CENTRAL PROCESSOR. U P-3912 Rev. 1

Transcription

1 "", '" 't'.. "d &'rl't.i" 1 [. "' 'w+' ""'HW"'....1 {... q CENTRAL PROCESSOR U P-3912

2 () This manual is published by the UNVAC. Divisin in lse leaf frmat as a rapid and cmplete means f keeping recipients apprised f UNVAC Systems develpments. The UNVAC Divisin will issue updating packages, utilizing primarily a page-fr-page r unit replacement technique. Such issuance will prvide ntificatin f hardware and/r sftware changes and refinements. The UNVAC Divisin reserves the right t make such additins, crrectins, and/r deletins as, in the judgment f the UNVAC Divisin, are required by the develpment f its respective Systems. REGSTERED TRADEMARK OF THE SPERRY RAND CORPORATON ~~~~~-~.~~~~~~-~-----~ ~~~-

3 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS Cntents 1 SECTON. PAGE. CONTENTS C C CONTENTS 1. NTRODUCTON 1.1. SCOPE 1.2. GENERAL DESCRPTON Cntrl Functin Arithmetic Functin Strage Functin 1.3. NFORMATON REPRESENTATON Type f Ntatin 1.4. DATA AND NSTRUCTON FORMATS General Descriptin General nstructin Frm at 1.5. STORAGE General Tetrads Fixed nterrupt Lcatins Addressing 2. CODNG N ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE 2.1. CODNG FORM Prgram D Sequence Label Operatin Operands Cmments 2.2. SYMBOLS AND CONVENTONS 2.3. DATA GENERATON 2.4. PAL JR ASSEMBLY SYSTEM 1 t t t

4 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS Cntents 2 SECTON: PAGE: 3. NSTRUCTON REPERTORE 3.1. TETRAD NSTRUCTONS Bring t Tetrad St re T etr ad Add t Tetrad Cmpare Tetrad Fix Tetrad 3.2. DATA TRANSFER NSTRUCTONS Bring Decimal Bring Alphanumeric Stre Arithmetic Register Stre Bth Arithmetic Registers Stre Character Transfer Blck frm Stre Transfer Blck t Stre 3.3. ARTHMETC NSTRUCTONS Add Decimal Subtract Decimal Add t Memry Subtract frm Memry Multiply Nncumulative Multiply Cumulative Divide Add Binary Subtract Binary Add Ch aracter 3.4. COMPARSON NSTRUCTONS Cmpare Decimal Cmpare Binary Cmpare Character Lgi cal Cmpare 3.5. SEQUENCE CONTROL NSTRUCTONS Jump Jump if Greater Jump if Equal Jump if Unequal Jump if Smaller Halt then Jump Jump Display Jump Cnditinal Jump Return Jump Lp 3.6. EDTNG NSTRUCTONS Transl ate Edit Zer Suppress Pad Blanks Pad Zers Lgical Sum Lgical Prduct Bit Shift Bit Circulate 3-1 t /~ "-=' /~,,~ 3-69 l~ '1', 3-70 \..J [~

5 .~~~~~~~~~ ~~-.. "-"~ UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS SECTON: Cntents PAGE: 3 c 4. AUTOMATC PROGRAM NTERRUPT 4-1 t GENERAL DESCRPTON PROGRAMMNG CONSDERATONS Classes f nterrupt Prgrammed nterrupt nhibit nstructins Assciated with nterrupt Cntrl Fixed nterrupt Lcatins CENTRAL PROCESSOR CONSOLE OPERATON 5-1 t NORMAL OPERATON Start Up and Shut Dwn Prgram Start and Prgram Stp Operating Mde 5.2. PANEL CONTROLS AND NDCATORS PROGRAM DEBUGGNG AND TESTNG Use f Display Lights and Switches Errr ndicatrs Sense Switches and Operatr Request APPENDX c A. Octal - Decimal Cnversin Table 1 t 4 TABLES AND FGURES TABLES 1-1 UNVAC 1050 Character Set Tetrad Lcatin Chart Suggested Standard Equal ity Statements nstructin Reperti re a Mnemnic Operatins, Ordered by Operatin Cde b Mnemnic Operatins, Ordered Alphabetically nstructin Executin Times ndicatr List Cntrl Cnsle Switch and ndicatr Descriptins 5-2 FGURES C 1-1 Layut f The First Six Rws f Stre PAL Assembler Cding Frm PAL SO-Clumn Surce Card PAL 90-Clumn Surce Card Layut f Fi rst Si x Rws f Stre Central Prcessr Cnsle 5-12

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7 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS SECTON. 1 PAGE NTRODUCTON 1.1. SCOPE The primary purpse f this manual is t prvide the basic knwledge necessary fr prgramming the UNVAC 1050 Central Prcessr, and serve as a reference fr the prgrammer. Backgrund infrmatin is prvided n the internal peratin f the Central Prcessr and the different types f infrmatin representatin, as well as infrmatin n data and instructin frmats, specialized areas f strage (registers, /O cntrl tetrads, etc.), cding, the instructin repertire, and autmatic prgram interrupt. A secnd purpse f this manual is t describe the Central Prcessr Cnsle and its peratin, and serve as a reference fr the peratr. A detailed descriptin f all the cnsle cntrls and indicatrs is prvided alng with a descriptin f their use t cmmunicate with the prgram and cntrl varius nrmal and abnrmal cnditins GENERAL DESCRPTON The Central Prcessr is the cntrl center f the UNVAC 1050 System. t cntains the circuitry fr lgic and arithmetic peratins, the cre strage and the pwer supply. The Central Prcessr perfrms three main functins: Cntrl Functin Cntrl Strage Arithmetic Cmputatin The cntrl circuitry f the Central Prcessr accesses and executes instructins frm strage. t als maintains cntrl ver the peratin f all peripheral devices. External cntrl is facilitated by the lights and buttns n the Central Prcessr Cnsle Arithmetic Functin The arithmetic functin instructins emply the arithmetic registers t perfrm binary and decimal additin and subtractin, as well as decimal multiplicatin and divisin. Overflw is indicated and decimal sign cntrl is prvided Strage Functin The strage functin f the UNVAC 1050 Central Prcessr is prvided by ne t eight mdules f cre strage, each cntaining 4096 characters NFORMATON REPRESENTATON* Type f Ntatin c Digital cmputers emply a system f ntatin called the binary system. Unlike the decimal system which uses ten symbls (0 thrugh 9) and is based n a radix (rt) f 10, the binary system emplys nly tw symbls (0 and 1) and is based n a radix f 2. * The reader familiar with numbering systems may wish t skip t Sectin 1.4. DATA AND NSTRUCTON FORMATS.

8 UNVAC 1060 SYSTEMS SECTON. 1 2 PAGE: The tw symbls f the binary system represent the tw pssible states f an infrmatin cnveying electrnic device. The 1 symbl indicates a registered pulse while the 0 symbl indicates a n pulse registratin. nfrmatin is represented in the cmputer by pulse-n-pulse cmbinatins with a specific pattern fr each alphabetic, numeric, and special character. /'" '~' Decimal and Binary Numbering systems are based n psitinal ntatin. That is, each digit in a quantity is weighted with a specific value. The value f a digit is determined by its psitin within the quantity and the radix f the numbering system. Fr example, using decimal ntatin, the number seven thusand fur hundred sixty nine wuld be represented as 7469 which is equi valen t t Nte that each digit, frm right t left, is cnsidered t be multiplied by a successively higher pwer f 10. The binary system is als based n a system f psitinal ntatin, but, as was stated previusly, it uses a radix f 2 and emplys nly tw symbls t represent quantities. Fr example, the number nine expressed in pure binary wuld be which is equivalent t 1001 Nte that each binary digit (bit), frm right t left, is multiplied by successively higher pwers f Fixed Length Ntatin nstead f specifying infrmatin with a variable series f binary digits (the length f the series dependent upn the quantity t be specified) representing successively higher pwers f 2, a system f ntatin is used that specifies infrmatin by smaller, fixed length grupings f binary digits. Each gruping, fixed in frmat as well as length, is used t represent a digit, an alphabetic character, r a special symbl. Assuming a system f ntatin that emplys a fixed length frmat, a single digit wuld be represented by a single grup f bits, a tw digit plynmial by tw bit grupings, a three digit plynmial by three bit-grupings, and s frth. Fr example, in pure binary the number 27 wuld be which is equivalent t 11011

9 UNVAC SYSTEMS 1 SECTON: PAGE: 3 c Hwever, by emplying a fixed frmat f 4 bit ntatin, knwn as binary cded decimal, the number 27 wuld be represented as and similarly, the num ber 369 as Nte that within each 4 bit gruping, the bit psitins are weighted with a value f 8, 4, 2, and 1 r 2 3, 22, 21, and 2. The decimal digits 0 thrugh 9 then are represented in the fllwing manner: DECMAL BNARY 4 BT NOTATON c With 4 bit psitinal ntatin, nly 16 unique permutatins can be created. This is bviusly insufficient t specify all numeric, alphabetic, and special characters generally emplyed in a cmputing system. By adding tw mre bit psitins and using them as a qualifying factr t a 4 bit cmbinatin, a ttal f 64 unique permutatins can be represented. The fur bit psitins n the right are called the numeric prtin. Tw additinal psitins n the left, which represent n actual numeric quantity, are called the zne prtin. Qualificatin f a numeric quantity is unnecessary, therefre, the zne prtin is always 00. When representing alphabetic characters r special symbls, hwever, a 1 bit is entered in either r bth zne psitins. The letters A thrugh, therefre, may be represented with the numeric prtin specifying a value frm 1 t 9 (0001 t 1001) and the zne prtin cntaining a 01 qualifier; the letters J thrugh R with the same numeric specificatins but with a zne qualificatin f 10; and finally, the letters S thrugh Z with a numeric specificatin f frm 2 t 9 and a zne qualificatin f 11. S, fr example, the letters A, J, and S wuld be represented as ZONE NUMERC CHARACTER A J 5

10 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS CENTRAL PROCESSOR SECTON ~ ~ ~~~----~~ PAGE. This is nt the same as UNVAC 1050 cde hwever. The zne and numeric specificatins fr special symbls such as the cmma, apstrphe, asterisk, and s frth are dependent upn cmputer design. That is, cmputers are wired t accept a unique bit cmbinatin fr a particular special symbl. Since there is n natural sequence relatinship between special symbls, as with numerics r alphabetics, the bit cnfiguratin fr special symbls must be arbitrary. The sequence fr UNVAC 1050 special symbls is shwn in Table Excess Three (XS 3) Excess three (XS 3) is a methd f ntatin that is used by the UNVAC 1050 System. t establishes sme measure f cmpatibility with the data frmats f the ther UNVAC Cmputing Systems. The zne psitin is specified in the standard manner previusly described fr fixed length binary cded decimal ntatin. The difference exists in the numeric prtin where each binary specificatin is a value that is three greater than its decimal equivalent. Fr example, the number 8 is represented in XS 3 as ZONE NUMERC Nte that the numeric prtin, weighted with psitinal values f 8, 4, 2, and 1 frm left t right, is actually equal t 11. Similarly, the number 6 is represented as ZONE NUMERC Here the numeric prtin is specified as 9 r three greater than the decimal digit it represents. There are several reasns fr utilizing this methd f ntatin in certain UNVAC Systems; sme f these reasns are t allws three quantities t test less than. O. t facilitates cmplementatin. t permits the carry t ccur as in decimal ntatin. An invlved discussin f these and ther reasns fr the utilizatin f XS 3 ntatin is beynd the scpe f this manual. t is sufficient that the prgrammer is aware f the basic frmat and that this prvides in the UNVAC 1050 Cmputer a factr f data cmpatibility with ther UNVAC Systems. Table 1-1 gives a listing f the XS 3 cde cnfiguratins fr all the alphabetic, numeric, and special characters utilized in the UNVAC 1050 System. {-", \.~J'

11 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS CENTRAL PROCESSOR SECTON. 1 PAC;E: Parity A parity check is used by the cmputer t ensure that accurate transmissin f data ccurs. The parity psitin is an extra bit psitin added t ensure that there will always be an dd number f 1 bits in any character representatin. n this way, if a bit is either drpped r added in transmissin, the dd parity check will indicate an imprper registratin. Fr example, the alphabetic S cntains an even number f 1 bits: ZONE NUMERC T pass the dd parity check, a 1 bit is added t the parity psitin, thereby creating an dd number f 1 bits in the representatin: PARTY ZONE NUME RC f the number f 1 bits in the cnfiguratin is already dd, the parity psitin will be O Octal Numbers and Cmplements Octal ntatin is used in surce language and prgram testi~g diagnstic printuts. The ctal r base 8, number system expresses values as multiples f pwers f 8. Octal ntatin is a fixed length system f binary ntatin. The binary number is interpreted ctauy by gruping the bits int bytes f three, starting frm the right, and interpreting each byte int its ctal equivalent. W.ithin each byte the bit psitins are weighted with the value f 4,2, and 1, r 22, 2', and 2. f, after gruping the bits in the fashin described, the mst significant byte cntains less than three bits, as many binary zers are implied t the left as are required t bring the number f bits in that grup t three. Fr example, the binllry number is interpreted ctally as fllws: (0) An ctal number such as the ne derived frm the binary number described is nted with the subscript 8 fllwing it, e.g., , t distinguish it frm the decimal number 2355,0, n the PAL assembly language emplyed in prgramming the UNVAC 1050 System, hwever, an ctal number is nted by preceding it with a zer; thus, means , while 2355 means 2355,0,

12 ... UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS CENTRAL PROCESSOR SECTON: 1 6 PAGE: HGH-SPEED PRNTER CARD CODES BNARY CODE CHARACTER (Machine Cllatin! COLUMN COLUMN Sequence) STANDARD OPTONAL OCTAL Space NO PUNCH NO PUNCH (Nn-Printing) ] 01 - (minus r hyphen) " ; [ & : (cln) _ (perid) ? A B C D E F G H # < # = (apstrphe) * $ ! J K L M N P Q R % ( ' f:, ( % ,(cmma) & J S T U V W X y Z ) ):l > ):l ) 77 *NOTE: Only the characters that differ frm the standard are listed fr the ptinal print drum. *" NUMBER Table 1.1. UNVAC 1050 Character Set.

