COMPUTER Calisthenics & Orthodontia Running Light Without Overbyte

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1 dr. dobb's journal of COMPUTER Calishenics & Orhodonia Running Ligh Wihou Overbye $1.so June/July, 1976 Box 31, Menlo Park CA 9425 Volume 1, Number 6 A REFERENCE JOURNAL FOR USERS OF HOME COMPUTERS.CONSUMER COMMENTS frauie for Piman's 68 Tiny BASIC [leer & reply] 4 Good Repors & Plaudis for MOS Technology[leer/noe] 5 Denver's Digial Group Ki Draws Praise [leer] 5 Accenuae he Sofware; Eliminae he Games [leer/reply] 6 Shor on Lengh, hu Long on Qualiy [leer] 6 A Novice Consrucs an IMSAL S. A. Cochran, Jr. 7 Don' Underesimae BASIC f leer] 4 BASIC Complain & Macro Message [leer & reply] 4 Dennis Allison reply poins ou BASIC limiaions an aorney builds his firs compuer FCC Peiion on ANSCII Transmission by Hams SOFTWARE A Boosrap for he 88, Lichen Wang 8 Bye-Saving Programming Tricks for he 88, Tom Piman 9 An Exercise for Novice Translaor Implemenors, Bill Thompson 11 A Classy 88 Tex Edior, similar o a PDP-9 Edior, F. J. Greeb 13 includes general commens, user documenaion & exensively annoaed source Tiny Trek for Mueller's MINOL, Erik Mueller 37 Buon, Buon Game in 88 Machine Code, Ron Sanore 38 CORRECTIONS & IMPROVEMENTS Errors in & Improvemens for Texas Tiny BASIC (TBX), Charles Skeldon Erraa & Addiions o Wang's Palo Alo Tiny BAS1C, Lichen Wang MinErraa for MINOL, plus Tiny Trek, Erik Mueller VIDEO OUTPUT 48 Lines of 64 Characers on a TV for $ , Video Terminal Technology 512-Characer Video RAM from Canada, Marox Elecronic Sysems Variable Characer Spacing in Video Displays, Jim Day TVT-11 Mods o Ge 64 Characers per Line, David Valliere Homebrew TV Display Sysem wih Graphics, Glendon Smih complee design & implemenaion deails, including complee schemaics $98.5 Graphics Terminal Ki, Souhwes Texas Producs Corporaion MISCELLANEOUS HARDWARE 4K Saic RAM Board (Unpopulaed) for $18.75 $45 Do-Marix Priner for 68's and 88's RCA COSMAS & µscope [leer], Jim Day ' code Adapor Makes LSI-11 's and ll/3's ino Real PDP-11 's 36 Wesern Daa's 652-hased Daa Handler Ki for $ LED Replacemens for Burn-Ouahle PDP-8/E Lamps 43 RANDOM DATA POINTS Do You., a reques for your assisance 3 16-hi, 3-MegaHerz Micro? [rumor] 5 Going o Submi a Program o S9meplace?.[leer & reply]6 New club: TRACE in Onario 15 Table of Conens for Firs Six Issues of Dr. Dobb 's Journal Poiners o Oher Good Suff 26 + propaganda, subscripion form & quesionaire cenerfold 68 BASIC, Edior, Blackjack; Tiny BASIC Sar Trek; ec. Sonoma Couny Compuers Hold Meeings 27 Cenral Oklahoma Compuer Group Census: Have Any Suggesions? 34 Club: ICE-NINE in Illinois 36 Compuers & Educaion ff our brief noes] 4 Tiny Time Sharing? Lee Felsensein 41 lversons Iniiae APL Newsleer, Jean Iverson 41 Sofware Exchange for 68's [leer & reply] 41 IMS Associaes, Inc., Moves TV Dazzler Cones 41 A Club Survey for a Club Club back cover 42 42

2 ~ I :: KEEP IT A SECRET! ' working on. We'll ell everyone else (1f you wish). Maybe someone is also working on he same hing. You can work ogeher and ge resuls wice as fas. Or, may be someone else has already done i; no reason for everyone o reinven he wheel. le us know wha exciing new sof~re and ~ysems you are ' SUBMITTING ITEMS FOR PUBLICATION DR COBB'S JOURNAL OF' COMPUTER CAUSTHENICS & ORTHODONTIA Volume 1, Number 6; June/July, 1976 Box 31, Menlo Park CA 9425 Copyrigh 1976 by People's Compuer Company Publisher People's Compuer Company 1 Doyle, Menlo Park, Californio. Edior (415) Jim C. Warren, Jr. Conribuing Ediors F. J. Greeb Lichen Wang Dennis Allison Circulaion & Subscripions Mary Jo McPhee Bulk Sales Priner Nowels Publicaions, Menlo Park 9425 POSTMASTER: Please send Form 3579 o: Box 31, Menlo Park CA Reurn posage guaraneed. Applicaion o mail a second-class posage raes is pending a Menlo Park CA. Published 1 imes per year; monhly, encl!mling July & December. U.S. subscripions: (Subscripion blank is on cenerfold.) $1.5 for a single ~. $3 for he firs hree issues. 11 per year. Discouns available for bulk orders. Foreign subscripions: Add $4 per year o U.S. raes for surface mail. Add 112 per year o U.S. raes for air mail. Disclaimer We serve as a communicaion medium for he exchange of informaion. We do no guaranee he validiy of ha informaion. Reprin pri11il11111es Aricles herein ha are copyrighed by individual auhors or oherwise explicily marked as having resriced reproducion righs may no be reprined or copied wihou permission from People's Compuer Company, O'I' he auhors. All oher aricw may be reprined for any non-ooml"m!rcial purpose, provided a credi-line is included. The credi-line should indicae ha he maerial was reprined from Dr. Dobb'i; Journal of Compuer Calishenics & Orhodonia, Box 31. Mmllo Park CA ' ~ '~]--:"?; ~ l I \,I~~,, - DATE'M-Please include your name, address, and dae on all idbis you send o us. TYPE'M-If a all possible, iems should be ypewrien, double-spaced, on sandard, 816 x 11 inch, whie paper. If we can' read i; we can' publish i. Remember ha we will be reyping all naural language (as opposed o compuer languages) communicaions ha we publish. PROGRAM LISTINGS-We will accep hand-wrien programs only as a very las resor. Too ofen, hey end o say somehing ha he compuer would find indigesible. On he oher hand, if he compuer yped i, he compuer would probably accep i-paricularly if i is a lising pass from an assembler or oher ranslaor. I is significanly helpful for program lisings o be on coninuous paper; eiher whie, or very ligh blue, roll paper, or fan-folded paper. Since we reduce he copy in size, submiing i on individual pages forces us o do a significan amoun of exra cuing and pasing. For he same reason, we prefer ha you exclude paginaion or page headings from any lisings. Please, please, please pu a new ribbon on your priner before you run off a lising for publicaion. In any naural language documenaion accompanying a program lising, please refer o porions of code by heir address or line number or label, raher han by page number. DRAWINGS & SCHEMATICS-Please draw hem significanly larger han he size you expec hem o be when hey are published. Take your ime and make hem as nea as possible. We do no have he saff o reouch or re-draw illusraions. Use a black-ink pen on whie paper. LEITERS FOR PUBLICATION-We are always ineresed in hearing your praise, complains, opinions, daydreams, ec. In leers of opinion for publicaion, however, please back up any opinions ha you presen wih as much facual informaion as possible. We are quie ineresed in publishing well-founded, responsible evaluaions and criiques of anyhing concerning hobbyis hardware or sofware, home compuers, or compuers and people. We may wihhold your name from a published leer if you so reques. We will no publish correspondence, however, which is sen o us anonymously. We reserve he righ o edi leers fm purpo:res of clariy and breviy. ADVERTISING-Adverising from manufacurers and vendors may be acceped by us. However, we reserve he righ o refuse any adverising from companies which we feel fall shor of our raher picky sandards for ehical behavior and responsiveness o consumers. Also, any such commercial adveriser is herewih informed ha we will no hesiae o publish harsh criicisms of heir producs or services, if we feel such criicisms are valid. Dr. Dobi:l's Journal of Compuer Calishenics 8i Orhodonia, Soi: 31 OI, Menlo Park CA 9425 June/July, 1976

3 YOU LIKE WHAT WE ARE DOING? Publishing significan sysems sofware, every monh Reprining maerials from club newsleers Proposing & deailing "realizable fanasies"... exciing projecs, feasible for home compuers Acively pursuing a role of consumer advocae Publishing useful references... indices o periodicals, bibliographies, liss, ec. "All Mea" pages; we are no acceping commercial adverising And more- KNOW THAT MUCH MORE MATERIAL IS BEING SUBMITTED THAN WE ARE FINANCIALLY ABLE TO PRINT? Many more programs han we have room o prin Much more very useful maerial from many club newsleers A number of projecs ha are pracical & appropriae for home compuer users More consumer evaulaions of producs & services Many, many more reference liss, indices, ables, ec. Much more KNOW THAT YOU CAN HELP US TO BE ABLE TO PUBLISH ALL THE GOOD THINGS WE ARE RECEIVING? Since we... -are suppored enirely. by subscripions & sales hrough sores - wan o keep i ha way ("keeps us hones" when we indulge in consumer advocacy) -are serving you; no serving commercial adverisers Then... - he only way we can ge more income o pay our priners o prin more pages, is o have more people and companies subscribe o and purchase he Journal -you have already helped by purchasing his issue WISH TO HELP US HELP YOU? Tear ou he cener-fold (no very sexy, bu we hope i's aracive) - pass i along o a friend or professional associae - pos i on he bullein board a school or a work - give i o a manager of microprocessor sofware or design - reprin i in your club newsleer Sand up and ell your nex compuer club meeing abou he Journal [and... if you really like wha we are doing:] Send ax-deducible conribuions o People's Compuer Company - do so as a company or an individual [Oh... didn' you know? PCC, he publisher of Dr. Dobb's Journal is a legiimae, sae and federally charered, non-profi, educaional organizaion. Conribuions o i are ax-deducible.] ()() June/July, Hl76 Dr. Dobb's Journal of Compuer Calishenics & Orhodonia, Sox 31, Menlo Park CA 9425 Page 3

4 PRAISE FOR PITTMAN 1 S 68 TINY BASIC and A Minor Complain... Wih Tom's Response Dear Bob, May 17, 1976 I bough Torn Piman's 68 TINY BASIC and hink i's he bes $5 I've spen in a long ime. I haven' esed i exhausively, bu i seems o work admirably, hough slowly. The user's manual ha came wih i was simple and comprehensive, and gave enough info o make he program run on anyone's sysem wih a minimum of fuss. Mine worked almos as soon as I go he paper ape read in. Tom Piman is o be applauded no only for producing a good TINY BASIC ha uses less han 2K, bu for doing such a good job of explaining how o use i. If all hobbyis vendors conformed o Tom's sandards, here would be far fewer complains. My only complain abou Tom is ha he saunchly refuses o release he source lising of his program. I need o make some modificaions o he program, for use wih my cassee /S, and I would like o be able o expand i. I is very frusraing o be kep so ignoran abou his program, paricularly since i seems o work so well. He seems concerned abou his abiliy o reain conrol over he inegriy of he program, and perhaps abou he invesmen in ime and poenial money he.expecs o receive from i. I can' see how he'll ever make enough money (a $5 a copy) o keep himself in business. Bu he price may serve o discourage people from circulaing clandesine copies of he program. Anyone who uses Tom's program wihou paying Tom for he privilege, should be arred and feahered. Sincerely, David M. Allen 1317 Cenral Ave. Kansas Ciy KS 6612 Dear Jim: 11 June '76 I have o agree wih David's complain-! would be very unhappy o find he v I jus bough did no have a schemaic, bu hen a $5 ransisor radio is somehing else. Though he does no seem o realize i, David has acually ouched on he reason why I have no made source lisings available. When I firs sared his venure, I oo was no sure i could make enough money o say in business; i was in fac a sor of experimen in economics. Therefore, as a hedge agains possible losses, I sold copies of he source and mainenance documenaion o a company for a lo more money han any hobbyis would be willing o pay, hough i was sill considerably less han I usually sell cusom programs of comparable size for. While he sale was non-exclusive, I do no hink i fair o devalue his company's invesmen when o some exen hey helped make Tiny possible. Aside from ha one large sale, Tiny BASIC 68 has no ye paid for iself, bu he promise is here, so I expec o go ahead wih oher sofware for he hobbyis in he same price range, and I hope o make source lisings available for he new packages. As for Tiny BASIC, i am presenly preparing a comprehensive descripion of he i l (which is subsanially he same as ha originally published in PCC) including insrucions for modifying i o add fu~ional capabiliy or change synax, o be published in DDJ 1' {if you will have i). I had hoped o include an assembler Wl>'fen in Tiny 4K STATIC RAM BOARD (UNPOPULATED) FOR $18.75 Dear Friend, May 1, 1976 I would appreciae your disseminaing he spec shee enclosed o your friends and club members. A discoun of 5% will be given o clubs wih an order of 5, and 1% on 1. Several monhs ago I received several inpus on making an unpopulaed 4K RAM board, hence I am producing he board for he hobbyis ha does no wan o ge ripped off. The board has been fully esed and is in use by many people here in Dallas. I migh add ha i is in use on 88, 652, and 68 CPU's. Sincerely yours, Jim Garre Micro Applicaions 4K STATIC MEMORY BOARD (unpopulaed) Box 2161 Garland TX 7541 FEATURES 212 and 91 L2 compaible User selecable opions Proec/Un proec swich Baery backup Selecion of address by dip swich Fully compaible wih MiTS/AL TAIR and IMSAI 88 Can be used wih oher micro/homebrew compuers Full buffering of address and daa lines Bipass capaciors on all ICs for improved noise immuniy SPECIFICATIONS, Double-sided Ml L-spec board 1-pin (5x5) on.125-inch ceners Sandard dimensions Plaed hrough holes Gold plaed edge conacs GENERAL DESCRIPTION This is an unpopulaed 4,96 word (bye) Random Access Memory. The cos o populaed is less han any ki available (based on adverised prices). Full insrucions, schemaics "nd pars lis are included. PLUSES 1% esed Insrucion package Plaed hrough holes and gold-plaed edge conacs Uses 212's or 91 L2's PRICES 1-3@ $18.75each 4 or $16.25 each $1 for insrucion package (one is included wih each order) Texas residens add 5% ax DELIVERY 3-4 weeks Coming Soon: "The Exender." We are ineresed in receiving consumers' complimens and complains concerning Micro Applicaior;s, and all oher large and small markeeers o he hobbyis communiy. --JCW (yes, I know i's slow), bu!. already I am fo1e-sharing my effors beween llis, new sofware, and hose expensive cusom programs ha keep he ren paid; h~ projecs wih nonzero financial reurn seem o ge higher hroughpu. Tom Piman Box San Jose CA P.S. Your readers may appreciae being made aware of he fac ha Tiny BASIC does run on a Sphere configuraion, bu hey should menion which compuer hey have, since he code is slighly differen for he differen operaing sysems (e.g., Sphere vs. SWTP, ec.). Page 4 Dr. Dobb's Journal of,compuer Caiishenics & Orhodonia, Bo% :no, Menlo Park CA 9425 June/July, 1976

5 DENVER'S DIGITAL GROUP KIT DRAWS PRAISE Dear Bob: April 26, 1976 I finally broke down and bough myself a sysem. I ook ou a bank loan, added some cash of my own and mailed my cashier's check o he Digial Group for heir Three-board sysem. Three days laer I read in PCC ha cauion was needed in dealing wih DG. I also read some mixed repors in Micro-8 News. I was really nervous, had bad dreams, and didn' sleep for nighs. 2/1/76 Order placed wih DG: 3-board sysem ki plus power supply. They promised 3-week delivery. Order placed wih Herbach & Rademan: Clare/ Pender Keyboard. 2/21 The hree boards arrived, missing and 22uF capacior. 2/25 Keyboard arrived. 2/26 Power supply arived. 3/3 Moher board arrived. Toal ime: 3 weeks, one day. The missing pars ook 4 weeks and wo leers. All pars are of good qualiy. TV-Cassee and Moher boards are slighly warped. 5V 6A supply by Eenak Inc.; looks impressive. Documenaion fair; assumes a lo. Several minor errors. Chassis, swiches and connecors need o be ordered from oher disribuors a presen. Time Spen 2.5 hours 1/ card 4.75 CPU card TV-Cass. card 2.5-5, ± 12V power supply.5 Moher board 6.5 TV modificaions 17.5 Planning, cuing, mouning, wiring chassis 4.5 Checking hings ou 41.5 hours Toal ime I ook my ime and spread i over abou 4 days. I mus say I savored every minue of i. I had rouble wih he TV characers being ou of focus. I finally dawned on me, afer scraching my head for several days, ha he TV inerface was overdriving he T". video. I solved he problem by urning he conras and brighness o zero. laer I plan o add a po on he inerface oupu. When I had gone hrough heir checks, I urned he sysem on and sure enough here was a message on he TV screen: "Read 88 Iniialize Cassee." Afer dancing around he room, I proceeded o read in he cassee. Numbers flashed across he screen. Firs 1's, hen 2's, and finally 7's, hen a bunch of dos. The dos weren' suppose o happen. More scraching of he head and several days laer I decided i mus be he cassee recorder. I borrowed a recorder from he school o replace my El Cheapo and everyhing happened jus like i was supposed o. However i sill misses a few bis now and hen. The 11 baud ra~ is oo fas for my El Cheapo. I looks like i would be possible o se he cassee read and wrie consan a a lower baud rae, re-record he Operaion Monior, and hen every ime he sysem is urned on key in he new consan from he fron panel, and hen read in he cassee on an El Cheapo. However, he DG sysem does no come wih a fron panel, jus plf!ns for one. I've been spending mos of my ime figuring ou wha makes he Monior work. The DC documenaion is no much help. I've also found ou ha machine language is a far cry from Forran. I will echo wha some ohe_rs have said abou he DG sysem; I does wha hey say i will do. I worked he firs ime I urned i on, which says a lo considering how complex i is. I's definiely no a beginner's ki. More documenaion: flow chars for he Monior (I'm working on a se), clearer insrucions, spec shees for he IC's and a beer descripion of how i works would be nice. Bu ha would mean more money and maybe in ha case he documenaion is OK. Las week I go info abou DG's Tiny BASIC. I plan o order ha and anoher 81< of RAM from hem. Maerials I'm finding helpful: The Bugbook III. Hopefully my Inel 88A Users' Manual will ge here soon. I wan o ge: 88A Microcompuer Sysem's Manual, Inellec 8/Mod 8 Microcompuer Developmen Sysem Reference Manual, SCELSI sofware manuals. Keep up he good work. Yours, Ed C. Epp Freeman Junior College Freeman SD 5729 GOOD REPORTS ABOUT MOS TECHNOLOGY We hear ha MOS Technology has sold aboj 1 Ki M's. We also hear ha hey are very responsive o cusomer queries. If you have needs or ineress, he "good guy" name we have been given is Don Mclaughlin, Produc Manager for KIM, (215) PLAUDITS FOR MOS TECHNOLOGY Dear Jim, May 11, 1976 Jus received my hird issue of Dr. Dobb's Journal and I hough I'd drop you a noe of hanks for puing in an aricle on a MOS 652. From he lack of MOS Technology aricles, I go he feeling ha "Inel Valley" was banning MOS Technology producs in California. las week I called Inel, o ge a sofware manual, and received he bigges runaround I have ever goen. Unlike Inel, I have found MOS Technology will answer any and all quesions on heir producs and i only akes o~e call <;> hem o produce resuls. Many imes I have called Will Mahis and Don Mclaughlin of MOS Technology wih wha I, oday, would consider o be supid quesions and received he ime and help of heir echnical saff in geing m~ on he sraigh and narrow. MOS ges a number one in my book and should be given more space in your Journal. Very ruly yours, Gerald D. Severson RUMOR: 16-BIT, 3-MEGAHERTZ MICRO? We hear ha MOS Technology is planning o exhibi a 3-megaherz, 16-bi microprocessor a his Fall's Wesco.~ convenion in San Francisco. They also expec o have a roae righ" insrucion in heir 652 by he ime his issue reaches your hands. June/July, 1976 Dr. Dobb's Journal of Compuer Calishe~ics & Orhodonia, Box 31, Menlo Park CA 9425 Page 5

6 GOING TO SUBMIT A PROGRAM TO A MANUFACTURER'S SOFTWARE LIBRARY? WHY NOT SUBMIT A COPY TO YOUR LIBRARY (THE JOURNAL)? Dear Edior, May 12, 1976 I've go a gripe. I ordered my Alair back when Pop Tronics firs published he aricle (ook four monhs o ge i, hough). Anyway, hey auomaically gave me a 1 year's subscripion o heir Compuer Noes. Wih each copy hey include a leas one page of new programs available in heir sofware library. These are programs ha hey keep asking people o send in, for which hey receive a couple of programs in urn from he library. We are old hese programs are all free simply for a small handing and copying fee. These "small fees" are almos all $2 minimum-or more for he longer programs. The curren offering consiss of 29 programs oaling $61 in fees if one ordered all 29 (28 are $2 each, and 1 is $5). Wha I don' undersand is why hey don' publish hem in heir Compuer Noes. As i sands, Compuer Noes consiss of 16 pages of virually nohing bu_ heir own adverising. They say a subscripion o non-alair owners is $3. Personally, I wouldn' give 3 cens for a year's subscripion. I be afer he 12h issue goes ou and hey sar selling subscripions hey are going o be in for a big surprise. Who will pay even $1 for heir adverising shee? They also issue sofware wih a $5 price ag o he hobbyis and hen lamen he swapping, passing around, rading, of i. Wha do hey expec? Bu ha's anoher sory. The poin is-why can' you publish hese (or similar)? Jus glancing a he laes lis I see programs lised as being 6 lines, 83 byes, 73 byes, 21 lines, 46 lines, 121 byes, 28/33 byes, 56 byes, 12 lines, 25 lines, 15 byes, ec. You could ge all eleven programs I lised on 3 or 4 pages, and ha represens $22 of handling and copying fees. Publishing some would save us a bundle. This is wha I hope Dr. Dobb's Journal is all abou. Acually, a lo of people jus aren' going o ge many of he programs unless here is a lo of he lamened swapping, rading, and exchanging-or, unless you become he "library" for all of us. So far, you are doing fine. Keep up he good work. Durward Landers 259 Lakeside Dr. Garland TX 7542 We will publish as many programs as we can, if people will send hem o us. Spread he word: Whenever someone decides o submi a program o a manufacurer's sofware library or users' group, encourage hem o.also submi i o he Journal. If i's sysems sofware or assembler-level, we will probably publish i. If i's a program coded in BASIC or some oher Hll (High Level language), i will probably be published in PCC Newspaper. We see nohing wrong wih offering programs o manufacurers' libraries. Bu a he same ime, why no offer hem o your library: Dr. Dobb 's Journal? As far as reproducion and posage coss are concerned: here is a problem. The Communiy Compuer Cener (CCC) is mainaining a Program Reposiory and Duplicaion Faciliy (see he Journal, March, 1976, issue) for all programs submied o i. We hink heir charges are reasonable: $1 /ounce for apes plus 5 cens (orders under $5) or $1 (orders exceeding $5) for posage and handling. Noe ha hese are quie comparable o MITS' charges... and we know CCC ACCENTUATE THE SYSTEMS SOFTWARE; ELIMINATE THE GAMES Dear Edior, You can eliminae 9% of he games. Almos all oher hobby publicaions specialize in hem. Emphasize your uniqueness: a reposiory for sysems sofware. I's a grea idea, so far well execued; so don' drop he ball by rying o cover oo many oher hings. I srongly recommend ha you push APL as you did TBASIC Rober C. Minnick Box 36 Ouray CO To a large exen, we will leave he games for publicaion in People's Compuer Company. We will reprin games from ime o ime, paricularly when hey are "games' sysems," or are games wrien in assembly-level code. This migh be considered o be, so o speak, sysems sofware for home compuer users. Dr. Dobb's Journal will definiely no be emphasizing games, however. We would be delighed o "push" APL as we did Tiny BASIC. All we need is for someone o provide design crieria and deails appropriae for hobbyis consumpion. We are alwsys on he lookou for compeen individuals ineresed in providing he leadership for such projecs. Incidenally, as soon as he can find he ime, he Edior of Dr. Dobb's Journal is planning on iniiaing a SMALL PASCAL projec, o be pursued in much he same manner as Dinnis Allison's Tiny BASIC projec. This will be based on Niklaus Wirh's PASCAL, a cfoanly designed, excellen, block srucured, high-level language similar o ALGOL,,bu wih much more powerful daa descripion and manipulaion faciliies, and srucured for single-pass compilaion. One final noe: PCC is no a program reposiory. We publish all available informaion abou ineresing sofware, including informaion as o how i may be obained. However, we do no disribue such sofware in machine-readable form (e.g., paper apes, cassees, ec.). --JCW SHORT ON LENGTH BUT LONG ON QUALITY Dear Jim, Having jus read your February issue (Vol. 1, No. 2), I was sufficienly impressed o par wih he money for a subscripion. Wha your publicaion lacked in lengh was more han adequaely offse by qualiy and subjec maer. Your quesionnaire scares me somewha as you apparenly are looking for some new direcions: Addiional coverage of oher opics is fine and may end o broaden your base of appeal. However, I for one, bough your publicaion for wha i currenly is-"a medium concerning he design, developmen and disribuion of free and low-cos sofware." Should your en erprise mainain is saed goal of presening "deailed informaion concerning low-cos sysems sofware," I will have spen he subscripion fee well. I remain, Dan Arman 1445 Adams Rd Cincinnai OH is doing lile more han breaking even. Unforunaely, here is a lower limi on he cos of mainaining paper-ape equipmen + purchasing supplies + paying a palry piance o a.slave o operae he equipmen arid verify apes ha are punched and... ec. (Noe: People's Compuer Company is a publishing operaion. We provide programs in human-readable form. We do no provide programs in machine-readable form, e.g., paper-apes.) Page 6 Dr. Dobb's Journal of Compuer Calishenics & Orhodonia, Bern 31, Menlo Park CA 9425 June/July, 1976

