, 95(1), p. 41. Referencing yur wn figures If yu use graphs, diagrams, phtgraphs r ther images in yur wrk that yu have created yurself, yu d nt need t reference them, but yu d still need t give them a captin and explain why they are there. Captin - give yur Figure a number (in italics) and title t describe it. In yur writing Yu shuld have a sentence just belw r abve the image, explaining why it is there. This shuld mentin the figure number, but, as yu have created it yurself, d nt give it an in-text citatin. 5

6 and Figure 2 prvides a prfile f the candidates aspiratins, accrding t their age. Reference Because this is yur wn illustratin, and nt ne yu have fund in a published wrk, d nt give it a reference. Hwever, if yu are writing a large assignment such as a dissertatin and are using a List f Figures (see belw) yu shuld include the image in the list. List f Figures example: Figure 2. Prfile f candidates by age grup [Graph]. Creating a List f Figures If yu are writing a lng assignment, such as yur dissertatin r thesis, and have used a number f figures yu shuld reference them in a List f Figures (rather than in yur bibligraphy r reference list). A List f Figures cmes at the start f yur wrk, after yur Table f Cntents. List yur figures in cnsecutive rder, i.e. in the rder they appear in yur writing (nt alphabetically as yu wuld in a bibligraphy). Start each item with its number, e.g. Figure 1. Put this in italics. Fllw the frmat f the Reference List examples n pages 4 & 5. Remember that any images yu have created yurself shuld als be included in the list, but d nt need retrieval details (see abve). List f Figures examples: Figure 1. University f Salfrd. (1970). Artist's impressin f Cliffrd Whitwrth Library. [Drawing] Retrieved frm Figure 2. Gauguin, P. (1887). At the pnd [Oil n canvas]. In I. F. Walther (2004), Paul Gauguin: : the primitive sphisticate. Kln: Taschen. Figure 3. Prfile f candidates by age grup [Graph]. Figure 4. Fielding, A., & Hawrth, P. F. (2002). Glden eagle distributin map [Map]. In Upland Habitats. Lndn: Rutledge. Figure 5. Bryant, L. R. (2010). Cane tad [Phtgraph]. Retrieved frm Figure 6. Tansley, S. A., & Brwn, C. R. (2000). The brad extent f the Cape Flral Kingdm [Diagram]. In Bilgical Cnservatin, 95(1), p. 41. Nte: yu can either number yur figures cnsecutively (as abve), r number them in a multilevel sequence fr each chapter, e.g. Figure 1.1 Figure 1.2 Figure [August12 Anne Sherwin]

7 Referencing Tables Tables refers t text and/r numbers arranged in rderly clumns and rws. The treatment f them is the same as Figures, in that yu need t prvide a captin fr each table, explain in yur writing why yu have used it, and acknwledge where yu fund it. If yu are writing a lng assignment with a number f tables, they shuld be referenced in a List f Tables. In a shrter assignment, where yu might have included nly ne r tw tables, yu can reference them in yur bibligraphy (reference list). Captin The captin is placed directly belw the table, and includes the fllwing infrmatin: Number Use italics fr the wrd Table fllwed by a sequential number. Title Give the image a brief, descriptive title. Surce The creatr f the table and its year f creatin, preceded by the wrd Surce: and enclsed in parentheses. In yur writing Yu shuld have a sentence just belw r abve the table, explaining its purpse in the cntext f yur assignment. This shuld mentin the figure number and include an in-text citatin (as yu wuld fr a written qutatin). Table 1 (University f Salfrd, 2010) illustrates the breakdwn f student numbers by degree and funding surce 7

8 Referencing tables frm web surces Fllw the instructins n page 7 fr yur captin and citatin. In yur Reference List If yu have nly used ne r tw tables in yur assignment yu can include them in yur Reference List. In this case, the abve example wuld lk like this: University f Salfrd. (2010). Financial Statements: Year Ending 31 July [Table] Retrieved frm data/assets/pdf_file/0017/64007/annual_reprt_2010.pdf List f Tables In a lnger assignment with a lt f tables yu shuld prvide a separate List f Tables. In this case, the abve example wuld lk like this: Table 1. University f Salfrd. (2010). Financial Statements: Year Ending 31 July Retrieved frm data/assets/pdf_file/0017/64007/annual_reprt_2010.pdf Nte than in a List f Tables yu shuld start the reference with the table number (in italics). Yu d nt need t include the wrd [Table] as they are all tables. Referencing tables frm print surces If yu are using a table that yu fund in a bk r jurnal fllw the instructins n page 7 abut captins and in-text citatins. The entry in yur Reference List (bibligraphy) r List f Tables shuld include the publisher details if yu have fund the table in a bk, r the jurnal details if the table came frm a jurnal article. Fr a table fund in a jurnal, use the page number the table was fund n, rather than the whle page range f the article. Reference List examples: (i.e. fr a shrt assignment) McCarthy, B., Mscard, G., Murphy, L., & Pearce, P. (2009). Prfile f festivals [Table]. In M. Kzak, J. Gnth & L. Andreu (Eds.), Advances in turism destinatin marketing: managing netwrks. Lndn: Rutledge. Smit, A., Mses, S. G., Pretrius, I. S., & Oter, R. R. C. (2008). Strains and plasmids used in the study [Table]. Jurnal f Applied Micrbilgy, 104(4), p [August12 Anne Sherwin]