13 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS 1 SECTON. 7 c..,. j The binary number is the sum f 1 x 2' x x x x x x 24 0 x x x 2' 0 x Therefre, = 1261,. Appendix A prvides a tw-way ctal t decimal and decimal t ctal cnversin table. Fr the cnvenience f the prgrammer wh wishes t d his wn cnversins, the fllwing paragraphs present an ctal t decimal and a decimal t ctal cnversin prcedure. T cnvert an ctal representatin t its decimal equivalent, multiply the mst significant digit by 8, and add the next mst significant digit t the prduct. Multiply this sum by 8 and add the third mst significant digit t the prduct. Repeat the multiplicatin and additin prcess until the least significant digit has been added, whereupn this final sum will be the decimal equivalent f the ctal number. The fllwing example illustrates hw this methd cnverts int its decimal equivalent: 2x8= x8= x8= T cnvert a decimal number int its ctal equivalent, divide 8 int the number and recrd the remainder (0 thrugh 7) as the last significant digit f the ctal equivalent. Divide 8 int the qutient, and recrd the remainder as the next least significant digit. Repeat the divisin f the qutient recrding the remainder until a qutient less than eight is realized, whereupn the final qutient is the mst significant digit f the ctal equivalent and the final remainder is the next mst significant digit f the ctal equivalent.

14 UNVAC SYSTEMS 1 SECTON: PAGE: 8 The fllwing example illustrates hw this methd cnverts 1261'0 int its ctal equivalent: REMANDER B~.. 3 B~.. 5 Brt3f... 5 B) 1261 N signs are invlved in binary peratins in the UNVAC 1050 System; hwever, negative binary values - r, effectively, their equivalent - can be develped and represented within the cmputer. These negative binary values are represented as the tw's cmplement f the binary representatin f the abslute value f the numbers. The tw's cmplement is frmed by adding 1 t the ne's cmplement f the value, ignring any carry beynd the mst significant bit psitin; and the ne's cmplement, in turn, is frmed by cnverting every 1 bit in the binary representatin t 0, and cnverting every 0 bit t 1. Fr example, the binary representatin f +1261'0 is the ne's cmplement f this binary number is and the tw's cmplement f the number is = Whenever the binary integer is emplyed as an perand in a binary add r subtract peratin, the effective value f this perand is -1261,0',,<' ""'\ \~~)

15 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS SECTON, 1 PAGE. 9 c 1.4. DATA AND NSTRUCTON FORMATS General Descriptin nstructins are cntained in strage. They are always five characters in length whereas data fie~ds may be any number f characters in length. nstructins are executed in sequence except where a prgrammed instructin initiates a break in the sequence. The arithmetic unit f the Central Prcessr perfrms the calculatins and data manipulatin called fr by the instructins. t cntains an adder fr decimal and binary arithmetic peratins, and additinal circuitry which prvides a wide range f data handling abilities. The cntrl unit f the Central Prcessr selects, interprets, and initiates the executin f instructins in the stred prgrams which gvern the peratin f the system General nstructin Frmat OBTS 1st CHARACTER 2nd CHARACTER l 3rd CHARACTER 4th CHARACTER 5th CHARACTER i OPERATON t:l DEX vi w STORAGE ADDRESS DETAL CODE REGSTER t: S i BT POSTONS NAME OP ERATON CODE The peratin cde specifies the functin which the Central Prcessr is t execute NDEX REGSTER The index register mdifies the ddress specified in the instructin. 22 RESERVED This bit is reserved STORAGE ADDRESS This is the (M) prtin f the instructin. t specifies the stre address f the perand. f an perand is greater than ne character in length, (M) refers t the least significant character f the perand (rightmst). There are tw exceptins: Zer Suppress and Blck Transfer instructins in which (M) specifies the mst significant character f the perand. c:' 6-1 DETAL FELD Depending n the instructin, the detail field may specify perand length, tetrad number, a cmparisn indicatr, an arithmetic register, r number f bits.

16 --~ ~ ~--- llp-3912 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS CENTRAL PROCESSOR SECTON: 1 PAGE: STORAGE General The basic unit f strage in the UNVAC 1050 stre is the character which cnsists f six infrmatin bits and ne parity bit. The parity bit is f n cncern t the prgrammer. t is used nly by the circuitry and is nt accessible t him. The UNVAC 1050 Central Prcessr may have frm 1 t 8 sectins f strage, each sectin cmprisi ng 4096 character psitins r lcatins. Each psitin has its wn address and each psitin is directly addressable. Each sectin f main stre is divided int rws. There are 64 rws in each sectin. A rw cnsists f 64 cnsecutive characters. The address f the mst significant character (leftmst) is either zer r sme integral multiple f 64. Prgram instructins and data are cntained in strage. Each instructin ccupies five cnsecutive lcatins. Data fields are variable in length. The sign, if any, f a data field is in the mst significant bit f the least significant character. The first six rws f strage, prtins f which perfrm unique functins, are illustrated in Figure 1-1. ROW CHAR., ROW CHAR. ROW 2 CHAR. ROW J CHAR., ROW _Reserved " ZERDCDUNT 'e L~EADVANCECOUNT 'r RO' COUNT pul1r.l> 'b TRA.NSLATON TABLE ADDRESS 'f COLUMN COUNT FOR COLUMN READER ' RDVCQUNTpr""readl' *c BLDCKTRA.NSFERCOUNT 'g HOlF COU'H,pst-punch read a~ punchl' 'k "ROW COUNT FOR ROW READER CfARACTER COUNT 'h HOLE COUNT 'wait and p,e punchl, '1(2 PARTYODQLDCATQr ~d' 'Kl PARTY EVEN LOCATON,USED ONLY BY CONTROL UNTS Figure 1-1. Layut f First Six Rws f Stre.

17 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS CENTRAL PROCESSOR SECTON: 1 PAGE: 11 c Tetrads The first fur rws f strage in the UNVAC 1050 System are subdivided int 64 fields f fur characters each and are called tetrads. Tetrads are addressable either by tetrad number r the actual strage lcatin. The methd f addressing tetrads is dependent upn the instructin being used. Certain tetrads are designed fr specific functins. A descriptin f what these tetrads d is given in the fllwing table. TETRADS LOCATONS PURPOSE *Arithmetic Register 1 (ARl) *Arithmetic Register 2 (AR2) 8 32,33 Character bit sum strage *ndex Registers Destinatin address fr Blck Transfer Origin address fr Blck Transfer Address f table fr trans latin Cunt f zers suppressed after Zer Suppress ,75 Cntrls number f characters in Blck Transfer Cntrl Cunter Strage Multiplier - Qutient Unassigned Printer /O, Channel Reader /O, Channell Punch /O, Channel Cmmunicatins /O, Channel Tape Read, Channe Tape Write, Channel FASTRAND /O, Channel Channel 7, available fr expansin * The arithmetic registers and index reqisters can be addressed in three different ways: as arithmetic r index re,isters, 8S tetrads, and as stre lcatins. Table 1-2. Tetrad Lcatin Chart Arithmetic Registers Tetrads 0 thrugh 7 functin as arithmetic registers. Arithmetic Register 1 (AR 1) cmprises tetrads 0 thrugh 3 (stre lcatins 16 thrugh 31). The arithmetic registers are addressed either by AR 1 r AR 2, tetrad number, r actual strage lcatin.

18 UNVAC 1060 SYSTEMS CENTRAL PROCESSOR SECTON: 1 PAGEl ndex Registers ( Tetrads 9 thrugh 15 functin as index registers 1 thrugh 7. Since nly tre 15 least significant bits (cntained in the three least significant characters) f each index register are used in an indexed peratin, the mst significant character f each index register tetrad is available t be used fr ther purpses. There are n signs in the index registers. The value in the index register is treated as an abslute binary value in an indexed peratin. Negative indexing may be accmplished by placing the tw's cmplement f the decrement number in the index register. The index registers may be addressed by index register number, tetrad number, r actual strage lcatin number nput/output Cntrl Tetrads A fixed strage area cnsisting f fur cnsecutive tetrads is assciated with each input/utput channel. nfrmatin placed in this area cntrls the peratin f the peripheral device. The input/utput cntrl tetrads, that are lcated in strage rws tw and three, are shwn in Figure Fixed nterrupt Lcatins Stre lcatins 256 thrugh 335 are fixed lcatins assciated with the interrupt circuitry f the system. These eighty lcatins are divided int ten grups f eight cnsecutive characters each, which are knwn as interrupt entries. These interrupt entries are assigned as fllws: OCTAL DECMAL NTERRUPT ENTRY ASSGNMENTS Channel 0: Printer Channel 1 : Reader Channel 2 : Card Punch Unit Channel 3 : Cmmunicatins Channel 4: Magnetic Tape Read Channel 5: Magnetic Tape Write Channel 6 : Mass Strage Channel 7 : Unassigned Class nterrupt Entry Class nterrupt Entry The frmat f these interrupt entries, and their functins, are discussed fully in the sectin n Autmatic Prgram nterrupt (Sectin 4).

19 UNVAC SYSTEMS SECTON: 1 ""cae: 13 C Addressing nstructins and data in strage are accessed by ther instructins thrugh the 15 bit memry address designated the M prtin f the instructin. Whenever an instructin references a multicharacter field, the M prtin usually designates the address f the rightmst r least significant character. (The exceptins will be explained in the descriptin f the instructins invlved.) C. "'.".

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21 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS 2 CENTRAL PROCESSOR SECTON: PAGE: 1 2. CODNG N ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE 2.1. CODNG FORM Mst prgrams fr a UNVAC 1050 System with 8192 character strage r larger are written in the language f the PAL Assembly System. Prgrams fr a system with 4096 character strage are written in PAL Jr. See Sectin 2.4. The PAL assembler is a UNVAC 1050 prgram which accepts mnemnic and symblic input, a frm meaningful t the prgrammer, and generates instructins in abslute binary frm, the nly frm meaningful t the cmputer. Any actin based n attempts t emply instructin frms nt described in this reference manual deviates frm UNVAC recmmendatins and must be the user's respnsibility. Figure 2-1 shws the symblic cding frm fr the UNVAC 1050 Pal Assembly System. c) n the descriptin f this frm, which fllws, certain terms are used with specific definitins: Alphabetic Numeric Alphanumeric character means a character f the English alphabet set (A thrugh Z). character means a character f the Arabic numeral set (0 thrugh 9). character means an alphabetic character, a numeric character, r a special symbl. The symblic cding frmat is cmpsed f fixed frmat fields fr prgram identificatin, page, line, insert, label, peratin, and variable frmat fields fr perands and cmments. t will be nted that numbers are assciated with each subdivisin f the cding frm. These indicate the card clumns int which the characters written by the prgrammer are t be punched. These clumn numbers hld true fr bth 80 and 90 clumn cards. The 80 clumn surce card is shwn in Figure 2-2; the 90 clumn surce card, in Figure 2-3 n 90 clumn systems, clumns 81 thrugh 90 are als available t the Prgram-D field, but their cntents will nt be printed n the utput listing; their use, therefre, is nt recmmended Prgram-D The prgram name is written in this field. t is cmpsed f frm ne t six alphanumeric characters, and is written starting at clumn 75. An example f an entry in this field is PROGRAM-D P,A, Y 0 1

22 U PAGE UNVAC "'%"""'-"'1-' PAL ASSEMBLER CODNG FORM PROGRAM PROGRAMMER DATE PROGRAM D PAGE OF PAGES Fr BEGN nl SEQUENCE LABEL ~ OPERATON OPERANDS COMMENTS, ~ PROGRAM.D..! < G { AGE3 kin! ;;, /', 'i' ; ".'.,,,' '~"'\! " ;.,'; ;'.,.' >, :,"~ :,. i ; J,.L, 1 J.L,,,-, ::tic::: Cb "0.w < ' \0... tv n c m~ 2~... D@ )10 ~~ -a~ D~ am n m en en 1ft n ::! z a D tv,, t L : 1,1 1 UD / M 7/65 (80 90 COLUMN FORM) -'" Figure 2-1. PAL A. -embler Cding Frm 'U ~ 51 tv

23 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS 2 PECT'ON. PAGE. 3 (.~ / PAGE LNE LABEL OPER. OPERANDS PROGRA R T : COMMENTS DENT ~ , 2 3 4,. "'", ' ' : l1li n n ll..' : : : : & && &&&& & 6 &&&&&&&&&&&& 6 && 6:6 & 6 &&&&&& 66 & : : t 2 S 4 5,'8, ~ D2520~ ~ ~61 30~ Z34.161Ul1llln n 1111., Figure 2-2. PAL 80-Clumn Surce Crd. PAGE LNE LABEL OPERATON OPERANDS 1\ E, R ii-1z-12- i-i i2 1i-G-1z-i"2--ii -- ii-1z-g-2"-i"z--'z z-lzlz-1;-'z-li-'z-lz-i"2z-i"i-'z-li-g-2"-';-'z-'i-'z-li-'z-lz-'212"-';-'z-lz < ~ ,. s,. 21" , 43 1, S " ",. PROGRAM OPERANDS / COMMENTS DENTFCA non ' ';-'Z-'2-' ' '2 12 ' ".. " ' , , ' ' ' ' ' Sequence Figure 2-3 PAL 90-Clumn Surce Crd. This field is a six character numeric field cmpsed f a three digit page field, a tw digit line field, and a ne digit insert field. There may be a page field entry and a line field entry n each card. While prcessing input lines, the assem ber perfrms a sequence check n this field t make sure that page and line entries are in ascending sequence. An ut f sequence line is flagged n the utput listing as an "s" errr.