7 A novice consrucs an IMSAI An aorney builds his firs compuer by S.A. Cochran, Jr. I am a lile ou of my field messing abou wih compuersfar more han some school eachers are whose.ineres is in propagaing mah insrucion, ec. Bu even my life was no unouched by some of he manifesaions of he compuerized sociey-abou four years ago, I made use of he I BM Mag-card Selecric ypewrier during a period of heavy work. Ever since, I had been sruck wih he convenience-and high cos-of mechanized yping. More recenly, I heard ha John Arnold and Dick Whipple were assembling a compuer for wha appeared o be peanus, compared o he charge gaily levied by IBM for is yping unis, much less is Mag-card unis, and sill less han is compuers. Based on his informaion, I could hope o insall a powerful yping sysem wih greaer capabiliies han anyhing ha I could expec o purchase from IBM wih available resources, and a less cos. Having decided o ge ino he microcompuing sream, wih he help of John Arnold, I decided o ge an IMSAI raher han Alair because he IMSAI uni wih memory was he same price as he MITS unih wihou memory. Also, MITS' prices for memory were subsanially above hose charged by IMSAI. I placed my order for he basic IMSAI uni on January 22nd. They received his order on he 25h, and he uni was acually shipped on February 2nd. I learned more abou he unis acually available from IMSAI on January 25h, and sen in an addiional order on ha dae. I was no filled unil March 1s, when some of he pars were shipped. The 1/ pors ha were included in he second order did no arrive unil abou March 25h. The serial 1/ board was delayed by a considerable re-design of he board, which mus have sared in January, and mus have concluded a he very end of February. The documenaion received wih he original equipmen showed he manner of assembling he SIO 2-2 board, Rev. 1. I received a leas one se of erraa wih he documenaion, and one afer I had already go he equipmen. Ulimaely, IMSAI sen me heir SIO 2-2 Rev. 3 board, wih all of he changes buil ino he board. I would like o poin ou ha IMSAI was very promp in providing he ki buyers wih erraa when hey discovered somehing ha needed o be fixed. In addiion, on cerain raher complicaed modificaions, hey offered o make he modificaions hemselves if he ki-builder did no rus himself o fix he uni saisfacorily. They have also been quie helpful wih sofware for unis of he equipmen. For insance, wih he CRI board.hey supp.lied paper ape sofware and a hexadecimal lising. In he revised order, I had requesed he EXP-22 moher board. I recall ha I could no proceed beyond he assembly of he several independen boards during February while waiing for his uni o arrive. I had a lile confusion abou he proper procedure for compleing he povyer supply and collecing i. I had documenaion for connecion of he IMSAI power supply using wo alernaive ransformers and hey had shipped a hird version of he main power supply. This was correced quickly enough, and a minor problem wih he 1 K memory board was quickly correced when someone poined ou ha I had inerchanged a.1 mfd capacior and a 33 mfd one. Tesing of he fron panel board and he cpu board had o wai for arrival and assembly of he moher board and addiional mernqry. When he addiional unis arrived, everyhing esed ou saisfacorily, excep ha here wa a single. bad LED on he fron panel. I recall ha here was an embarrassing pause afer his LED was replaced-we hough ha he enire equipmen had gone berserk. However, I found ha a piece of wire had worked is way behind he fron panel, and was shoring h.e deposi swiches. I have had no furher problems wih he compuer, or wih any of he pars supplied by IMSAl-excep for he problems involved in learning o speak machine language like a naive. (Apparenly I don' do ha ye.) My remaining difficulies in geing he iniial sysem ino operaion have revolved around inpu and oupu devices. I joined John Arnold and Dick Whipple in he acquisiion of hree Burroughs Model communicaing ypewriers from Herbach & Rademan of Philadelphia. These unis were correcly adverised as receiving and ransmiing a form of ASCII. They appear o be based on he Friden Model 23 ypewrier, a modernized version of he Flexowrier. They are no. readily converible o use as a compuer inpu because here is a direc mechanical linkage beween he keyboard and he keybars of his ypewrier. Anoher hing ha I found very hard o ge used o was ha his "ypewrier" didn' have a backspace key! There was some addiional major mainenance o be done on his equipmen. Alhough i could be induced o ype, hus far I have been unable o ge he ypewrier hooked up o he compuer! Afer making he decision o use a separae keyboard, I bough one of he keyboards originally buil for RCA ha have been adverised by Sargean's in Los Angeles. This keyboard was adverised o be fully ASCII encoded, and i was, so far as i wen. Unforunaely, his uni had provision for upper and lower case leers, numbers, and puncuaion marks, bu i did no have any provision for he non-prining conrol characers so common o compuer work. In addiion, upon applying power o he keyboard, we discovered ha his keyboard carried a srobe ha was valid as long as he key was pressed, and used negaive logic. Tha is, he srobe oupu, and all he oher oupus supposed o be made rue when a key was pressed, wen a ha poin from a volage of 5. o.4 vols. I appeared ha i would be necessary o add a ~un_e/july, 1976 Dr. Dobb's Journal of Compuer Calishenics a Orhodonia, Box 31, Menlo Park CA 9425 Page 7

8 air number of!c's o he inerface beween he keyboard and he compuer in addiion o insalling an addiional key on he keyboard for use as a conrol key. Wih all hese maers before me I decided o keep he keyboard for fuure modificaion, and ge anoher for my presen use. Bu I did ge a prey keyboard enclosure from Sargean! [ Laer]... I am now in he process of puing ha prey keyboard enclosure and keyboard o good use. I's going o ake a cerain amoun of skill and undersanding bu one of my purposes in geing ino his hobby was o acquire ha sor of skill. Thanks o Sargean's, any way, for providing me wih an occasion for ha sor of acquisiion-even if i wasn' wha I exacly expeced. I feel ha I should menion he quesion of IMSAi sofware before closing. In he adverisemens ha hey began o disribue jus afer I ordered my I MSAi uni, hey saed ha hey would ship an assembler, loader, and monior wih every uni, ogeher wih BASIC and oher languages hereafer. This assembler, ec., urned ou o be a re-wrie of he assembler originally disribued by Processor Technology Corp. I uses all of a 4K memory, and needs an addiional 2K of RAM, if no more. A complee source lising and paper ape of his assembler were enclosed wih he uni. IMSAI also provided a lising and paper ape of sofware for heir Cassee Recorder Inerface board. On March 2h, IMSAI wroe all of heir cusomers, saing ha hey were now ready o deliver heir 4K BASiC, and expeced o be ready o deliver he 8K and 12K BASIC languages on April 15, and May 15, respecively. The 4K BASIC was shipped a he end of March. I was ulimaely charged $4. for heir cos of duplicc.ion of he paper ape, and an addiional $1. for a 7-page source code lising of he IMSAI BASIC. IMSAi had apparenly enclosed i 'by misake.' IMSAl's price for is 4K BASIC hus amouns o $14. In addiion, IMSAI will sell he 8K and 12K BASICs for $1 per kilobye of memory required. The source code lising for hese wo exended BASICs will again be $2.5 per kilobye. Compared o he longwinded philosophical discussions ha one hears from MITS from ime o ime, his is probably a grea bargain, nowihsanding hc he IMSAI BASIC may no be quie as powerful ~s he MITS 4K BASIC. Afer acknowledging he assisance of my friends in checking ou he IMSAI 88, I conclude ha his equipmen is a well-designed, surdy uni easily capable of expansion o he full limis of addressable. memory. IMSAI has aced in a very businesslike fashion, and has ried o be genuinely helpful wihin he limis ha are proper o a business organizaion. IMSAI recenly raised he price of he basic equipmen, wihou memory, o $599. Cerain persons of my acquainance griped very srongly a IMSAl's acion. I consider ha in view of he high qualiy of he merchandise, he IMSAI equipmen is worh his premium price o he individual who has never aemped o build an elecronics ki before. Anyone who considers he IMSAI no worh he price, should consider wheher he or she could duplicae he sysem wih available resources. If he could mach he high qualiy provided by IMSAI, could he deliver he goods o ohers, a he price? If so, why isn' he in here compeing? Yours very ruly, S.A. Cochran, Jr. Aorney a Law Box 67 Tyler TX 7571 Boosrap for 88 by Lichen Wang (reprined wih permission from Homebrew Compuer Club Newsleer) If your 88 microprocessor sysem is no equipped wih non-volaile memory, you probably have o reload he memory from ime o ime. To read he Inel hex-forma paper ape, you need o key in a loader of some eighy-odd byes long. This is raher edious and ofen leads o error. Alair BASIC has a boosrap loader of weny or weny-one byes long. In principle, you can use his boosrap o load in your own loader which will hen load in your program. I coded one myself, and wha comes ou is a boosrap sixeen byes long. This is sill oo long-maybe our professional expers can make i shorer. For he ime being, you are welcome o copy mine. The par ha you have o key in looks like his: DBOO READ IN ;READ AND 2 E62 ANI 2H ;MASK THE STATUS BIT 4 CAOOOO JZ READ ;NOT READY YET 7 DBOl IN 1 ;READY, READ IN A FRAME 9 9 HERE LXI B,HERE ;LATER BECOMES INX B, oooc 2 OOOD C3 STAXB JMP READ STAX B, CPI ;LATER BECOMES FF ;LATER BECOMES JNZ READ And he paper ape should have he binary equivalen of he hex numbers shown below: FE FF C2 XX XX... XX XX FF < leader -> <-boosrapping -> <-your loader ->marker Where your loader is punched in binary forma on he paper ape beween he and he FF is denoed by XX XX... XX XX. Your loader canno have any bye wih he value FF. The marker FF ells he boosrap o sar your loader, saring a loh. Afer he FF, he paper ape is read by your loader. Use whaever forma you wan. If your loader canno be loaded a loh, hen you will have o wrie anoher loader which can be loaded a 1 OH. Use i o load in your firs loader o load in your program. This sounds very confusing, bu ha is how boosrap works. Have you ever ried o ge yourself off he ground by pulling your boosrap?, Incidenally, he I/O pors a locaions 1 and 8, he saus bi mask a 3, and he jump condiion a 4 may have o be changed for differen I/O inerface board. Your loader should copy hem from he boosrap raher han seing hem up on heir own. (Or, you can code your loader o change locaion 9 o RET, and use READ as your inpu rouine.) This way he same paper ape can be used on differen machines. To carry his one sep furher, your program should, in urn, copy hem from your loader, so ha i oo can work on differen machines. HIGH SCHOOL CLUB IN CHICAGO The Universiy of Chicago Laboraory High School (1362 E. 59 S., Chicago IL 6637) has sared a compuer club. Dr. Dobb's Jmnnal of Compuer Calishenics & Orhodonia:, Box 31, Menlo Park CA 9425 June/Juijy, 1976

9 BYTE SAVING PROGRAMMING TRICKS FOR THE 88 by Tom Piman (reprined wih permission from Hom'ebrew Compuer Qub Newsleer) These are some programming ricks I have accumulaed over he years which can ofen save a bye or wo in 88 programs. Because of he peculiariies in he insrucion ses, only a few of hese also apply ~o 68 programs and are so noed. Many of hese ricks are widespread lore; some I have never seen elsewhere. I hope hey can help you as well. For 2's complemen signed arihmeic, i is someimes necessary o add a signed 1-bye number o a larger forma. There are also oher reasons for s~reading a single bi (in he Carry FF) o a whole bye (1n A). I found his one in he Scelbi book: SBBA Copy carry o all bis in A The 88 does no have a proper shif insrucion which fills he vacaed bis wih zeroes. Normally, a CLC mus precede he RAR insrucion. However, for lef shifs: ADD Shif wih zero inser To inser a single bi (in he Carry) ino he lef or righ end of he A wihou alering he oher seven bis: RAL RRC Remove old lef bi Inser new from Carry The righ-end version is symmerical. To divide a signed (2's complemen) number in half, i is necessary o keep he sign bi (bi 7) unchanged while shifing A righ. The 88 does no have an insrucion for his, bu he RAR may be used if he Carry can be se up o mach he sign bi: RLC RRC Copy bi 7 o Carry Resore A The 68 has a single insrucion for signed righ shifs, bu no circular roae. To copy a sign ino he Carry: ASRA ROLA (68) Duplicae bi 7 Resore A wih bi 7 in Carry Some of hese oher ricks wih he Carry become more useful if he Carry can be se on he basis of he oher condiions. A zero in A may be convered ino eiher a one or a zero in he Carry (so ha non-zero is he reverse) by one of he following insrucions (his also works in he 68 wih appropriae opcode subsiuions): ADI OFFH C=O if and only if A=OO SUI 1 C=1 if and only if A=OO I is easy o ge he sign of A ino he Carry (any lef shif will do); o ge he complemen of he sign is a lile rickier. This insrucion leaves he conens of A unchanged, and also works for he 88: CPIBOH Complemen bi 7 o Carry Finally, how do you pack a bye wih some bis from A and some bis from B? The Univac 118 has a special insrucion called Masked Load Upper which does his. The 88 (and also he 68-bu only when he second bye is in memory) can do his in hree insrucions! Assume ha he daa in A and B (or any oher regiser or memory locaion) are already in ~he correc bi posiions. The mask represens a bye wih he ones where he daa in A is o be subsiued; he non-daa bis of A and B may conain garbage, as hey are ignored: XRAB AN/ Mask XRAB XOR B o A daa bis Delee A garbage Inser B daa The heory behind his rick lies in he fac ha he XOR operaion may be considered a "selecive complemen" insrucion. In oher words, where here are ones in B he bis in A are complemened, and where here are ones in B he bis in A are unchanged. The AND operaion, on he oher hand, may be hough of as selecively seing bis o zero in A, where he zeroes in he mask se bis in A o zero and ones in he mask leave he bis in A unchanged. Assume for he momen ha he mask is al I ones; he oher wo insrucions exacly cancel each oher, leaving A unchang~d, since he ones in B complemened he corresponding bis in A he firs ime and recomplemened he same bis (back o heir original saes) he second ime. Thus ones in he mask reain he original bis in A. Now consider zeroes in he mask: here he corresponding bis of A are cleared o zero by he AND operaion so ha he firs XOR has no effec; he second XOR simply complemens hose zeroes in A whi~h corre~pond <;> ones in B, which is o say ha i copies he bis of B ino A (remember A was cleared o zeroes by he AND operaion). Thus zeroes in he mask copy in bis from B. Since each bi operaes independenly, here is no requiremen ha he seleced bis o! A or B be coni~uous. Noe also ha no oher regisers or memory 1s required for his procedure, and ha B is unchanged. I realize his operaion looks suspicious, so I have included he following ruh able: June/July, ~976 Dr. Dobb's Journal of Compuer Calishenics & Orhodonia, Box 31, Menlo Park CA 9425 Page 9

10 <( a:i OOOA 3B6 3B CDBIOO 16 FS 17 21A9 OOIA 7E OOIB 3C OOIC FE3A OOIE C C31AOO ASOO 28 CDAOOO 2E CDAOOO 31 CDAOOO 34 CDAOOO 37 OE2 39 CD938 3C Fl 3D FE3B 3F C24EOO 42 OE2A 44 CD CD81 4A 4F 48 C344 4E FE2 5 CA F OOS4 CD CD81 OOSA FE3A 5C C253 5F 3E2 Page 1 ~ Cl) <( ~ a: a: FIGURE 1 c >< 2 >< Bye Packing Truh Table... <( "'C "' c... N =B =A 1 1 =B 1 1 =A 1 =B =A 1 =B 1 =A P'F!OCESSOR TECHNOLOGY REFORMATOR THIS PROGRAM TAKES BOBO ASSEMBLY SOIJRCE PROGRAMS WRITTEN ON INTEL'S lntellec 6!JHICH HAVE COLONS AFTE'F! LABELS, CONTROL-I'S FOR TABS, AND SEMICOLONS TO DENOTE COMMENTS. IT CONVERTS THEM TO PROCESSOR TECHNOLOGY'S FO'F!MAT WITH LINE NUMBERS, '' TO DENOTE COMMENTS, AND NO SEMICOLONS AFTER LABELS THE READER MUST BE UNDER PROGRAM CONTROL. THAT IS IT MUST BE STOPPED AFTER EACH CHARACTER IS, READ IN. THIS RUNS ON THE INTELEC/8 IT STARTS AT LOCATION!OH AND USES THE INTEL MONITOR FOR 11 CR EQU OOH LF EQU OAH RI EQU 3B6H JREADE'l.INPUT co EQU 3B9H JCONSOLE OUTPUT ORG IOH START: LXI SP. 1 oo H ; INITILIZE STACK CRCHK J INPUT A CHARACTER PRI~T OUT 4 ASCII DECIMAL DIGITS MDEC: PUSH PSW MDI: LXI MOU H,DNUM+3 A,M IN'! A CPI '9'+1 JNZ MD2 JTOO BIG? MUI M,, '' DCX H JOO THE NEXT DIGIT JMP MDI MD2: MOU M,A LXI H.DNUM-1 DPRT DPRT DPRT MVI DPRT c,. co FlR5T COLUMN, CHECK FOR A LABEL FFCHK: POP PSW CPI 'J' JCOMMENT? JNZ LBCHK MVI c., '' FCI: co JPROCESS A COMMENT CRCHK HOV C.A JMP FCI 61- lif 62 CD938 6S CDBIOO 68 FE2 6A CA6SOO 6D FE3B 6F CA F 73. CD CDBIOO 79 FE2 7B C272 7E C361 DO THE OPCODE OPPERAND AND COMMENT MULT.IPl:.E BLANKS BECOME SINGLE BLANKS POC1 MOV C.A POCl: co CRCHK CPI JZ POCI CPI. J. JZ FCI POC2: MOV C.A co C'F!CHK CPI JNZ POC2 JMP POC J J J 81 CD638 CRCHK 84 E67F READ A CHA'F!ACTER, MASK OFF PARITY. IF ITS.A CARRIAGE RETURN, THEN DO THE END OF LINE. THING CONVERT CONT'F!OL-l'S TO BLANKS. REPRODUCE LEADE'F!.. RI JGET THE CHARACTER ANI 7FH JMASK PARITY 86 FEDD CPI CR 88 CA95 JZ CRCI J ITS THE END 8B B7 ORA A 8C CA99 JZ CRC2 JREPRODUCE.LEADERll 8F FE9 CPI 9H JCONTROL-1 IS A TAB 91 co RNZ JNOT CONTROL-I 92 3E2!fV I A.'. 94 C9 RET JREPLACE WITH '. 95 El CRCI: POP H IFORGET RETURN 96 C3AAOO JMP NL I NE JGO TO END OF LINE 99 4F' CRC21 HOV C.A 9A CD938 co JOU'!"PUT LEADE'F! 9D C381 JMP 'ClCHK PRINT OUT CCH.L>> AS AN ASCII DECIMAL DIGIT OOAO 23 DPRT: INX H OOAI 4E HOV C.M OOA2 CD938 co OOA5 C9 RET J OOA DNUM: DB '' ; J TERMINATE A LINE WITH A J CARRIAGE-RETURN, LINE-FEED J AND GO PRINT THE NEXT LINE NUMBER J OOAA OEOD NLINE1 MV'I c.cr OOAC CD938 co OOAF OEOA MUI C.LF OOBI CD938 co 84 CDBIOO NL21 C'F!CHK 87 FEOA CPI LF OOB9 CAB4 JZ NL2 oobc C316 JMP MDEC P END LISTING PRODUCED COURTESY OF COMMUNITY COMPUTER CENTER Menalo., MENLO PARK (41.5) CHECK FOR A LABE.IJ\ THEY. HAVE COMPUTER GAME~ FOR KIDS BIRTHDAY PARTIES. TIME ON A PDP II AND PSP LBCHK1 CPI LBCl1 JZ POC JNO 1-AB.EL TIME ON A PDP/II AND PDP/8, AND WILL REPRODUCE PAPER TAPES MOV. C,A CO CRCHK CPI '1' JDELETE '<' JNZ LBC I JLOOP TO Pl'lNT MVI A,' ' J' ' SEPARTES LABEL AND OP-C(lnE Dr. Dobb's Journal of Compuer Calishenics & Orhodonia, Box 31, Menlo Park CA 9425 June/July, 1976

11 AN EXERCISE FOR NOVICE TRANSLATOR IMPLEMENTORS An Arihmeic Expression Evaluaor, Coded in BASIC by Bill Thompson Greeings: April, 26, 1976 I have been sudying compilers, inerpreers and he like, and hough ha some of he mehods ha I have used o gain a proper acquianance wih such a complicaed subjec migh aid oher uniniiaed persons. As such, having access o an HP983 (programmable calculaor-programs in BASIC) I have consruced in BASIC, an expression evaluaor-sor of an inerpreer. Since i is in BASIC, insead of assembly, he flow is a bi more obvious. Thanks and ake care, Bill Thompson S Evans CO 862 Following is a program and sample run of a simple expression evaluaor, wrien in BASIC. The program uses a ransiion able o "crunch" an expression. I have resrained myself from numerous embellishmens which have occurred o me as I worked on he program-had I sared on ha roue I would soon have succeeded in wriing a BASIC inerpreer in BASIC! Neverheless, I do sugges ha he beginner who wishes o learn enough o wrie a compiler or an inerpreer will find i paricularly helpful o wrie his rouine in assembler code. If you have access o a version of BASIC wih srings, add some of hose embellishmens I lef ou, such as program sorage, exponenial funcions, and assigning an expression o a variable. All of hese will ge you ino he program, and hopefully ino your own language. A TRANSITION TABLE EVALUATOR FOR ARITHMETIC EXPRESSIONS (IN BASIC) This program illusraed he use of sack echniques and.,i p + f s a c I k T 16 (blank) Curren Symbol + I Transiion Table 6 3 a ransiion able o evaluae an arihmeic expression. There are 2 sacks: a ransiion sack, T, and an execuion sack, E (arrays "T" and "E"). The program reads he expression once from lef o righ and akes various acions as direced by reference o he Transiion Table (array "D"). As he expression is read, if he new symbol is an idenifier (name of a variable, is value is pushed on sack E. If he new symbol is an operaor: 16 ( + - I ) hen he program goes o he ransiion able for insrucions. I does his by comparing he curren symbol wih he op one on he ranslaor sack (T). INSTRUCTIONS: 1. Push he curren operaor on ranslaor sack T, and coninue reading. 2. Perform an operaion, push he curren symbol on T, coninue. 3. Pop Sack T, coninue (delees parenhesis). 4. Perform an operaion. Pop T, hen repea he able look-up wih he curren symbol and he new op of T. 5. Error: missing righ parenhesis. 6. Error: missing lef parenhesis. 7. End-evaluaion complee. Noes: A "sack" is a las-in-firs-ou daa vecor. All operaions are performed on he op wo members of he expression Sack, E. All operaions performed use he op of he T sack. All expressions mus be followed by a blank. A blank is denoed in he able by "Vl'. Values are assigned by expressions of he form: 'LET E=5'. Reference: Translaion of Compuer Languages by Weingaren, 1973, Holden-Day, Inc., ISBN (Warning: he reference hough good, conains errors in diagrams, ec.) 1 DI~ AS[8J,BS[1l,CS[26J,C[26l,TfBOJ,E[BOJ,D(6,71 2 HEM 3 HE.I\ SET UP THE TRANSITION TABLE 4 HE1~ 5 FOH I=I TO 6 6 ~OH J=I TO 7 7 HEAD D[I,JJ 8 NEXT J 9 NEXT I 1 DATA 7,1,1,1,1,1,? 11 OATA 5,1,1,1,1,1,3 12 DATA 4, 1,2,2, I, 1,4 I 3 DATA 4, I, 2, 2, I, I, 4 14 DATA 4,1,4,4,1,1,4 I 5 DATA 4, 1, 4, 4, 1, 1, 4 16 Frrn I=l TO C [I J=O 18 : "EXT I 19 FOR I=I TO 8 2TrIJ=I 21 E[IJ=O 22 NEXT I 23 BS=" ( +-/) '' 24 CS="Al:3CDEFGHIJKLMNOPQHSTUVWXYZ DISP "INPUT EXPRESSION"; 26 INPUT AS 27 IF AS [I,31# 11 LET" THEN 3 28 GOSUB GOTO 25 3 K=I 31 L=POS<Bs,ASCK,KJ) 32 IF L#O THEN GOSUB GOTO 36 June/July, 1976 Dr. Dobb's Journal of Compuer Calishenics & Orhodonia, Box 31, Menlo Park CA 9425 Page 1.1

12 35 GOSUB K=K+l 37 GOTO A=POSCCS,AS[5,5ll 39 N=POSCAS,"=") 4 C[MJ=VALCASUJ+l l> 41 PRINT" 11 1CS[1A,!"= 1 '1C[MJ; " RETUflN 4 3 ~= POS CC S, As [ K, K l ) 44 IF M=O THEN 5 45 FOH. I=8 TO 2 STEP - I 46 EC I J=EC I-1 J 4 7 NEXT I 48 EC I l=cc Ml 49 rletijiln 5 GOSUB PHINT "INVALID SYMBOL" 52 GOTO GOTO DCTCIJ,LJ OF 54,59,65,7!,77,B3,B9 54 REM 55 r1e.<1 rnsrnuct ION 56 rlem 57 GOSUd RETURN 59 i1e1'a 6 rlem INSTRUCTION TI 61 ilell 62 GOSUl:l I 5 63 GOSUB rleturn 65 rle1a 66 rlelvl INSTRUCTION I II 67 rlem 68 GOSUB I i?etuhn 7 rle REii INSTrlUCTION IV 72 REI~ 13 GOSUB GOSUB I GoSUB rletuf.in 77 f.ieia mo lem INSTRUCTION v 19 REM 8 GOSUB 132 dlo PHINT "MISSING HIGHT PAHENTHESIS" 82 GOTO I 9 d3 rlel'a 84 rlem INSTRUCTION VI 85 rle'a 86 GOSUB PHINT "MISSING LEFT PARENTHESIS" 88 GOTO I 9 89 RE.vi 9 REM INSTRUCT roq VII 91 RE\l 92 PRINT AS!" =" 9 3 p fl I NT II.. IE [ I 11 " " 94 PR INT 95 PRINT " STOP " 96 ECIJ=O Y7 GOTO END 99 RE\I THIS ROUTINE A!lDS A SYMB:JL TO STACK T I '"OR 1=8 To 2 STEP - I I I TC I J =TC I- I J I 2 ;JEXT I 13 TC 1 l=l I 4 fletui<n I 5 f/e,a Til IS iwutuie GE!'-/Ell\TES A.N OPEflATinN 16 GOTO T[ll Of 17,IOl:J,11,11.3,116,119,17 IOIOGnSUl3 132 IOoO PHIIH 11 Eiii-lo1:i H OPEHA.TioN GENEl?ATrJR I 9 GOTO I 9 11 f[ij=ec2l+ec1j 111 :1 GflS'JH '?ETIJ;m 113 E[ll=EC2l-E[ll 114 GOSUll '.5 ifftuhn 116 E[ll=E[2lE[IJ 11 1 c;osljfl ,~ ETlJf?J 11\1 E[ll=E[2l/E[IJ 12'.) GOSUB 127 I 2 I fl ETll fl~! 122 f-ie'a T!IIS flll!itine POPS STACK T 123 FOfl l=l TO T[!l=TfI+l J 125 NEXT I 126 i-letuhn 127 fle,v\ TllIS f.ioutine SHIFTS STACK E 128 Fm~!=2 TO E[ Il=EC 1+1 l I 3 ~~EXT I 131 RETUi-li~ I.12 1-'1? INT As 'H!NT TABCK-l)1 ~;o I.34 r'fl INT I 35 ii!:otu fl!j RUN INPUT EXPRESSION?LET A=5 A= 5 INPUT EXPRESSION?LET Z=6 Z= 6 INPUT EXPRESSION?LET D=4 D= 4 INPUT EXPRESSION?LET X=3.25 X= 3.25 INPUT EXPRESSION?LET P= P= INPUT EXPRESSION? A A AA = 25 STOP INPUT EXPRESSION?A/ZP NZP INVALID SYMBOL (missing ~. INPUT EXPRESSION? A/ZP A/ZP = STOP INPUT EXPRESSION?(A Z)+ DX (AZ)+DX = 43 STOP INPUT EXPRESSION?( (A-Z)/(XZ)+P ((A-Z)/(XZ)+P MISSING RIGHT PARENTHESIS INPUT EXPRESSION?( (A-Z)/(XZ)+P) ((A-Z)/(XZ)+P) = STOP ha is, missing erminaing blank) Page 12 Dr. Dobb's Journal of Compuer Calishenics & Orhodonia, Box 31, 11/lenlo Park CA 9425 June/July, 1976,

