Digital Integrated Circuits EECS 312
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1 Fujitsu VP2000 IBM 3090S Pulsar 4 IBM 3090 IBM RY6 CDC Cyber 205 IBM 4381 IBM RY4 2 IBM 3081 Apache Fujitsu M380 IBM 370 Merced IBM 360 IBM 3033 Vacuum Pentium II(DSIP) NTT Fujitsu M-780 IBM RY5 Jayhawk(dual) IBM RY7 Prescott T-Rex Mckinley Squadrons IBM GP Pentium Radio Receive for Mesh Maintenance 2-6 ma Typical Current Draw 1 sec Heartbeat 30 beats per sample Sampling and Radio Transmission 9-15 ma Low Power Sleep ma Heartbeat 1-2 ma Time (seconds) Digital Integrated Circuits EECS Teacher: Robert Dick Office: 2417-E EECS dickrp@umich.edu Phone: Cellphone: GSI: Office: Shengshou Lu 2725 BBB luss@umich.edu HW engineers SW engineers Current (ma) IBM ES9000 Bipolar CMOS Power density (Watts/cm 2 ) Year of announcement IBM Z9
2 Review Recent history of digital integrated circuits What are the historical motivations that have driven changes in digital device implementation technologies? What is the difference between a combinational and sequential network? What substrates (device types) have been used for computation? What are the primary advantages of integrated circuits over these competing technologies? 2 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
3 Lecture plan 1. Recent history of digital integrated circuits Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
4 Remember the ENIAC? ,000 vacuum tubes. 30 tons. 100 khz. Unreliable. What impact would ICs have on it? 4 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
5 IC ENIAC 30 tons 40 mm khz 20 MHz. Unreliable. 5 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
6 First microprocessor Intel ,300 transistors. 12 mm khz. 12-bit addresses, 8-bit instructions, 4-bit data words. 6 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
7 Trend for one company More than ten generations. Datapath: 4 bits 64 bits. Frequency: 740 KHz 3 GHz. In-order, cache-less Architectural features for common-case performance. Uni-processor Chip-multiprocessor (CMP). A few thousand transistors Billions of transistors. 7 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
8 Moore s law The number of transistors in an IC doubles every months. 8 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
9 Actual trend 9 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
10 Feature size trends 10 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
11 Logic density trends 11 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
12 Frequency trends Technology scaling delay by 30% and frequency by 43%. Frequency 1/Delay. 12 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
13 Power trends 13 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
14 Power density trends 14 IBM ES Bipolar CMOS Jayhawk(dual) Prescott Power density (Watts/cm 2 ) Fujitsu VP2000 IBM 3090S Pulsar 4 IBM 3090 IBM RY6 CDC Cyber 205 IBM 4381 IBM RY4 2 IBM 3081 Apache Fujitsu M380 IBM 370 Merced IBM 360 IBM 3033 Vacuum Pentium II(DSIP) NTT Fujitsu M-780 Year of announcement IBM RY5 IBM RY7 T-Rex Mckinley IBM GP Squadrons IBM Z9 Pentium 4 14 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
15 Power supply trends 15 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
16 Productivity trends 16 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
17 Impact of power consumption and temperature Early ICs used bipolar transistors (BJT). Easier to manufacture reliably, faster. In the 1970s, integration densities rose. Each bipolar device consumes a lot of power. Eventually power became the limiting factor in moving from BJT to MOS devices. Currently CMOS dominates. Complementary MOS logic. Likely to dominate for the next decade. 17 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
18 Power consumption trends Initial optimization at transistor level. Further research-driven gains at this level difficult. Research moved to higher levels, e.g., RTL. Trade area for performance and performance for power. Clock frequency gains linear. Voltage scaling V 2 DD important. 18 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
19 Power consumption in synchronous CMOS P SWITCH P = P SWITCH + P SHORT + P LEAK = C V DD 2 f A P SHORT = b 12 (V DD 2 V T ) 3 f A t P LEAK = V DD (I SUB + I GATE + I JUNCTION + I GIDL ) C : total switched capacitance f : switching frequency b : MOS transistor gain t : rise/fall time of inputs V DD : high voltage A : switching activity V T : threshold voltage P SHORT usually 10% of P SWITCH Smaller as V DD V T A < 0.5 for combinational nodes, 1 for clocked nodes.