24 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS 2 SECTON. PAGE. 4 The insert field is prvided t permit the insertin f additinal cding lines when crrecting a surce prgram. The insert field entry cnsists f ne numeric digit. This field is used when a line f cding is t be inserted n a particular page fllwing a particular line. T insert a line f cding between lines 23 and 24 f page 10, the cding used culd be SEQUENCE \,PAGE 3 4 LlN,l= 5 6 ':S 7 0, i There is ne restrictin n the digit used fr NS. f mre than ne instructin is t fllw a particular page and line, each insertin line must have a sequentially higher NS number than any preceding it. f inserts are made, the cards punched frm the insert lines must be physically placed in their prper places in the surce deck, prir t assembly Label A label is an alphanumeric symbl assciated with the line n which it appears. t cnsists f five characters r less, the first character f which must be an alphabetic character ther than the letter X. A label must begin in clumn 7,and is terminated either by clumn 12 r by the first blank appearing in the field. The entire field may be blank. (Clumn 12 can be used nly by a six character label, if any, f the assembler directive BEGN r by a cmments line. Otherwise it is always left blank.) The label f an instructin line names the leftmst character f the instructin, while the label f a data field r a cnstant names the rightmst character f the field r cnstant. Sme examples f labels are "... E LABEL 0 ~T j S T A R T ",; G 1 2 1"1':, EN DR N ~1,~ ) - - :,'.:,(-, \~j

25 ~-~-... UNVAC SYSTEMS 2 CENTRAL PROCESSOR SECTON, PAGE, 5 c f clumn 7 cntains a perid, the entire line is a cmment. t prduces n cding, but the line is printed n the utput listing. OPERANDS Operatin The peratin field is a six character field beginning in clumn 13. This field may nt be blank. The field usually cntains a mnemnic peratin cde, which the assembler cnverts int a five bit peratin cde. The peratin field may als cntain an assembler directive r a data generating cde. An entry in this field must begin in clumn 13 and is terminated by the first blank appearing in the field r by the end f the field. The fllwing are examples f peratin field entries: (), t E LABEL ~ 6 7., OPERATON OPERANDS :~ !~ <,; B A 1 J ~~-~ CT.~ ' Operands ~ The perands field usually cntains symblic r abslute descriptins f the ndex Register, Strage Address, and Detail prtins f an instructin. These descriptins are called expressins. Each expressin except the last ne n a line must be terminated by a cmma immediately fllwing the last character f the expressin. The last expressin n a line is terminated by a blank. The first blank fllwing a character which is neither a blank nr a cmma indicates that n mre expressins fllw. Clumn 72 als terminates the perands field. The assembler prcesses the perands field frm left t right, a character at a time. Whenever a cmma is encuntered, the assembler recgnizes the end f an expressin and expects at least ne ther expressin t fllw; but whenever a blank appears fllwing a nn blank character which is nt a cmma, the assembler expects n mre expressins t fllw n the same line. Tw successive cmmas within a string f expressins indicate a blank expressin. An expressin may have any number f preceding blanks.

26 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS 2 SECTON: PAGE: 6 The maximum number f expressins that may be written n ne line and the interpretatin f each expressin is determined by the cntents f the peratin field. Any line may have less than the maximum number f expressins. Fr example, a symbl written as the M expressin n an instructin line might als define the length f the field addressed. n this case, the L prtin f the instructin line may be mitted. Sme pssible frms fr the OPERANDS field are OPERANDS 30 M L X is an expressin designating the perand address. is a decimal r ctal number r defined label specifying the perand length in terms f characters. is an expressin naming an index register. is an expressin identifying an indicatr. Nte that if the last expressin which might appear n a line is mitted, the cmma which wuld have preceded it is mitted. Als, if the M expre:ssin is t be specified as zer, it may nt be represented by a cmma, but must be written as zer (0) Cmments Significant cmments may be written anywhere n the line beynd the blank which terminates the last expressin. t is recmmended, hwever, that cmments be indented at clumn 46, fr the sake f btaining an utput listing which is easier t read. Fr example, E LABEL OPERATON OPERANDS COMMENTS----,) 'r7 11 ~ N TL J C SYMBOLS AND CONVENTONS There are three general types f expressins: Symblic value is assigned by the assembler Cnstant value is assigned by prgrammer - EX T L Cmbined value may be whlly r partially assigned by either the assembler r prgrammer N,E<

27 UNVAC SYSTEMS 2 SECTON, PAcaE, 7 c A symblic expressin is ne whse first character is an alphabetic character and is nt preceded by an apstrphe. An example f a symblic expressin is OPERATON 3 OPERANDS A cnstant expressin is ne whse first character is either an apstrphe r a number. A cnstant expressin may be alphanumeric, decimal, r ctal. ~ 6 An alphanumeric cnstant is represented by enclsing it in apstrphes. Frm the expressin, the assembler generates the UNVAC 1050 six bit cde fr every character appearing within the apstrphes. Fr example, the expressin LABEL 7 11 ~ OPERATON OPERANDS :1, i!~i~ 1 7 i i m:,t - - prduces the bit cnfiguratins and , which are the UNVAC 1050 six bit cdes fr the characters 1 and 7, respectively. A cnstant is decimal if its first character is a number ther than zer. The assembler generates the binary equivalent f the decimal number. Fr example, the expressin LABEL 7 11 OPERATON OPERANDS 30 prduces the bit cnfiguratin , which is the number seventeen expressed in binary. f the first character f a cnstant expressin is zer, the number is taken t be an ctal number and is cnverted frm ctal t binary. Fr example, the expressin OPERATON 3 1 OPERANDS is cnverted int

28 ~-- UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS 2 CENTRAL PRDCESSOR SECTON: PAGE: 8 A special cnstant expressin is the dllar sign ($), which means the current value f the lcatin cunter. ts value is ne greater than the address f the last lcatin which the assembler has assigned. The fllwing chart summarizes the interpretatin given t each type expressin. TYPE OF ABBREVA- EXPRESSON TON FORM VALUE EXAMPLE Symbl S ne t five alphanumeric value assigned t the sym- L characters beginn ing bl as a result f an EQU TAP02 with an alphabetic directive r f appearance COST character ther than in the LABEL field. the letter X. Lcatin L $ current value f lcatin $ + 15 cunter, namely the address f the mst sign ificant character f the ine in wh ich the item $ appears. Octal 0 zer fllwed by ctal value interpreted as base has the va lue (0-7) digits. and cnverted t binary. Decimal 0 nn zer digit fllwed value interpreted as base 17 has the va lue t by decimal (0-9) digits. 10 and cnverted t binary. Binary Alpha- A any characters (excluding va lue f each character in 'ABC' has the value, numeric apstrphes) enclsed in crrespnding psitin ; apstrphes ('). right justified (6-bit repre- '17' has the value sentatin) A cmbined expressin is ne that has tw r three symblic r cnstant expressins cnnected by a plus (+) ra minus (-) sign. An expressin may have a leading plus r minus sign t dente a psitive r a negative quantity. f an expressin des nt have a sign, it is assumed t be psitive. Since all expressins are cnverted int binary, a negative expressin is cnverted int the tw's cmplement f the value. ('" l\.j

29 L-~ UNVAC 1060 SYSTEMS SECTON. 2 PAGE. 9 C 2.3. DATA GENERATON The PAL assembly system prvides means f generating data ther than instructins frm a cding line. A cnstant f up t 16 characters is generated by writing +n r -n in the peratin field f a line. The n is a decimal number ranging frm 1 thrugh 16 specifying the number f characters in the cnstant. An alphanumeric cnstant can range in length frm 1 t 16 characters. This cnstant must be written within apstrphes. A decimal cnstant can range in length frm 1 t 7 characters. An ctal cnstant which can ccupy frm 1 t 8 characters is written with 1 t 16 digits plus a preceding zer. The label f such a line names the least significant character generated frm the entry in the perands field f that line. The perands field must cntain a single expressin, which may be alphanumeric, decimal, ctal, r a label. f the value f the expressin is an integer f less than n characters, the assembler generates as many binary zers t the left f the integer as are needed t fill ut the rest f the field. Fr example, frm the line ~ ~ ) ~ 6 LABEL OPERATON OPERANDS K the assembler generates KS names the least significant character. ~ f the perands field expressin is alphanumeric and the sign in the peratin field is negative, the sign bit f the cnstant is reversed. Fr example,' frm the line LABEL OPERATON OPERANDS 7 11, :!..J ,--_ the assembler generates , while frm the line - -- OPERATON OPERANDS C,'\ " the assembler generates

30 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS CENTRAL PROCESSOR SECTON. 2 PAGE. 10 '[ LABEL OPERATON OPERANDS ( r ,...-0 ~ ~... When the perands field expressin is decimal r ctal, and the sign in the peratin field is negative, the tw's cmplement f the expressin value is generated. Fr example, J u prduces , while LABEL OPERATON OPERANDS prduces ,--""""", - -, - -,J When the expressin in the perands field is a label, unmdified, r with a cnstant mdifier, and ~. the peratin field cntains: V +1 - the length (in number f characters) f the field named by that label is supplied the 15 bit address which the assembler assigns t the label will be supplied, preceded by three binary zers r higher - the 15 bit address assigned t the label ccupies the 15 least significant bit psitins f the n character field, The rest f the field cntains binary zers..t... "'. V

31 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS CENTRAL PROCESSOR SECTON: 2 PAGE: 11 C 2.4. PAL JR ASSEMBLY SYSTEM The PAL JR card assembler is used with a Central Prcessr that has a strage capacity f 4096 characters. The features f PAL JR are the same as thse f the PAL assembler with certain limi ta tins: Label size is limited t three characters. There are n implied fi.eld lengths. Field lengths and index registers must be specified in the instructins. The EQU directive may nt be emplyed t specify the field length r the index register. AREA directives may nt be emplyed t specify index registers r fill characters and cannt define subfields. The secnd expressin in the perands field f the Tetrad instructins must be a Tetrad number. The /O areas have fixed labels and index registers and cannt exceed tw backup areas fr each unit. The Cmparisn Jumps (JG, JE, JU, JS) are elimi nated in this system. The Jump Cnditinal (JC) instructin is emplyed t perfrm their functin. The maximum value f a decimal r ctal cnstant that can be described by the EQU directive is 4095 (07777).

32

33 UNVAC SYSTEMS 3 CENTRAL PROCESSOR SECTON: PAGE: 1 c 3. NSTRUCTON REPERTORE The instructin repertire f the UNVAC 1050 System is arranged in the fllwing pages by functinal categry. Each categry is intrduced by a brief descriptin f the general cding rules fr the instructins in that categry. Each instructin is described in the fllwing manner: OPERATON Frmat: PAL Mnemnic Required Expressins Functin: (Cncise descriptin f what the instructin accmplishes) Ntes: (Prgramming cnsideratins and further descriptin f the instructin) Example(s): (Prgramming examples and descriptin f the perands in verbal and graphic frm, shwing the perands befre and after the executin f the instructin, if necessary) n describing the peratin f the varius instructins, the abbreviatin Mx specifies the effective character r field psitin in main stre. By effective character is meant M as mdified by the cntents f index register X (if i~ is called fr). Any expressin f the instructin ther than M and X is the detail field. The detail field may have subfields, sme f which are extensins f the peratin cde. This accunts fr the fact that the ctal peratin cdes fr tw r mre instructins may be identical. Preferably, the mre cmmnly used special purpse tetrads shuld be addressed by means f a label rather than a tetrad number. The ability t d s is prvided by the EQU directive, which is fully discussed later in this sectin. Table 3-1 presents a list f the labels used in the cding examples. n the Univac 1050 System there are 64 indicatrs addressed as decimal numbers 0 thrugh 63 (ctal 0 thrugh 077). These indicatrs fall within three functinal grups; indicatrs that are testable, indicatrs that cause an uncnditinal jump and specific functin t be perfrmed, and indicatrs that cause a certain functin t be perfrmed but d nt break the sequence f instructins. The functin perfrmed depends upn the indicatr invlved. c Amng the testable indicatrs are thse which test the settings f the three Sense Switches and the thl'ee Sense ndicatrs. Sense ndicatrs are internal devices which are set and reset under prgram cntrl. Sense Switches are n the cnsle and are set and reset manually. Unlike cmparisn indicatrs which are set and reset as a result f a cmparisn, the Sense ndicatrs may be set and reset arbitrarily t prvide prgrammable switches.