13 by F. J. Greeb 1915 S. Cape Way, Denver CO 8227 (33) May 6, 1976 [received a PCC June 21s] A Classy 88 Tex Edior Hello People, May 12, 1976 Enclosed is a descripion and source lising of my es edior program, along wih some commens on conversion of he p~ogram -o oher 88 sysems. This maerial is being submied approxunaely simulaneously o boh he Denver Amaeur Compuer Sociey Newsleer and o Dr. Dobb's Journal for publicaion as eiher (or boh} orga,;izaion sees fi. As far as I know, all he bugs have been removed from he program. I have been using an earlier version, which is essenially he same excep for he variable sorage locaions and eleype rouines, for several monhs.. I am also including a curren descripion of my sysem, which will probably be ou of dae by he ime you receive his, since I keep changing i, and ~ome oher general commens. Keep up he good work. Fred J. Greeb GENERAL COMMENTS TEXT EDITOR SOURCE LISTING-The lising is no generaed direcly by he 88 assembler. I is he resul of playing he source ape generaed by he assembler ino a sysem which has a high speed priner. The. playback iming is no perfec and some errors do occur. All known errors have been corr:eced, bu consider his facor as a poenial source of errors when implemening he program on anoher sysem. TEXT EDITOR PROGRAM-The program has no been opimized for eiher memory uilizaion or speed. The original design goal was o use less han 4K, for compaabiliy wih he assembler. The firs version used abou 2K, and herefore no size reducion was aemped.. Mos commands execue wih no noiceable delay. A long sring search or deleion of many lines will cause a few seconds' ause. DESIRABLE.HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE FEATURES (personal preference)-efficien uilizaion of memory, possibly by convering source code o opcode (binary).equivalens, raher han soring source code direcly. This conversion could be accomplished a load ime, or by a separae program (a C?ompiler?). User definable 1/ handling, including muliple 1/ pors. Considering he price of PROM's, I suspec mos 1/ rouines will end up in PROM sooner or laer, wih everyone using differen echniques and addresses. Exernal subrouine call capabiliy, including variable ransfer capabiliy. User definable ineger and floaing poin variable capabiliy. Several ohers I can' hink of off he op of my head, and will undoubedly remember afer I mail his. SUPPLIERS-Excellen: James Elecronics, Bill Godbou (2 week service on cusom-programmed PROM's). rillajor supplier gripe: refund credi slips raher han cash refund on ouof sock iems. These have a habi of geing los when reurned for a cash refund. I don' know how he wo menioned suppliers handle his problem. Ou of numerous orders for a variey of merchandise, hey have never been ou-ofsock on any iem. Poor suppliers: why boher o menion-. hem-mos have already received an abundance of criicism. WANT LIST-High level language. Floaing poin arih rneic and 1/ rouines. Floaing poin arihmeic hardware and/or schemaics. Scope driver sofware using D/A converers. Games. Cheap paper ape reader. DREAM LIST-Cassee ape conrollers, hardware and sofware. High speed CRT erminal, 72 column line minimum. Discs and conrollers. A 16-bi sysem. High speed priner and conroller. And on and on and on.. PLANNED APPLICATIONS-Indefinie. I designed and buil he sysem o learn more abou he hardware. Tha purpose was accomplished: I did learn a lo. As for wha I do wih i, only ime will ell. THE EDITOR The ex edior program is a srong/line oriened program wrien in 88 assembly language. The program is de.signed for use in he developmen of source programs o be processed by an assembler or compiler, or for general p~rpose ASCII file generaion. 29 separae commands are recognized by he program - The edior does no require line numbers o be presen in he ASCII file. I has he capabiliy o search for and lo.cae any sring of valid ASCII characers in he file, irrespecive of heir locaion wihin a line. Lines can be added, deleed, replaced, modified, or prined wih simple inpu co!1' mands. Once iniialized, he program conains self proecion feaures so ha i canno overwrie iself. HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS-The program occupies approximaely 2.5K words of memory, plus memory space for he file being edied. An addiional 128 words of memory are used for he 88 sack. Peripherals suppored are a TV-Typewrier, Baudo eleype (oupu only), and a cassee ape. Several of he driver rouines for he peripherals are conained in he sysem monior ROM, and mus be supplied exernally for conversion o oher 88 sysems. COMMAND FORMAT AND DESCRIPTION-All commands o he edior are inpu as ASCII daa erminaed by a carriage reurn. The only non-prining ASCII characers recognized by he program are carriage reurn (C/R, ocal 15), end of file (EOF, ocal 1), and Tab (Conrol T, ocal 24). The program oupus a greaer-han symbol, >, as a promp indicaing ha i is waiing for a command o be inpu. The commands recognized may be classified ino hree general caegories: Iniializaion, Edi, and Uiliy. All commands mus be followed by a space and/or erminaed by a C/R. Addiional parameers associaed wih a command (numerical or sring daa) mus be separaed from he command by one or more spaces. Iniializaion Commands-The iniializaion commands se he file sar address and define he end of file. All iniializaion commands reques he file saring address, which mus be inpu from he keyboard. The iniializaion commands and heir resuls are: NEWF Defines a new file locaion saring a he inpu address, and eners he inpu mode. EDIT Edi an exising file a he inpu address. Oupus he firs line or page of he file, as specified by he oupu mode. LOAD Loads a file from ape, beginning a he saring address. Loading begins wieh a C/R is inpu following he address inpu o_ allow ime for manual ape seup. Edi Commands-The edi commands are used o display and/or edi lines wihin he file. All edi commands operae on, or wih resp~c o, he curren line. In mos cases, he curren line is defined as he las line displayed on he TVT screen. The program uilizes a line poiner which always conains he saring address of he curren line. This address changes as differen lines wihin he file are accessed. In he following descripions, a sring is defined as any ~ sequence, of any lengh, of valid ASCII characers. Parameers June/July, 1976 Dr. Oobb's Journal of Compuer Calishenics & Orhodonia, Box 31, Menlo Park CA 9425 Page 13

14 conained wihin parenheses are opional parameers which may be included in he command line. Only he parameers, and no he parenheses, are included if he opional parameers are used. A Sring Append he sring o he end of he curren line and display he resul. BOTM Se he curren line poiner o he end of file. C %sring1%sring2 Find he firs occurence of sring1 in he curren line and change i o sring2. The wo sring lenghs need no be equal, and he second sring can be null (i.e., a C/R following he second delimier). The delimiers (%) may be any prining ASCII characer. D (M) Delee he curren line (or M lines beginning wih he curren line) from he file. The file is moved in memory so ha no empy space exiss in he file. M is inpu as a decimal number, maximum value = 255. F sring Find and display he firs line in he file which begins wih he sring. The search begins wih he line following he curren line and coninues unil a mach is found or he EOF is reached. The found line becomes he curren line. I sring 1.nser he sring as a new line following he curren line. The file is moved up in memory o make space for he new line. If no sring is included, or if only a C/R is inpu as a command, he edior eners he coninuous inpu mode. In his mode, muliple lines may be enered in he file by yping in each line followed by a C/R. Exi from he coninuous inpu mode is accomplished by inpuing a null line (C/R only). When he coninuous inpu mode is enered, he message INPUT will be displayed. Upon exiing his mode, he message EDIT will be displayed. No promp is issued beween muliple inpu lines, which indicaes ha he edior is in he inpu mode. INSM M Inser M lines from memory following he curren line (M = 1 o 255). The file is moved in memory o accomodae he new lines. The locaion (saring address) of he new lines will be requesed and mus be inpu from he keyboard. This command is designed for merging ogeher of wo files, bu may also be used o move lines wihin he same file if he desinaion is a a higher memory address han he source. If his is no he case, only one line a a ime may be moved correcly wihin he file. LIST Lis he enire file on he oupu device (TVT or TTY). L sring Locae and display he firs line in he file which conains he sring anywhere wihin he line. The search begins wih he line following he curren line and coninues unil a mach is found or he EOF is reached. The locaed line becomes he curren line. N (M) Move he curren line poiner o he nex p (M) PAGE R sring T line in he file (or move M lines) and display he new curren line. M may be posiive or negaive (max. range = ± 255). Prin he curren line (or M lines). The las line prined becomes he new curren lines. Lis one page ( 15 lines), beginning wih he curren line. The curren line is unchanged. Replace he curren line wih he inpu sring and display he resul. Se he curren line poiner o he op of he file and display he firs line or page of he file. Uiliy Commands-The uiliy commands allow displaying of he various poiners used by he program; specifying parameers o he program; and oupuing files o ape. All addresses oupu by hese commands are displayed in spli ocal, low order address firs, followed by he high order address. The uiliy commands inerface wih he TVT only, and do no pupu o he TTY. The uiliy commands recognized, and he funcions hey perform, are: CLRS DISP DEOF DISM SETM MODEL p OUTM S T(C) RUBO X Kill X Q TAPE Clear TVT screen Displays curren line poiner. This command is useful for he INSM command o deermine he saring address of he lines o be insered. Display end of file address. Display curren seing of maximum memory size. Se maximum meory address. This value is prese o 7.5K for use in an 8K sysem, leaving.5k free for laer addiions o a large file. This command requess an address inpu. Ses he oupu o he line (L) or page (P) mode. In he line mode, only he curren line is displayed following a command. In he page moade, 15 lines are displayed. The firs line displayed is he curren line. Ses he oupu device o he TVT (S) or eleype (T). The T parameer iniializes he TTY only (se o Baudo leers mode), and he TC parameer also oupus a carriage reurn/line feed. Ses he rubou characer o X. X (iniialized o ") may be any prining ASCII characer. The rubou characer erases he previous inpu characer in a command line. Muliple rubous may be used o erase (back up) muliple characers. Ses he kill characer o X. X (iniialized o?) may be any prining ASCII characer. The kill characer delees he enire inpu line. If he kill and rubou are se o he same characer, he kill funcion will ake precedence. Qui. Exi o monior. Transmis he enire file o cassee ape. Two subcommands are associaed wih his command and require responses o queries displayed on he TVT. The firs TVT oupu is "REMOVE TABS?". An inpu of Y (yes) will cause abs o be convered o spaces prior o ransmission o he ape recorder. if N (no) is inpu, he file will be aped unmodified. The nex oupu message is "FULL OR PARTIAL Fl LE?". If an F (full) is inpu, he file is erminaed by a double end of file on he ape. If P (parial) is inpu, he file is erminaed by a single end of file Page 14 Dr. Dobb's Journal of Compuer Calisheni<r:s & Orhodonia,!Box 31, Menlo Park CA 9425 June/July, 1976

15 followed by an end of record (ocal 3). These wo ape end formas are no used direcly by he edior program bu are for use in an associaed assembler, where hey signal he.assembler eiher ha more daa is required or ha he end of he source code has been reached. Transmission of daa o ape begins when he C/R following he F or P response is inpu. ERROR MESSAGES-The program will oupu he error message "WHAT?" in response o unrecognizable or improperly formaed commands. In addiion o his general error message, several oher error messages may be displayed. On all commands which require an address inpu, he address. is esed agains he minimum useable file address. If he inpu address is less han he minimum, he error message "MIN ADDR (LH) = XXX YYY" will be displayed. This prevens overwriing of he edior program by he file being edied. If a command is enered which increases he size of he file, he new end of file locaion is esed agains he se maximum memory value. If he maximum would be exceeded by he command, he message "MEM OVERFLOW" is displayed and execuion of he command is inhibied. During he LOAD command, he maximum is no esed unil afer he load from ape is complee, and can overwrie daa sored above he meximum limi. During execuion of he INSM command, he daa o be insered is verified o be valid ASCII daa. (Noe: ASCII daa, as defined in his program, is he 64 characer upper case subse) If a non-ascii characer, oher han a conrol characer recognized by he program, is encounered, he message "BAD DATA XXX YYY" is displayed, where XXX YYY is he address of he invalid daa. Execuion of he INSM command is erminaed if his error is displayed. If execuion of a command, such as Prin M, causes he end of file o become he curren line, he message "BOT TOM" will be displayed. This message will also be displayed if a Find or locae command fails o mach he inpu sring, indicaing ha he sing is no presen in he porion of he file searched. CONVERSION TO OTHER SYSTEMS-Conversion o oher 88 sysems should no be exceedingly difficul. Sev.eral hardware dependen 1/ rouines, which are conained in ROM, are called by he program. These rouines will have o be supplied by he user. The rouines called, he funcions hey perform, and he regisers which may be modified by hese rouines are: CR LF A regiser CLRS TAPI A re'.]iser A, B, D, E NEW CLUB: TRACE, IN ONTARIO Oupu a carriage reurn/line feed o he TVT Clear TVT screen regiserssingle characer inpu from ape. Daa reurned in A and D regis- There are abou 5 members currenly in TRACE (Torono Region Associaion of Compuer Enhusiass). I covers he greaer Torono-Hamilon-Kichener areas of Onario and usually holds meeings on he firs or second Friday of 'each monh. Address: TRACE, Box 545, Sreesville, Onario, l5m 2C1 Canada. T APO TMDL HL 8, C regisers A, B, C regisers All excep D, E MONT - ltrs, FIGS, BEQV ers Single characer oupu o ape. Daa in A regiser oupu and reurned unmodified Time delay (approximaely 5 seconds) for ape oupu rouine. Ener a TM D L +6 for.5xc Regiser value delay Address inpu from keyboard o H L regisers. Carry se for nor ma I reurn. Carry clear if inpu error occurred. Sysem monior ASCII /BAUD OT conversion ables. Numerical values of Baudo symbols lised in ASCII sequence. Bi 8 se for ASCII symbols which have no Baudo equivalence, wih 5 LSB's conaining he relaive address of he double characer equivalence in able BEQV. In addiion o hese rouines and ables, a memory area for he 88 sack is required. The program uses a 128 word memory dedicaed o his purpose. The sack deph requiremen has no been deermined, bu 2 or 3 words should be sufficien. The wo TVT 1/ rouines (TVTI and TVTO) may also have o be modified. These rouines use hardware conrol of he 88 ready line, raher han flag esing or sofware iming. The mos convenien locaion for hese addiional memory requiremens is a he end of he presen edior program. Only he value of MMIN (Minimum useable file address) would have o be changed, and his value is referenced only in he address inpu rouine (HUN). SYSTEM DESCRIPTION-HARDWARE May 12, 1976 Cusom design and consrucion. Based on 88 microprocessor MHz clock. Full fron panel conrol and display. Memory 8K RAM, Address o word RAM, Address 347 o (normally used as sack) 512 word PROM, Address 34 o 342 Peripherals TV Typewrier (Radio Elecronics TVT-1). Muliplexed half duplex ype parallel daa inerface wih hardware conrol of he 88 ready line. No "echo" required. Cassee ape mass daa sorage. Suding ype inerface wih sofware iming (inprom) a approximaely 66 baud. Two channel D/A converer. Baudo eleype wih UART inerface. Primarily used for hard copy oupu. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION-SOFTWARE Monior (PROM)-lncludes load from ape, dump.o ape, keyboard inpu o memory, display memory conens, execue a program, and ASCll/BAUDOT conversion ables. Assembler-Modified Processor Technology version. Modificaions include four characer (max.) symbols, ocal oupu, muliple block daa inpu from ape, unlimied ASCII sring (daa) lengh, objec code oupu o ape (opional), and source lising o ape (opional). Tex Edior-General purpose ASCII daa handling for source code generaion and modificaion. Line/sring oriened; no line numbers required. Denver Tiny BASIC-Feaures ineger arihmeic, 12 variables, single dimensioned variables, remarks, and a random number generaor. Oher programs-file lis; memory check; ocal edior; LIFE (from PCC, Vol. 4, No. 2-Sepember, 1975); hex memory dump o TTY; ec. June/July, 1976 Dr. Dobb's Journal of Compuer Calishenics & Orhodonia, Box 31, Menlo Park CA 9425 Page 115

16 ~ rg... en 88 TE>ff 1 i 1'1 i i c i :"' i c CT ~ i i i i 5' i3!:; i5 :::J!!!. 3 ii ii2... ii5 C'l (1(1 ii6 ~ i2i -g 3 i24 ~ (1 i27... i32 &' 135 S' 3 i4(1 ~ 1;m i42 = i45 l (1 i5 Ill' i53 ~) i53 ;:i 1a 153 s 1-:::1 :153 g. :156 a 1zn fii' 162 u '"1 165 ~ ~ :175.o fh s: 1a1"1 22 ~ (1 22 '"1 22.,, 2(12!!l.,,. (1 2(15 27 C'l 1711'.'1 2i2 :I:> 13 2i4 "' 217 ~ ' ~' c... c 242 i!:... "' ~ en " i 262 Er:oITOR 6i 2 :, ii ( : : i 267 3i5 i2 1a i i :5 12:1. :1. 7: :11 ~:::1..:i J ( i5 2( i i i i1 1i i i i5 i i 3i 2i i4 TE>ff ED I TOF.: PF.:OGF.:AM l lf.:itte{ IN 8 H:l ASSEME:L'T' LANGUAGE "lers I o l 4. APF~ IL 16, TVT OF~ E:AUDOT TT'T' OUTPUT USES ROM Mo~ I TOR F.:OUT INES SET INITIAL CONDITIONS ua MVI STA MVI STA :":F.:A STA U<I SF', STAK SET STACK A, '? ' SET KILL KI LL CHAF.:ACTER A,... " ' SET RUE:OUT F.:UE:O CHAF.:ACTER A. CLEAR A REGISTER MODE SET TO LINE MODE H, idffh SET MA;< MMA:": MEMOF.:'T' SHLC CLF.:S CLERF.: SCF.:EEN!DON L:>n H. EDMS OUTPUT ErHT OUTR MESSAGE CMRT W~I A, '>' TVTO DTIN SCNE: OUTPUT PF.:OMPT INPUT COMMAND SCA~ OFF E:LAWO:.S INPUT MODE IF COMMAND = C/R JC INMD SCRH PUSH E: LXI D,CTE:4 LHLD IPNT SHLD ADDS mr ~4 STA NCHR MVI E:.N4CS CTSH ZERO IF MATCH.JZ M'./I STA MVI.mz MTCH SHLD LDA MO'./ MVI LHLC> C AD SHLD MO' i CPI.JNC MTGO SHLD LHLD POP E:>(CT L:X:I MTCH A, i NCHF.: E:, N1CS CTSH ~lhat TEMP NCHF.: C,A E:.. IPNT E: IPNT A, M... '+i ~lhat SCNE: IPNT TEMP E: D.CMRT JUMP TO INPUT MODE SA' /E E:.~~C REG COMMAND TAE:LE ADDF.: COMMAND ADDF.: IN I E:UF FOR SEARCH ROUTINE 4 CHAR COMMANDS FOF.: SEARCH ROUT HlE # OF 4 CHAR CMMDS SEARCH F.:OUTINE.JUMP IF MATCH 1 CHAF: CMr ms FOR SEARCH ROUTINE # OF 1 CHAF.: CMl"lDS SEARCH TAE:LE EF.:ROF.:, NO MATCH SA'..1E ADDF.:ESS # OF CHAR IN CMMD TO C REG ADD E:C TO HL TO GET ADDR OF CHAF.: AFTER CM JCo SET IE:UF PO INTER GET NE:X:T CHAF.: TEST IF C.-"R OF.: E:LANK EF.:F.:OR IF NOT SCAN OFF E:LANKS SET IE:UF PO INTER RE MATCH ADDF.: RESTORE E:.S,C SET RETUl':N ADDRESS U a a ( i4 3i6 32i f::.'l.;.11!.1..:::..;;o ~ J:6 J:6J: ( :73,e:1e:1 J: (1 3 ::76 31 (11 11 G '7J1 6 i 6 e: :;: :31 1i (11 27 i i ::6!::1i 4 i 43 i i 6 1 6i i i iii i i i5 : : :13:1. 3: i6 J: i 4i 1i 3i5 i2 2 3: : J:76 12(1 3( ii :1:1 3: : : : J:12 :::: (J2 32 (1:1. : i.zu:::1: (1 3i : J:( J:3 J:7 ( J:4i J: 1 3:76 :15 32 J:7!::1( ~ : , i7 PUSH [:o TO STACK PCHL E:X:ECUTE Ci"lMD EDMS DI~ 'ED IT " ED IT MESSAGE DE: 8DH MSE: SET ON LAST CHAR TAPE OUTPUT COMMAND ROUTINE TPCF~ L:X:I H, TRMS OUTPUT TAE: OUTF.: MESSAGE C TIN INPUT f;:esponse SET TO CHAF~ ADDFi: GET RESPONSE TEST IF '.'ES JUMP IF 'r'es TEST IF NO EF:ROR IF NOT 'T"ES OF.: NO CLEAR A REG SET TAE: FLAG OUTPUT FULL OR OUTR PAF.:TIAL MESSAGE DTIN INPUT RESPONSE SET ADDF.:ESS GET RESPONSE TEST IF FULL.JUMP IF FULL TEST IF PAF.:TI AL EF<:l':OF.: IF lot F OF.: P CLEAi': A SET F OR P MODE L.HLD TOPL GET START ADDF.: TMDL TI ME DELA'T' TO TAPE SET TAE: COUNTER GET TAE: FLAG SET 81;::18(1 FLAGS GET DATA FOR OUTPUT I NCF.:EMENT AC DF~ESS,TUMP IF TAE:S STA'T' TEST IF TAE:.JUMP IF NOT TAE: DC:x: H MOV A.M CPI...,T JZ $+6 CPI "W JNZ l lhat :><:RA A STA TEMi UH H, EFEF.: L:x: I H, I E:UF MO"." A.. M CPI "F '.JZ STCC CPI 'P ' JNZ!~HAT ;x:ra A STCD STA TEMP M'./I D.. i N~';TP LDA TEMi Ol':A A MOV A.M IN:x: H.JZ TE:OK CPI TAB.JN:<: TE:OK CONVERT TAE:S TO SPACES MCl\ 1 A. D 6 :l;:-5 E.. A SUI,TNC MO'./ MVI INR I lr.mz JMP TE:OK INF.: CPI JZ CPI JNZ JMP TDON MVI LC A ORA JNZ INR INR TPLC MOil R- / - TAPO D E $:-8 N:x:TP TAPO D 1 TDON 13 NXTP N:X:TP-2 E:, 1 TEMP A TPLC E: E: A, E: GET COLUMN COUNTER SUE:TRACT 6 F:EPEATEDL 'T' UNTIL OVEF.:FLOW OCCUF.:S #(-) OF SPACES TO E REG SPACE TO TAPE INCREMENT COLUMN COUNT INCREMENT SPACE COUNT LOOP UNTii,.. SPACES DONE GET NEXT CHAFi: OUTPUT TO TAPE I NCF:EMENT COLUMN COUNT TEST IF EOF JUMP IF EOF TEST IF C/R NE:X:T CHAR IF NOT C/I': F:ESET COLUMN COUNT SET FOR EOF OUTPUT GET F.-"P FLAG SET 88 FLAGS JUMP IF FULL FILE INCREMENT 8 TO EOR EOF OF~ EOF.: TO A

17 2-1-:::u::: (1:1 1-:::172 ::l ;::: "' OOi 75 c: ~ OOi ioi OOi 1J::15 OOi iii f1i i12 en OOi ii2 rnc1i ii2 1 ii2 X1i ii5 f11c1i i2d OOi i2i S? OOi i2:3:. 1-::.~1-:::11 i26 l5' OOi CT 1<1i ~ ~11c1i 5" ~1!<1i =;. OOi 1ai s, 11_ i27 i3i ij:2 :13:5 i36 i4i i44 i45 n OOi i46 o OOi i5i 3 l :155 (11-:::11 :156 n 1-Z1: !. OOi i6 ~ [u;: ~ n::: ff 1-:::u:::11_ :165 1fU_ :165 Q.<> 1~1i i65 (1f):. 165 ;. l-~)1. :166 g_ f1i i7i OOi i74 g. 1-3:1 :175-1~1i 2 3 g' OOi 2i " (1'~1i 2 32 c..j 1-:'.:H :::15 (113i 2i. OOi 2ii ~ f1"ji 2i4 " OOi 2i7 Of1i 2i7 ;f n:::1:. 2:17 ;;<- mli 21;c ('") OOi c c r1 )> --- f1i 222 ~ gi~ ~~~ f1i 2:3:4 1-)(1:1 23:5 (C1'3i 24 OOi 24:3: Of1i 243 ';:? i;:11;n 24:: cg (1(1i 24 J:... (1(1i OOi i 252 :3:i5 i5i J:4i ]:~:::1:: 21-:::13 1-:;:1(: :::15 : ~~ i26 i5 41;.~ i24 11-::: : l;'.f("? ~ 243 OOi J:1-:::15.:.::... i::. 1-;}55 ::2 i4i ~1i 3i (16 (11:;:11 :;: :::152 ld55 1-:::1:11 4:;: 1.] : :i i4 ii5 3::1.5 :;:25 1-]f16 1-::: :::1 (1(12 ~'Di ii5 ~1i4 : :i2 243: OOi 175 (162 1-]67 1-:::111 ( :11 ]:53: f152 16:1 1-:::11:1 1-:::153: [153: ::::::15 J: : 3:3:2 2:17 Od.1 J:5]: 42 6i Oii 33: 263 :1 : a:5 J:f12 2i 3i ~14:;: 42 f16i f1ii 1-;J72 1-:::167-1-:::111 1-::: i66 OOi OOi [11.5 3:1.2 26:c cn:::1: 3:1-5 3: 12 3:3:2 3:3:6 (1135 TA~J AND TO TAPE JMP DEOF DISPLAY END ADDRESS TF~S DW 'REMOVE TABS? [:oe: +::mh NEXT COMMAND ROUTINE r <TC U<I B.. 2.JC N>,:1_1p PUSH B CPI.HE U l'v"v' POP MVI PUSH LHLD INX SHLD CNVV LHLD :: B B.i B IF~T H I~T IPNT B,H MO\' MDV C,L DBCV ~:R H JP WHAT POP B MDV GL INR C MDV A,B ORA A JZ M<UP MOVE BACK TOWARDS TOP of; MDV A,L NXBK STA TEMP LHL[: TOF'L ::<;CHG LHLC PHF: r latp C C< H DC:,_,; H O"iTS.JC laof< :'<CHG SHLD PHF:.JMP JDClrl SET B&C UP i IF NO NUMBER INPUT SAVE B&C TEST IF NEGATIVE JUMP IF POSITIVE RESTORE BS,C SET B FOR SIGN FLAG SAVE B&C GET NUMBER ADDR INCREMENT PAST -SIGN UPDATE I~JF POINTER GET NUMBER ADDRESS SET ADDRESS IN B& CONVERT TO BINARY TEST IF LESS THAN ~~~ JUMP IF HL > 255 RESTORE B&C # OF LINES TO C PLUS i SIGN FLAG TO A SET 88 FLAGS MOVE UP IF POSITIVE # OF LINES TO A SAVE IN TEMP FILE START ADDR TO DE REGISTERS CURRENT ADDRESS BACK UP 2 CHARACTERS TEST IF AT TOP JUMP IF NOT TOP TOP ADDR TO HL SET LINE POINTER JL~P TO EXIT BACK UP TO START OF CURRENT LINE mcw: MO'.,.' A.. M GET CURRENT CHAR. CPI i3: TEST FOF: C/R.. mz latp+i LOOP UNTIL C/R FOUND m>': H SET ADC F.: TO LINE START SHLD PNTF: SET LINE POHffEF.: L[: A TEMP # OF LINES TO A DCF.: A SUBTF:ACT i.j-.iz N>,:E:f< LOOP UNTIL# =.ZEF:O.JMP mo-~.jump TO E:,<IT MOVE TOWAF:DS END OF FILE N>,:UP [:ocf: C # OF LINES - i _TZ mon JUMP IF DONE llst GET NEXT LINE ADDR JC BOTM.JUMP IF AT EDF i.:::.._1._1.-,c:-c: : OOi ? 1 26? i : :1 33 i 33.1?? i i3~ OOi 3ii OOi 3i4 :1 3: OOi 32 :1 32 OOi 32 i :1 324 ~:::11;::11 ]:26 i :;::n (1f1i J.:;.J. H]i J:36 (1C11 33:7 i 3:42 OOi :A:;: '313i J:43: 3i 3:43: f1i :3:46 f12: (1f1i 351. [1 11 3:51 i J:5i (11-:::11 J:5:1 3i 354 i.;:11] :1 3: 5 ~:5 n.:::11 J:6(i 1-]1. 3:6J: oi.:::11 ::66 j.]f1.i 366 (1(11 ]:66 fh]1. J:66 X1i :7i i.;:11-:;:11. 3:72-3(11. 3:74 i;::11-;): 3:77 i.:::1i.:::12 oi.:::12 j.:::1i.:::12 ~:::1 f1]: ~] 1-:::12 ~:::1 j.:::13 i.31-;:12 1-)&.]3 12 (1(1}: ('.:12 (16 i-)f12 f11-;:17 2 Oif1 2 Oi2 (1(12 OiJ: (12 (1i6 42 6i Oii :1:1 52 6:1.1: :::12 1_j.:::1'.:i (1(16 :15 22 J:4[1 1-:::1 ~: j.:::11. 6 (11-:;:(;: 1;::152 j.:;:155 Ei1..i :176 ]:76 12: ii ::: :176 3:76 :2~:::1 3i2 3:::;:7 O cli 376 ii4 J:-32 2 ~3(12.:::::::1.- 1-:::162 ~:::15(1 1-i ~'ii (152 ~:::157 1-:::11.i.f142 6i Oii f.172 5~:::1 1.: (152 ~355 ( ( ii [152 ~:'.:161 ( : _:::(6 1.5 :;:1 ::22 ~;:!(16 f12 i;;:1;53: SHLD PNTF: JMP NXUP SET LINE POINTER LOOP UNTIL DONE.+; EXIT TO PRINT ROUTINE NOON LOA MODE MODE FLAG TO A LHLD PNTF: LOAD LINE POINTEF: OF:A A JNZ LIST CLF:S JMP LNOT ;f; RUBOUT COMMAND F~UTINE SET 88 FLAGS JUMP TO PAGE C~TPUT CLEAR SCF:EEN JUMP TO LINE OUTPUT SETS NEW F:UBOUT CHARACTER ;f; RBCM LHLD IPNT MDV A,M :f: CPI "+i _TC WHAT STA RUBO RET ~JTPUT ~JOE SET COMMAND :f; LOAD IBUF POINTEF: GET NEW ~J~JUT CHAP TEST IF BLANK OR CONTF:OL CHAR VALID. SET F:UBOUT EXIT TO EDIT P~~ITOF: MSCF: LHU:o I F'H LOAD I~JF ADDRESS MO\' A.. r-1 GET NEW ~~DE CPI p TEST FOP PAGE.Jz STMD JUMP IF PAGE MODE C:F'I.. L.. TEST IF LINE nc ~ lhat ERF~F: IF NOT P OR N :'<F.:A A CLEAR A STMD STA MODE SET MODE PET DONE TOP CC~MAND F.~~TINE ;f: TOPP LHLD TOPL SHLD PNTR LOAD TOP ADDF:ESS SET LINE POINTER JL~P TO LINE OF: PAGE OUTPUT AS DETEF.~INED BY CURRENT ~JOE ;f: LOA MODE OF:A A JNZ LIST F'AGE MOC E TPLE CLRS JMP LNOT Li le MODE :: KILL COMMAND F:OUT~NE KLRT LHLD IPNT MO"/ A,M ;f: CPI '+i JC WHAT STA KILL ~T LOAD IBUF ADDF:ESS GET NEW KILL CHAP STOF:E NEW KILL UNLESS SPACE OR CONTF:OL CHARACTEF: NLST GETS NEXT LINE ADDRESS NLST LHLD PNTR GET CUF:F:ENT ADDF:ESS MCN A,M GET CURRENT CHAR INX H INCR ADDF: CPI i3 TEST FOP C/R F:Z ~JNE IF C/R JNC NLST+3 LOOP IF NOT EDF DCX H BACK UP i