20 Wiring power consumption In the past, transistor power wiring power. Process scaling ratio changing. 20 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
21 Other (related) design trends Smaller transistors. Bigger chips (die). Lower power consumption. Higher clock frequencies. More complex designs. Lower voltage. 21 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
22 Other (related) design trends Smaller transistors. Bigger chips (die). Lower power consumption. Higher clock frequencies. More complex designs. Lower voltage. More cores. Some of these trends are slowing. 22 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
23 Current status Feature size: 22 nm. Integration: 700,000,000 transistors. Frequency: 2-4 GHz. Power: 100 W. 23 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
24 Current status Feature size: 22 nm. Integration: 700,000,000 transistors. Frequency: 2-4 GHz. Power: 100 W. Only two of these characteristics have changes in the past few years. 23 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
25 Multi-core processors Intel Core 2 Duo 24 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
26 Summary of recent IC history Process scaling improves device count, speed. Power density increases, eventually limiting further improvements. Current move to multi-core. Also considering new device technologies, but no clear winners now. 25 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
27 Lecture plan 1. Recent history of digital integrated circuits Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
28 Levels of abstraction Hardware software system. Processor. Functional unit. Logic stage: flip-flop or combinational logic network. Gate. Transistor or wire. Physical material or doping regions. Derive and explain. 27 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
29 What properties must a digital device have? What allows us to treat a device as digital, and still have the system work? Does this imply certain properties for the transfer function? 28 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
30 Transfer function V out V in 29 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
31 Transfer function V out V in 29 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
32 Transfer function V out V in 29 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
33 Transfer function V out V in 29 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
34 Completeness Technology should support implementation of arbitrary Boolean functions. Consider {AND2, OR2} and {NAND2}. Derive and explain. 30 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
35 CMOS Recent history of digital integrated circuits Metal Oxide Semiconductor Positive and negative carriers Complimentary MOS PMOS gates are like normally closed switches that are good at transmitting only true (high) signals NMOS gates are like normally open switches that are good at transmitting only false (low) signals 31 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
36 CMOS Recent history of digital integrated circuits Metal Oxide Semiconductor Positive and negative carriers Complimentary MOS PMOS gates are like normally closed switches that are good at transmitting only true (high) signals NMOS gates are like normally open switches that are good at transmitting only false (low) signals 31 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
37 CMOS Recent history of digital integrated circuits Metal Oxide Semiconductor Positive and negative carriers Complimentary MOS PMOS gates are like normally closed switches that are good at transmitting only true (high) signals NMOS gates are like normally open switches that are good at transmitting only false (low) signals 31 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
38 NMOSFET gate dielectric source (N) silicon bulk (P) drain (N) 32 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
39 NMOSFET gate source (N) dielectric channel silicon bulk (P) drain (N) 32 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
40 CMOS Recent history of digital integrated circuits NMOS turns on when the gate is high PMOS just like NMOS, with N and P regions swapped PMOS turns on when the gate is low NMOS good at conducting low (0s) PMOS good at conducting high (1s) Use NMOS and PMOS transistors together to build circuits Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) 33 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
41 CMOS NAND gate V DD A B Z V SS 34 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
42 CMOS NAND gate PMOS V DD A B Z NMOS V SS 34 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
43 CMOS NAND gate V DD A B Z V SS 34 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
44 CMOS NAND gate pull up network V DD A B Z V SS pull down network 34 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
45 What is this? 35 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
46 What is this? How would we lay it out? V DD A B V SS 36 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
47 Non-Credit quiz on material covered so far 1 History of integrated circuits. 1 What happens as a result of process scaling? 2 What have the motivations for major changes in device technology been? 3 What is a digital system? 4 What is a general-purpose computer? 5 What is an embedded system? 6 What is an integrated circuit? 7 What is an ASIC? 8 What is an instruction processor? 9 What is an FPGA? 2 What gate properties support use in digital systems? 1 What properties should V out V in curve have? 2 Describe completeness. 37 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
48 Upcoming topics Enough overview: time to start building! Diodes Transistor static behavior Transistor dynamic behavior 38 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
49 Lecture plan 1. Recent history of digital integrated circuits Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
50 Lab one challenges Learning to use the tools (Friday). Understanding the circuits used in the lab (Tuesday). A note on the CAD tools market. Derive and explain. 40 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
51 NMOS inverter schematic 41 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
52 NMOS inverter simulation results 42 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
53 Upcoming topics 6 September: Discussion in room 1620 BBB will focus on Lab September: MOSFETs. 43 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
54 Lecture plan 1. Recent history of digital integrated circuits Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
55 assignment and announcement 5 September: topics of interest. 10 September: Read Sections 3.1, 3.2, and in J. Rabaey, A. Chandrakasan, and B. Nikolic. Digital Integrated Circuits: A Design Perspective. Prentice-Hall, second edition, September: Laboratory assignment one. 45 Robert Dick Digital Integrated Circuits
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