34 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS 3 CENTRAL PROCESSOR SECTON: PAGE: 2 LABEL OPERATON OCTAL OPERAND DECMAL ARl EQU Arithmetic Register 1 AR2 EQU Arithmetic Register 2 Xl EQU index register 1 X2 EQU index register 2 X3 EQU index register 3 X4 EQU index register 4 X5 EQU index regis ter 5 X6 EQU index register 6 X7 EQU index register 7 DST EQU DeST inatin address fr Transfer Frm (TFR, TF) ORG EQU ORiGin address frm Transfer T (TTR, TTl) TRO EQU Translate table ROw address ZCT EQU Number f characters suppressed TCT EQU Number f characters t be transferred MLR EQU MultiplieR QTN EQU QuTieNt NDCATORS-NOT N STORE KNO EQU N peratin KH EQU High indicatr KEQ EQU Equal indicatr KUQ EQU Unequal indicatr KLO EQU Lw indicatr KZR EQU ndicatr f arithmetic result zer KM EQU nd icatr f dec ima arithmetic result minus KNB EQU ndicates verflw tcured in last binary subtract r didn't ccur in last binary add KDF EQU Dec ima verflw ind icatr Table 3-1. Suggested Standard Equality Statements. The use f these indicatrs is discussed in detail with the instructins invlved. Nrmally the indicatrs will be addressed using a label which is equated t the indicatr number. The EQU peratin is defined in the Card Assembly System Manual. Table 3-1 lists the mre cmmnly used indicatrs and their suggested labels. Tables 3-2 and 3-3, respectively, summarize the instructin repertire and the mnemnic peratin cdes f the UNVAC 1050 System. The instructin executin times appear in Table 3-4 n page {~" \~)

35 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS 3 SECTON: PAGE: 3... a= z u - is C ', " \. = LOGCAL. AND V = LOGCAl.. OR = SENTNEL. t 00 S NTERPRETED BY THE CRCUTRY AS 0". '* F a =, BT 15:;: 0; F a = 2. BT ls =. * =M DESGNATES THE 000 S NTERPRETED BY THE CRCUTRY AS ala. MOST SGNFCANT ** 0000 S NTERPRETED BY. THE CRCUTRY AS 020. NOTE: SUBSCRPT t NDCATES MMEDATE CHAR. OF THE FEL.O DATA., AS OPPOSED TO REFERENCED Table 3-2. ns tructin Repertire. DATA.

36 TETRAD CHAR. ~c:: ~ -p < W \0... L ~ ROW 0 CHAR. ROW 2 ROW 3 READ K~~U. K~AU BASE CHAR. COUNT ADDRESS RECORD MEMORY char":. A~~:SS BASE COU NT RECORD DRUM ADDRESS ml:.ly\\jm:t ADDRESS ADDRESS BASE RECORD RECORDED ADDRESS n C m~ 2~ -... :a~ :.:.0 r-~ en 'a~ :a~ aen n m en en :a a CHAR. ROW 4 CHA'R. ROW 5 Reserved *a = ZERO COUNT *b = TRANSLATON TABLE ADDRESS *c = BLOCK TRANSFER COUNT *d = CHARACTER COUNTt Figure 3-1. Layut f First Six Rws f Stre () () *e = LNE ADVANCE COUNT *1 = COLUMN COUNT FOR COLUMN READER *g:: HOLE COUNT (Pst-punch read and punch) t *h = HOLE COUNT (wait and pre.punch) t t USED ONLY BY CONTROL UNTS *i = ROW COUNT (punch) t *j = ROW COUNT (pre-read) t *k = ROW COUNT FOR ROW READER *K2 = PARTY ODD LOCATON *K! = PARTY EVEN LOCATON () P n ::! 0 ~ 'U,. G!! W ~

37 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS SECTON: 3 PAGE: 5 c OCTAL OP CODE MNEMONC DESCRPTON 00 - (Unassigned) 02 - " 04 - " 06 - " 10 JR Jump Return 12 TR TRanslate 14 LC Lgical Cmparisn 16 BCn Bit Circulate 16 BSn Bit Shilt 20 FT Fix Tetrad 22 ZS* Zer Suppress wi th asterisk i 22 ZS$ Zer Suppress with lating dllar sign 22 ZS Zer Suppress with n flating dllar sign 24 TF Transfer Frm memry, ncrement destinatin address 24 TFR Transfer Frm memry, Reset destinatin address 24 TTl Transfer T Memry, ncrement rigin address 24 TTR Transfer T memry, Reset rigin address 26 PD PaD blanks 26 PDO PaD decimal zers 26 CDa Cmpare Decimal 30 J Jump 30 JC Jump Cnditi na ly 30 JD Jump Display 30 JE Jump if Equal 30 JG Jump if Greater 30 JHJ Halt, then Jump 30 JS Jump if Smaller 30 JU Jump if Unequal 32 JL Jump Lp 34 CC Cmpare Character 36 - (Unassigned) 40 XF external Functin 42 ST Stre Tetrad 44 SC Stre Character 46 BT Bring t Tetrad 50 DV DiVide 50 MPC MultiPly Cumulative 50 MPN Mu ti P y N ncumu lative 52 ED EDit 52 SAa Stre Arithmetic register 52 SAR Stre bth Arithmetic Registers 54 LP Lgical Prduct 56 BAa Bring Alphanumeric 56 BOa Bring Decimal 60 AC Add Character 62 AMa Add t Memry 62 SMa Subtract frm Memry 64 LS Lgical Sum 66 ADa Add Decimal 66 SDa Subtract Decimal 70 CBa Cmpare Binary 72 ABa Add Binary 72 SBa Subtract Binary 74 CT Cmpare Tetrad 76 AT Add t Tetrad MNEMONC OCTAL NSTRUCTON OP CODE DESCRPTON ABa 72 Add Binary AC 60 Add Character ADa 66 Add Decimal AMa 62 Add t Memry AJ 76 Add t Tetrad BAa Bring AiphanL1meric --Sr-- f-'_ BCn 16 Bit Circulate BOa 56 Bring Decimal BSn 16 Binary Shift BT 46 Bring t Tetrad ---cs;;--- --TO-- CmpareBinaij CC 34 Cmpare Characte"r CDa 26 Cmpare Decimal CT 74 Cmpare Tetrad DV 50 DiVide ---ED EDf FT 20 Fix Tetrad J 30 Jump JC 30 Jump Cnditina ly JD 30 Jump Display ---JE Tl--- JumpiTEquaT JG 30 Jump if Greater JHJ 30 Halt, then Jump JL 32 Jump Lp JR 10 J!!.!!1Q.!!!!t!!r1!.. --3D-- Jump.if Smaller JS JU 30 Jump if Unequal LC 14 Lgical Cmparisn LP 54 Lgical Prduct LS MPC ~.Q.gJ..!:~~u.!!l MultiPly Cumulative MPN 50 MultiPly Nncumulative PO 26 PaD blanks PDO 26 PaD decimal zers SAa 52 Stre Arithmetic register ---SAR--- c Strebth-AfithmetTcRegiSters SBa 72 Subtract Binary SC 44 Stre Character SDa 66 Subtract Decimal SMa 62 ~i!!.r'!.c!..f!!ll!!.. ~1!!9!y ---ft----f--t2--- Stre Tetrad TF 24 Transfer Frm memry, ncrement destinatin address TFR 24 Transfer Frm memry, Reset destinatin address TR TRanslate TTl 24 Transler T memry, ncrement rigin address TTR 24 Transfer T memry, Reset rigin address ---:ZST Zer Suppresswl1h-astefTSi-- fi ZS$ 22 Zer Suppress with flating dllar sign ZS 22 Zer Suppress with n lating dllar sign XF 40 e~!!r.!l.a.! ~~i~ SEE PAGE ~L ~:L ~L * Table Mnemnic Operatins Ordered by Operatin Cde. Table 3-3b. Mnemnic Operatins Ordered Alphabetically. * The XF instructin is explained in the peripheral hardware manual ft the unit t which it pertains.

38 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS ' SECTON: 3 PAGE: TETRAD NSTRUCTONS The frmat f a tetrad instructfn is LABEL OPERATON OPERANDS : ~, 7 11, /" - where -..r - 0 P M, T, X.--'" -" - OP is the mnemnic peratin cde, M is an expressin designating the perand address, T is an expressin naming a tetrad, X is an expressin naming an index register mdifier. '- ~, f;, v-.~: f index register mdificatin is nt desired, X may be mitted, and 'an instructin may be written as fllws: LABEL OPERATON OPERANDS 7 11, ~ OP M, T " \ ~ The assembler will, in this case, supply binary zers in the index register prtin f the ins tructin.!~ -.-..!-J BRNG TO TETRAD Frmat: Functin: 8T M, T, X Bring the fur characters at Mx-3, Mx-2, Mx-l, and Mx int the specified tetrad T. Nte: ~, } ~ 7 Example: The cntents f Mx-3, Mx-2, Mx-l, and Mx are nt changed. Bring the cntents f the fur character field labeled START int tetrad 9 (R1). LA8EL OPERA TlON OPERANDS : ~ ) ""'"---'... B T S T A RT, 9 ' -.; ~ -----

39 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS CENTRAL PROCESSOR SECTON: 3 PAQE: 7 C STORE TETRAD Frmat: ST M, T, X Functin: Stre the cntents f the specified tetrad T int Mx-3, Mx-2, Mx-l, andmx. Nte: The cntents f the tetrad are nt altered. Example:....,/ Stre the cntents f tetrad 9 int the fur character field labeled TEMP. OPERATON OPERANDS ST T E M P', 9. ~.' ADD TO TETRAD Frmat: Functin: Ntes: AT M, T, X Perfrm a binary additin f the fur character field at Mx-3, Mx -2, Mx-l, and Mx t the specified tetrad T. a. The additin is a binary add. N signs are invlved. b. Bth perands are always 24 bits in length. c. f verflw ccurs beynd the mst significant character psitin f the tetrad, KNB (the Binary Overflw ndicatr) is set t O. f verflw des nt ccur, KNB is set t 1. d. f verflw ccurs, the carry beynd the mst significant character psitin f the tetrad is lst. e. The field at Mx-3, Mx-2, Mx-l, and Mx is nt altered.

40 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS CENTRAL PRDC.ESSDR SECTON: 3 8 PAGE: Examples: Add the 24-bit field NCR t tetrad 15. E 1'r... LABEL OPERATON OPERANDS 7 11, AT N C,R, : C ) Tetrad 15 (befre) = NCR (befre) = Tetrad 15 (after) = NCR (after) = Overflw has nt ccurred; KNB = 1. Add the 24 bit field NCR t tetrad 14. ~ 'r LABEL OPERATON OPERANDS AT N CR, 1.( v~_- '-~ - - Tetrad 14 (befre) = : c \ NCR (befre) = Tetrad 14 (after) = NCR (after) = Overflw has ccurred; KNB = O.