18 2 :17 'ii 2 2 'S CD : !i;l ~ 2 43 g: 2 43., f5" i 2 5:1. iii a 2 62 (') s 2 72 c!i :1:1..~ ==~ i:~ ;. 2 :12 ~ 2 :12 il" 2 :13 IP 2 :15 2 :16 2 :1.:1.:l. g. 2 :l.:13 &. 2 :l.:14 a 2 :l.:17 ii!" 2 : :12:1. gi 2 :122 )( 2 :125!:l 2 : :125 31:: 2 :125 CD 2 :13 ~ 2 :13:1. 2 :134 if 2 :137 ~ 2 :14 (') 2 :143 )> 2 :144 'i 2 :145 cs 2 :15 l:ll 2 :15:1. 2 :152 2 :155 2 :156 2 :162 2 :166 ~ 2 :172. i 2 :173 ~ 2 :176 < 2 : io 2 23 O'l :1.:l. 4: : :15 : :14 4 :127 :l.:1 :1:1. : :15 4: :15 :12 2 3: :1. :1.:l :1.:l :1.:l. 66 :1. 3: :1:1. :14 :14 : : :l.: :15 7: : : :1. :1:1 353 :1. : :1. :173 2 :173 3: : : :14 :15:1. 3:15 :12 2 3:1:1 :12 :l.:17 :1.:1.:l. :l.:16 :124 :15 : :l.:14 :l.:1 5: :15 RET ERROR MESSAGE OUTPUT WHAT LXI H, WTMS LOAD MESSAGE ADDF: LXI SP,STAK RESET STACK OUTR OUTF'UT MESSAGE JMP CMRT EX IT TO ED IT MONITOR WTMS DW ' WHAT?' DB SDH NEW FILE.COMMAND NEWF LXI H,ADMS OUTR HLIN SHLD PNTR SHLD EFPN SHLD TOPL MVI M, :1.. CF:LF JMP INMD ADMS D~J 'ADDR ' DB ' '+8H MESSAGE OUTPUT ROUTINE "' OUTR MOV A,M MVI B,2 ORA A JP OTCH SUI 8H DCR B OTCH TVTO DCR B RZ mx H JMP OUTR "' DI SPLA'T' PO INTER "' DCPL LHLD XCHG LXI LXI EEOF MOV MOV INX MOV MOV RET OTMS ow' LOAD ADDRESS MSG ADDR OUTPUT MESSAGE INPUT ADDRESS SET LINE POINTER SET EOF POINTER SET TOP POINTER PUT EOF IN FILE AREA OUTPUT C'R JUMP TO INPUT ROUTINE LOAD CHARACTER B = 2 SET FLAGS JUMP IF MSB ZERO CLEAR MSB B = :1. NOW OUTPUT CHARACTER B = OR :1. NOW DONE IF B = INCREMENT ADDRESS LOOP UNTIL DONE PNTR LOAD POINTER TO D&E B,OTMS LOAD MESSAGE ADDR H,OTLC OCTAL STORAGE ADDR A,E LOW BYTE TO A BINH+:l. CONVERT TO OCTAL A, D HIGH B'T'TE TO A H INCREMENT STORAGE ADDR BINH CONVERT HIGH BYTE H,B MESSAGE ADDR L,C TO HL REGISTERS OUTR OUTPUT RESULTS EXIT 'POINTER <LH) ' OTLC DS 3 DB DS 3 DB SDH "' DISPLAY EOF LOCATION "' :12 2 2: : : : : : :1.:l. 2 3:14 2 3: : : : :1 3 :13 3 :16 3 :16 3 :16 3 : :1.:l. 353 : :1. 23: :137 2 :15 :1.:1. 7 : :l.:14 :l.:1 5: : :1. :1.: : : :137 2 :l.:15 :1:1. :13 4 :l.:15 :15 :l.: :1.:14 :l.:1 5: :15 4: :15 :12 2 3: :1. :1.:l :1.:l. 3: :1.:l. 3: : :1. 3: :1.:l. 3: :1.:l. 4: :15 :12 2 3: :1. :1.:l :1.:l. 3: :1.:l. 52 6:1. :1.:l :1.:l :15 6 3: :1. DEOF LHLD EFPN ::<:CHG LXI LXI JMP EMSG D~J B,EMSG H,EOLC EEOF 'EOF <LH) ' LOAD EOF ADDRESS TO DE REGISTERS LOAD MESSAGE ADDR LOAD STORAGE Al)DR JUMP TO DISPLA'T' EOLC DS 3 DB DS 3 DB SDH "' DISPLA'T' MAX MEMOR'T' VALUE "' DISM LHLD MMAX LOAD MAX MEM ADDR XCHG TO DE REGISTERS L: : I B, MXSG LOAD MSSG ADDR LXI H,MXLC LOAD STORAGE ADDR JMP EEOF JUMP TO DISPLA' ' MXSG DW 'MAX MEM <LH) ' M:><:LC DS DB 3 DS 3 DB SDH TAPE INPUT COMMAND ITCR LXI H,ADMS OUTPUT ADDR OUTR MESSAGE HLIN INPUT ADDRESS SHLD PNTR SET LI NE PO INTER SHLD TOPL SET TOP POINTER DTIN WAIT FOR C. 'R LHLD TOPL LOAD TOP ADDR TPIN TAF'I GET DATA FROM TAPE MOV. M,D MOVE DATA TO MEMOR'T' CPI :1. TEST FOR EOF JZ TDIN JUMP IF EOF INX H INCREMENT AC DRESS JMP TPIN LOOP TDIN SHLD EFPN SET EOF PO INTER EFFN TEST FOR OVERFLOW B'T' RET SEARCHING FOR EOF EDIT COMMAND ROUTINE "' EDCR L::<:I SHLD SHLD SHLD LHLD LDA ORA JNZ H,ADMS OUTR HLi~ PNTR TOPL EFFN EFPN PNTR MODE A LIST CLRS OUTPUT ADDF; MESSAGE INPUT ADDRESS SET LI NE PO INTER SET TOP PO INTER FIND EOF SET EOF POINTER LOAD CURRENT ADDR LOAD MODE FLAG SET 88 FLAGS JUMP IF PAGE MODE CLEAR SCREEN LINE OUTPUT ROUTINE. "' LNOT MVI B,:l. SET COLUMN COUNT

19 3 2 :176 MOV A,M GET CHARACTER 3 : :1. :1.:1. LHLD MMAX LOAD MAX MEM VALUE ~ 3 2: CPI 2 TEST FOR EOF 3 :153 3: OVTS TEST FOR OVERFLOW i RC RETURN IF EOF 3 : :173 4 JNC MOFL JUMP IF OVERFLOW ::: INX H INCREMENT ADDRESS 3 :16: :1.:1. MSOK LHLD EFPN LOAD EOF ADDR ~ CPI TAB TEST FOR TAB 3 :164 3:15 22:1. 3 RMOV MOVE FILE UP JNZ LNO:l. JUMP IF NOT TAB 3 : :1.:1. LHLD EFPN LOAD EOF ADDR ~ : TBST CONVERT TAB TO SPACES 3 :172 :1.:1. DAD B ADD CHAR. COUNT ~ JMP LNOT+2 LOOP 3 : :1.:1. SHLD EFPN SET NEW EOF ADDR LNO:l. INR B. INCREMENT COLUMN COUNT 3 : :1.:1. LHLD IPNT NEW LINE ADDR < IBUF) 3 4:1. 3: DTOT OUTPUT CHARACTER 3 2:1. :15 DCR C CHAR COUNT - : :15 CPI :13 TEST IF C/R 3 22 :1.:1. DAD B FORM LINE END ADDR :1 RZ RETURN IF c,'r :1.:1. SHLD MVAD SET MOVE LIMIT JMP LNOT+2 LOOP :1.:1. LHLD IPNT LINE START ADDR c :1.: XCHG TO DE REGISTERS :" 3 52 DATA OUT ROUTINE. CHANGED BETWEEN 3 2: :1. :1.:1. LHLC PNTR LOAD INSERT START ADDR C 3 52 TVT AND TTO,.' OUTPUT DURING PROGRAM 3 2:15 3:15 :12 4 L.MOV MOVE IN NEW LINE g EXECUTION. ALL REGISTERS PRESERVED :1.:1. RET ~ :1.., DTOT PUSH H SAVE ALL REGISTERS 3 22:1. RMOV - RIGHT <UP) MOVE. MOVES DATA f5" PUSH D 3 22:1. FROM HL ADDRESS TO DE ADDRESS UNTIL PUSH B 3 22:1. HL IS DECREMENTED TO MVAD!! PUSH PSI~ 3 22:1. ADDRESS <INCLUSIVE) :1. ""' 3 56 FOLLOWING INSTRUCTION CHANGED 3 22:1. 35 RMOV PUSH B SAVE S&C ~ 3 56 BY OUTM COMMAND <TVT OR TT'T' oun :14 MOV B, H SOURCE ADDR TO 3 3 ~ :1.:15 MOV C,L BC REGISTERS ~ :15 7:1. 3 DTO:l. TVTO OUTPUT :1.:1. LHLD MVAD LOAD LIM.IT ADDR!i 3 6:1. 36:1. POP PSW RESTORE REGISTERS :12 NXRM LDAX B GET DATA :1. POP B STAX D STORE AT NEW ADDR ~ :1. POP D 3 23:1. :175 MOV A, L TEST IF AT i :1. POP H :1. CMP C LOW LIMIT i :1.:1. RET JNZ RMCT JUMP IF NOT :174 MOV A,H TEST IF AT i 3 66 TVT INPUT ROUTINE CMP B HIGH LIMIT ~ : JZ ROON JUMP IF AT LIMIT o TVTI IN TVT INPUT DATA :13 RMCT DCX B DECREMENT ::: :1.:1. RET DCX D ADDRESSES 6 3 7: JMP NXRM MOVE NE:><:T CHAR ~ 3 7:1. TVT OUTPUT ROUTINE :1. ROON POP B RESTORE B&C a. 3 7: :1. 3:1.:1. RET ~ 3 7: TVTO OUT TVT OUTPUT DATA m :1.:1. RET SINGLE LINE INPUT COMMAND ~ w 3 74 INPUT COMMAND ROUTINE INSL JC INMD JUMP IF NO STRING :15 OCR C DECREMENT CHAR COUNT : INMD LXI SP,STAK RESET STACK :15 OCR C TWICE ~ :1. 3 :1 LXI H,INMS MSSG ADDR :1. 74 :1.:1. LXI H.IBUF+2 LINE START ADDR! 3 :12 3:15 :12 2 OUTR OUTPUT MESSAGE :1.:1. SHLD IPNT SET IBUF POINTER o 3 :15 3: INLP DTIN INPUT NEW LINE : NLST GET NEXT LINE ADDR ~ ::; ~~~ ~;~ 72 :1.:1. ~~~ ~:~BUF ~~DF~~~~ ~~~:~c~~r ::; ~~~ ::~ =~~ =~~ ~~~~ ~~~ ~~i ~~~~ ~~~~ier 3 :l.: :15 CPI :13 TEST FOR C/R :15 :14 3 CENT INSERT LINE ~ 3 :1.:16 3:12 :132 JZ IDON DONE IF C/R 3 3:1. 3:1.:1. RET 3 :12:1. 3: NLST GET NEXT LINE ADDR : :1. :1.:1. SHLD PNTR SET LINE POINTER 3 32 EFFN ROUTINE ~ FINDS EOF AND N 3 : :1.:1. SHND MVAD SET MOVE LIMIT 3 32 TESTS FOR MEMORY OVERFLOW UI 3 :132 3:15 :14 3 CENT INSERT LINE : :15 3 JMP INLP LOOP FOR ANOTHER INPUT :1. :1.:1. EFFN LHLD MMAX LOAD MAX MEM VALUE 3 : XCHG TO DE REGISTERS 3 :14 LINE INSERT ROUTINE :1. :1.:1. LHLD PNTR LOAD CURRENT ADDR 3 :14 3 3:1.:1. 3: EFF:l. OVTS TEST FOR OVERFLOW ~ 3 : :1.:1. CENT LHLD EFPN LOAD EOF ADDR 3 3: :173 4 JC MOFL JUMP IF OVERFLOW r 3 :143 :14 INR C INCREMENT CHAR COUNT. 3 3:17 :176 MOV A> M GET CHARACTER 3 :144 6 MVI B, B = :1. CPI :1. TEST FOR EOF ~ 3 :146 :1.:1. DAD B EOF ADDR + CHAR COUNT :1 RZ RETURN IF EOF 3 : ~CHG IS NEW EQF <JO DE>_ ~-A -~A~ J1)'4~- INX H INCREMENT ADDRESS

20 3 324 'J' 'IS (\,) ( J :"' g c: 3: 33:6 "' 3: 341 5" 3: 3: ~ (13 35: ~ 3: 3:53 3 3: 354 "O ~!! : 3:6 3: 361 ~ ~ ::r CD 3: 367 :J i;::g 367 ~ " ( :72 3: ;:i :::r a. ;:l... m aj 4 12 ~ 4 12 ~ 4 12 _o s: 4 12 ~ 4 1a1:;: 4 fh4..., 34 (115 "' ~ ; 4 22,-~.-. f ~ ~ : '- 4 :;:7 ~ 4 4 <::: 4 43 ~ Ci) "' :;: J: ( :C :15 J:1 52 6:C :;:15 3 (12 :;::; 2 33:6 (1(15 35::::: IC 63!'111 :nj:s 357 1Z1J: :;: 35:::~ (152 J '""": C::-~ J.J..:.:. 12 i : : : 3 3:3: : :1 72 :11 JMP EFF1 LOOP HL/DE COMPARE - CAF.:R'T' SET IF HL GF:EATEF.: THAN DE O' /TS M 1 : 1 A.. E SUB L MO"/ A, C 588 H RET FORM E - L DELETE COMMAND ROUTINE C ELE M'I" I C, 2 JC C LOC LHLC IFNT MDV s.. H MOV c.. L C BC"." MO\" C.. L I JF.: C C CF.'. H.JP l lhat DLOC C CF.: C f':z LHLD EFPN SHU) M"."AD FOF:f-1 [: -H-BOF.:F.:Ol l # OF LINES + 1 JUMP IF NO # IN~JT LOAD # ADDF.'. TO S&C F.'.EGISTERS Co-J\/ERT # TO E: I NAR'T' F.:ESULT TO C PLUS 1 TEST IF < 256 ERROF.: IF > 255 DECF.'.EMENT LINE COUNT DONE IF ZERO LOAD EOF ADDF.: SET MO"/E LIMIT GET NEXT LINE START ADDRESS AS MOVE START ADDF.'.ESS :+: NLST JC BOH1 :'<CHG LHLD P-HF.: LMOV SHLD EFFN,TMP DLOC.JUMP IF AT EOF SOUJ<:CE ADDF.'. TO DE C ESTINATIO J ADC F.: MO'l"E FILE Dmm SET NEW EOF ADDR LOOP LEFT < Dm l-l > MO"/E. MOVES C ATA FF;:DM DE ADDI': TO HL ADDR UH IL DE INCF.'.EMENTED TO MVAD LIMIT LMO"." PUSH B MOV MO' / XCHG XCHG LMLF' I C>FI:,.,: r 1uv MOV CMP JNZ MOV CMP.JZ LMCT INi< IN>': JMP LDo J POP RET E:.. D C.. E LHLD MVAD E: M,A A,C E LMCT A,B D LDON H E: LMLP 8 SAVE B&C SOURCE ADDR TO BC SA"/E HL IN DE LOAD LIMIT ADDF: ADDR'S TO PROPER REGS GET CHARACTER STORE AT NEW AE>DR TEST LOl~ LIMIT JUMP IF NOT AT LIMIT TEST HIGH LIMIT.JUMP IF AT LIMIT INCF:EMENT ADC RESSES LOOP RESTORE S&C DATA INPUT ROUTINE DTIN L:,;r H, IBUF LOA[: BUFFER ADDR : : ( : : J:O 4 13: ( ~34 : : ( : 4 173: : «: i." 4 2: (1 4 23: : 11 ::13: :HS 66 (G ( (H)4 5 (153: 3]: 66 4 l :15 J: :1:1 3:12 66 (H:;: : [16 J:BJ: : J:15 23:6 6 ( ( :4 J:11 1:15 HH 1J:( : ( ~1 347 J: :4 3::15 1J32 2..:::1::.1.:::: :.lo.+~j i::.i:.. :. :115 : : :1.27 2: ~)3: 3: : SHLC IPNT LDA (ILL MO"/ LC A MO\I L:x:I N:x:CH CMP JZ CMP.JNZ DCF:.JM DCR DC:x: JMP STOR MO\I CPI RZ MO\" CPI.JZ MO"/ IW< I m H<R CPI.mz [: Cf': JMP E, A RUSO D,A 8. 1H TVTI E DTIN D STOR c C TIN 8 H N:X:CH M,A 13 A,C CMA:x: N:x:CH A. M H c B TAB W<:CH 8 TBST N:X:CH SET MA:x: MEMOR'T' COMMANC MMCR L:X:I H,MADS OUTPUT MA~': OUTF.: HLIN SHLD MMA:x: CF.:LF RET MAC S [:ol l 'MA:X: ME ' DE: M '+8H SET BUFFER POINTER KILL CHARACTER TO E REGISTER RUBOUT CHAF:ACTEF<: TO D f':egister SET B&C INPUT FROM T'v'T TEST IF KILL JUMP IF l<i LL TEST IF RUBOUT JUMP IF NOT RUBOUT DECREMENT CHAF<: COUNT JUMP IF NEGAT I 1/E DECF:EMEH COLUMN COUNT DECREMENT AC C F.: GET NEXT CHARACTER CHAJ<:ACTER TO BUFFEF<: TEST FOR C/R F:ETURN IF C/R CHAF; COUNT TO A f':eg TEST FOF.'. MAX INPUT LOOP IF Mm< F.:E CHAR I NCF<:EMENT ADDRESS INCREMENT CHAR COUNT INCF.:EMENT COLUMN COUNT TEST FOF.: TAB NEXT CHAR IF NOT TAB DECREMEH COLUMN COUNT ECHO BACK SPACES GET NE:,<T CHAR MEM 11ESSAGE INPUT ADDF.:ESS SET Mm< MEM C/R OUTPUT TO T\IT MEMORY OVERFLOW ERROR MOFL LXI H,OFMS MESSAGE ADDR LXI SP,STAK RESET STACK CRLF C/R TO TVT OUTR OUTPUT MESSAGE.JMP CMRT RETURN OFMS Nl. MEM "/EF.:FLm J. C 8 8DH APPEi C S.I 3: DCR C C CF: C JLST DC:X: H COMMA m APND MC "/ A. C,TC l lhat JC BOTM CHAF.: COUNT TO A MINUS 3 ERROR IF ONLY 2 INPUT DECF.:EMENT CHAF.: COUNT nnce JE:,q LI NE AC DF.: JUMP IF AT EOF SET AC C R TO C/F.:

21 4 246 <- 4 25:1. ~ c::: :1. :< ~ en c :"' c g :: ::1. ~ 4 3: :5!!!. 4 3::1. 4 3::1.: ::1.4 ~ 4 3:: :22 'B 4 3:23: i; 4 3:26 ~ 4 3:3::1. &1 4 33:2![' 4 3:3:5 ii 4 3:3:6 ~ 4 3:4: :44 I" :52 ;:::. 4 3:53: 5 4 3:55 g- 4 3:6 a. 4 3:63.'" 4 3:64 ID 4 3:67 ~ ~ ::: i~;. 4 3:72 s: 4 3:74 g 4 3:75 4 3:76.,, 5 ~ 5 3: 5 4 ~ ~ 5 7 N 5 7 UI :1. 5 :1.i 5 :1.4 5 :17.,, 5 :1.7.g 5 :1.7 5 :1.7 ~ : i 4:1. 73 :1.i :1.i 6 33: : :1.:1 : : :1.5 3: :1.2 3:: :3: :1.:I :1.:1 43: :1.i 52 6:1 :1.:1 :1.: :1.:1 3: :1.i 3: :: : :76 :15 3::12 : : : 33 33: :1.: :76 :15 3: : :1. 3:: :22 : :1. 25 ;157 SHLD TEMP SET TEMP FOR CHANGE LX I H, I BUF +1. STRING ADC R - 1. SHLD TEM1. SET TEM:l. FOR CHANGE MVI B, B = JMP CNGO JUMP TO CHANGE ROUTINE CHANGE COMMAND CCRT JC WHAT LHLI) IPNT MOV D, M MVI B, ERROR IF NO STRING DELIMITER ADDR FIRST DELIMITER ZERO CHAR COUNTER COUNT CHARACTERS IN FIRST STRING CCR1. INX H MDV A,M CPI :13: JZ WHAT CMP D JZ LSTR INR B JMP CCR:!. LSTR SHLD TEM1. LHLD IPNT INX H SHLD IPNT LHLD PNTR STSH MDV C,B SHLD TEMP XCHG LHLD IPNT SEAR JZ STMT LHLD TEMP MDV A,M CPI :13 JZ CCDN JC BOTM IN:><: H JMP STSH STMT LHLD TEM1. M\II c, STM:I. INX H MO'v' A, M CPI 1.3 JZ CNGO INR C JMP snu CHAR ADDRESS LOAD CHARACTER TEST FOR C.-'R ERROR IF C.-'R TEST FOR DELIMITER JUMP IF DELIMITER INCREMENT CHAR COUNT LOOP SAVE DELIMITER ADDR FIRST DELIMITER ADDR INCREMENT TO STRING ADC R AND SAVE LOAD CURRENT FILE ADDR CHAR COUNT TO C SAVE CURRENT ADDR ADDR TO DE STRING :I. ADDR SEARCH FOR STRING JUMP IF FOUND FILE ADDR CHARACTER FROM LINE TEST FOR C.-'R JUMP TO EX IT IF c, R AT BOTTOM IF EDF INCREMENT ADDR TO NEXT CHAR ANC CONTINUE SEARCH COUNT CHARACTERS IN SECOND ST!<: ING DELIMITER ADDR ZERO CHAR COUNTER INCREMENT ADDR LOAD STRING 2 CHAI': TEST FOR C._..R END OF STR I~G 2 IF C/R INCREMENT CHAR COUNT LOOP UNTIL C/I': BEGIN CHANGE. B CONTAINS # OF CHAR IN STRING :I.; C HAS # IN STRING 2 CNGO MO\/ CMP JZ JNC A, B c EQUL LESS B TO A COMPARE JUMP IF JUMP IF STRING 2 LENGTH EQUAL B > C HERE IF FILE LENGTH INCREASES LHLD TEMP LOAD MATCH ADDR ADD L ADD STRING 1. LENGTH MOV LA TO FORM ADDRESS : : :1 5 : :1.5 5 : :1 5 1.: : : : : : :1.5:1. 5 : : :1.7 5 : : :174 3:16 B :1.47 :1.7: B65 B:l.1. B52 B63 Bii 3B5 :1.:17 BB6 BB : : 52 B5i :1.:1. 3: B : : :11. :1.i :1.1. 3:1 3B :1:1. :1.75 2:1. :157 :174 3: : : : :15 : :1.: : : :1 1.: :12 : :1.5 6 MOV LHLD EFPN RMOV A, H ACI MO\I H, A MOil A, C SUB SHU) B MVAD PUSH MOV B C, A MVI B, DAD B :":CHG LHLD MMAX JNC LHLD OVTS MOFL EFPN LHLD DAD SHLD EFPN B EFPN POP B JMP EQUL!HERE INSERT MOC E STARTS ADD CARR'r' NUMBER TO AC D IS STRING 2 - STRING 1. <LENGTH5> SET MOVE LIMIT LOAD EDF ADDR SAVE STRING LENGTHS DIFFERENCE TO C EDF PLUS DIFFERENCE IS NEl-J EDF ADDR NEI~ EDF ADDR TO DE MAX MEM VALUE TEST FOR OVERFLOW JUMP IF OVERFLOW LOAD EDF ADDR MOVE FILE UP LOAD EOF ADDR FORM NEW EOF ADC R SAVE NEI~ EDF ADDR RESTORE STRING LENGTHS INSERT NE! STRING HERE IF FILE SIZE DECREASES LESS LHLC TEMP MDV A,L ADD C MDV LA MOV A,H ACI MDV H, A XCHG LHLD EFPN SHLD MVAD LHLD TEMP MOV A,L ADD B MDV LA MOV A,H ACI MOV H,A :><:CHG LMO' ' SHLC EFPI~ LOAD MATCH ADDR LOW ADDR TO A ADD ST!<: ING 2 LENGTH TO FORM MOVE DESTINATION ADDR ADD CARR'r' SAVE IN DE LOAD EDF ADDR SET MOVE LIMIT LOAD MATCH ADDR FORM MOVE START AS MATCH ADDI': PLUS STRING 1. LE~lGTH ADD CARRY TO HIGH ADDR DE=SOURCE, HL=DEST MOVE FILE SET NEW EDF ADDI': HERE IF FILE SIZE UNCHANGED EQUL LHLD TEMP XCHG LHLD TEM:I. rm< EQLP DCR JM CCDN MO\/ STAX INX INX JMP LHLD LDA ORA JZ JMP H c CCDN A, M D H D EQLP PNTR MODE A LNOT LIST MATCH ADDR TO DE SECOND DELIMITER ADDR TO STRING 2 ADDR DECREMENT STRING 2 COUNT JUMP IF NEGATI \IE GET STRING 2 CHAR PUT IN FILE INCREMENT ADDRESSES LOOP LI NE START ADDR OUTPUT MOC E FLAG SET 88 FLAGS LINE MODE OUTPUT PAGE MODE OUTPUT LOC:I. ROUTINE - FINDS LENGTH OF STRING