9 List f Tables examples: (i.e. fr a lng assignment with numerus tables) Table 2. McCarthy, B., Mscard, G., Murphy, L., & Pearce, P. (2009). Prfile f festivals. In M. Kzak, J. Gnth & L. Andreu (Eds.), Advances in turism destinatin marketing: managing netwrks. Lndn: Rutledge. Table 3. Smit, A., Mses, S. G., Pretrius, I. S., & Oter, R. R. C. (2008). Strains and plasmids used in the study. Jurnal f Applied Micrbilgy, 104(4), p Referencing a table yu have created frm ther surces If yu have used a table which yu have created yurself by cllating infrmatin yu have fund in anther surce r surces, yu need t acknwledge the surces yu have used. This shuld be in the frm f a citatin within yur captin, and an entry in yur Reference List. Captin The captin is placed directly belw the table, and includes a number and descriptive title (see p.7). Directly belw this place a nte describing where yu fund the infrmatin. Precede this with the wrd Nte: in italics, then prvide a citatin fr yur infrmatin surce (see abve example). In yur writing Yu shuld have a sentence just belw r abve the table, explaining why it is there. This shuld mentin the figure number, but, as yu have created it yurself, d nt give it an intext citatin. In Table 4 yu can see this cmparisn f ppulatin, land area 9

10 In yur Reference List D nt prvide a reference fr yur table yu have created it yurself and therefre it is nt retrievable (see nte belw abut List f Tables). Instead, yu must reference the surce f yur data r infrmatin. Fllw the examples in the APA 6 th Referencing Guide (see page 12) fr the infrmatin surce yu have use, e.g. bk, jurnal, website, etc. Central Intelligence Agency. (2012). The wrld factbk. Retrieved 13 July, 2012, frm List f Tables If yu are writing a lnger assignment and prviding a separate List f Tables yu shuld include the table in yur list. Table 4. Cuntry cmparisn f ppulatin and land. Yu must als acknwledge the surce f yur infrmatin in yur Reference List as in the example abve. Referencing yur wn tables If yu use tables in yur wrk that yu have created yurself, using yur wn infrmatin, yu d nt need t reference them, but yu d still need t give them a captin and explain why they are there. Captin - give yur Table a number (in italics) and a title t describe it. In yur writing Yu shuld have a sentence just belw r abve the table, explaining why it is there. This shuld mentin the table number, but, as yu have created it yurself, d nt give it an intext citatin. Table 5 utlines the ttal distance and 10 [August12 Anne Sherwin]

11 Reference Because this is yur wn table d nt give it a reference. Hwever, if yu are using a List f Tables yu shuld include the table in the list. List f Tables example: Table 5. Statistics fr distance and altitude. Creating a List f Tables If yu are writing a lng assignment, such as yur dissertatin r thesis, and have used a number f tables yu shuld reference them in a List f Tables (rather than in yur bibligraphy r reference list). A List f Tables cmes at the start f yur wrk, after yur Table f Cntents and List f Figures*. List yur tables in cnsecutive rder, i.e. in the rder they appear in yur writing (nt alphabetically as yu wuld in a bibligraphy). Start each item with its number, e.g. Table 1. Put this in italics. Remember that any tables yu have created yurself shuld als be included in the list, but d nt need retrieval details (see examples n pages 9 and 10). Yu can either number yur tables cnsecutively, r number them in a multilevel sequence fr each chapter, e.g. Table 1.1 Table 1.2 Table 2.1 List f Tables examples: Table 1. University f Salfrd. (2010). Financial Statements: Year Ending 31 July Retrieved frm data/assets/pdf_file/0017/64007/annual_reprt_2010.pdf Table 2. McCarthy, B., Mscard, G., Murphy, L., & Pearce, P. (2009). Prfile f festivals. In M. Kzak, J. Gnth & L. Andreu (Eds.), Advances in turism destinatin marketing: managing netwrks. Lndn: Rutledge. Table 3. Smit, A., Mses, S. G., Pretrius, I. S., & Oter, R. R. C. (2008). Strains and plasmids used in the study. Jurnal f Applied Micrbilgy, 104(4), p Table 4. Cuntry cmparisn f ppulatin and land. Table 5. Statistics fr distance and altitude. * Nte: If yu have nly used a few tables, and it makes sense t d s, yu may incrprate yur tables int yur List f Figures. If yu d this make sure they are numbered in ne sequence. Include the wrd [Table] after the title f each. 11

12 Further Help The Library prduces a wide range f user guides, which yu may find helpful. They are available frm: Bibligraphic Citatins: using the APA 6th (Harvard) system Mre detailed infrmatin abut plagiarism and referencing. Bibligraphic Citatins: using the APA Harvard system - Quick Referencing Guide A quick guide t citing and referencing the mre cmmn infrmatin surces. Images - finding the right image Advice abut finding and using images in yur wrk. Yur Academic Supprt Librarian will be able prvide advice abut referencing. T find ut wh the Librarian is fr yur subject area, please see the list at: The Study Skills Team in Student Life ffer training in all aspects f academic writing, including referencing. Yu can see full details f the supprt they prvide at: Please nte: Infrmatin cntained in this General Guide was crrect at the time f publicatin. A mre recent versin may be available at 12 [August12 Anne Sherwin]