41 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS SECTON: 3 PAGE: COMPARE TETRAD Frmat: CT M, T, X Functin: Cmpare the cntents f the specified tetrad T against the cntents f Mx 3, Mx 2, Mx l, and Mx' Ntes: a. The cmparisn is a 24 bit binary cmparisn. N signs are invlved. b. The result f the cmparisn is stred in testable indicatrs as fllws: Result f Cmparisn * Status f ndicatrs after Cmparisn ndicatr Number (ctal) ndicatr Number (decimal) Suggested Mnemnic KH KEQ KUQ KLO (High) (Equal) (Unequal) (Lw) (T) = (Mx) (T) < (Mx) (T) > (Mx) c. Neither perand is altered. Example: Cmpare the cntents f tetrad 9 against the fur character field labeled LMT. c ~ 6 i-" LABEL OPERATON OPERANDS! ~ 7 11, ~ l l CT LM T 9 " _ \ f tetrad 9 cntains and LMT cntains the cntents f tetrad 9 are greater than the cntents f the field LMT. After this cmparisn is made, KH and KUQ are set t 1, and KLO and KEQ are set t O. * (T) means "the cntents 01 tetrad Til; (Mx? means "the cntents 01 M "'. x ) /

42 UNVAC 1060 SYSTEMS SECTON. 3 PAGE. 10 i FX TETRAD Frmat: Functin: FT M, T, X Place the 15 bit M prtin f the instructin int the 15 least significant bit psitins f the specified tetrad T. Ntes: a. The value f M is placed in the tetrad specified: nt the value at the address specified by M; but the 15 bit value f M itself. n this instructin, M is a cnstant. After the instructin is executed, the 15 least significant bits f the tetrad will equal the M prtin f the FT instructin. b. Binary zers are inserted in the mst significant bits f the secnd mst significant character f the tetrad. c. The mst significant character f the tetrad is nt affected by the instructin. d. The interpretatin f indexing is unique fr this instructin. f the index register is used, the value which is stred in the tetrad is the binary sum f the M prtin and the cntents f the index register specified. Carries beynd the fifteenth bit are ignred. Examples: Place the binary equivalent f a decimal 128 in tetrad 9 (index register 1). This replaces the cntents, if any, f Rl. OPERATON , Xl '* OPERANDS 30 Xl (befre) ::L M SAME FT nstructin: ~~~~ f~~ ===r== Xl (after) ::r ~1~~ Nte that the mst significant character is nt altered, and that binary zers are inserted int the three mst significant bit psitins f the secnd character. This frm cannt be used in the prcessr with 4096 stra~e lcatins. PAL Jr. des nt have the facility t cmpute a tetrad number frm an index re~ister desi~natin. The tetrad number must be used in the T expressin psitin.,(.~ \i. ' 'J

43 _-._ _ UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS CENTRAL PROCESSOR SECTON: 3 PAGE: 11 c Add the binary equivalent f a decimal 128 t the cntents f index register 1. Opt.RATON OPERANDS F T SAME Xl (befre) FT nstructin: Xl (after) ' ~ ~~ L ~ Subtract the binary equivalent f a decimal 128 frm the cntents f index register 1. Opt.RATON OPERANDS 30 F T -128,X1,X1 ~ ~, f... r LABEL Opt. RATON OPERANDS '- l FT , Xl, X J. Xl (befre) = Xl (after) = Nte that the value t be subtracted is expressed either as a decimal integer with a a leading minus sign, r ctally as the fifteen bit tw's cmplement f the value. C',#- N.B. Althugh the examples shw values in the mst significant character psitin f an index register tetrad, it is nt advisable t have anything in that character but binary zers. An index register tetrad shuld nt cntain anything ther than an index register value.

44 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS CENTRAL PRDCESSQR 'ECTON: 3 PAGE: DATA TRANSFER NSTRUCTONS The UNVAC 1050 System has tw types f data transfer instructins: instructins invlving the arithmetic registers, and instructins which d nt invlve arithmetic registers. Under the first categry, data is transferred int and ut f arithmetic registers. n the secnd categry, data are transferred either frm ne area f stre t anther, r frm the instructin itself int stre. a. The frmat f data transfer instructins using the arithmetic registers is LABEL OPERATON P a M, L, x OPERANDS ~ 6 7 where OP is the mnemnic peratin cde, a is 1 r 2, indicating arithmetic register 1 r arithmetic register 2, M is an expressin naming the perand address, L is a decimal r ctal number r a defined label specifying the perand length in terms f characters, X is an expressin naming an index register. f index register mdificatin is nt desired, the X expressin is mitted. The assembler will insert binary zers in the index register prtin f the instructin. The frmat f data transfer instructins using the arithmetic registers is LABEL OPERATON OPERANDS : !46t P M c X 1 1 i.-.~~ -"*"'" (See Stre Character) r E LABEL OPERATON OPERANDS : 6 T !461 ) P M. X _ (See Transfer Blck)

45 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS 3 SECTON: PAGE. 13 where OP is the mnemnic peratin cde, M is an expressin naming an perand address, C is the actual character that is t be transferred, X is an index register expressin. Nte: n all data transfer instructins, the sending field is never altered except when sending and receiving fields verlap.

46 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS CENTRAL PROCESSOR S.. CTON. 3 PAGE BRNG DECMAL Frmat: Functin: BOa M, L, X Bring the L cnsecutive characters whse least significant character is at Mx int the least significant characters f AR r 2. Al1 zne bits except the sign bit are changed t binary zers. ~ 6, LABEL OPERATON OPERANDS ~ Ntes: a. L is a decimal number ranging frm 1 t 16, r an equivalent expressin. b. f less than sixteen characters are transferred, a sentinel is inserted in that character psitin f the arithmetic register which is immediately t the left f the Lth character cpied. This sentinel is the character &, which, in the UNVAC 1050 character set, is nsertin f the sentinel is an autmatic hardware functin. Characters t the left f the sentinel are nt affected. c. The zne bits f each character with the exceptin f sign the bit (mst significant bit f the LSD) are changed t binary zers. Examples: Bring the fur character cnstant Kl int the fur least significant character psitins f ARl B D 1 K 1, ---"'- 4 1 ~ , ) - AR (befre) : 1 Kl AR (after) ~ & 7 9 ~ 1 i '!

47 UNVAC 1060 SYSTEMS 3 SECTON. 15 f a field cntaining infrmatin ther than numeric infrmatin is brught t an arithmetic register by a BDa instructin, all zne bits are deleted in the transfer, with the exceptin f the sign bit. Fr example, 11 OPERATON OPERANDS B D 1 N AM E 10 results in AR (befre) NAME /7/W//2/4/5/5/2/7/3/8/6/0/8/2/~/ J/ wl L/L A/M/s/ AR (after) The least significant character f NAME is an S (110101). When it is transferred t ARl, nly the sign bit appears in AR1; the least significant zne bit is deleted, changing the S t K (100101). C:'

48 -----, UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS. SECTON: 3 PAGE: BRNG ALPHANUMERC Frmat: Functin: BAa M, L, X Bring the L cnsecutive characters whse least significant character is at Mx int the L least significant character psitins f AR1 r 2. Ntes: a. L is a decimal number ranging frm 1 t 16, r an equivalent expressin. b. The zne bits f all characters are transferred, and n sentinel is inserted. Example: Bring the 10 character field NAME int the 10 least significant psitins f ARl. ~, L 7 LABEL OPERATON OPERANDS : ' ) BA 1 NAME, L -.L AR1 (befre) 7 9 t NAME J wlllll AMlsl _ AR1 (after)

49 UNVAC 1060 SYSTEMS, SECTON: 3 PAGE: 17 C STORE ARTHMETC REGSTER Frmat: Functin: SAa M, L., X Stre 'the L least significant characters f AR1 r 2 in the L cnsecutive character psitins whse least significant character is at Mx' Nte: L is a decimal number ranging frm 1 t 16, r an equivalent expressin. Example: Stre 8 characters frm AR2 int TOTAL. OPERATON OPERANDS S A 2 L 8 ( ~~).../ STORE BOTH ARTHMETC REGSTERS Frmat: Functin: SAR M"X Stre the cntents f arithmetic registers 1 and 2 in the 32 cnsecutive stre psitins whse least significant character is at Mx' Nte: This instructin stres every psitin f bth arithmetic registers, making the L prtin f the instructin superfluus. Example: Stre the cntents f bth arithmetic registers in TEMP. 'E LABEL OPERATON OPERANDS ~ ~ ) S A R T EM P. \ /

50 UNVAC 1060 SYSTEMS SECTON: 3 PAGE: STORE CHARACTER Frmat: SC M, C, X Functin: Stre the six bit character C in lcatin Mx Ntes: a. This instructin stres the six bit character C in Mx' The arithmetic registers are nt invlved in the peratin, unless Mx refers t sme psitin in an arithmetic register. b. C is either Examples: a decimal number ranging frm 0 thrugh 63, r an ctal number ranging frm 0 thrugh 077, r a single character bunded by apstrphes. Stre a binary 1 in COUNT. T,~ LABEL OPERATON OPERANDS C 45! S C COUNT, 1 i - l 1 ~ -.--!- - Stre the UNVAC 1050 six bit cde fr the digit 1 in COUNT. 11 OPERATON S C OPERANDS 30 c

51 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS 3 CENTRAL PROCESSOR SECTON: PAQE: 19 Stre the six bit cnfiguratin in NDC. This may be written in anyne f three ways: OPERATON S C N 0 C 2 0 OPERANDS because is the binary representatin f 20; OPERATON OPERANDS s C N 0 C 024 c 'f ~, ~ because the binary number is nted ctally as 024; r LABEL OPERATON OPERANDS : ~ !46 - ~ - - S C NO e. A '"""--... because is the UNVAC 1050 six bit cde fr the letter A. c

52 --~---~--~ ~ UNVAC 1050~ SYSTEMS 3 'ECTON. PAGE TRANSFER BLOCK FROM STORE Frmat: TFR (reset) TF (increment) M" X Functin: Transfer a blck f cnsecutive characters beginning with the mst significant character at Mx t that area in stre whse mst significant character psitin is stred in DST (tetrad 16). Ntes: a. n the transfer blck instructins, Mx addresses the mst significant character psitin f the sending field. b. Prir t the executin f the TFR r TF instructin, the binary cunt f characters t be transferred must be prgram set in the ten least significant bits f TCT (tetrad 18). The maximum number f characters that may be transferred is f the ten least significant bits f TCT are binary zers, 1024 characters will be transferred. The difference between the TFR and TF instructins is that the address in DST is reset t its riginal value after the TFR (Transfer Frm, Reset) instructin is executed. After a TF instructin the address in DST is incremented by the number f characters specified by TCT. f TCT cntains zers, DST is incremented by The riginal cntent f TCT is nt disturbed by executin f this instructin. c. Prir t the executin f the TFR r TF instructin, the address f the mst significant psitin f the receiving field must be prgram set in DST (tetrad 16). d. After the TFR instructin has been executed, the address in DST is reset t its riginal value. e. After the TF instructin is executed, the address in tetrad 16 is set t a value ne greater than the address f the latest character f the sending field.

53 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS 3 CENTRAL PROCESSOR SECTON. PAGEl 21 Example: Transfer a blck f eighty cnsecutive characters frm the area whse mst significant character psitin is labeled WSTOR, t the area whse mst significant character psitin is labeled PUNCH. The sequence f instructins required t effect this transfer, using the TFR instructin, is as fllws: ~ {r, LABEL 7 11 ~ OPERATOH OPERANDS!C) F T 8 0" T,C T i F T PUN C H D S T T F R. W S T OJR :

54 j UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS ;:S;;;E;,:C:.:,T.:,;O;,:N;:.:: -&..:P;.:A;:.:G:,:E;.;. -/ l. ; TRANSFER BLOCK TO STORE Frmat: TTR (reset) TTl (increment) M" X Functin: Transfer a specified number f characters, the address f whse mst significant character is stred in ORG (tetrad 17), t that area in stre whse mst sil?;nificant character is Mx' Ntes: a. n the transfer blck instructins, Mx addresses the mst significant character psitin f the receiving field. b. Prir t the executin f the TTR r TTl instructin, the binary cunt f characters t be transferred must be prgram set in TCT (Tetrad 18). The maximum number f characters that may be transferred is f the ten least significant bits f TCT are binary zers, 1024 characters are transferred. The difference between the TTR and TTl instructins is that the address in ORG is reset t its riginal value after the TTR (Transfer T, Reset) instructin is executed; after the TTl (Transfer T, ncrement) instructin is executed, the address in ORG is incremented by the number f characters specified by TCT. f TCT cntains zers, ORG is incremented by On cmpletin f the instructin TCT cntains its riginal value. f"\ U c. Prir t the executin f the TTR r TTl instructin, the address f the mst significant psitin f the sendin g field must be prgram set in ORG (tetrad 17). d. After the TTR instructin has been executed, the address in ORG (tetrad 17) is reset t its riginal value. e. After the TTl instructin is executed, the address in tetrad 17 is set t a value ne greater than the address f the latest character f the sending field.

55 "'" '",,--,-- '-'-'''''-~~~- UNVAC SYSTEMS 3 CENTRAL PROCESSOR SECTON: PAGE: 23 Example: Using the TTl instructin, transfer a blck f 80 cnsecutive characters frm the area whse mst significant character psitin is labeled WSTOR, t the area whse mst significant character psitin is labeled PUNCH. After the transfer, leave ORG set t refer t WSTOR ~ T LABEL OPERATON OPERANDS ~ ~) , F T 80, T C T. } FT WS10R, ORG 11 PUN C.H l J. - - _ - ~ " c

56 -----_._ _----- UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS CENTRAL PROCESSOR 3.3. ARTHMETC NSTRUCTONS The UNVAC 1050 System adds and subtracts in bth the decimal mde and the binary mde, and perfrms multiplicatin and divisin in the decimal mde. Decimal arithmetic peratins are gverned by the fllwing general rules: a. The length f an perand in an arithmetic register is specified by the sentinel character & (110011) immediately t the left f the mst significant character f the perand. b. The length f an perand in stre is specified by the instructin. c. Operands in the arithmetic registers must always ccupy the least significant character psitins f the register. i ' d. Except fr the sign bit and the zne bits f the sentinel character, the zne bits f perands are ignred and d nt appear in the result. e. f the result f a decimal arithmetic peratin generates a carry beynd the mst significant character psitin f the result field, decimal verflw ccurs. This terminates the instructin, sets a testable indicatr, and initiates a Class interrupt. n decimal add and subtract peratins, the fur characters (blank, ;t) having the internal frm xxoooo will be cnverted t XS 3 zers (000011) befre the peratin. Decimal peratins shuld nt be perfrmed with any f the fllwing invalid numeric digits: BNARY VALUE xx0001 xxoolo xxllol xxl110 xxl111 SOURCE CHARACTERS * ( $ % ) < ' > Binary arithmetic peratins are gverned by the fllwing general rules: a. N algebraic signs are assciated with an perand. b. f the result f a binary arithmetic peratin generates a carry beynd the mst significant bit psitin f the result field, binary verflw ccurs, which terminates the instructin and sets a testable indicatr. Unlike decimal verflw, binary verflw des nt initiate any interrupt.