22 5 22 ~ 5 22 cg 5 22 "' 5 25 "' :1. 5 2: : :1.7 c ~ c ( g ~ 5 23 '- 5 23:1. g 5 23: :1.!!!. 5 2:(: ~ ~ 'O s 5 242!!I ('"') 15 25!!!. 5 25:1. ~ ::r (l) :::> ~ : ::.' : - 1.::: ~. F.15 :;:.)(1... OJ D 5 33 ;:J 5 :;:(G w 5 3:3,.c; ::s: 35 3:1. ~ 5 3: :1.5 "'O 5 3:1.6 ~ (1(15 32: ~ 5 :;:25 ~ "' :;:6!.Z15 33: : :;:47 <- 5 3:52 (l) ~ = ';< en :1. 73 :1.: : :1.5? ~ 4 1::,1"{,::: : :1.:1. 3: :1. 74 :1.: : ( ( : :1:1. 3: :;:12 33 ( : : : f1:1i 5]: : i.3: 'ic143 :142 6:1. : (1: )6 3:: :::1 34 J:3 16 [G 61. 2(U :;: : (1 (15 3:1.5 1( :1.2 :1.17 : :1.5 2:15 START I NG Ir~ COLUMN 2 OF I BUF LOC:l. L:x:I H, I8UF+1 :1.ST LOCATION MVI CHAR COUNTER A,M B GET CHARACTEF.: TEST FOF: C/F: LOC2 8 H LNCX A, 8 A SET FLAGS LNC:,; MO'v' CPI JZ INF.: IW<.JMP LOC2 MOV ORA,JM INR RET l~hat 8 JUMP IF C..-"R HJCF:EMENT CHAR COUNT INCF.:EMENT ADDR LOOP COUNTER TO A ERROR IF STF:ING < 2 SET TO ACTUAL courh u:u:::ate COMMAND - STRING SEAF.:CH AT EACH CHAF:ACTEF.: POSITio~. FROM NE: ff LI ~E START TO EOF :f; LOCT LOC:l. GET STF.:ING LENGTH U<I H, I8UF+2 STF:HKi ADDF: SHLC IPNT SET IBUF POHffEF: NLST NE: ff LINE AD[:<R.JC BOTM.JUMP IF AT EOF LNCH MO'./ SHLD > :CHG LHLD.JZ LHLD I ~:x: MO\' CPI.JZ JMP c, E: TEMP IF'NT SERR LMTH T~P H A,M 1 BOTM LNCH STRING LENGTH TO C SAVE FILE RC<C,F.: ALSO IN DE STF.:ING RDDF.: SEAF<:CH.JUMP IF FOUNC' CUF.:F.:ENT ADC F.: INCF.:EMENT AC DF.: NE:'n CHRF.: TEST IF EOF.JUMP IF EOF CONTINUE SERF.:CH WHEN FOUND, BACK UP TO STRF.:T OF LINE LMTH LHLD TEMP MATCH RDDF: DCX H MO'./ A,M CPI :1.3 JNZ LMTH+3 INX H SHLD LMT:l. LDA F'NTR MODE A LIST ~A JNZ CLF.:S.JMF' UK1T E:RCf< UP 1 LORC CHAF.: TEST FOR C/F.: LOOP IF NOT C/F.: I NCF.:EMENT TO LI NE SET LrnE F'OINTEF.: OUTPUT MODE FLAG SET FLAGS PAGE OUTPUT CLEAR SCF:EEN LINE OUTPUT ERROF.: ROUTINE WHEN EOF PEACHED E:OTM UH SP.. STAK F.:ESET STACK LHLC EFF'r J EOF ADDF.:ESS SHLD F~TF.: SET LINE POINTER U<I H, E:TMS MESSAGE ADDF: OUTR OUTPUT MESSAGE JMF' CMRT RETURN E:TMS DW "BOTTOM"' DE: C:DH FIND F.:OUTINE - COLUMN 1 LOCATE STAF:T :1.: :1.3 6 : :;: : :1. 6 4:1. 6 4: (1( l-36 iz157 (1( Jl-::: l fu :1 6 :1. 31 (16 12 (H36 il.35 1.:::16 15 }.]12: :"::1 16 :ll-z15 :16 :1.1(1 rn:16 11:;: (H (16 : : Jf6 :1.:ZCf1 (16 1:;: (1(16 :1.J: :1 16 :13 1 ~UJ6 1:::::3 i.j6 1.J: :1. 6 :144 6 :145 6 : :145 6 i (1[ :1. 3: (15 4:1. 74 :1.: :1.: : :6 5 : :1. 3:1.5 : (161 :1.1 3: : : (161 (11: :26 fh-33 J::<2 2(1 (12 l-3:15 1:15 4:1. (17:;: : l-j:l:l 42 (167 (11:1. 1"16 :1.76 3:76 :15 J:12 (1( l-j5 ~ : i:::1 J:4( J:4l-J (126 (12}.J : :12 6 3:15 22l J:4 i 52 (157 }.):1.:1 :;::5 16 oo:;: 322 :.136 l-) i :1 176 J?6 (14 FIND LOC:l. GET STRING LENGTH SHLD I F'NT SET IBUF PO HffEF.: FIN1 NLST NE~':T LINE ADDR SHLD F'NTR SET LINE POINTER SEAR SEARCH LHLD PNTF.: LINE F'OINTEF: LXI H, IBUF+2 STF.:ING AC:<DF: JC BOTM JUMP IF AT EOF MOV C,.8 STRING LENGTH TO C :":CHG LINE POHJTEF.: TO DE LHLC> IF'NT STRING ADDR.JZ LMT1 TO OUTPUT IF MATCH JMP FHU CONTINUE SEAl':CH BOTTOM COMMAND F.:OUTINE E:TMM LHLD EFPN SHLC PNTR RET F<:EPLACE COMMAND F.:LCF.: MDV SUI.Jc [)CF: DCF: L:x:I SHLD LHLD SHLD M'.,.'I UKff M\1 CF' I.JZ.JC I r I: < INF:.JMF' PAGE COMMRr m LI ST LHLD F'NTR CLRS CF:LF M'./I D, 16 r ILS1 DCF.: C EOF AC DR SET LINE POINTEF.: A.. C LINE LENGTH TO A :;. MINUS 3 ~ JHAT EF.:f':OF<: C CHAR COUNT = INPUT C MINUS 2 H.. IE:UF+1 STRING AC DF: TEM1 SAVE FOR CHANGE ROUTINE F'NTR CURRENT RDDR TEMP SAVE FOR CHANGE E:.. 3 CHAF:RCTEF: COUNTEF.: ~M COUNT CHAR IN CURRENT 13 LINE UNTIL C/F.: FOUND cr-k;o.jump TO CHA-lGE F~OUT I r IE E:OTM.JUMP IF EOF H INCF.:EMErH ADDR E: IrK:F.:EMENT CHAF: courh UIGT LOOP F.:Z LNOT.JMF' r ILS1 LIST COMMAND CUF.:F:ErH ADC R CLERF: SCF.:EEN C/F.: OUTPUT LHJE COUNTER C ECF:EMENT LI NE COUNT [;o-le IF ZERO LINE OUTPUT LOOP LCHR CLF.:S CLERF: SCREEN LHLD TOPL TOP ADDRESS LNOT OUTPUT 1 L HJE.JrK LCHF:+6 LOOP IF NOT EOF RET SCNE: ROUTINE - SCAN OFF BLRr W:S IN IBLIF CRF.:R'r' SET IF TAB OF.: C/R FOUl JC SC.iE: LHLD I PNT I BLIF PO mter MO'./ A, M GET CHAF.:ACTEF: CPI TEST FOR SLAW<

23 If you would be willing o disribue Journal subscripion leafles (jus like his) pu hem on all your programmers' and engineers' desks place hem on a able a your nex club meeing pos hem on appropriae bullein boards include hem in your nex club newsleer Then please fill ou and reurn his form: MAILING ADDRESS CITY ST ATE ZIP Mail o: People's Compuer Company, Box 31, Menlo Park CA Quaniy of leafles desired Suggesions ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ January, 1976 Volume 1, Number 1 April, 1976 Volume 1, Number 4 Ediorial: Hisory Repeas Iself... I Hope Jim C. Warren Jr. Tiny BASIC Saus Leer Dennis Allison Scanning he Indusry Periodicals: Informaion derived from he May24h 16-Bi Binary-o-Decimal Conversion Rouine Dennis Allison issue of Elecronic News Build Your Own BASIC [reprined from PCC, Vol. 3, No. 4] Dennis Feaure Aricles Allison & ohers Build Your Own BASIC, Revived [reprined from PCC, Vol. 4, No. 1] Firs Word on a Floppy-Disc Operaing Sysem: Command Language & Faciliies Similar o DECSYSTEM-1 Dennis Allison & Michael Chrisoffer Hardware & Sofware for Speech Synhesis: Deailed discussion of Tech- Design Noes for Tiny BASIC [reprined from PCC, Vol. 4, No. 21 Dennis niques & Hardware/Sofware Trade-offs Lloyd Rice Allison, Happy Lady, & friends Sysems Sofware Tiny BASIC [reprined from PCC, Vol. 4, No. 3] Dennis Allison, Bernard MINOL-Tiny BASIC wih Srings in 1.75K Byes: An ousanding imple- Greening, Happy Lady, & los of friends Exendable Tiny BASIC John Rible menaion by a high school junior; user & implemenaion documenaion, & complee, annoaed source code Erik T. Mueller Correced Tiny BASIC IL Bernard Greening Tiny BASIC, Exended Version (TBX), Par 1: Example, Command.Se, Sysem Monior for 88-Based Microcompuers: Keyboard conrol over program loading, examinaion, modificaion & execuion; user & imple- Loading Insrucions, Ocal Lising Dick Whipple & John Arnold menaion deails, & annoaed program lising Charlie Pack Leer & Schemaics: Using a calculaor chip o add mahemaical funcions o Tiny BASIC - Dr. Rober Suding Daa Subscripion & informaion form Reprin privileges February, 1976 Volume 1, Number 2 Submiing iems for publicaion TV Dazzler Cones PCC Booksore iles Wha? Anoher Compuer Hobbyis Magazine? Edior May, 1976 Volume 1, Number 5 A Criical Look a BASIC Dennis Allison Copyrigh Mania - Jim C. Warren, Jr. Music of a Sor Seve Dampier 1976 Trenon Compuer Fesival: a phoo essay SCELBAL: a higher level language for 88/88 sysems: descripive infer- Tidbis maion - Mark Arnold & Na Wadsworh 4 Chars/Line Priner for $25 Day Recommends Science Aricles Tiny BASIC, Exended (TBX), Par 2: complee implemenaion documena- Vorax Makes he Offer: Speech synhesis ki for under $1 K ion, annoaed source lising, error correcions, & noes on wo relocaed Bad Bi Geers: Memory es program Ray Boaz versions Dick Whipple & John Arnold UNIZAP: A modificaion of he Shooing Sars game: Programmed in 88 Comp~ers ~a!alk: unlimied English. language voice s'r'.nhesis equipmen, Assembler <;:ode. John Shepard available in ki form under $1 Jim Day & he Edior Leers & Noes Palo Alo Tiny BASIC: User documenaion & complee, annoaed source code Li-Chen Wang TBX Mods for a SWTP-TVT-2 Adolph Sumpf Tiny BASIC Ava~l~ble for he 68 Tom Piman A Noe o Members of SCCS Concerning Lou Fields Index o The Compuer Hobbyis Bye Swap (class1f1ed ads) Daabase Quesionnaire, and Subscripion Blank Texas Tiny BASIC (TBX) Marries TV-Cassee Operaing Sysem (TVCOS) Noes The Alpha-Numeric Music Sysem - M. Wrigh Wha's a BAMUG? March, 1976 Volume 1, Number 3 Program Reposiory & Tape Duplicaion FaciliyJIPDEC Visis PCC Denver Tiny BASIC, including 1-D arrays: user & implemenaion deails, and 1% off IMSAI Producs for Journal Readers Chicago Sores source code BASIC Jus Won' Cu i [leer] Bye Swap [wan ads] A Breakpoin Rouine for MOS Technology 652's How 'Bou Small PASCAL [edior's reply] PCC Booksore Offerings Keyboard Loader for Ocal Code via he TVT-2 Su!Jscripion & Informaion Form Program Reposiory & Tape Duplicaion Faciliy Programming [leers] June/July, 1976 Volume 1, Number 6 Division remainder & Muliplicaion overflow APL's Appeal.Noes o Tiny BASIC Implemeners 68 Tiny BASIC for $5 Consumer Commens [9 aricles, leers & replies] Sofware Parser Saves Pain & Anoher BASIC Ek:lmbou Sigrieics 265 Tiny BASIC Tiny BASIC Suggesions & Mark-8 Needs Proposed Funcions for Tiny A Boosrap for he 88 Lichen Wang. Music & Compuers BASIC Bye-Saving Programming Tricks for he 88 Tom. Piman Mods o Dompier's Music Program An Exercise for Novice Translaor Implemenors Bill Thompson Compuer Process for Rapid Producion A Classy 88 Tex Edior, similar o a PDP-9 Edior: Includes general of Musical Composiions (big ma- commens user documenaion & exensively annoaed source code Compuer Speech & Compuer Sensing chine suff) Tiny Trek for Mueller's MINOL - Erik Mueller F.J. Greeb I Can Talk... Bu, Can I Sing? Touchless Sensing for Under $1 Buon, Buon Game in 88 Machine Code Ron Sanore Bugs & Fixes [leers] Correcions & Improvemens Alair Hardware Gliches & Fixes Grammar Glich in TBX Erro rs in & Improvemens for Texas Tiny.BASIC (TBX) :Charles Skeldon Quik Bis SPHERE-ical Complain Erraa & Addiions o Wang's Palo Alo Tiny BASIC Lichen Wang 16K BASIC for he 88 (public domain)diablo Priners MinErraa for MINOL, plus Tiny Trek Erik Mueller Seale Compuer Hobbyiss Unied Monerey Compuer Phreaques Video Oupu. New Jersey Compuer Fesival Microcompuer APL 48 Lines of 64 Characers on a TV for $ Video Terminal Tech. Souhern California Compuer Sociey 88 Sysems for he Wealhy Fuure Suff 512-Characer Video RAM from Canada Marox Elecronic Sysems Variable Characer Spacing in Video Displays Jim Day Where Do We Go From Here? - Edior Public Ineres Communicaions TVT-11 Mods o Ge 64 Characers per Line David Vallier~. Our 'Wan' Lis Saellie Miscellaneous & Niy Griy Suff Homebrew TV Display Sysem wih Graphics: ~omplee design ~ 1mpJe menaion deails, including complee schemaics Glendon Smih. SignGics 265 Ki for Under $2: includes 1 K monior ROM & 512 $98.5 Graphics Terminal Ki Souhwes Texas Producs Corporaion Submiing Iems for Publicaion byes of RAMMiscellaneous Hardware [6 shor aricles] PCC Booksore Bye Swap [ads] Random Daa Poins [17 shor aricles & noes] June/July, 1976 Dr. Dobb's Journal of Compuer Calishenics & Orhodonia, Box 31, Menlo Park CA 9425'

24 A reference Journal for home compuer users from he People's Compuer Company- DBQ DDBB'S JOURNAL of COMPUTER CALISTHENICS & ORTHODONTIA 8% x 11 inch magazine forma "all mea" conen; no display ads published monhly, excep July & December Conen regularly includes: Complee documenaion on sysems sofware Tiny BASIC, inerpreers, debuggers, assemblers, compilers, cassee & floppy disc file sysems, TV Dazzler sofware, graphics programs, music programs, ec. User documenaion, implemenaion deails, complee annoaed source code lisings Design noes for build-your-own sofware Deailed 'blue skying' abou pracical sysems projecs for he immediae fuure - Tiny BASIC was he firs such projec (proposed, March, 1975; deailed, Sepember, 1975; 5 sysems up & running, March, '76) - English language voice synhesis kis - Elecronic elephone book Compuer music & graphics sysems Communiy memory - Shared mass sorage - Biofeedback - & much, much more Reprins of aricles & schemaics from compuer club newsleers (all of 'em) Direcories: used equipmen sources, users & heir equipmen, clubs & organizaions, ec. Indices: All aricles in all major hobbyis publicaions, & seleced aricles from oher publicaions Acive consumer advocacy for home compuer users - Suppored by magazine sales-no by ads - No vesed ineres in good will of manufacurers Published en imes per year, monhly excep in July and Decernber.(Volurne 1, Number 1 is January, 1976.) D $1.5 for a single copy: Vol. No. D $1. per year (1 issues/year), o begin wih Vol. No. for foreign subscripions D add $4. per year for surface mail Dadd $12. per year for air mail D This is a renewal. Paymen mus accompany order. We do no invoice for individual subscripions or single copies. Please make your check or money order payable o People's Compuer Company. Thank you. Name Mailing Address Ciy Sae Zip Coil<. This informaion may be published in direcories and li<s of individuals ineresed in compuers in non-commercial environmens: YES NO Please reurn his form o: PCC, Box 31, Menlo Park CA 9425; (415) June/July, 1976 Dr. Dobb's Journal of Compuer Calishenics & Orhodonia, Box 31, Menlo Park CA 9425

25 DR. DOBB'S JOURNAL OF COMPUTER CALISTHENTICS AND ORTHODONTIA is published en ime per year' monhly excep in July and December. U.S. Subscripions: For foreign subscripions: $1.5 for a single copy: Vol., No. add $4. per year for surface maii, or $3. for he firs hree issues add $12. per year for air mail $1. per year (IO issues/year): Begin wih Vol. No. Paymen mus accompany he subscripion. We do no invoice for subscripions or single orders. Send o:.pcc Necessary Informaion: P.O. Box 31 Menlo Park, Ca Name {las name firs) Mailing Address Opional Informaion: Ciy Sae Zip Code yes no: This informaion may be published in direcories and liss of individuals ineresed in compuers in non-commercial environmens. Equipmen ha you have or are planning on purchasing; immediaely: Make & model Manufacurer CPU model CPU Manufacurer. I/ODe~ces Mass sorage peripherals ' Primary areas of ineres concerning non-commercial and home compuers: Quesions: Wha would you like o see published in DR. COBB'S JOURNAL? I will help guide us if you will rae l)ese, 1 o 1 (1 - minimally desire; 1 - super-eager o see) or (would prefer we no wase space publishing i). Schemaics and acicles from all of he compuer club newsleers Shor news aricles direcly relaed o home compuers Shor news aricles concerning compuers in general, paricularly heir social implicaions Indices o all aricles in all oher compuer hobby publicaions ~Indices o seleced aricles from oher compuer. elecronic, and rade publicaions _. Leers ha~ng echnical, criical, or eneraining conen Classified ads (as opposed o display adverising) Suggesions and "blue skying" abou wha can be done wih home compuers in he foreseeable fuure. ~ OVER_,, June/July, 1976 Dr. Dobb's Journal of Compuer Calishenics & Orhodonia, Box 31, Menlo Park CA 9425

26 Direcories of: Users of home compuers and heir equipmen Compuer sores and disribuers Manufacurers of compuer kis Compuer clubs Sources of used equipmen Microprocessor and minicompuer manufacurers Source code lisings and documenaion: For which microprocessors? Nearly full-sized (much less can be published) --Reduced as in recen issues (more difficul o read, bu more info included in each issue) Wha kind of sofware would you like o see developed and placed in he public domain? Imporance Raing Sofware Descripion Place 13-cen samp here DR DOBB'S JOURNAL OF COMPUTER CALISTHENICS & ORTHODONTIA PCC BOX 31 MENLO PARK CA 9425 To use his as a self-mailer: 1. Fold i so his hird covers he op hird. 2. Place he proper posage, above. 3. if you are subscribing, inset your check so ha i cro:1ses a fold. 4. Saple his closed wih a single saple, making sure ha he saple pierces he check. (Beer sm, sick all of his in your own envelope, and mail i o us.i Wh,a else would you like o see us publish? Please use anoher page or en, if you need hem. Dr. Dobb's Journal of Compuer Calishenics & Orhodonia, Sox 3Hl, Menlo Park CA 9425 June/July, 1976

27 6 i53 E' 6 i54 ~ 6 i55 2" 6 i6 < 6 : :163: a 6 :163 ~ ( ( : ( i64 16 : i67 :"' 1)6 :17(1 6 i7i g. (16 i74 ~ ( '- 6 :1.75 g 6 :175 3 (16 :175 ~ (16 :1.76 s. 6 17? i]fh ::-.,3 :: b' 6 2? s ~ (16 24 (") 6 24 ~ ~- ::r CD ~ " 6 2i2 6 2i3 go : i ~ ::r 222.-,.-.-:.:::..:::.~. g_ ;a JU' (UJ6 6 12:16 IZU: (1( g' (1( )(.. ](16 23(1 w :1 ~ ( (1[16 23:5 $ (16 2::::~6 ""' i5" (16 23:6 6 2::::6 ~ ,._ (16 24i (") )>..]6 245 ::~ ~~~ ~ (1 6 26i "'C 6 27(1 IC "' "' N 6 3 "' : ii 3EG: 1.5' (1 43: 23 i :163: 12:16 :;:ii 23: (1i5 :;: J.36 i4 3ii 1a52 c15j: 11 (172 (144 ii ii (Uj6 3(14 : :2 :157 23: (132 i47 3i(1 (123 (1(15 3( (1(16 (14 ::ii 3i5 HG :'4 3:22 2 (12 353: 4i 22 ii ~](13 3:53 32 :1 273: J.~ i i4 (1(1 345 (14i 3i5 (16 3(G i3:7 2 i5 ii5 iii ii6 4 HU 14 i(14 i22 i"-15 i23 i23 4!':NZ [; ONE IF NOT BLANK IN> : H SHLD IF'NT UPDATE F'OHHER,TMF' SC lb+ 3 LOOP SERF: ROUTINE - STF.:HJG SEAF<:CH AT ADDRESS HL & DE. LENGTH IN C ZEF~O FLAG SET IF MATCH SERF: LDAX D CMF' M ~= INX H INX D [; CF.:.JNZ F~ET c: SERF.: GET CHAF.: TEST FOF.: MATCH F~ETUF.:N IF NO MATCH I NCF.:EME~T ADDF.:ESS DECREMENT CHAR COUNT LOOP IF NOT ZERO I NAD - I NCF.:EMEr-ns ADDRESS FOF.: CTSH :+: WAD IN:": [; I K:F.:EMENT A[; [; F.:ESS DCF.: c [)ECF.:EME-ff CHAR COUNT,TNZ INAD LOOP UNTIL ZEF.:O INF.: c CLEAR ZEF.:O FLAG F.:ET / CTSH ROUTINE - COMMAND TABLE SEAF.:CH TABLE ADDF.:ESS IN DE. NUMBEF: OF COMMA ms IN B CTSH LHLD ADDS LDA JCHF: MO"/ C.JZ LDA) : c.. A SERF.: INA[: [: MOV L,R INX D LDAX D MOV H,A RZ INX D DCR B JNZ CTSH INR B RET LOA[) COMMAN[> A[; DF.: COM 1mm LENGTH TO C REGISTER SEARCH INCREMENT IF NO MATCH LOI~ AC [; F:ESS TO L REG IrK:F.:EMENT ADDF.: HIC:iH ADDRESS TO H F.:EG F:ETURN IF MATCH I JCF:EME.JT ADN<: DECREMENT CMMD COUNT LOOP IF NOT ZERO CLERF: ZEF:O FLAG HLIN - ADDRESS INPUT WITH MIN TEST HLHJ HL JI-JC ~ JHAT CLERF.: ;:--~CHG u :I <:CHG RNC U<I F'OF' U<I PUSH u;i H. MMi J 1, 1 TS Ir.JPUT A[)[; F~ESS EF.:ROF~ IF CAF':FS ADDF: TO DE MIN A[; DR COMPAF:E B,UFMS H H,CMRT H H,UFLL.]MF' EEOF UDMS [; B FH D~1 'MIN ADDRESS CLH) INPUT A[)[: R TO HL C o JE IF MIN Of< MESSAGE ADDF.: F'OF' WHATEVER'S ON STACK RETURN ADDR TO STAC STORAGE AREA DISPLAY MIN ADDF.: 6 3i(1 m:.16 3i4 ~36 3:1.5 (16 32(1 (16 3:2i 6 ::;:24 (1(16 3:25 6 3:25 6 3:25 J ~1(16 33::1 f.3( :'3:4 (16 3:;:::5 (1(16 3:3:6 6 33:7 (16 34 (16 C:Ai (16 ]: : (1( ( J.3(16 3:62 J.)( :62 1-::: : i.::1 (16 3:7i ( ( ( (1 (17 i (1(15 7 J.3(16 1a ( :1i J2H~ (17 (1i4 (17 Oi 7 7 (12i m: (1(17 3: (1(17 (13:3 J.37 l]j:5 7 (14 (17 4:3: (1(17 (144 (17 ( (15J.;:1 m:17 5:1 ( ii4 ii 5i 4 3 (14 3 2:l5 4i 1':1(1'3 mm i2 376 (1:15 3i(1 :124 : l'.'j5i 3:Ci (15:1 326 i i2 f.377 3:32 1-:::12f.3 ( :7 (126 1-:::u3 1':Gi 3: 3:3 J:J: i.;:1(16 i7 326 J.36 ]:22 3:63 H36 --: -.C" ~..;:..J i27 (176 14(1 315 (152 ~f] '34 '324 3(12 3:74 (16 32i 3ii i : 3:i2 54 '37 3:76 i24 ~(2 ~:::12 ~::: i 23? i ~342 (157 i;m:::: i (162 37i i<:1i1 3:i5 224 (1i(1 -:: i:::---: _;.._..::. 43: :176 3: i.:::(~: 31<:1(1 3:3 1"1 ii 4i 7i 3 UFLL DS 3 DB ~ ~ DB 8DH DBCV - CONVERT ASCII NU1BEF.: TO E:INAR'T' C BC\" C BCi LXI H, LDAX B CPI i3 ZERO F'AF:T I AL F:ESUL T GET NUMBEF<: TEST FOF: C.-'F.: C O-JE IF C/F.: PART I AL F:ESUL T TO [; E ~:z MO\.' D, H MO"." E.. L [; AD H TIMES 2 [)AD H TIMES 2 DAD D ADC ORIGINAL PAF:T RES [; AC H TIMES 2; TOTAL=TH1ES i SUI 4:=: SUBTF.:ACT RSC I I B 1 AS CF' I i TEST FOF.: VAL W # CMC.JC i JHAT ERF.:OF.: IF NOT TO 9 MO\.' E,A NLIMBEF.: TO E M"."I D. ZEF.:O D DA[; D ADD TO RESULT I fr: B I JCF.:EMENT ADDF.:ESS.JMP C CE:i LOOP TAB ROUTINE - CONVERTS TABS TO SPACES TAB TO COLUMNS 6, :12, i8. ETC TBST MOV PUSH D DTOT A.B COLUMN COUNT TO A SUI 6.JNC :-5 MOV D. A M"/I A, HJR E: HW D.mz :-8 POP D PET SUBTRACT 6 REPEATEDLY UNTIL OVERFLOW OCCURS SR 1 le D.S~E SPACE COUNT(-) TO D SPACE TO A OUTPUT SPACE I rk:f.:ement COLLWl l courn INCREMENT SPACE COUNT LOOP UNTIL ZEF.:O F:ESTOF:E DS.E OUTM COMMAND - OUTAJT DESTINATION SET OUTM LHLD IF~T IBUF ~JINTEF.: ADDF.: MOV DESTINATION CHAP TEST FOF.: TVT <SCREEN) JUMP IF TVT TEST FOF<: TELET'r'PE T A,M CPI 'S' JZ TVST CPI 'T' JNZ WHAT ERROR IF NOT S OR XCHG SHLD DTOi+i SET IN OUTPUT ROUTINE SCOT OUTPUT TO TTY SAVE IBUF ADDR LXI H,ABOT TTY ROUTINE ADDF.: MVI A,LTCD BAL~OT LETTERS CODE STA MDTY SET IN TTY MODE FLAG XCHG IBUF ADDF.: TO HL INX H INCREMENT ADDR MO"." A. M GET JE>.:T CHAR CPI 'C' TEST IF C RNZ C O~E IF NOT C.JMF' T'T'CR C/f;: L/F OUTPUT TO TT'r' T\.'ST U< I H, T"/TO T"."T OUTF'IJT F.:OUT HJE ADDR