57 UNVAC SYSTEMS SECTON: 3 PAGE: 25 The frmats f arithmetic instructins are LABEL OPERATO" OPERANDS ~, """ and P a M, L, X J./- -1../ f 40 4S 146 ~ ~ LABEL OPERATON OPERANDS T j 1 OP M C, X J i : ~ 40 4S 146? ), - - -!-J where. P is the mnemnic peratin cde, a is 1 r 2, specifying the arithmetic register t be used, M is an perand address, L is usually a decimal r an ctal number specifying the length f ne f the perands, C may be - a single character enclsed in apstrphes, - a decimal number ranging frm 0 th'rugh 63, - an ctal number ranging frm 0 thrugh 077, r - a symblic expressin. X is an index register expressin.

58 UP~3912 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS SECTON. 3 PAGE ADD DECMAL l-",-~j Frmat: Functin: ADa M, L, X Perfrm a decimal algebraic additin f the L character field whse least significant character is in Mx t the cntents farl 01' 2 and stre the result in ARl r 2 Ntes: a. f n sentinel character appears in ARa, the wrking length f ARa is sixteen characters. Otherwise, the sentinel character specifies the wrking length f ARa. b. Blanks ( ) in either perand are treated as decimal zers ( ). c. Zne bits ther than the sign bit f the perand and the zne bits f the sentinel are ignred and d nt appear in the result. d. f the length f ARa is equal t r greater than L, the instructin is terminated when L characters have been added t ARa. e. f the length f ARa is less than L, decimal zers are substituted fr the first sentinel encuntered in ARa and fr all higher rder psitins f ARa, up t and including the Lth psitin. A sentinel is then inserted int the psitin immediately t the left f the Lth psitin f ARa, and additin prceeds. f. Carries are prpagated up t the sentinel psitin. A carry int the sentinel des nt alter the sentinel, but causes decimal verflw. g. When decimal verflw ccurs, the AD instructin is terminated, and an interrupt is initiated which causes a transfer f cntrl t the decimal verflw 'interrupt entry, a fixed hardware lcatin. h. Decimal verflw interrupt can be inhibited either manually n the system cnsle, r by prgrammed instructin. f interrupt has been inhibited, a testable indicatr is set when verflw ccurs. i. The result f an AD instructin is recrded in testable indicatrs as fllws: f sum = 0, KZR (ndicatr 37) is set t 1 f sum f. 0, KZR (ndicatr 37) is set t 0 f sum is +, KM (ndicatr 38) is set t 0 f sum is -, KM (ndicatr 38) is set t 1 f verflw, KDF (ndicatr 40) is set t 1 f n verflw, KDF (ndicatr 40) is set t 0 a

59 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS 3 SECTON: PAGE: 27 c j. A decimal zer result is always psiti ve, with the fllwing exceptins: (1) -0 + (-0) = -0 (2) a false zer result (such as that btained by adding 99 and 1, which shuld yield 100 but, n accunt f the sentinel, results in &00) will carry the sign f the full result. Examples: Add the five digit field labeled FLDA t arithmetic register 1. ~ 6 LABEL OPERATON OPERANDS A D 1 _ FLDA, : ~ ) 45!~ AR (befre) \3\2\6\9\8\ & 11 \21 & \ 0 \ 0 \3\4\511 \ ~ \ FLDA \ 3 \ 0 \ ~ \ AR (after) Add the five digit field labeled FLDA t arithmetic register 2. C -, '. ) E F! 6 7 LABEL - OPERATON OPERANDS AD 2 -~ - - AR2 (befre) FLDA AR2 (after) F L D A, & 11 12'10, 0, & ~, ~ 1, , 8 1 &., 1 12, & , ~, l~ 45 1 )...J.._

60 ~ UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS 3 flecton. PAGE SUBTRACT DECMAL Frmat: SDa M, L, X Functin: Perfrm a decimal algebraic subtractin f the L character field whse least significant character is in Mx frm the cntents f AR r 2. and stre the result in AR r 2. Nte: This in,structin perates identically t the ADa instructin, with the sle exceptin that the peratin is a subtractin. Otherwise, the ntes under, the ADa instructin apply. i Examples: Subtract the five digit field labeled FLDA frm arithmetic register 1.,: LABEL OPERATON OPERANDS ~, :!~ SO 1 FLO A 5, ~i, 1 " '- AR1 (befre) FLDA =\3\216\9\8\&\1121& \&\ \~ ~ AR (after) Subtract the five digit field labeled FLDA frm arithmetic register 2. E LABEL OPERATON OPERANDS l'r AR2 (befre) = \ 3\2\6\9\8\' &\1 \2 \ & 0 \ 0 \ 9\ 5\ 0 \ 0 ~ \ S 02 FLO A 5 -'- l.,..""'- _ ~ 45!46j ~ ) J FLDA = 1912\3\0\~\ AR2 (after) l~ -~-~---

61 UNVAC SYSTEMS SECTON. 3 PAGE. 29 C ADD TO MEMORY Frmat: Functin: AMa M,L, X Perfrm a decimal algebraic additin f the L least significant characters f AR r 2 t the L cnsecutive characters in stre whse least significant character is Mx ' and place the sum in the field at Mx' Ntes: a. Additin is terminated when L characters have been added frm the arithmetic register. b. f a sentinel is encuntered in the arithmetic register befre the Lth character is added, additin prceeds as thugh the sentinel and all characters t the left f the sentinel, up t the Lth psitin, were decimal zers. The cntents f the arithmetic register, hwever, are unchanged. c. Carries are allwed t prpagate up t the Lth character in stre. A carry ccurring when the Lth character is added terminates the additin, and decimal verflw ccurs, causing an interrupt and setting KDF (ndicator 40) t 1. The carry is lst. d. Except fr the sign bit, zne bits are ignred, and they d nt appear in the result. e. A zer result is always psitive, except fr the fllwing cases: (1) -0 + (-0) = -0 (2) A false zer result ccurring when a carry is lst carries the sign f the full true result. f. The results f the AM instructin are recrded in testable indicatrs as fllws: f the sum = 0, KZR (ndicatr 37) is set t 1 f the sum f. 0, KZR (ndicatr 37) is set t 0 f the sum is +, KM (ndicatr 38) is set t 0 f the sum is -, KM (ndicatr 38) is set t 1 f verflw, KDF (ndicatr 40) is set t 1 f n verflw, KDF (ndicatr 40) is set t 0

62 Re.v.l UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS CENTRAL PROCESSOR SECTON: 3 PAGE. 30 Examples: Add the 5 least significant characters f arithmetic register 1 t the field labeled FLDA. LABEL OPERATON OPERANDS A F L D A 5 ' ARl (befre & after) FLDA (befre) = FLDA (after) = = &11121&lll415111~ ~ ~1, LABEL, 7 11 Add the 5 least significant characters f arithmetic register 2 t the field labeled FLDA. OPERATON OPERANDS AM2 F L D A,. S.i ' AR2 (befre & after) FLDA (befre) = FLDA (after) = = &111 ~ ~ ~1 1 45!46j

63 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS SECTON: 3 PAC;E: 31 C: SUBTRACT FROM MEMORY Frmat: Functin: SMa M, L, X Perfrm a decimal algebraic subtractin f the L least significant characters f AR1 r 2 frm the L characters whse least significant character is at Mx' and stre the difference in the field at Mx' Nte: Example: This instructin perates identically t the AMa instructin, except that the peratin is a subtractin. Otherwise, the ntes under the AMa instructin apply. ~ ~ 6 '- LABEL Subtract the 5 least significant characters f AR2 frm the 5 characters at BLNCE. OPERATON S M 2 OPERANDS B L N C E, 15 ~ :, ) AR2 (befre & after) BLNCE (befre) BLNCE (after) s & ; 1 s ; sl~1 c

64 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS 3 CENTRAL PROCESSOR SECTON. PAGE MUL TPL Y NON-CUMULATVE Frmat: MPN,L C) Functin: Ntes: Clear arithmetic register 1 t decimal zers; multiply the multiplicand in arithmetic register 2 by the L least significant characters f MLR (tetrads 20 and 21); stre the prduct, withut sentinel, in arithmetic register 1. a. Bth the multiplicand and the multiplier must be psitined by previus instructins. The multiplier must be stred in the least significant character psitins f tetrads 20 and 21 (MLR) and must be preceded by decimal zers if less than eight characters. This field is eight characters lng and is treated as ne field. The L specifies the L least significant characters f the field. b. The length f the multiplicand is determined by the sentinel in AR2. This implies that the multiplicand must be laded in AR2 by means f a BD2 instructin, rather than a BA2 instructin. N blanks shuld appear in the multiplicand field. c. The number f characters in the multiplicand plus the number f characters in the multiplier must nt exceed 16. The prduct is limited t the sixteen character psitins f AR1. f the number f characters in the prduct exceeds 16, undetected verflw may ccur. A carry frm the 16th psitin f AR1 will cause a detected decimal verflw which will set indicatr 40 and cause a class f-~\ interrupt unless interrupt is inhibited. '0 The fllwing are permissible cmbinatins in multiplicatin. L (number f characters) in MLR Allwable length f multiplicand in AR ,8 1 8 d. The sign f the prduct is gverned by nrmal algebraic rules. Like signs yield a psitive prduct, and unlike signs yield a negative prduct. e. f a sentinel appears in the least significant character psitin f AR2, the multiplicand is cnsidered t be -0 and, depending n the sign f the multiplier, AR1 is cleared t either minus zers r plus zers. f. Multiplicatin destrys the cntents f MLR (tetrads 20 and 21) but leaves the multiplicand in AR2 unaltered.

65 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS 3 SECTON. PAGE; 33 c g. The result f the MPN instructin is recrded in the testable indicatrs as fllws: f prduct = 0, KZR (ndicatr 37) is set t 1 f prduct - 0, KZR (ndicatr 37) is set t 0 f prduct is +, KM (ndicatr 38) is set t 0 f prduct is -, KM (ndicatr 38) is set t 1 f verflw ccurs, KDF (ndicatr 40) is set t 1. h. The index register and M prtins f the instructin are ignred. When an MPN instructin is cded, a blank expressin must be written fr the M prtin. Example: g ~ J l... Multiply a five digit multiplicand by a ne digit multiplier. The first tw instructins psitin the multiplicand and the multiplier. LABEL OPERATON OPERANDS : \ ) ! BT K 5, M L R B D 2 RAT E, 5,\ !- M, PN, 1 ~ 1 ~ (Nte: n the illustratins belw, the x's represent characters the values f which are immaterial t the MPN instructin.) Befre the MPN instructin is executed: } 1 AR = x x x x x x x x x ' x x x x x x x AR2 MLR =1 xl xl xl xlxl xl xlxl xl xl & ; al al a lal a la al~ The multiplicand is 66377, and the multiplier is 5. After the MPN instructin is executed: AR = a a a a a a 1 a a a a s lsi ~ AR2 =1 xl xl xix xl xl x xl x xl & ; MLR x xl x xlx x x ~

66 UNVAC 1060 SYSTEMS 3 CENTRAL PROCESSOR SECTON: PAGE,. 34 \ MULTPLY CUMULATVE Frmat: MPC.L Functin: Multiply the multiplicand in arithmetic register 2 by the L least significant characters f MLR (tetrads 20 t 21), and add the prduct t the cntents f arithmetic register 1. Ntes: This instructin perates identically t the MPN instructin, with the fllwing differences: a. AR1 is nt cleared t zer. b. Any sentinel in AR1 is treated as a decimal zer. c. When the prduct is added t the cntents f AR1, the abslute values f the prducts and f AR1 are added, and AR1 takes the sign f the prduct. d. KZR is nt affected if the cumulative prduct is O. e. f a carry ccurs beynd the mst significant character psitin f AR1, KDF (ndicatr 40) is set t 1 and decimal verflw ccurs. The carry is lst, f. Blanks in either AR1 r AR2 will result in an errneus prduct. ~ LABEL Example: Multiply a five digit multiplicand by a ne digit multiplier. AR1 cntains the value OPERATON OPERANDS 7 11, lJ BT K 5, M L R 1 -.l \.1 - B D 2 RAT E, 5 MPC, J : _ t l \

67 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS 3 SECTON: PAGE: 35 (Nte: n the illustratins belw, the x's represent characters the values f which are immaterial t the MPC instructin.) Befre the MPC instructin is executed: AR1 = \ x \ x \ x \ x \ xl & 7\1 6\ 3\ 3\ \3 1 ; 1 AR2 = \ x 1 x 1 xl xl x \ x \ x \ xl x 1 xl & \ 7\ ; MLR ~ 1 The multiplicand is 66377, and the multiplier is 5. After the MPC instructin is executed: AR1 = x 1 xl x 1 x xl x 7\1 1 6 \3\ ; AR2 = 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x \ x \ x 1 x 1 x 1 x \ & \61 6 \3 \7 \; 1 MLR xlxlxlxlx x x x \ (66377 x 5 = ) c.....'