28 If' 7 5? l~ :~~ ~~~ ~~ ~:~; ~;~~!Z"l2f? (1152 l:1~- D64 :ci.37? fh:r;- ~? ~ao? 7 \217~=: 7 ~ ::; 75 r:.,., iaia? C~77 ~!J7 1r21r;::1 ~ ~_'.:HJ 7 :lfj :i ~ 7 J.J'.14 s. ei~::1? J_os Ci 7 1.C16 7 :1"? -~ (17 LLO s. 7 :1:1:1 ~ 7 1-1:::;: "' () ( ~ ~H37 :1:17 si- 7 :.2(i gj 7 12 ~ 7 : Ro 7 :122 ~ 7 :125 ;. 7 1J: &. 7 1:::;:1 g f g. 7 : g> 7 :137 x w 7 :143:.o 7 :144 ;? 7 l.45 'cf: i53 7 :154 -;g ~ 7 :.6 C"l 7 :16J: )> (17 :166 ' 7 :17:1 ~ 7 :17:1 ~ 7 :17:1 7 :17:1 7 :17: :175 /.)7 : ::i 7 2:1:1 (17 2:1J: 1)7 2: :1 ;::; "' i::: ~ ~ 7 O'l :C:d D4 5 ]:1;.J, ~_IJ.. 1'357 2 r:;:;...;.~;: :6 6() J J1.5 ~~12.U_1S.fi7 :17fl f:i7 ~H::~7 7 :17 :?46!]l~f? 3:? G74 7 J:fil :: ()~12 3:3:2 :145 (1( :1 : :16 1.: :62 ~12 ) (1(12 :17:1 : J:i'14 22 J:4 12: i21;11 :15 J::1 42 6:1 (1:1:1 3::1.5 :1.6 3: 33:2 ]:3:6 /.)( : :1:1: oi:z12 l.l : : :1J: :1:14 : : 22 J:4 :11.1. :11.6 :123: OJ? O :1 i;::1 1.2 :11. :1(17 :15 :1.(15 ~:: j_~15 :127 :16 43: 2 SHLD DT1.+1 SET IN OUTPUT ROUTINE RET :+: BINH - CONVERT BINARY TO OCTAL BINH INX H DCX H PUSH 8 MVI C,3 RLC RLC MOV 8;Fl 1=11 JF1 C STBN INX H ADI 48 MOV M.A OCR C JZ BHDN MO~' A,8 RLC R~ RLC ~JV ~A ANI 7 JMP STBN BHDN POP B ~T :: PF<'.INT COMMAND :: F'F.:TN M' i I C.. 2.JC F'LP1. LHLC IPNT MDI/ 8, H MO'l C.. L DBC\ ' MOV C.. L DCF: H.JP l JHAT MO' / A.. C!NP C OF.:A A F'LP1. CNZ CLF.:S LHLD F-JTF.: PLP2 C CP C RZ SHLC PHF.: LNOT.JC BOTM.JMP F'LP2 ' ENTRY FOR SPACE FIRST NDPMHL E~~TF.' SA'~.iE 8,:~:C: LOOP COUNTER SHIFT LEFT TWO PLACES SAVE ~'ALLIE 2 MSB'S IN A ~JW INCREMENT STORAGE ADDR ADD ASCII BIAS STORE RESULT DECREMENT LOOP cc~~t DONE IF ZERO RE VALUE TO A SHIFT LEFT THREE PLACES SAVE VALUE MASK THREE BITS LOOP AND STORE RESTORE B&C SET L HJE cour-n JL~P IF NO # INPUT # AD[)R IN IBUF A[:.DF.: TO B.S,C: CONVERT TO BINARY F.:ESIJL T TO C TEST IF :> 255 EF.:ROF.: IF :> 255 LINE COUNT TO A INCF.:EMENT COU.JT SET FLAGS CLEAR IF NOT ZERO CURRENT LINE ADDR DECREMENT LINE COUNT C ONE IF ZERO SET LINE POmTER OUTPUT 1. LI NE,TUMP IF AT EOF LOOP COMMAND TABLE - COMMAND FOLLOl JED B'T' F.:OUTINE ADDRESS CTB4 NJ "EDIT DW E[:.CR DW outm " DW OUTM DW "CLF5 DW CLF.:S DW "INSM ' DW!FMC DW PAGE DW LIST DW "-.IB JF DW NEl-JF 7 23: J: :1 ( '2:1!2l7 265 r:1~17 27:1 (ifi7 :27J: J:l2l:1.. Ol~7 3: f:u:a7 =:3:1.3, ;::-i7 ::::u.. s ~3[17 3:2:.1. i217 32J: i~17 3: ::1 7 J:.3:5 7 ]:]:( oi.::17 3J: ;::11; J:4:::;: 7 J: fn37 J:S( ( (H-]7 3:53: ( ( J:61. J J: J J.37 3:72 1J.) : :1 :1 (11. (1:1 Ol<G 1. J: :1 1 OIZG 1. J: :1 (1 (11.(1 :11. : : :1. :1 OJ:5 1. J:6 : OJ:7 (1j_(1 3J:7 i<l1. OJ: : :.1JJ4 :.1.5 :1.:17 :.UJ (12 1.1J: ::66 fij_ fi2 :ii 7 :q:ij: :1 :1.24 :1.:1 J.2~:::1 :1~::15 ;274 j.j(i(i :1.;2 1: OJ: j_4 3:J: ()2 HM :l C:c :1 i211:;2 :.i5 :1:1 7 :i(i4 :1f15 ::2~J Ei1a:. 1.2J: :14 1: : :124 1:::;: 6 Hli :::M 3: 1.: :15 ]: J: mu 1.IZG 264 ~"UJ J:4J: (UJ J'.67 f :1 3 3:4 :11.:1 1.: : :11.4 ('14 :11. 7 :122 4 :12 : :11. 1.: (14~3 :1( (1 52 j.)55 J.31.i DW DW DW DW DW DW DW c~ 'DISP' DCPL 'DEOF' DEOF 'KILL. KLRT /RUSO~ RBC~ DW 'TAPE DW TPCR DW '~JTM" OW BTMM DW ~LOAD/ DW ITCR OW 'DISM' DW DISM OW 'MODE' DW MSCR DW 'SETM" DW ru~cr DW 'LIST' DW LCHR ' SINGLE CHARACTER COMMANDS [:.8 "A"' Dl J AF'r m DB "[: D~ J DELE [:.8 "I... NJ INSL DB E. D~ J EC CF.: [:.B L NJ LOCT [;.B... N" Di J l:,<tc C B "c- C l J CCF:T DB T " NJ TOPR DB "p.. Nl PF.:TN DB F [)l l FIND DB "F.: " [: ~J RLCR DB o NJ MONT HJO MESSAGES ' HIMS Di J ' INPUT " DB E:C H EFEF.: c+j FULL OR PAF:TIAL FILE? DB.. +aoh INSM COMMAND - INSERT FROM MEMORY I FMC LHLC I FNT IBUF ADDR

29 "' 42 ' !:: 47 =- 5 ':<= Cii !S 55 Cl> c 75 :" 77 c 12 g. ~1 13 C" 14 ~ 17 5" 111!:; 114!!l a 123 (') ~ 126 ~ 126 ~ 127!:,> 13 :::: 131 ;;. 1<< "' = l 137 I!'> ~ 145 g- 146 g- 147 ;a 152.or 153 D x 162 ~ 165.o 17 s; 1 ~i 1; '1 1( ""',, ~ i 1 23 " (11.(1 27 (') 21:: )> <'11 22 N (l'1.-,.-,---:.:.:..::...:: J3 224 : , - =.::,-=:,.J ';i? <g 1(1 2:: ;I ~~~ ~~ ~ ( :1: < <: ?6 6 3:53: 16 (12 ( :72 :l 71 i.3:1[ ] 322 :126 i;,::111.;: :: :1[1 3:76 15?2 :i 71 Hl :167 4? :: : ?76 11 ::2 12 : : : : (11: : ::11 C.ii] (1 3: 13: 1.3:7 n::..12 i.:::115 1(12 :11 :14 [14[1 14 1'~1: :15 :17 J.J.J. i.::-11~15 f1i.;:17 3: : [1 ::2:: 4 MOV B, H MOV C, L DBCV C CR H JP L lhat MOV A,L OF~A A JZ ~lhat STA NCHF.: U<I H, ADMS OUTR HLIH :x:chg TO BS,C # TO B HJAF'' TEST l/alue TOO LARGE SET FLAGS ERROF.:, ZEF<:O LINES SA\"E VALUE OUTPUT MESSAGE I NF'UT AOC F.:ESS TO OE F.:EG IFM4 M\"I c.. 2 SET CHAF.: cournef.: U<:I ~ IBUF+2 SET ADOR I FMJ: LDA:x: GET NEW CHAR OF.:A A SET FLAGS.JM BADT BAD IF BIT 8 SET CF' I TEST IF BLAiK.JiC IFM1 OK IF >= BLANK CPI TAB TEST FOF TAB.JZ IFM1 OK IF TAB CPI :13: TEST IF ~~R.mz BAOT BAD IF NOT C/R HEW LINE TO IBUF IFM1 IFM2 MOV m:,; um CPI.JZ INF: MO'. ' CPI.mz OF.:A PUSH POP LDA DCF<: STA.JNZ F.:ET F:AI!T I.,,. T UH.JMF' BDMS [:oe: M, A H 1:: IFM2 c A)C CMA> : IFM3 A INSL NCHR A r-k:hf~ IFM4 CF.:LF DATA TO IBUF INCREMENT AOOR TEST FOF: C/F; EOL IF C/R I NCF:EMENT CHAF: COUNT TO A TEST FOR MAX LENGTH CONT HlUE IF OK CLEAR CARF<:'r' SA', 1 E ADC ~~ESS rnsef.:t Lil-JE LOA[> LI NE cour-nef.: MINUS 1 SA'-."E LINE cour-n LOOP IF NOT ZEF.:O C/R TO T\"T 8,BDMS MESSAGE ADDR H,BDLC STORAGE ADDR EEOF OUTPUT BAD DATA ADOR DH DL l 'BAD DATA ' BDLC DS 3 DB DS ~ DB 8DH :-}: ~JTPUT TO TTY ROUTINE SCOT MOV B,A SAVE CHAR SCO:i IN STAT IN~JT UART STATUS RLC.JNC SC1 TMST FLAG TO CAF.:F~ LOOP UNTIL F.:EADY MOV A,8 RE DATA OUT TTY OUTPUT :1 :1 :l,. :1 :1 :1 :1 1(1 ]1 Hl ? ::1?OJ: 34?5 37?:1 3:12 3: ? 332?J: : : : 3:65 3:7 J:l'J: 375 :1.:i (1: :1 7 :11 :12 :11 ( i7 11 :17 :1.:i :17 11 E12:i 1:1 [122 1:1 E E1 E1:i:i (G:i 1:1 EG2 ::11 117?76 4 3?2 3:41 :: : 335? ) 32 ::1 76 : i i :7 241 i i 322 3:23 41? ::::? : ? ?5J: ( :3?35 ::76 : :76 (i7 ::i;:: ? ( J.:::f3: 3:]:5 ~1:1 J.]76 1.(1 ::: (1i(1 1.6 ~]1;'.:16 ::1.5 2:15 3:41. J.:::176 ~](12 :::: ::::5 :1 ::46 J.:;:1::7 J.17 (16 ooi.:::1 ~]41-3:55 ::4i :11 :176 ::45 3: i.:::11 RET :+; ASC I: /BAUDOT CON"iERS I ON ROUT HJE ABOT M(I'." C. A SA\-'E CHAF: CF I 2H TEST FOR SPACE JC chl JNZ $+5 M'-'I A, 4 BAUDOT SPACE JI IP OT1C Am 6H MOV 8,A mr. U A MC'-." C'. A ANA B JNZ MDC 1 M'v'I A,64H XF.:A D STA MDT'T' Cf'LL SCOT A, 31. MDD:l M~ I A~ = MC i M"1 I MC\" CF [.Jr-.:: L)<I.J~i ~ LTSH LXI l)a:::o MO" CP: JN~ OT1C CAIL F.:E CNTL CF'.m: MV JMI CF'.JZ CP: RN; CONTF.:OL CHAF.: IF < SPACE.JUMP IF NOT SPACE OUTPUT GET BITS 5 $, 6 SAVE IN 8 CURRENT TT'T' MODE SA 1 /E AND WITH CHAR MODE JUMP IF UNCHAMJED LOA[) (111 3 BI NAF.:'T' FORM NE~ j "IO[:oE SET FLAG OUTPUT L TF.:S.. 'F I GS CODE SET 5 LSB s c GET LSB"S OF CHAR E, A SAVE DJ A.. C F.:E CHAF.: 64 TEST IF LTRS OR FIGS LTSH JUMP IF LTRS ~FIGS FIGS TABLE ADDR $+3 H, L TF:S D A,"I 1.2E: 8DEC:! SCOT TABLE ADDF; AOC CHAR ADDF:ESS LOAD BAUDOT CHAR TEST I~ BIT 8 SET JUMP IF SET OUTPUT CHAR 1 LHJE FEED $+5 A, BOLF BAUDOT L/F OT1C OUTPUT 13: C/R T'i-'CF.: 7 BELL MV: ~FGCD FIGS CODE STf MDT'T' SET FLAG CAL~ SDJT OUTPUT ~1"/I A. BDE:L 8AU[:oOT BELL JMP OT:iC OUTPUT TYCR MVI A.BDCR BAL~OT C/R SCOT OUTF'UT ~1VI C,6 SET C TMDL+6 ~ 3 SEC DELAY MVI A,BDLF BAUDOT L/F.J 1P OT1C OUTPUT TWO CHARACTER EQUIVALENCES BDEQ ANI GET 5 LSE:" S SA\-'E TABLE ADDR ADD OFFSET ~JV A.M GET FIRST CHAR PUSH H SAVE AODR ABOT OUTPUT :ist 1FH MOV C,A MVI B. LXI H.BE~~ DAO B

30 Poiners o oher good suff WE WANTED TO INCLUDE MUCH MORE IN THIS ISSUE THAN WE COULD 'AFFORD. PART OF IT WILL JUST HAVE TO WAIT FOR FUTURE ISSUES. THE REST OF IT (ALONG WITH STILL OTHER USEFUL TIDBITS) HAS BEEN PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE: Souhwes Texas Producs Corp., 219 W. Rhapsody, San Anonio TX 78216, has pu ou he firs issue of heir Newsleer, a 49-page, loose-leaf job. We would like o applaud heir work and heir approach o hobbyis sofware. This issue of he SWTPC Newsleer conains exensive informaion on 68 sofware, including some "bug" noices and correcions, a lis of available 68 games, some hardware noes and schemaics, and complee lisings of: A Black Jack game-playing program ( 9 pages, full-size, hex-cocling only) A Memory-Dump program (2 user-documenaion pages, 2 pages of unannoaed source code) A l.3k Eclior ( 3 user-documenaion pages, 6 pages of unannoaed source code) A 3.15K Micro BASIC (5 user-documenaion pages, 15 pages of unannoaed source code) The Edior was wrien by Rober Uierwyk, 442 Meadowwood Way, Tampa FL Micro BASIC was done by Uierwyk and Bill Turner. We have spoken wih Mr. Uierwyk several imes (we originally planned o publish Micro BASIC in his issue), and hink "his head's in he righ place." He and his associaes are acively pursuing he producion of free and very inexpensive sysems sofwll're for hobbyiss. We would like o praise heir effors and urge hem onward. The July issue of People's Compuer Company, Box 31, Menlo Park CA. 9425, conains is usual load of exciing iems, noably including: Lichen Wang's Sar Trek, wrien for Palo Alo Tiny BASIC [DDJ, Vol. 1, No. 5] (We waned o publish i in his issue of he Journal bu clidn' have room.). An updae of he comprehensive lis of compuer sores in he May issue of PCC. An updae of he lis of compuer clubs ha was given in he preceding issue of PCC. C: II.I ll.x>ll. ozo::::: "-'"' ::;:.., l' M N.-IM~M vvl'-m Mm.-!M. Page 26 Dr. Dobb's Journal of Compuer Calishenics & Orhodonia, Box 31, Menlo Park CA 9425 June/July, 1976

31 48 LINES OF 64 CHARACTERS ON A TV Ki Price is $ by Video Terminal Technology saff 618 Elmbridge Dr., San Jose CA I've seen his running on a small Sony eevee, and was very impressed. The characers were clear and sharp. They bypass he RF and amp, and go direcly o he ube o avoid characer smear and obain higher bandwidh. Screen updae was fas. The company is small, nm by good people, and I believe hey will be quie responsive o heir cusomers. -Jim Warren Video Terminal Technology announces a new video compuer erminal wih all he feaures of a professional errrinal a a hobbyis price. The VT-4 video erminal displays 48 lines of 64 characers in a 5x7 fon. This provides he capabiliy o display 376 (3K) characers simulaneously-8 imes he sandard v ypewrier's 16 lines of 32 characers. The VT-4 gives he operaor complee conrol over his or her display. The keyboard inerface card decodes all 32 of h:! sandard ASCII conrol funcions. These conrol funcions are user designaed and can be srapped o mach any sofware operaing sysem. The seleced conrols can move he cursor up, down, righ, lef, and home. Direc cursor addressing uses wo conrol characers o posiion he cursor anywhere on he CRT screen. Oher conrol funcions can be used o selecively clear he displayed page, clear he enire memory, or clear he characer posiions from he presen cursor posiion o he end of he line. Two more conrol characers allow he operaor o display individual characers eiher whie on black or black on whie. This leaves 16 conrol characers available for he requiremens of he paricular sofware operaing sysem. The VT-4 video erminal also offers oher sandard on/off feaures such as power-on clear, clear o end of line wih line feed, scroll up, and scroll down. The scroll up/ down feaure allows up o 16K of RAM o be scrolled hrough before any daa is los. Afer all of he available RAM has been scrolled hrough, he VT-4 hen sars o overwrie he previous daa. The VT-4 basic configuraion comes wih 4K of RAM, expandable o 16K. The VT-4 has been designed o easily inerface o any compuer and any video monior or slighly modified elevision receiver. The compuer i/ available is ~eiher RS232 TTL serial, or TTL parallel a any of he sandard BAUD ' raes from 11 o 96. The video monior inpu available is eiher composi video/sync, separae video and composi sync, or separae video, separae horizonal sync, and separae verical sync. A elevision receiver may be used as a video monior if he following modificaion is made. Break he signal pah beween he IF secion and he video secion, and inser he composi video/sync a his poin. However, if a sharper display is desired, inser he composi sync a his poin and apply he video direcly o he cahode of he CRT. Any quesions abou his modificaion will be answered by Video Terminal Technology (VTT). The VT-4 is available from VTT primarily in ki form in any configuraion from single boards o 1% complee kis. Assembled and esed boards or complee models can be purchased for a sandard assembly fee. All such opions carry a six-monh pars and labor guaranee CHARACTER VIDEO RAM Marox Elecronic Sysems (P.O. Box 56, Ahunsic Syn., Monreal, Quebec, Canada, H3L 3N5, (514) ] has announced a mos ineresing widgi: Their MTX-1632 is a single physical componen. Is inpu pins can be direcly conneced o any M-P bus and appear o be inpu o a 512x8 RAM. The oupu, however, is a video signal ha direcly drives a TV monior. I displays 16 lines of 32 characers each, inerpreing he byes in is RAM as ASCII characer codes. I r\:!quires only a single 5-vol power supply, can drive up o 25 TV moniors, offers characer-blink and has an access ime under 65 nanoseconds. ' SONOMA COUNTY COMPUTERS HOLD MEETINGS (reprined wih permission from Homebrew Compuer Qub Newsleer) The SONOMA COUNTY MICRO COMPUTER CLUB in Norhern California is small bu powerful. We are a group of several ALTAIR's, an IMSAI, a JOLT, wo PDP-8's, an APPLE, and some ohers on order. We all have people up and running. We mee he firs Tuesday in each monh a LOOP CENTER in Coai. Meeing ime is 7:3 p.m. Any ineresed sysems are invied o aend wih heir operaors. Larry Balch phoo 2366 Mossdale Way, San Jose CA BYE BYE BIRDIE LOOP CENTER CLASSIC PDP-8 LOOP CENTER 899 La Plaza Coai CA June/July, 1976 Dr. Dobb's Journal of Compuer Calishenic.s & Orhodonia; Box :n O, Menlo Park ~A 9425 Page 27

32 VARIABLE CHARACTER SPACING IN VIDEO DISPLAYS by Jim Day 1742 Gunher S. Granada Hills CA Figure 1 shows a ypical dual-case TVT alphabe, each leer of which is generaed via a 7 by 9 do marix. If wo "undos" (using he erminology of Don Lancaser's TV Typewrier Cookbook) are appended following he sevenh do posiion of each line of each leer, each leer will require 9 dos of widh on he v screen. The alphabe could be sored in a ROM, he do paern of each leer being represened by 9 byes. Figure 2 shows 9 byes represening he leer "A". Figure 3 shows how he sring "even spacing" would be displayed using his alphabe. Noice how much empy space appears on boh sides of he leer "i ". This is because each leer is cenered lef-o-righ in he marix which is 7 dos wide. Wouldn' i be an improvemen o move he do paern of each leer as far o he lef as possible, wihin he marix, and display each leer in a variable-widh forma? This could be done convenienly by preceding he firs bye of he do code for each leer (in he ROM) by an exra bye indicaing he widh of ha characer. (Or perhaps he unused low-order bis of each code group could be used insead.) Figure 4 shows he 1 byes of ROM ha would hen represen he leer "A". The firs bye indicaes a widh of 5 dos for ha leer. Two undos are undersood o follow he righmos do of each leer, bu are no included in he widh value. Figure 5 shows how he sring "Variable spacing" would be displayed using his scheme. I can be seen ha abou 5% more leers can be displayed on one line by use of variable spacing. This forma is also easier o read. There are complicaions, hough. Hardware would have o be added o he TVT o lach he widh values and adjus he characer-generaion iming accordingly. Moreover, i would be necessary o keep rack of cumulaive widh values in he curren line, 1Dronrol line forma (e.g., if he Basic TAB funcion were o be used). Bu his would be a small price o pay for he benefis obained. " "' " ".. ".. I,, ""' e fl"' <11@4> Ill <!> fl e Figure 3. Even spacing of display., ~ "'s.. rel i" g Figure 1. Qclrb..... HO,.,. I> "'"' " "(1@8 :!'@961 9 e-mell : HO h. ~ '" HO,.., " : ",... r... ef r..... s i : i ~,,. :Ge: i :..:. ll4!'eo " ou...., g.... GH f'@9!u' 'e;ie:o P 96 9llil.P96' Figure 2. Nine byes represening an "A". " e fl' "' "' " fl Typical Dual-Case TVT Alphabe i.. Q f!)gf# " g Ho. ",. "' i s....., <> 3. "'. "'9.. (') u ~ ~- Glil Ii> Figure 4. Ten byes including widh value. 6!: e " &&... :see: :., : oeoai OdllP-91!1.. @ <IP di Ill Ill «I ~ ~. HO :.. " @ lll@@ lli Ill / 18 Iii Ill I@ Iii IJll II ~ e Iii $ IP "' 1111 Ill I I/[; ~ 18 ~!ill Iii l/!j I I fl@ Ill l/!j@ IP Ii Iii "'<II@ oe ll Figure 5. Variable spacing of display. 6' dpl!l Cl $ 1111!1<!1 i; ~ Iii "' I/[;~ I/[; (fl fj eie Ii) @ IJll iii I/[; I) I/[; I/[; I# e I/[;@ ~ fl llpl!i Dr. Dobb's Journal of Compu11r Calishenics Ii Orhodonia, Box 31, Menlo Park CA 9425 J11ne/July, 1976

33 T T -II Mods o ge 64 characers per line by David. Valliere Digial Designs Box 4241 Vicoria TX 7791 Dear Edior: May 1, 1976 If you are using your TVT-II as a compuer I/O you may have found he 32 characer/line forma somewha limiing. By making minor modificaions o he TVT-II board you can lenghen he 32 characer line o 64 characers/line, and hereby expand your sysem's capabiliies. Here are insallaion insrucions for my 32 o 64 characer/line TVT-II modificaion board and 2K memory board. The modificaions can be made easily by wire wrapping or a se of boards can be purchased. My TVT-II has been modified since early Ocober, and I am using a very old v wih no bandpass problems. My board manufacurer is ooled up for manufacuring he boards and can guaranee shipmen wihin 3 weeks afer receiving orders. I also have layous compleed for an uppercase/lowercase auxiliary board for he TVT-II, as well as he compuer-conrolled cursor inerface. These boards will also be provided if here is enough ineres. Board prices are $5 for he auxiliary board, $12 for he 2K memory board, and $16 for he se. Shipping is included in hese prices. Texas residens add 5% ax. Please m1 ke checks payable o Digial Designs. Sincerely yuurs, David. Valliere Digial Designs Box 4241 Vicoria TX 7791 The TVT-11 memory is coninuously being addressed hrough nine address lines o generae he video daa used by he eelvision display. The enh address line (A9) is used o swich from page one o page wo. By using he A9 address line for coninuous addressing, he TVT-11 con be modified o display 64 characers/line. Since he addiional 512 characers being displayed are wha used o be page wo, addiional memory will have o be added o provide sorage of a second page. HOW IT WORKS The basic design of he TVT-11 make he modificaions required o make i display 64 characers/line quie simple. IC21 and IC14 on he main TVT-11 board normally coun up 32 characers and upon reaching he 33rd coun, pin 11, IC14 and address AO go high. This disables he "do clock" unil he nex line is sared. Being in he 33rd characer posiion also enables he video blanking circui hrough IC12C and IC5B. The line is blanked unil a new line is sared. By allowing he video generaion and he "do clock" o coninue operaing unil he 65h characer posiion is reached, 64 characers/line will be couned. This can be done by disconnecing pin 11, IC14 from he video blanking circui and connecing i o address line A9, afer having disconneced A9 from he page 1-2 flip-flop. Pin 11, IC14 is also ied o pin 14, he inpu of he unused couner is IC14 whose oupu (pin 12) is hen ied o he video blanking circui. Thus we have effecively added an addiional 32 couns o he address lines hrough pin 12, IC14 and ransferred he video blanking funcion o he 65h characer posiion. Since he RC oscillaor nework of he "do clock," IC188, was originally uned for 32 characers/line, capacior C4 will have o be replaced wih an 18 pf uni o provide for 64 characers/line. We are now addressing hrough en lines/page. The cursor-compare circuiry mls be modified o provide comparison of he A9 address bi. This modificaion will require providing an addiional cursor-posiion coun-bi and a comparaor. The designer used a BCD couner o allow preloading he addiional cursor bi hrough a compuer cursor posiion inerface. The addiional is aached o he carry and borrow bis of he original cursor couner, IC35, afer disconnecing hem from he 5h-bi flip-flop, IC27 A. Carry and borrow bis are generaed by he new couner hrough NANO gaes IC4A and IC4B, and are sen o he original 5h-bi flip-flop IC27A. The cursor boun bi is ied o pin 15, IC42, on he main board and compared wih he A4 address bi. The oupu of he 5h-bi flip-flop IC27A which was originally compared wih he A4 address is brough on o he new circuiry and compared wih address A9 by he comparaor. The cascaded "=" pulse from IC 42 on he main board is inpu o he comparaor. The oupu "=" pulse is sen o I C41. This provides an addiional cursor coun bi which is compared wih address A4. The new A9 address is compared o he old 5hbi flip-flop whose oupu has become he 6h-bi coun. IC42 and IC41 on he main board and he new comparaor provide he pulse required o posiion he cursor on he 64 characer line. An addiional six 212's will be required o sore a second page of daa. By ying he CE pins of each group of memories o pins 8 and 9 of he page flip-flop, IC27B, he pages will roll over as originally designed. [Edior's Noe: We have omied eigh pages, conaining insrucions for assembly, memroy modificaions, 2K memory, piggybacking, early TVT-il mods, sar-up, and schemaics. Those ineresed should wrie o Digial Designs for complee deails.] PARTS LIST 64 Characer Board one one 7485 one 744 one 74 one.1 mfd disc one 18 pf Wire, 26 Ga. 2K Memory Board welve 212 memories foureen.1 mfd capaciors wo 212 memories (opional) wo 15-pin Molex board connecors The auxiliary board and 2K memory boards are available from Digial Design. Boh boards are Milspec wih in/ lead fused plaing and silk-screen componen placemen. The auxiliary board is single-sided whereas he 2K board is doublesided wih plaed-hrough holes. Shipmen wihin 3 weeks is guaraneed. CENTRAL OKLAHOMA COMPUTER GROUP The Cenral Oklahoma Amaeur Compuing Associaion (CENO ACA) organized in January. I now has abou 3 members. I mees he. 2nd Saurday of each monh a 1 a.m. in he Oklahoma Ciy Warr Acres Branch Library, NW 63d & MacArhur. I has programming seminars & workshops in addiion o he monhly meeings. For deails, conac: Lee Lilly, Box 2213, Norman OK June/July, 1976 Dr. Cobb's Journal of Compuer Calishenics & Orhodonia, Box 31, Menlo Park CA 9425 Paga 29

34 HOMEBREW TV DISPLAY WITH GRAPHICS by Glendon Smih Genlepersons: May 2, 1976 This is a shor descripion of a v display circui I use in my Alair 88. Alhough I have made only limied use of he graphics capabiliy, i should be useful, as is, for games requiring a playing board. Wih synchronizaion as discussed, fas games should be clearer. Ohers may wish o make changes in he logic design. I was someimes he resul of space limiaions. If fas daa selecors are used as specified, he memory probably can run v.ihou wai saes. Sincerely, Glendon C. Smih 5822 Daffodil Dayon H The v display described in his repor is inended for direc plug-in o he bus of an Alair 88 or oher similar microcompuer. The circuis could be adaped o CPU's oher han he 88. This display differs from he v ypewrier circui in hree major areas. 1) The screen refresh memory is conneced o he bus when i is being loaded or alered. 2) The display can produce 128 characers sored in a Moorola ROM ( 12 lines of up o 32 characers each) and/or up o 128 graphic shapes (8x8 picure elemens) sored in RAM (24 lines of 32 shapes). 3) A crysal-conrolled commercial sync generaor IC is used o provide verical inerlace and a jier-free display. Oher feaures include he abiliy o have he 8h bi in he bye used o specify a characer or a graphic shape, he abiliy o cause ha characer or shape o blink or o reverse iself, he abiliy o reverse he enire display by sofware, he abiliy o display a boarder, and he capabiliy of having sofware scrolls, an erasing cursor, or oher cusom feaures. As presenly implemened, swiching from refresh operaion o he bus is no synchronized wih he blanking for borders so ha an inserion of a characer causes he loss of abou wo sweep lines (a V11hie or dark band abou 1 mm wide provides noice ha~ a leer was wrien). This is no annoying o hose who have seen he display. For fas games i migh be advisable o swich he memories back o he bus during FIELD, and dealy he CPU if hese memories are addressed during FIELD. This would slow he display slighly. Wihou synchronizaion, a sofware line feed or scroll up (moving 384 characers) akes abou 1 milliseconds or abou one-half of a verical sweep of he.. v screen. The consrucion of he prooype of his display was eased by using wo commercially available boards (and associaed componens) which were conneced ogeher by hinged bars he lengh of he connecor spacing on my Alair moher board. The memory board (MB-2 from Solid Sae Music) has is copper races connecing all 8 of he 212's comprising a bank (1 K x 8 bis) before connecing he nex bank. Before mouning he sockes i is necessary o cu many copper races beween banks. The bank neares he bus connecor will become bank (lowes address). I is no used by he v display. The nex higher bank (bank 1) sores he 128 graphic shapes (8x8 bis each). Bank 2 sores he codes for he graphic shapes (24x32 byes) and has some space which may be used for subrouines. If he graphic capabiliies are no being used all hree lower banks may be used as par of main memory. The highes, bank 3, sores up o 124 characers which may be arranged as 32 lines (only 12 displayed) of 32 characers, or as wo pages wih enough space lef over for rouines which wrie on eiher page (page 1 has scrolling, cursor, ec.). The laer sysem is he one I have used hus far bu I can imagine applicaions such as ex ediing which m'igh use several K of memory for characer sorage wih more elaborae scrolling schemes. The oher board used is a Universal 1/ Board (1-1) Page 3 Dr. Oobb's Journal of Compuer Calishenics & Orhodonia, Box. 31, Me111lo Park CA 9425 June/July, 1976

35 from Solid Sae Music. I jus barely has lll'b8sfsr all he circuis for he v display plus one INPUT PORT for a keyboard (Clare-Pendar). Eigh pieces of 8 or 1 conducor ribbon cable handle he inerconnecions beween boards and help in keeping he bis in order. One of he changes o he memory board which is no shown in he diagrams concerns chip enable and R/W inpus o he 212's. Pin 3 of each bank of 212's was disconneced from pin 11 of 74 A and now receives is inpu from one of he address selecors as shown. Pin 12 on he 74L42A was ungrounded and conneced o pin 11 of 74 A. The oupus of he 74l42A hen became R/W signals feeding he address selecors and he pin 13's of he 212's formerly conneced here are all conneced o ground so he chip oupus are enabled. Several oher poins will come up in preparing he Solid Sae Music boards for his use. The designer of he 1/. Universal board ran +5 and gnd lines o many posiions, expecing you o use 16 or 14pin1C's here. However, he did no leave a space beween he ends of he 1 C posiions as heir lengh requires, so many of hese races mus be cu before sockes are insalled. Because he oupu por (2 ocal in my sysem) does no need an oupu connecor, races o his 14 pin pad are cu and a 1 C is insalled here. On he mem" ory board MB-Z, all he daa inpu lines are lef inac as are all he address lines from he connecor o he neares 1 K bank of memory (which will become bank ). All he daa oupus are isolaed by cuing he races a appropriae poins, as are he address lines o banks 1, 2, and 3. The chip enable and R/W lines are discussed above. Oher arrangemens of he 2K of memory used in he generaion of he graphics porion migh be useful. For example, a 128x96 display of individually addressable poins (each poin, however, is 4 imes he area of a picure elemen of he curren display and he blinking and reversing possibiliies appear o be ou). One migh buil only he characer porion or only he graphic porion (and generae he needed characers). The display described here may simulae club members o design a special display as a group projec and o produce i::i.c. boards o ease he labor for all concerned. I use he Hiachi P-3 12" B&W v. I is easy o inerface, is all solid sae wih insan on, and is available for abou $68. Inerface informaion is available. OUTPUT PORT - CONTROL BYTE FUNCTIONS Por (2 ocal in my sysem) Bi High o display page 2 characers Bi 1 High o blink preseleced characers Bi 2 High o blink preseleced graphics Bi 3 High o inver (reverse) preseleced characers or graphics Bi 4 High o inver (reverse) enire display Bi 5 High o display surround (border) Bi 6 Low o connec bank 3 (characer sorage) o bus Bi 7 Low o connec banks 1 and 2 o bus The 8212 oupu por is cleared by he fron panel swich so ha he 3 banks of memory can be dumped (or londed) wihou special insrucions in exising programs. SUPPLIERS MB-2, 1-1 boards and kis Solid Sae Music 212A Walsh Ave. Sana Clara CA 955 MIKOS 419 Proofino Dr. San Carlos CA MHz, 26C Series $5.5 pospaid Inernaional Crysal Mfg. 1 N. lee Oklahoma Ciy K 7312 The MCM6571C characer gen. came from he Digial Group bu I undersand ha a new version only requires +5 vols. The 532 (Naional) Sync Generaor ($4) came from Solid Sae Music, as did mos of he l.c.'s. is gam{f of hinki of a 5 ry and word b!:j Gl 5 ; word and I n how many I are in he same ' June/July, 1976 Dr. Dobb's Journal of Compuer Calishenics & Orhodonia, Box :no, MenOo Park CA 9425

36 ~ ~ BUlN" +s-., P111ge 32 June/July, 1976 I-1 /.v'""'$l'll.i/o 1-h.ic;d 81-rs Acldre~;S Sd!e:/o,,. D11fA 5!lu-lus -+u M 6- 'Z board ~ fdma:'-j.3l ~ &~ wouwwarnrnrnmm c. lll[f] IT] ~ (W\ - "' "".('- ;::. BA ~rn ocj C.G ~~~ 8 z. ~ ' I MCM :; C]ITJ~ OUi IC. <:s ~. ~.. """ i"~'i RJ[!] "" " " ~ ~1krn...,. \[) [J [] ~ "' [] "' 65-~ ~c 13 bj<: 11 ~ Zeiver- 1),';c/e s ~ p. c "' :{ ~@][!]~ I( IC s ~ ;:; s ~ :!;: e:: ~ inp.t POR.T ff k!ctded FO~ "i ~E'llHl -c:::=i- --c=:j ; ]C4) IC3 "' 74~S'l1-N GSR., CS/?.: 7</LIC. S-/V {(' 11 =..r&ic 11- =. I e I Z : Ll~e 8-1 ea O.[ Md cf;,' ~11 BiH ~ H.8udf' S'iHI Reier! ChM. 1"\5'B(e) p1n ~ OA) i.s~4 i\~ 6 S1or<.!(2 Vidw (eharacler) (, P J d ~!.J JI I. I 1/]~T.l~u!_Z. 1.1/lr..._,-~---_J ~ J r--"\ ii 1~ ~I ~ii '!~ r~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ x y. -"<.->I I,;... I,; '" 'Video (GrA~;.,) ICl'I' 1\\S6(G) p,.. ~ " I~ s.li<. ""Dr. Dobb's Journal of Compuer Calishenics & Orhodonia, Box 31, Menlo Park CA 9425?iEW> "Bi~ s

37 $98.5 GRAPHICS TERMINAL KIT By SWTPC 219 W. Rhapsody San Anonio, TX <>! Vl u Souhwes Technical's GT-61 Graphics Terminal is a low cos graphics uni designed for hobbyiss or budge minded commercial applicaions. The 9 Y," X 13" PC board conains all of he elecronics necessary o display an array of cells 64 wide by 96 high on a sandard video monior or modified elevision se. The graphics erminal conains is own 6144 bi saic memory and hus may be driven by any compuer sysem having a TTL compaible 8 bi parallel inerface. The uni is available in ki form only and is sold less power supply, chassis, and monior for $98.5 ppd. in he US. Delivery is 3 days. M M.. "' "" II. "' ~ q; " g ()... "' ~... I~ V) I:) "' <IS "'... ' "' '1 -.;; \.!) ~ ~? l c-/j'// ~.. II...2 c :a: "' o'... M )( 11.l....!2 c - s: '. a1:i.. "' c s:... "'!!? " Cl. E (.J..... c " "'.Q.c.. c '~ "5 "' ~ ~ ~ ~ rj ~I ~ :rn1 ~ I I I

38 ERRORS IN & IMPROVEMENTS FOR WHIPPLE'S & ARNOLD'S TINY BASIC EXTENDED (TBX) Dear Sirs: April 15, 1976 I have noed some errors and possible improvemens in Arnold's and Whipple's Tiny BASIC Exended (TBX) [please see Dr. Dobb 's Journal Vol. 1, Nos. 1 & 2]. A minor reducion could be made a he enry poin of he main program by eliminaing a jump. The end of he error rouine duplicaes he iniializaion, so i could be shorened. These wo rouines follow (in spli ocal): INITIALIZATION: Address Daa Commens ERROR: Address Daa Commens 61 LXI SP LXI H d d 1 Enry poin of 2 d d2 IL program 3 33 JMP LXI SP d d d d LXI H JMP d1 Enry poin d1 o IL d2 of IL progrm d2 inerpreer IL inerpreer All of he iems in he lef column could be eliminaed, and he enry poin could be a he sar of he righ column, a address Or, he righ column could be replaced by a JMP o address. Or, he wo segmens could be rearranged as follows: Enry poin of main program This mehod would 41 eliminae 12 byes. 2 (error rouine) 32 d2 LXI SP d1 d2 LXI H Enry poin of d 1 IL Program subrouine could be shorened by calling on he oher divide subrouine. Some error jumps, which should be o message number 14 (memory depleion) go insead o error message number 15, which is no defined. This can be correced by changing addresses 27121, 335, 3372, and maybe ohers, from 36 o 355. The IL Insrucion a is: ' "(".' This means ha if he nex characer isn' "(", address will be considered he nex Inerpreive language (IL) insrucion. This will bomb ou he program, since is o be reaed as a machine language (ML?) insrucion, no I Lx insrucion. The insrucion a could be: ' "(".' Address conains a proper insrucion, '326352,' which will properly execue he machine language insrucions saring a Incidenally, he address should be 26352, which oupus error message number 13, parenheses error, raher han 26355, which oupus error message number 14, memory depleion. The same problem exiss a 32127, 33223, 33241, 33254, 33266, and The Random funcion (RN) should be alered slighly. The random number reurned is 16 bis. However, he RN only shifs in 8 new bis each ime i is called. Therefore, he upper 8 bis are wha he lower 8 bis were he las ime RN was used. If address 321 is changed from o 2, RN will shif in a full 8 bis each ime i is called, hopefully making i more random. When an insrucion is being compared o he possibiliies, he firs word is 'GO,' bu he second is no 'o' or 'sub,' he second is compared o '1s,' 'run,' ec., insead of he program immediaely indicaing unrecognizable saemen. This could be fixed by changing he insrucion saring a 3257 from ' "SUB" ' o '23233 "SUB".' Then 'GO' wihou 'To' or 'Sub' would go o 'unrecognizable saemen' error message. Thank you for your consideraion. Yours ruly, Charles Skeldon 232 Co. Rd. 1-3 New Brighon MN I L I nerpreer Acually, a lo of exra JMPs and NOPs are o be expeced when programming is done in machine language, like TBX was. A primiive assembler, like SPHERE's miniassembler, which jus assembles addresses and some daa bu no mnemonics, would be all ha would be needed o produce a rimmer program. I should say ha I really appreciae he job Arnold and Whipple have done. I'm poining ou a lo of lile hings, bu I hink hey did a grea job. A a number of places, he characer couner advances pas spaces. Many byes could be eliminaed by making all of hese segmens ino a subrouine. Such segmens are a: 21327' 22324, 23351, 2234, 241, 27214, 332, and probably oher places. Subrouine conains a divide rouine. Perhaps his 198 CENSUS: HAVE ANY SUGGESTIONS? The Census Bureau is now acively working on plans for he 198 census, and imporan decisions have o be made in he relaively near fuure. Alhough here are many consrains on he census in erms of wha and how much informaion can be colleced and abulaed, he Bureau believes ha i is very imporan o obain and review he recommendaions of as wide a range of users and poenial users of decennial census daa as possible. The Census Bureau is herefore anxious o have he ideas from leaders in mahemaics educaion. Send suggesions, quesions, or commens on he 198 census o Direcor, U.S. Bureau of he Census, Washingon DC Page 34 Dr. Dobb's Journal of Compuer Calishenics & Orhodonia, Box 31, Menlo Park CA 9425 June/July, HHS

39 Erraa/ addiions o Palo Alo Tiny BASIC by Lichen Wang Dear Jim: 23 June 1976 I have a few miscellaneous iems relaed o he "Palo Alo Tiny BASIC" published in Dr. Dobb's Journal, Vol. 1, No. 5. Firs of all, here are a few misprins (my faul). On page 13, righ column, second line from he boom, he minus sign "-" should have been a back a"ow "+': The same misprin appeared on page 14, lef column, lines 15 and 16. Secondly, I f argo o menion ha his inerpreer acually akes 1. 77K byes. In he lis published, I padded i up o 2K byes, and i can be eiher in ROM or in RAM There are 3K byes unused a he end of he "command able" (Hex 183-lAO), anoher 3 unused byes a he end of he ''funcion able" (Hex 1B3-1DO ), and 177 byes a he end of he I/O rouines (Hex 74F-7FF). These unused byes can be pached o add more commands, and/or more funcions, and/or o modify he I/O rouines wihou reassembly of he whole inerpreer. An example fallows which CL ::::E > J: u l e( a. z UJ w... a: en a: u en <: f'- Ir u.; l i-o. er... v.1 ~e w U\JJ...I CO+l- 1:C :>< >.J er u.. x C 1-ZO:>> O:UZC'<C!'CW 1-1 C'=l..L!oa:z Z_:Ul--..J~<l'O C ll.'u LL uu:1-a: ::::EL.::i'.'. 1-- OL 1-Z Vl::::E < CGViCU:C-..J ZL -Z>>:Ia:... - OCl zz a: w- w. I-Cl >O ZUJ -' a.cc ::::EUJWO.~ IJ: l!_' J: ::::E )l (fl. ::> -::::> ~ Z.1- oo-wz >ZU..Ul< c Q. ~ > >... 1-::::E - ~c> r1- u c I.? I- U. ~Zl.L UCJO < a:~ :s If)(/'; cuu CIOC ::c v > UJ a: Z.J -o ::::E.J.J Cl'. UJ :r... ::::EO'. ~z UJ <Z WO :::E... zu oz z > -a:.d'uj UJ '.:) u.: ::: z a. cr1-c-- :rl'.:'... UJZC-1-Z. 1--uu.:~1-~ UC' U:... ::~ <!l.1- ::i'.'. c..a:: a... U <::::E VlU.:Ul O :rcvll..u::ujoz \)>... >u>z< adds a video display ( VDM by Processor Technology as an. alernae oupu device. When he conrol- key is used. o urn off he TTY echo and oupu, he VDM becomes he echo and oupu device. When he conrol- is yped again, echo and oupu goes back o he TTY, ec. Conrol-P key is used o clear he VDM screen and ex always scrolls up from he boom of he screen. The inerpreer also needs RAM o sore variable~, sack, and he Tiny BASIC program. In he published lis, 6K of RAM is assumed. You can change his in incremens of 256 byes by changing 9 byes in he inerpreer. These 9 byes are marked by "@@@@" in he lising. Las and also leas, I have a STARTREK game program coded in Tiny BASIC I will barely fi in his 6K of RAM I is probably a very bad example for Tiny BASIC (or any language). In order o squeeze in as much saly suff as possible, I have abbreviaed every command and pu as many commands as possible in each line. As a resul, he code is almos unreadable. (Bu i is fun o play!) Sincerely, Lichen Wang UJ z a:... u -.J e:... ow : l.l z >- -n UJ.J I- ::: U.' z w~ l/l... J:Q<( >w > UJ Cl'. a: ~1-U : GiJJZ < UI.!)..,. u ~ ;I:.....J IL IL a: 11..J UJ Cl z > z - e: UJ..J 11.J z..- UJ z~ ::> I- zz crv )('...- =~ er w O..J..-r IZ z.. l!'v < l Q: ':al UJV.. ~ >W en < C( C(J.:. ow ~a::..i (flu Z> c~ CD NOTE: Wang's SarTrek is being published in he July issue of People's Compuer Company. D. :> I- Q'..J..I.. ::: :E c.; Cf) > c- u -' U \lll.d. Q. Cl.. I'- IO O. 'li < c~ u~ :::Eu~ v, ~ :E ~ ::rlj.. ~ ~u~ ~~ ui o - -d:.. c.. :. u ::r. ::::E I"'\ u c.. c ::r - ::r.. u...,.,;,... > c ><. > x > c Q'..... > li ~ (. >. > " >. > ~ > c - IL. a:: u. c c~... X >u ~. cr>n><l' ~_!U<i<Cc <( X J:C X..Jl"l >cc >U Uc C "'' N..J..:....: l'.:...jj...jj:"-ilj...ju...ju.....jc j.. "'... N...J..J "'... U..J X>XZl--XZ~r<~rrz:rccx:r.uz<r<r~NXU::r:>CXX..l<CIJ:J:<..JZ<XZII~I<CXZCXY<CVC: xx Cl. <~.~~~ ~ rx ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~~n~~~~occ~~o..c rr 1-n~D.D.~~ o..o..nnou~oaocouc COQcno..c ouoo~ cc 1--n.n1- c~~~v%~=rccz~~c~c~~c~::ro~::::>c~::r~~cz~czccccc1--cz~c~2c~ozcz~coz~~ccu1~~ c,c,uu~c~ ~u~..j~xvcn.~,o..o..~.ju,u,..j-,..jc<..j..j<..j~..jc~_iu,_1v..j~..j<,..jc<~o~o..uoo ('\) u c... ::r c >,... :I. >,...,... u,...~,...,...,...,...,... ~,...,...,...,...,...,...,...,...,... c c u ~u~ c co o ~ o o o c ~ c co o - "" C " c < "~ ~... a, \: U. U.. O (J' O V r; -:: '.::; C U.. U. U " I' U U. c L.L,.._,... - U. - a.: u..,... r.c~ ~v= vu r- ~~m~~ ~ U< ~ ~~ ~ ccucn ~cu~;vu u u ~ ~~~~r-~~n~~-~l~~-~~-m~c~~~<~~roc~~wur--n~~nuw~~~~~c~~c~~~r--~co vv~u~~~~~=u~~<~c~uu~~~n~u~a~nu~wu~r~~nn<u~~u~~nn~~vr~~~c~~uuc < c_-k~~~<ucl-,...~=c~-~~~~cv~-4~~~<v~~-n~~~cuc~~4~cc=c:~~~<cuc~~- ~~r~~~ru.~~~~~<~~c~~~,...~,...~~,...~~~~~~m~~~~~~~~~~~<<<<~«c~~=~~~~a:~u,... ~... ~~~~~,...,~~~~~~... ~~~~~~~~~~... ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ccc~~cccc~oo,ccc~cccccc~~oc~occ~c~occcc~~~cccocrl~~cc~~~cco June/July, 1976 Or. Oobb's Journal of Compuer Calishenics & Orhodonia, Box 31, Menlo Park CA 9425 Page 35

40 ADAPTER MAKES LSl-ll's AND 11 /3's INTO REAL PDP-11 's Able Compuer Technology [1538-E Eas Chesnu S., Sana Ana, CA 9275, (714) ] is manufacuring a "11 Univerer". I convers an LSl-11 bus ino a DEC Univus, and permis full bidirecional communicaion beween he wo. I provides he user wih conrol of all four inerrup levels. I a'lso provides an exended memory map allowing addressing of up o 512K words. The Univerer is a sandard quad-widh board ha can be!:11s~ailed in a PDP-11/3 or an LSl-11 card cage. I is available from sock. $45 DOT-MATRIX PRINTER FOR 68's & 88's 4 Characers/Line, 8 Characers/Second by Elecronic Produc Associaes, Inc. saff Elecronic Produc Associaes, Inc., 1157 Vega Sree, San Diego CA 9211; , has announced he availabiliy of a new, low-cos, 4-column, do-marix impac priner. The priner complee wih drive elecrincs, characer decoding and sofware driver proms, power supply and aracive hardware and plasic cabine inerfaces direcly wih he 68 and 88 microprocessors. The priner is capable of prining a surprising 8 characer per second bi-direcionally. Single quaniy pricing is $45, delivered from sock. The model 4C.uilizes a serially-driven prining elemen consising of 7 prin solenoids and prin wires. The prin wires are arranged verically; he prining elemen is driven from eiher direcion a consan speed. A synchronous moor driving a spirally grooved drum accomplishes his moion. Ribbon feed is a simple by-produc of prining elemen moion. Ribbons are inexpensive and easily replaced. All elecronics for driving, decoding and program sorage are powered by he self-conained D.C. power supply MinErraa for MINOL plus Tiny TREK by Erik Mueller 36 Homesead Lane, Roosevel NJ 8555 June 13, 1976 Here are several errors in he lising of MINOL [please see Dr. Dobb 's Journal, Vol. 1, No. 5] which should be correced: Locaions: 1 35 should be should be should be 17 (omied from lising) Pressing cf desroys he sysem (if held down long enough). Fix his by changing he fallowing locaions: hhh 3 hhhlll 321 hhh hhh hhh hhh (ec.) hhh 111 is he firs address of 11 free locaions in user's sysem. In my descripion of he I/O subrouines I mean ha he pariy bi (8h bi) mus equal one. When I said x_c, I mean conrol c; x8 means sc, xl means Le. The fallowing is an exremely simplified version of ST AR TREK. (Tex and sorage fis in I.SK.) Open Reel IMSAI/HIT apes of MINOL 2.1 (along wih appropriae read sofware) are available for $4 from me. If I find any more errors, I will wrie. Sincerely, Erik Mueller ICE-NINE IS ALIVE & WELL IN ILLINOIS Dear Edior, Why haven' you lised our club and monhly publicaion in your fine issues????? Probably because none of our 25 or so members bohered o ell you abou us. We are called ICE-NINE INC. A nofor-profi organizaion formed a year or so ago for muual compuer oriened ineress. We have pooled our resources and purchased a Sphere Sysem 4 wih floppy discs, line priners, ec. We have our own elephone number for ime-share callers and have even se up a radio repeaer saion (licensed hrough our amaeur radio members) o allow compuer use from disances up o 6 miles hrough amaeur ranceivers and remoe TTY unis. We are looking for prospecive members in he Chicago area and have a huge amoun of programs in BASIC and FORTRAN for exchange wih oher organizaions. C. Cassiouceous ICE-NINE INC. Box 291 Wesern Springs IL 6558 Page 36 Dv. Dobb's Journal of Compuer Calishenics & Orhodonia, Box 31, Menlo Park CA 9425 June/July, 1976

41 June/July, PR 11 i<tiny TRfl<ir 11 2 U::l/3:W=l/1 '+9:L=255 3 X=l :A= 4 J=1 5 (12,X-18+J;+2)= 6 J=J+l :H 1 J<8;GOT5 7 X=X+1 :IF X<8;GOT4:X=1 8 J=1 I 9 IF!~15 ;GOT1 :(12,X-18+J+2 )=1/155+1:IF(12~X-18+J+2 ' )=2;A=A+ 1 J=J+l :IFJ<8; GOT9 1 1 X:::X+ 1 : I FX-< 8; GOTOS 12 E=!/38+1 :F=l/ ( 12, E-1><8+F+2 )=3 :U 1 15< I; GOT16 14 S=l/38+1 :T=l/ (12,S-18+T+2)=4 16 IF W<:A;IF W<11;GOT3 17 IF S<E;C=.E-S:IF T<F;G-..=F-T:D:::D+1 18 IF ~S;C=S-E:IF.1F<T;G.=T-F 19 IF <2;IF G<2r L=255 2 PR" I. 21 X:::1 : K= 22 J=1 23 C:::(12,X-P~8+J+2) 2 4 IF C=; PR II II ; 25 IF =1;PR ; 26 IF '=2; PR 11 K II; 27 IF C:::3;PR 11 E 11 ; 28 IF =4;PR 11 B 11 ; 29 IF C=2;K=K+1 3 J=J+1 :IF J<8;GOT23:PRn 31 IF X=2;PR 11 SEOTOR 11 ;EiF 32 IF X=3;PR 11 STARDATE ";D 33 IF X=l+;PR 11 ENERGY 11 ;L 34 IF X=5;I'R 11 KLINGONS 11 ;W 35 IF X=G; PH "CONDITION II; 36 IF X=6;"'.rF K= ;PR 11 GRE.EN I FX:::6; IF ~K; PR 11 i~ HEDJ IF X=l ;PR:IFX=7;PR 1) This game is no perfec. 2) I is super-simple. 3) There are hree commands: 1. Move o differen secor wihin quadran. 2. Move o differen quadran. 3. Fire a a specified secor. 4) Energy is refuelled upon diagonal docking wih a sarbase. 5) E = Enerprise K =Klingon B = Sarbase. =Sar 6) Yes, you can fire phasers and go hrough sars. 11 ; 7) Don' ge upse if he quadran you're in doesn' have a sar base (here aren' sarbases in every quadran). 8) Don' ge upse if your energy is refuelled even if you aren' docked wih a sarbase. 9) Don' ge upse if anyhing weird happens. 39 X=X+l :IFX(8;GOT22:PR 1~ IF K= ; GOTO H= 1/25+ 1 : L:::L-H: PRH; 11 UNIT HIT :B'ROM KLINGONS 11 : GOTO 5fd 1+2 PR (Be cause I ha ;e a TVT) 5Q1 IF W= '; GOTO IF U:: ; GOTO IF L<.6; GOTO 18 ' 53 PR 11 HMAND 11 ;IN A 6 IF A=3;GOTO 15 7 IF A=2; GOT14 1 PR "WHAT SECTOR DO YOU WANT TO GO TO? R:::1 4:GOTO IF (12,H-!»8+N+2) // ;GOT12 '. 1 5 (12,E-18+F+2 J= :(12,M-18+N+2):3 1 )16 E=H: l!'::olj: C'=G11-3: L=L- G: GOTO X= (Resores posiion on TVT when incorrec daa is enered) 121 PR:X=X+1 :IF X<13;GOT121 :GOTO 1 14 L=L-6':PH:PR:PR:GOTO 3 15 Pn 11WHAT SECTOR TO FIRE AT? R:::155:GOTO IF!<3; GOTO 16 (Random miss) 156 IF( 12,M-1"8+N+2 ~)=f1:w=w IF ( 12,H-1 i<8+n +2 ) = 1 G G:::G~<4:L=L-G: GOTO PR 11 YOU WIN PR "YOU LOSE I l IN M,N:IF E<M;O=M-E:IF M<E;C=E-M 2 3 IF F-<N; G=N-F:IF N(F; G=F-N 2 1+ C=Oi<O: G.:::GlrG: O=C+G: G=fl) 2 5 G=G+ 1 : IF (}Ir ~o; GOTO 2 5 G.:::G-11 GOTOR Dr. Dobb's Journal of Compuer Calishenics & Orhodonia, Box 31, Menlo Park CA 9425 Page 37