68 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS 3!'ECTON. PA<aE DVDE Frmat: DV,L Functin: Ntes: Divide the dividend in arithmetic register 1 by the divisr in arithmetic register 2 and stre an L character qutient in the L least significant character psitins f QTN (tetrads 20 and 21). a. The sign f the qutient is determined by nrmal algebraic rules. b. The maximum size f the qutient is eight characters. c. The length f the divisr is specified by the sentinel in AR2. d. The length f the dividend must be equal t the length f the divisr plus the qutient, L. f the length f the dividend is less, ARl must be extended by padding decimal zers. e. The abslute value f the divisr shifted L psitins t the left must be greater than the abslute value f the dividend. f it isn't, an mprper Divide (Class ) interrupt ccurs and KDF (ndicatr 40) is set t ne. f. The length f the qutient plus the length f the divisr cannt be greater than 16; therwise the qutient will be incrrect. g. f n sentinel is present in AR2, the cmputer stalls n the DV instructin. h. f a sentinel is present in the least significant psitin f AR2, the cmputer stalls n the DV instructin. i. The remainder, if any, is stred in AR1, and carries the sign f the riginal dividend. j. The M and X prtins f the instructin are ignred. Hwever, a blank expressin must be cded fr the M expressin. k. Blanks cannt be substi tuted fr decimal zers in this instructin. Example: Divide a five digit field in ARl by a tw digit field in AR2, and stre a fur digit qutient in QTN (tetrads 20 and 21). 11 OPERATON DV 4 OPERANDS 30 (Nte: The x's in the illustratins represent characters which are immaterial in the peratin f the divide instructin.)

69 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS SECTON: 3 37 PAGE. Befre the DV instructin is executed, * AR = \ \7 12 \3 \ ~ 1 AR2 = 1 x 1 x 1 x x 1 x x 1 x \ x x 1 x x x x & 11 ~ QTN x \ x x x x x x x after the DV instructin is executed, AR = x x x 1 x x 1 x x x x x x x x x 10! ~ AR2 = 1 x x x x x x x x x x 1 x x 1 x 1 & 11 ~ Q TN x x x \ x ~ * f the qutinet were desired, it culd be btained by specifying L as 6 and using a dividend f c

70 UNVAC SYSTEMS 3 CENTRAL PROCESSOR SECTON: PAGE: ADD BNARY Frmat: ABa M, L, X r~ '-/ 1", Functin: Perfrm a binary additin f the L least significant characters f AR r 2 t the L characters in stre whse least significant character is in Mx and place the sum inthe field at Mx. Ntes: a. The ABa instructin adds frm ARa int memry, i.e., the slm api>ears in Mx. ' b. The cntents f the arithmetic register are nt changed, unless Mx addresses either arithmetic register in which case the cntents f the tw registers culd be added r the cntent f ne arithmetic register culd be added t itself. c. The instructin specifies L characters; therefre the number f bits invlved is always 6L. d. N algebraic signs are assciated with the perands. e. A carry beynd the mst significant bit f the perand in stre is lst, but KNB (ndicatr 39) is set t O. f. f there is n carry beynd the mst significant bit f the perand in stre, KNB C" ''', (ndicatr 39) is set t 1. ' g. f the cntents f the L stre psitins are binary zers after the additin, KZR (ndicatr 37) is set t 1; therwise, it is set t O. Example: ~, J_ LA8EL "" Add, in binary, three characters frm AR2 t TOTAL. OPERATON OPERANDS, ), ~ 45!46j A 82 TOTAL, 3 ) _ AR2 (befre = & after) TOTAL (befre) TOTAL (after) = = 1 x x x 1 x x x x x 1 x 1 x x 1 x 1 x (ctal ) A 51 w (ctal )' E 91 z (ctal )

71 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS CENTRAL PROCESSOR SECTON: 3 PAGE: 39 c: SUBTRACT BNARY Frmat: SBa M, L, X ~ Functin: Perfrm a binary subtractin f the L least significant characters f AR r 2 frm the L characters in stre (whse least significant character is in Mx)' and place the binary difference in the field at Mx. Ntes: a. The SBa instructin subtracts the cntents f ARa frm Mx placing the difference in Mx. b. The cntents f the arithmetic register are nt changed, unless Mx addresses either arithmetic register. c. The instructin specifies L characters; therefre the number f bits invlved is always 6L. d. N algebraic signs are assciated with the perands. e. This instructin adds the 2's cmplement f the value in the arithmetic register t the value in stre. f. Carries prpagate up t, but nt beynd, the mst significant bit f the field in stre. A carry beynd the mst significant bit is lst, but sets ndicatr 39 t 1. f there is n carry KNB (ndicatr 39) is set t O. This differs frm the setting described under the ABa instructin, because a carry beynd the mst significant bit indicates that the result in Mx is the true difference. f there is n carry, the result is the cmplement f the true difference. g. f the cntents f the L character psitins are binary zers after the subtractin, KZR (ndicatr 37) is set t 1; therwise it is set t O. Example: Subtract, in binary, the 3 least significant characters f AR2 frm QNTY. LABEL OPERATON OPERANDS,: t } ! '" S B 2 ~ } QNTY, LJ c AR2 (befre & after) QNTY (befre) = QNTY{after) x x x x 1 x 1 x x 1 x x 1 x 1 x x x (ctal ) s 16 K (ctal ) - ] # 1 (ctal )

72 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS SECTON. 3 PAGE ADD CHARACTER Frmat: AC M,C,X Functin: Add, in binary, the character C t the cntents f Mx' and stre the sum in Mx. Ntes: a. The binary value cntained in the last six bit psitins f the instructin is the increment. b. The binary sum is stred at Mx. c. Carries are allwedt prpagate int Mx-1 and as far as necessary. d. A carry beynd the mst significant bit f Mx sets KNB (ndicatr 39) t 0; if there is n carry beynd this psitin, KNB is set t 1. e. The arithmetic registers are nt affected by this instructin, unless Mx addresses a character in AR1 r AR2. Example: Add the binary equivalent f a decimal 25 (011001) t the character labeled COUNT. 'r: tt LABEL 7 11 OPERATON ~ OPERANDS ~ AC CO U NT 2 5 : ~ 45!4ll COUNT (befre) = decimal 25 COUNT (after) = decimal 50 LABEL, 7 11 ~~ This instructin may als be written as OPERATON OPERANDS, :, 45!46/ AC COU NT, F ' Since is the UNVAC 1050 character cde fr the letter F, it may als be written as

73 UNVAC 1060 SYSTEMS CENTRAL PROCESSOR SECTON PAGE. '( LABEL OPERATON OPERANDS r _" AC COUNT, n all three cases, the assembler prduces the bit cnfiguratin \ 4S!.w

74 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS SECTON. 3 PAGE COMPARSON NSTRUCTONS These instructins cmpare tw values, and the result f the cmparisn is recrded in the fllwing indicatrs: c NDCATOR NAME KH (High ndicatr) KEQ (Equal ndicatr) KUQ (Unequal ndicatr) KLO (Lw ndicatr) NUMBER The settings f these indicatrs can be tested by the prgram and apprpriate actin can be taken !' Neither f the tw fields invlved in the cmparisn is changed as a result f the cmparisn. The frmats f the cmparisn instructins are x OPERANDS 30 c and OPERANDS where OP is the mnemnic peratin cde, a is 1 r 2, specifying the arithmetic register t be used,

75 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS SECTON: 3 43 PAGE:.. 0 M is an perand address, L is an expressin specifying perand length, C may be - a single alphanumeric character enclsed in apstrphes, - a decimal number ranging frm 0 thrugh 63, - an ctal number ranging frm 0 thrugh 077, - a symblic expressin, X is an index register expressin. C~ ~.

76 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS SECTON: 3 PAQE: 44 i COMPARE DECMAL Frmat: Functin: CDa M, L, X Cmpare algebraically a signed number cmpri sing all digits t the right f the rightmst sentinel in AR1 r 2 t a signed numeric field f L (maximum f L is 16) decimal digits, starting with the least significant digit lcatin at Mx' Except fr the sign bit zne prtins are ignred; all characters are treated as decimal digits. * Ntes: a. f the signs f the tw fields are unlike, the cmparisn is terminated immediately. b. f n sentinel is present in the specified arithmetic register, all sixteen characters f the register are used in the cmparisn. c. f there is a difference in the field lengths f the tw perands, decimal zers are assumed in the implied high rder psitins f the shrter field, i.e., if ne field is five characters lng and the ther is eight characters lng, the CD instructin assumes that the five character field is preceded by three decimal zers. d. Cmparisn stps upn lcating a sign difference r when the mst significant character f the lnger field has been cmpared algebraically. e. The result f the algebraic cmparisn is stred in testable indicatrs as fllws: 0 V Result f Cmparisn** Status f ndicatrs after Cmparisn ndicatr Number (ctal) ndicatr Number (decimal) Suggested Mnemnic KH KEQ KUQ (High) (Equal) (Unequal) (ARa) = (Mx) (ARa) < (Mx) (ARa) > (Mx) KLO (Lw) * Cmpare Binary shuld be emplyed lr cmparisns invlving alphabetics (ARa) means "the cntents 01 ARa", and (M ) means "the cntents 01 M ". K X

77 UNVAC SYSTEMS 3 SECTON. PAGE. 45 Example: Cmpare decimally the five character field at CONST with the seven character field in AR2. 1= t; 7 LABEL ".. OPERATON OPERANDS !~ fl., c D 2 CON S T, 5 - :! 1- AR2 (befre ) & (after) CONST (befre) = & (after) = x x x x x x x x & t lsi ~ The CD instructin assumes that CONST is a seven character field and treats it as if it were Since the cntents f AR2 are greater than the cntents f CONST. the KH and KUQ indicatrs are set.

78 UNVAC SYSTEMS CENTRAL PROCESSOR SECTON: 3 PAGlE: COMPARE BNARY Frmat: CBa M, L, X Functin: Perfrm an abslute binary cmparisn f the L least significant character psitins f AR1 r 2 t the L characters whse least significant lcatin is at Mx' Ntes: a. The cmparisn is an abslute binary cmparisn; therefre the peratin cntinues until L characters have been cmpared. b. Since L specifies a length in terms f characters, the number f bits invlved in the cmparisn is 6 L. c. The result f the cmparisn is recrded in the testable indicatrs as fllws: Result f Cmparisn Status f ndicatrs after Cmparisn ndicatr Number (ctal) ndicatr NQmber (decimal) Suggested Mnemnic KH KEQ KUQ KLO (High) (Equal) (Unequal) (Lw) C Example: (ARa) = (Mx) (ARa) < (Mx) (ARa) > (Mx) Cmpare the tw characters at CODEX against the tw e ast significant characters f ARl. P.E RA N D S CODEX = rn ( ) AR1 = x 1 x x 1 x 1 x x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x x 1 x 1 x 1 B 1 2 1( ) Since the abslute binary value in AR1 is less than that in Mx' the KUQ (35) and KLO (36) ndicatrs are set t 1. c' ~ ~

79 UNVAC SYSTEMS SECTON. 3-B PAGlE: 47 c COMPARE CHARACTER - CC M, C, X Functin: Perfrm an abslute binary cmparisn f the character represented by C t the character in Mx. Ntes: a. C may be a single alphanumeric character enclsed in apstrphes, a decimal number ranging frm 0 thrugh 63, an ctal number ranging frm 0 thrugh 77, r a symblic expressin. b. The result f the cmparisn is stred in the testable indicatrs as fllws: C) Result f Cmparisn ndicatr Number (ctal) Status f ndicatrs after Cmparisn ndicatr Number (decimal) Suggested Mnemnic KH KEQ (High) (Equal) KUQ (Unequal) KLO (Lw) C = (Mx) t 1 C < (M x) 0 0 C> (Mx) t Example: Cmpare the character at KEY1 against the character D OPERANDS c f KEY1 cntains the character G (011010), the character D (010111) is less than KEY1, the Unequal (35) and Lw (36) ndicatrs are set t 1. t Unchangefl.