42 Buon, Buon in 88 machine code by Ron Sanore Here's he game of BUTTON, BUTTON wrien in 88 machine language for compuer and erminal. (Alair & TVT or TTY, ec.) NOTES: 1. Jus load he programming insrucions in locaions, hrough, Then load he ex in locaions 1, hrough 4,377. Be sure ha afer each paragraph of ex, you ype he aserisk as I've shown because i's used as a reurn queue. 3. The program as is akes a lile over 1 K of memory bu i will easily fi ino 1 K by jus shorening he ex. You migh wan o change he ex anyway o fi your own (compuers') personaliy. 4. If you have any quesions, wrie or call me (persono-person): Ron Sanore 1957 Huasna Dr. San Luis Obispo CA 9341 (85) OOOOM obi xxx xxx LXI SP your highes memory LXI D/E insrucions prin subr. inpu subr. MVIC, zero (ASCII) rnd. subr. MOV A o B LXI D/E "whos go he buon" prin INR C MOV C o A STA sore urn # in ex CPI A six (ASCII) JZ "you los'' inpu CMP A o B JZ "righ you are" INR A ANI CMP A o B JZ "neighbor has i" DCR A DCR A ANI CMP A o B ioi llo ll ~76 ' JZ "neighbor has i" LXI D/E "who me" prin NOP NOP JMP IN saus word RRC JC IN CPI "g" (ASCII) RZ CPI "y" (ASCII) JZ CPI "n" (ASCII) JZ end subr. CPI "8" (ASCII) JM LXI D/E "no such number" prin JMP inpu ANI RET i osi LXI D/E "neighbor has i" prin rnd subr. CPI "3" (Binary) JM pass higher DCR B MOV B o A ANI MOV A o B JMP NOP INR B MOV B o A ANI MOV A o B JMP LXI H/L MVID (Binary) MOV M o A RLC RLC RLC XRA M RAL RAL DCR L DCR L DCR L MOV M o A RAL MOV A o M INR L MOV M o A RAL Page 38 Dr. Dobb's Journal of Compuer Calishenics & Orhodonia, Box :no, Menlo Park CA 9425 June/July, 1976

43 xxx 263 xxx 264 xxx 265 xxx ' MOV A o M INR L MOV M o A RAL MOV A o M INR L MOV M o A RAL MOV A o M INR L JNZ ANI CPI ''8" (Binary) RM JMP any # any # any # any # NOP NOP NOP NOP NOP NOP NOP NOP NOP NOP MOV C.o A CPI (ASCII} JM LXI D/E "you found i" prin JMP inpu LXI D/E righ you are prin JMP inpu MOV B o A ORI prefix for ASCII STA !~ sore buon in ex LXI D/E "you los" 347 prin inpu 333 IN saus word 7 RLC 332 JC LDAX D/E 376 CPI 52 (ASCII} 31 RZ ADDRESS (OOlJOOO} {2,24} (2,36) (3,32) (4,4) (4,22} OUT INX D/E 36!~ 33 JMP J LXI D/E "hanks for playing" ~ prin JMP inpu 3c1 OOQ ASCII DATA TO Bf. STORED IN MEMORY TEXT CR BUTTON, BUTTON CR LF LF EIGHT PEOPLE ARE SITTING rn ACR'."LF CIRCLE, WITH YOU IN THE CENTER-. C~L~ LF ONE OF THEM HAS THE BUTTON AND CRLF - YOU HAVE TO GUESS WHO. CR LP LF- - THE PERSON WITH THE BUTTONCANCH LF PASS IT, SO BE CAREFUL. CR LP LF - YOU HAVE FIVE GUESSES. CRLFLF WHEN YOU'RE READY, TYPE...,.,..G'""":"-;-- CR LF BUTTON, BUTTON WHO'S GOT THE BUTTON? 7 6? 5 4 CR r-don't HAVE IT, CR LF MY NEIGHBOR DOES. CHLF BUT WHOEVER HAS ITPASSES IT! CR LF CR WHO, ME?? CR LF I DON'T have IT! CR LF WHOEVER HAS IT, KEEPSIT. CR LF CR SILLY, CR LF THERE 1 Sl'fO"'"ONE HERE CR LF WITH THAT NUMBER... TRYAGAIN: CR T,F CR RIGHT YOU ARE; LUCKY! CR LF PLAY AGAIN? (Y OR N} CR CR LF LF YOUFOiJNDTHE BUTTON IN TRIES. CR LF ANOTHER GAME? (Y OR N} - CR LF l -Ci'f"'"LF 2 CRLF 3 CRLF CRLF-; CR SORRY. THAT WAS YOUH LAST GUESS. CR LF "-" HAD THE BUTTON! TRY AGAlN? CH Lf CR THANKS FOR PLAYING... CR LF ANYONE ELSE WANT TO PLAY?? CR LF (Y OR N) CR LF June/July, 1976 Dr. Dobb's Journal of Compuer Calishenics & Orhodonia, Box 31, Menlo Park CA 9425 Page 39

44 DON'T UNDERESTIMATE BASIC Dear Edior, June 9, 1976 I hink anyone who underesimaes BASIC in is more sophisicaed forms is making a misake. I is powerful, i can be well organized, and ye a novice can ge going very easily. Mos imporan for micros-he ime for an amaeur or par-ime programmer o ge a working program is Y, ha of oher languages. G.D. Johnson 281 SW Paon Lane Fores Producs Engineering Porland OR 9721 BASIC COMPLAINT & MACRO MESSAGE Dear Sir, 5 May 1976 I am very curious abou he moivaion for including he aricle "A Criical Look a BASIC" by Dennis Allison in Dr. Dobb's Journal Vol. 1, No. 2. This aricle is he firs one I have encounered in he compuer hobbyis press ha alks abou modular and srucured programming. This may be because, as your ediorial says, ha mos oher magazines are hardware oriened. In any even, Allison's aricle confirms wha I have long suspeced, namely, ha BASIC is no he language of choice for sae of he ar programming. However, he inclusion 1" Allison's aricle in a magazine whose raison d'ere is o promoe a subse of BASIC does seem a bi odd, o say he leas. Allison's aricle raises some quesions ha neiher Dr. Dobb's Journal nor PCC seem o answer, namely, if BASIC is bad for you, why encourage people o be BASIC junkies? Le me noe ha I am no a rabid BASIC haer; jus roubled by he difference beween wha we are supposed o do, and wha we acually do. Those who advocae srucured programming seem also o advocae language wih los of conrol srucures. Los of conrol srucures sounds Ii ke a big language o me. Big languages are I< if you have megabyes of core, bu obviously aren' very good if you're a hobbyis wih 21<. Srucured programming seems precluded by he limiaions of a minimal hobbyis sysem.' Is he hobbyis wih a modes sysem limied o assembler or a language wih no much more han GOTO's and a condiional branch? Or, is here some kind of a happy compromise beween Tiny BASIC and, say, PL/I? I would cerainly like o see DDJ address some of hese issues. A final suggesion. The assembler I use a work doesn' have any macro faciliies. The oher day, I decided o see wha I could do abou his. The macro generaor GPM described by Wegener in his book, Programming Languages, Informaion Srucures, and Machine Organizaion, looked ineresing. I looked up he original aricle on he language (Sracjle11~-'-'.A-General Purpose Macrogeneraor," The Compuer Journal, Oc., 1965, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp ) and discovered a lising for a GPM processor wrien in CPL. Srachey says he original implemenaion of GPM was 25 "orders" long. This is one hell of a lo of macrogeneraor per word of core. Thus GPM migh be of ineres o people wih home brew assemblers. Sounds like he sor of hing DDJ migh be ineresed in. My implemenaion was a "quick and diry" FORTRAN job done on he sly. As you migh expec, Srachey's program has bugs in i. Some are real boo-boos. Yours, Fred J. Dickey 342 Granville Rd Weserville OH 4381 There is a lo wrong wih BASIC; i is no he language of choice when he program is going o be long or complex. Unforunaely, here is a subsanial group of people who do no undersand ha; hence, he publicaion of my "Criical Look A BASIC." I had hoped ha i would help our audience (many of whom have only recenly encounered any programming language) aain a bi of perspecive on wha BASIC is and where i belongs in he specrum of hings. There is a lo righ wih BASIC, oo. For small programs is ineracive capabiliies ouweigh he cumbersome conrol srucures. Is "ex edior" orienaion makes i easy o implemen ineracively wih an inerpreer. Given he specrum of available language models, i is difficul o see how any oher language could have been a beer model for a super-minimal implemenaion. Tiny BASIC is abou righand an one is going o wrie a gian iny BASIC program (I hope!). Macro processors are magnificen ools wih frighening powers and capabiliy. The problem is how o make sure ha a macro, paricularly one in Srachey's GPM, does wha you hink i does. I would hazard a guess ha some of he "bugs" you have found in he published version are, in fac, simply unexpeced macro expansions which COMPUTERS FOR STUDENTS' HOME STUDIES Dear Mr. Warren: 8 May 1976 We are organizing a research projec whose aim is o invesigae how small "Home Compuers" migh be used in educaion-helping sudens o sudy a home. To keep up informed abou new developmens relaed o home compuers, please ener our subscripion o Dr. Dobb's Journal. Do you know of oher publicaions relaed o home compuers? Sincerely, Jerry Felson, Ph.D. Presiden S Cyberneic Decision Sysems, Inc. Jamaica NY COMPUTERS-IN-EDUCATION BIBLIOGRAPHY The Naional Council of Teachers of Mahemaics (NCTM) bibliography, Compuers in Educaion, has replaced he old lis, Compuers in he Mahemaics Classroom. This new lising is separaed ino seven secions, including one on mahemaics exs series. Single copies of his 41-page bibliography are available free on reques from he NCTM Headquarers Office, 196 Associaion Dr., Reson VA SUMMER MEETING OF THE ASSN. FOR DEVELOP MENT OF COMPUTE'R-BASED INSTRUCTIONAL SYSTEMS The 1976 Summer Meeing of he Associaion for he Developmen of Compuer-Based Insrucional Sysems (ADCIS) will be sponsored by Conrol Daa Corporaion a Minneapolis, Minnesoa, Augus 1-12, For furher informaion abou he conference, conac he General Program Chairperson: Dr. Karen Duncan, Direcor, Office of Compuer Resources, College of Denal Medicine, 8 Barre Sree, Charleson, Souh Carolina 2941, (83) HAND-HELD CALCULATORS IN CLASSROOMS The Iowa Council of Teachers of Mahemaics (ICTM) has recenly published he Monograph-1976, The Hand-Held Calculaor. The ideas and aciviies included were suggesed by ICTM members from heir classroom experiences. Copies of his monograph are available for $1.5 (ICTM member), or $2 (nonmember) from Ann Robinson, 59 W 2 S., Cedar Falls IA Make all checks payable o ICTM. are performed according o he rules. I'd sugges ha you look a anoher MACRO sysem-he TRAC sysem. There is a good descripion in Nelson's Compuer Lib. The FORTH language and Logical Machine Corporaion's ADAM are also macro-like sysems, bu hey defer expansion o run-ime. We'd be pleased o publish macro sysems implemenaions should anyone be wiiling o prepare hem. Incidenally, macro sysems can perform many of he same funcions as compliers, bu he underlying model is quie differen. A compiler decomposes he inpu ex ino a phrase srucure and hen assigns meaning based upon ha decomposiion. A macro processor maches a emplae and hen ransforms he ex accordingly. Macro sysems are inherenly more powerful han compilers modeled on conex-free languages since hey are (inherenly) conex-sensiive. A.S. Tenenbaum describes using such a sysem in IEEE Transacing on Sofware Engineering, SE-2,2, June, 1976, p Dennis Allison Page 4 Dr. Dobb's Journal of Compuer Calishenics & Orhodonia, Box 31, Menlo Park CA 9425 June/July, 1976

45 TINY TIME SHARING??? Dear Edior, 6/2/76 I would like o ge readers o sar hinking abou he possibiliies of conrucing muliple-user or ime-shared sysems using able-op hardware. The developmen which I hink makes his possible is he Video Display Module VDM-1 from Processor Technology Corp. (62 Hollis S., Emeryville CA 9468).! happen o have designed i, in par for he money, bu also so ha people more skilled in sofware han I (and ha's almos anyone) could pu ogeher muli-user sysems. The VDM-1 is a memory module (124 byes) wih a window (he video monior screen). I has an upper/lower case characer se which includes conrol characers ( 128 characers). There is a video inversion cursor which can be se a each characer by seing he high-order bi of ha characer. This effecively doubles he characer se o 256. Display forma is 64 characers by 16 lines. Since i is memory, he processor can read from he VDM as well as wrie o i. This means ha informaion specific o a given user can be sored in ha user's VDM, and pulled ou for use when desired, modified, and pu back in. This can happen in a memory area which is masked from he view of he.user by he "window shade.".as is name implies, his is a blanked area of he screen which can be "pulled down" from he op o blank a maximum of 15 ex lines. The CPU deermines he lengh of he shade hrough a saus bye wjich i oupus o he VDM hrough an OUT insrucion. Suppose ha Tiny BASIC (or Tiny ALGOL or Tiny FORTRAN or whaever) is se up in he CPU's main memory area. Several users wih VDM's could be building programs, he objec code of which is sored in he firs few lines of heir screens. (Here my ignorance of sysems sofware will probably become laughably apparen. I's he vision ha couns.) The CPU runs hrough a schedule in which i pulls ou he objec code and ables of parameers in a user's in a user's screen, runs he program unil a convenien poin is reached, suffs he code and new parameers back under he window shade, and goes on o he nex user. One of he parameers would obviously be he locaion on he screen of he cursor. If he oal number of byes 1Jsed for his sorage were 512 per user, ha would sill leave 8 lines of 64 characers. These could be configures as wo columns of 32 characers, having a oal lengh of 16 lines. The more ambiious a user go, he lower he window shade would go as he hidden area filled up wih suff. This would provide a "negaive feedback" effec which migh serve o keep he user reminded of he limied naure of he machine resources. Users of Incredible Big Monser machines will hrow anrums a he hough of his, bu hey will have o be brough ino he real world somehow, wheher hey like i or no. I have been alking abou a muli-user operaion, in which several people use he same program. True ime-sharing requires (I hink) ha each ime he CPU seps o he nex user, i be able o call up he program (meaning Tiny BASIC or Tiny ALGOL) ha ha user wans. Clearly hese programs canno be kep under he window shade, bu, if hey are iny enough, here should be enough RAM available on a full-blown 65K sysem (providing he power supply holds ou). Incidenally, i migh be a ickle o keep objec code and parameers on he screen wihou pulling he window shade down over hem. They would appear o flicker, sparkle and oherwise rearrange hemselves in operaion. This would IVERSONS INITIATE APL NEWSLETTER Dear Edior: 5/24/76 APL Press is a new publishing house devoed exclusively o APL. Is firs book, o appear his summer, is a high school ex on elemenary analysis by l<en Iverson, he invenor or APL. Several oher iles are planned for publicaion his year, and furher manuscrips are being sough. A newsleer is also planned, o presen brief aricles, problems, definiions of funcions, repors on conferences, correspondence, and ohers iems of ineres o he APL communiy. The firs issue, which is scheduled for July, will include a repor by Professor Jenkins on a recen APL Implemenors' Workshop, an aricle on magic cubes by Professor Mauldon, and maerial on a new form of funcion definlion excerped from a forhcoming book. Readers ineresed in receiving he newsleer and informaion on oher publicaions, or in submiing maerial for publicaion, should wrie o APL Press, Box 27, Swarhmore PA Jean Iverson [Jean Iverson HS m charge oi' he APl Prnss. She is "closely associaed" wih Ken Iverson. -JCW] A SOFTWARE EXCHANGE FOR 68's Dear Sirs: 5-"15-76 I am sponsoring a SOFTWARE EXCHAl\JGE for hose ineresed. Anyone ineresed in receiving sofware for any of he microcompuers, send your name, address, and any sofware you have available. I have some sohware for he 68 for immediae disribuion. When I receive sofware from oher individuals, I will disribue he maerial o hose ineresed. Please include $3 o cover he cos of mailing and phoocopying. You.need no submi sofware o benefi. Very ruly yours, Howard Berenbon We would be happy o save you lisings and documenaion by in Dr. Dobb 's Journal. Also, if you ime and energy running your sofware you could submi your programs o Cener for heir non-profi Pmgrnm caion Faciliy (please see Dr. Dobb's 268 i Peerboro W. Bloomfield II/I I ~~~~=~-=a~~~~~~-,..,,~""."b'-~--~i""= 4"!!E-,,...- 'f' 'TR"'~-mF'5~"ifil IMS ASSOCIATES, Inc. recenly moved ino new faciliies which more han quadruple he company's manufacuring space. The company's new address in San Leandro, California, is 1Ll86 Wicks Blvd, 94577; (415) The rapid growh of IMSAI has been aribued o he demand for he new IMSAI 88 Microcompuer which was inroduced earlier his year. be a much beer show han black screen, and migh serve as a debugging aid, ogeher wih a char of he binary equivalen of he characer se. Tha's abou as much as I can offer, excep for help in inerpreing he VDM-1 manual, which is available for PTCO. I's a prey good manual, so I don' hink here will be oo much call on ha score. Do i! lee Felsensei n LGC Engineering '187 Delaware S. Berkeley CA from June/July, 1976 Dr. Dobb's Journal of Compuer Calishenics & Orhodonia, Box 3'HJ, Menlo Park 94fl25

46 FCC PETITION ON ANSCll TRANSMISSIONS BY HAMS by Bruce J. Brown, WB4YTU April 19, Kenmore Ave., no. 122 Alexandria VA , home; , work This is a peiion for rulemaking in he maer of revisions of Federal Communicaions Commission Rules, Secions and o permi use of he American Naional Sandard Code for Informaion Inerchange (ANSCI I). formerly ASCII. The American Naional Sandard Code for Informaion Inerchange (ANSCll), formerly ASCII, was developed by he American Naional Sandards Insiue (ANSI, formerly American Sandards Associaion 'ASI ') as he san~ard code for informaion inerchange in he Unied Saes. The 7-bi-plus-pariy ANSCI I code provides 128 possible characers (Figure 1) versus he 58 characers of he Baudo code. In addiion o figures, numbers, and puncuaion, he code se has provisions for special symbols and conrol characers which is vial o auomaed daa exchange and compuer conrol. is purpose is o esablish uniformiy and compaibiliy in he inerchange of informaion among domesic and foreign manufacurers of daa processing and communicaions sysems. In March 1968, Presiden Johnson approved a recommendaion by he Secreary of Commerce ha ASCII be adoped as a federal sandard. 2 Secions and are ambiguous and conradicory wih regards o codes presenly allowed (a) saes "A single channel five-uni (sar-sop) elepriner code shall be used..."; however, Secion saes "The ransmission by radio of messages in codes or ciphers... is prohibied." These secions are in clear conflic. Furhermore, Secion 97.69(a) also saes "In general, his code shall conform as nearly as possible o he elepriner code or codes in common commercial usage in he Unied Saes."-which is ANSCll! There are several argumens o suppor he use of ANSCI I by amaeur radio operaors. a. Large quanies of surplus ASCII erminal equipmen are available a very low cos on he surplus marke. I nexpensive Baudo devices are becoming increasingly difficul o find. b. Governmen and indusry have only recenly begun o explore he use of recenly developed microprocessor circuis o solve complex eleprocessing problems. Hobbyiss, many who are amaeur radio experimeners, have also shown considerable ineres in hese devices as evidenced by he highvolume microprocessor sales o non-commerical buyers, and he emergence of numerous amaeur compuer journals. Hams, using microprocessors in concer wih presenly allocaed communicaions channels, have he opporuniy o make serious conribuions o he infan eleprocessing field while grealy enhancing curren amaeur modus operandi. I is no unlikely ha hams will some day use microprocessors in communicaions neworks (e.g., packe swiching) o permi faser and more reliable raffic handling for emergency and rouine messages. Fruiion of many of hese conceps, however, is direcly dependen upon he approval by he FCC of a coding scheme wih a large-characer se, such as ANSCI I, for compaibiliy wih microprocessors and auomaic communicaions sysems. Failure o approve such a code will grealy sifle he advancemen of non-commercial communicaions and would be in direc conflic wih he purpose from he amaeur radio service as expressed in Secion 97.1(b) and (c). c. ANSCI I, by virue of is diversified characer se, is highly compaible wih amaeur elemery sysems; e.g., remoely monioring he saus of repeaer conrol circuis. 3 Using asynchronous ANSCll ransmission wih one sar, wo sop, one pariy, and seven daa bis per characer, speeds of 1, 3, and 6 characers per second will equae o raes of 11, 33, and 66 bis per second (bps), respecively. Through simple Fourier analysis o he 5h harmonic, i can be shown ha he signaling bandwidh for daa a speeds of 11, 33, and 66 bps is 22, 66, and 132 herz, respecively. Furhermore, i can be shown ha he AFSK bandwidh for a 66 bps signal is less han ha required for SSTV ransmission. Based upon he echnical and operaional benefis ha he use of ANSCI I could provide, and considering ha no derimenal effec o he amaeur communiy would resul, i is requesed ha applicable secions o Par 97 be revised o permi he use of ANSCI I. 1 Daa Communicaions Sysems, Conrol Daa Corporaion, April, 1974, page nroducion o Compuer Daa Communicaions, Honeywell Corporaion, July, 1973, pages osT, March 1976, page 73. A CLUB SURVEY FOR A CLUB CLUB Dear Edior, I am doing a survey of hobbyis compuer clubs. I should be ineresing o find ou how many hobbyis club members here are, wha kinds of hings hey're doing, ec. Hopefully he abulaed resuls can be prined in DDJ afer I've compiled hem. One of he reasons for he survey is o evaluae ineres in an organizaion of hobbyis clubs (enaively called 'Your Club of Clubs' or 'The Meaclub'). Any club no on he following lis should ge in au.ch wih me for more informaion. Amaeur Compuer Club of N.J., Alana Area Microcompuer Hobbyis Club, Bay Area Microprocessor Users Group, Bi Users Associaion, Cache (Chicago area), Cleveland Digial Group, The Compuer Hobbyis Group (N. Texas). Denver Amaeur Compuer Sociey, El Paso Compuer Group, Homebrew Compuer Club, LLLRA Hobbyis Compuer Group, Long Island Compuer Associaion, Miami Area Compuer Club, CPU (Monerey), Norhwes Compuer Club (Seale), Nashau Area Compuer Club, New York Ciy Micro Hobbyis Group, Pisburgh Area Compuer Club, Sana Barabra Nameless Compuer Club, Souhern California Compuer Sociey, Tallahassee Amaeur Compuer Sociey. I also invie commens and quesions from anyone ineresed. Sincerely, Dave Caulkins 437 Mundel Los Alos CA Page 42 Dr. Dobb's Journal of Compuer Calishenics & Orhodonia, Box 31, Menlo Park CA 9425 June/Juiy, 1976

47 WESTERN DATA'S 652-BASED DATA HANDLER Complee Ki fer $ , Plug-Compaible o Alair Peripherals by Wesern Daa Sysems saff The Daa Handler is Wesern Daa Sysems new produc. I's a microcompuer using he MOS Technology 652 microprocessor wih he laes sae of he ar echnology producing a high performance microcompuer a a low price. The high speed operaing capabiliies of he Daa Handler are enabled by he use of an easy-o-use full-funcion, hardware-conrolled, fron panel. A large ground plane area (o minimize noise a high operaing speed) is on he P.C.B. and 212-ype RAMS. Slower accessing memories (EPROMS and ROMS) may be used, alhough his will reduce he cycle speed o wihin he limis of oher microcompuer kis. The single 13.75" x 1.5" P.C.B. can direcly address 65K of memory and conains 1 K byes of saic RAM on he board wih complee address decoding. I also consiss of all circuiry needed o be a sandalone microcompuer for even such high-speed devices as disk peripherals. The Daa Handler is designed wih idenical drive capabiliies around he 88 Alair, 1-pin, ri-sae bus. I's plug-in compaible wih he long lis of Alair peripherals. Expandabiliy can be accomplished in a manner idenical o he 88 Alair by using he moher board. The Daa Handler also has dual inerrup lines (one maskable), slow-down circuiry for slow memories, DMA (direc memory access) circuiry, and DMA acknowledge con rol. One 8-bi parallel inpu por, one 8-bi parallel oupu por, separae 1 address conrol, and memory conrol lines. Single volage (+5 vols) and cycle imes o 25ns. I has full fron panel conrol wih he use of keyboard swiches o provide he following hardware: Single-cycle operaion. Single-insrucion operaion. Memory examine (lef incremenal). Memory deposi (lef incremenal). Iniializaion. Hal. Run. Hex daa and address enry. For an inroducory offer he Daa Handler Bare Bones Ki is being offered for $79.95, which includes he Daa Handler P.C.B., 26 keyboard swiches, P.C. B. sand, and. complee documenaion. The complee ki coss $ This includes he Daa Handler P.C.B., 26 keyboard swiches, P.C.B. sand, complee se of l.c.'s, 1 K saic RAM, 5ns memory, resisors, capaciors, L.E.D.'s, 1 mhz 652, and complee documenaion. This microcompuer is ideal for he hobbyis and indusrial user alike. For complee informaion on ordering, wrie o: Wesern Daa Sysems 365 Charles S, No. Z Sana Clara CA 955 an: Cindy & Mike lndihar Office: Home: The Inroducory Offer expires Augus 31, RCA COSMAC & µscope Dear Bob, 4/12/76 RCA has formally announced he 182 chip for COS MAC, and i looks even beer han he 181. I seems srange ha so few hobbyiss are using COSMAC, since i was originally inended for he personal compuer marke (parly) and has a remarkably adapable insrucion se. Now ha he new, improved version is available maybe some enerprising OEM will jump ino he hobby marke wih a COSMAC-based machine. The RCA COSMAC Microki (no o be confused wih he RCA COSMAC Microuor) is a beauifully engineered compuer, bu probably oo expensive for mos hobbyiss. I don' know wha he price ag is, bu i doesn' look cheap (is i rue ha he jewels in he panel lamps are synheic rubies?). In he March-April, 1976 issue of PCC I prediced ha he 198 hobbyis would have a breadbox-size compuer conaining an inegral ASCII keyboard, CRT display, ape cassee, hardcopy priner, and floppy disc. Well, i isn' quie 198 bu he newly-announced µscope 8 (see he April 1 issue of Elecronics) is a breadbox-size compuer conaining an inegral ASCII keyboard, CRT display, ape cassee, harccopy priner, and a price of $6995. No floppy disc, bu i does have a novel incremenal assembler. Tempus Digis, Jim Day LED REPLACEMENTS FOR BURN-OUTABLE PDP-8/E LAMPS A conversion ki is available o enable replacemen of sandard incandescen lamps used in he PDPB/e minicompuer wih ligh-emiing diodes, o eliminae he problem of burned-ou bulbs. The ki is complee wih a se of direc-replacemen LED's and insrucions for modificaion of he Fron Panel Conrol Board circuiry. $ Delivery, sock o 3 days. Scienific Tes Sysems, Box 741, Wallingford CT 6492; June/July, 1976 Dr. Dobb's Journal of Compuer Calishenics & Orhodonia, Box 31, Menlo Park CA 9425 Page 43