80 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS 3-B tjp CENTRAL' PROCESSDR S_E_C_T_O~N~: ~P~A*G~E~: ~ ~ ~ ~i; LOGCAL COMPARE - LC M, C, X Functin: Test the character at Mx fr the presence f 1 bit in every bit psitin that crrespnds t thse bit psitins f C which cntain 1 bits. Ntes: a. Only thse crrespnding bit psitins in Mx and C cntaining 1 bits are cmpared. All ther bits are ignred. \' b. f all bit psitins in Mx that crrespnd t the 1 bits in C are als 1 bits, Mx and C are cnsidered t be equal, and KEQ is set. Otherwise, C is cnsidered t be higher in value. c. f C is binary zers, Mx and C are cnsidered t be equal, regardless f the cntents f Mx' d. The.result f the cmparisn is recrded in the testable indicatrs as fllws: Result f Cmparisn Status f ndicatrs after Cmparisn ndicatr Number (ctal) ndicatr Number (decimal) Suggested Mnemnic KH KEQ KUQ KLO (High) (Equal) (Unequal) (Lw) '> C = (Mx) t 1 0 t C t- (Mx) Example: Cmpare the 1 bits f the character '8' with the 1 bits f the character at CODE. r: (r.r 7 - LABEL OPERATON OPERANDS : 0 ) 11, i461, LC CODE, 8 ' ' t Unchanged. ", l ~'",

81 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS 3 CENTRAL PROCESSOR SECTON: PAGE: 49 c Since the UNVAC 1050 bit cnfiguratin fr the character '8' is , CODE will be cnsidered equal t 8 if the first, secnd, and furth bits (cunting frm the rightmst bit) f CODE are 1 bits. Therefre the fllwing bit cnfiguratins will set the Equal ndicatr: (8) (H) (Q) (V) ([) (#) (~) (J:() Any ther bit cnfiguratins will set the KUQ and KH ndicatrs. c'

82 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS SECTON. 3 PAGE SEQUENCE CONTROL NSTRUCTONS Nrmally the instructins in a UNVAC 1050 prgram are accessed and executed sequentially, i.e., in the rder that they appear in main stre. Whenever the cnditins f the prgram require a break in this nrmal sequence, the sequence cntrl instructins are used. n the nrmal, sequential executin f instructins, the cntrl cunter is autmatically incremented by five whenever an instructin is executed. This prvides the cntrl unit with the address f the next instructin t be accessed by the cntrl register. Sequence cntrl instructins verride this nrmal incrementatin by changing the cntents f the cntrl cunter. This transfers prgram cntrl t sme instructin which is nt in sequence. The frmat f a sequence cntrl instructin is E ~, 7 LABEL OPERATON OPERANDS OP M,, X - \1.-. _ r E LABEL OPERATON OPERANDS t'r l - ~ P M, N, X where P is the mnemnic peratin cde, J i ~ { i- Cl ) 45!48, M is the label f an instructin, is an expressin identifying an indicatr, N is an expressin giving a number, X is an index register expressin. n sme special frms f sequence cntrl instructins, the expressin is implied by the peratin cde, in which case the instructin is written as fllws: [ LABEL OPERATON OP.:RAHDS? 7 11, OP i M X, ~ ).i- -!.

83 UP 3912 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS SECTON. 3 PAGE. 51 C JUMP Frmat: Functin: J M,X Transfer prgram cntrl uncnditinally t the instructin labeled Mx. Example: Transfer prgram cntrl uncnditinally t the instructin labeled ENDRN. LABEL OPERATON OPERANDS ~, J ---- END R N "..._- --L_ JUMP F GREATER Frmat: JG M,X Cc; JUMP F EQUAL Frmat: JE M,X JUMP F UNEQUAL Frmat: JU M,X JUMP F SMALLER Frmat: Functin: JS M, X Test the cmparisn indicatr specified by the peratin cde. f the indicatr is set t 1, transfer cntrl t the instructin labeled Mx; if it is set t 0, execute the next instructin in sequence. Ntes: a. These fur cnditinal jump instructins are nt available with the PAL Jr. System which is emplyed n the 4096 character strage capacity Central Prcessr. The PAL Jr. System uses the Jump Cnditinal instructin with indicatr 33 fr Jump if Greater, 34 fr Jump if Equal, 35 fr Jump if Unequal, and 36 fr Jump if Smaller. b. These instructins are used in cnjunctin with the cmparisn instructins (CT, CDa, CBa, CC, and LC). After a cmp&risn instructin has been executed, ne r mre f the cmparisn indicatrs (KH, KEQ, KUQ, KLO) is set. The cmparisn jumps test these indicatrs. c. f a secnd expressin appears n a line, it is interpreted as an index register expressin.

84 UNVAC SYSTEMS 3 CENTRAL PROCESSOR SECTON: PAGE. 52 Example: A cmparisn instructin has just been executed. f the Equal ndicatr was set as a result f the cmparisn, transfer cntrl t the instructin labeled HEADR. r--"" '0 OPERATON OPERANDS 30 HE A D R ' c

85 . -w-'-...,-., '_"4w-., UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS 3-B CENTRAL PROCESSOR SECTON: PAGE: 53 HAL T. THEN JUMP - JHJ M, X Functin: Stp the cmputer. When the Prgram Start buttn n the cnsle is depressed, transfer prgram cntrl t the instructin labeled Mx' Ntes: a. This instructin is prvided t allw the prgram t stp'the cmputer and await sme actin n the part f the peratr befre prcessing is resumed. b. When the cmputer stps, the cntrl cunter already cntains the address f the instructin t be executed when the Prgram Start buttn is depressed. JUMP DSPLAY - JD M, X Functin: Stp the cmputer and display the binary value at Mx n the cnsle dis play lights. When the Prgram Start buttn n the cnsle is depressed, execute the next instructi n in sequence. Nte: The ntes under the JHJ instructin apply, except that Mx is ignred and is used fr display purpses nly. When the Prgram Start buttn is depressed, cntrl is transferred t the next instructin in sequence.' \

86 SECTON: 3-B PAGE. 54 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS CENTRAL PRDCESSOR JUMP CONDTONAL* - JC M,, X Functin: Transfer cntrl accrding t the specificatin. Ntes: Cnditinal 1. The fllwing indicatrs are assciated with arithmetic peratins. ndicatr Cntrl is transferred t Mx if: 37 (KZR) The result f the last arithmetic peratin was zer., 38 (KM) The result f the last decimal arithmetic peratin was negative. 39 (KNB) N verflw ccurred in the last binary add peratin r verflw did ccur in last binary subtract peratin. 40 (KDF) Decimal verflw ccurred since the las t test fr this cnditin. ** 2. The fllwing values f test the Sense ndicatrs. The Sense ndicatrs are devices which are set and reset by prgram instructins (See Uncnditinal, Nte 1). The Sense ndicatrs exist as a cnvenience fr the prgrammer; while the cmparisn indicatrs are set and reset as a result f a cmparisn, the Sense ndicatrs may be set and reset arbitrarily. ndicatr 53 Cntrl is transferred t Mx if: Sense ndicatr 1 is set t 1. r <'_J/' " i Sense ndicatr 2 is set t 1. Sense ndicatr 3 is set t The fllwing indicatrs test the setting f the Sense Switches, which are set and reset manually. These Sense Switches are n the cnsle. ndicatr Cntrl is transferred t Mx if: Sense Switch 1 is ON Sense Switch 2 is ON Sense Switch 3 is ON * A listin~ f the varius values f and f their si~nificance is prvided n pa~e 3-E-4 * KDF is reset t zer. when tested. A11 ther indicatrs are unaffected by testinq.

87 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS 3 CENTRAL PROCESSDR SECTON: PAGE: 55 c Uncnditinal a. The fllwing indicatrs set and reset the testable Sense ndicatrs (See Cnditinal, Nte b). The Sense ndicatrs are nt tested. After they are set'r reset, the instructin causes an uncnditinal transfer f cntrl t Mx' ndicatr Functin Set Sense ndicatr 1 t 1 and jump t Mx' Set Sense ndicatr 2 t 1 and jump t Mx' Set Sense ndicatr 3 t 1 and jump t Mx' Reset Sense ndicatr 1 t 0 and jump t Mx' Reset Sense ndicatr 2 t 0 and jump t Mx' Reset Sense ndicatr 3 t 0 and jump t Mx' b. The indicatrs 00 and 24 cause an uncnditinal transfer f cntrl t Mx' i.e., they cause the JC instructin t perate identically t the J instructin. The J instructin is actually a JC instructin which the assembler autmatically supplies with the indicatr 00. C:: c. The indicatrs 32 and 56 d nt test any f the hardware indicatrs. Cntrl is always transferred t the next instructin in sequence; in ther wrds, a JC instructin with an expressin f either 32 r 56 is a skip, r a N-Operatin instructin. d. ndicatr 41 stres the settings f cmparisn indicatrs 33 and 34 and the arithmetic indicatrs in Mx' t is unnecessary t stre indicatrs 35 and 36 (unequal and lw) with indicatrs 33 and 34 (high and equal) stred. These indicatrs are stred in character Mx in the fllwing rder: 40, 39, 38, 37, 34, 33. Example: ndicatr 42 sets indicatrs frm Mx' Be careful that indicatr 40 (decimal verflw) is set prperly. f by setting indicatr 42 indicatr 40 is set, a Class interrupt will be caused. f the result f the last arithmetic peratin was zer, transfer cntrl t ZRBAL. t. r ) L,... LABEL OPERATON OPERANDS ~ J C Z R B A L, 3.1 7! i. - C ~' - -".. '

88 ~ ~ ". _. _. ~~~~c,_'" UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS 3 CENTRAL PROCESSOR SECTON: PAGE: JUMP RETURN Frmat: Functin: JR M,, X Test the indicatr specified by 1*. f it is set t 1, stre the address f the next instructin in sequence in the address prtin f the instructin at Mx' Prgram cntrl is then transfer-red t the instructin immediately fllwingthe ne at Mx' Ntes: a. This instructin prvides the prgrammer with the facility f breaking prgram sequence and executing a subrutine; then it returns prgram cntrl t the instructin immediately fllwing the JR instructin. b. n rder that cntrl be returned t the instructin immediately fllwing the JR, the last line f the subrutine must be a J t the same label (M) as the label t which the JR was executed. c. The instructin at Mx must be a J instructin with n index register expressin. The address prtin f this J instructin is usually zer, althugh any value may be placed in it. This prtin is destryed when the JR t that line is executed. d. The JR instructin tests the same indicatrs as thse which the JC instructin des. The nly difference between a JR and a JC instructin, ther than in timing, is that a JR stres the address f the instructin immediately fllowing it in the address prtin f the instructin labeled M and transfers. x cntrl t M + 5, wh1le the JC merely transfers cntrl t M. x x e. Additinal values f are as fllws: ndicatr 16 Functin Stp the cmputer. When the Prgram Start buttn n the cnsle is depressed, stre the address f the instructin immediately fllwing in the address prtin f the instructin at Mx' and transfer cntrl t Mx (KH) f the High ndicatr is set, stre the address f the instructin immediately fllwing in the address prtin f the instructin at Mx' and transfer cntrl t Mx (KEQ) f the Equal ndicatr is set, stre the address f the instructin immediately fllwing in the address prtin f the instructin at Mx' and transfer cntrl t Mx + 5. * A listing f the varius values f Bnd f their si~nificance is prvided in Table 4,,1, Page 4-4.

89 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS SECTON: 3-B PACJE: 57 Example: 35 (KUQ) 36 (KLO) f the Unequal indicatr is set, stre the address f the instructin immediately fllwing in the address prtin f the instructin at Mx' and transfer cntrl t Mx + 5. f the Lw ndicatr is set, stre the address f the instructin immediately fllwing in the addressprtin f the instructin at Mx' and transfer cntrl t M + 5. x A binary subtract instructin has just been executed. f n verflw has ccurred, the result is the cmplement f the true result, and must be recmplemented. The subrutine whse first instructin is RCMPL must be perfrmed..-fn either case, prcessing must cntinue whether r nt the recmplementatin subrutine has. been executed. Test fr binary verflw; if nne has ccurred, perfrm the subrutine whse first line is labeled RCMPL; therwise, cntinue prcessing. OPERATON J R PL,KNB OPERANDS The line labeled RCMPL might be OPERANDS f the JR instructin abve ~ffects effectively, a transfer f cntrl, this line will becme, \ ~ 7 LABEL OPERATON OPERANOS ReM P L J T EST + 5 i 1...-~ V \ 45 14d,

90 ECTON: UNVAC 1060 SYSTEMS 3-B 58 CENTRAL PRDCESSOR PAGE: and the last line f the subrutine must be c LABEL OPERATON OPERANDS ~, : L.- -- J ReM P L - - -' - which will transfer cntrl t TEST / \ c; i!

91 c UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS 3-B SECTON: JUMP LOOP - JL M, N, X PAGE: 59 Functin: Test the N prtin f the instructin against binary zers (000000). f equal, execute the next instructin in sequence. f unequal, decrement the N prtin by a binary 1 (000001) and restre the new value f N in the N prtin f the instructin in main stre. f the new value f N is still unequal t , transfer prgram cntrl t the instructin at Mx; therwise,execute the next instructin in sequence. Ntes: a The N prtin f the instructin is never decremented past b. The N prtin serves as the wrking cunter fr the instructin. His decremented by every time that the JL instructin is executed. c. The maximum value f N is 63. c 't ~ 7 \ R d. After N has been decremented t , N must be reset by a prgram instructin (usually an SC instructin) t its riginal value. Otherwise, N will.remain at the next time that the JL instructin is executed. Example: Execute the subrutine, the first line f which is labeled BNAD, 9 times. The line f the subrutine may be cded as fllws: LABEL OPERATON OPERANDS 11, PTA -D J L B N AD, t is recmmended that the next line be :, j ) LABEL OPERATON OPERANDS :. ~ , :4' ~ \... - SC R PTA D + 4, s that, when the N prtin f the line labeled RPT AD is decremented t , it is reset t its riginal value f 9.

92 SECTON. 3-B PAGE. 60 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS CENTRAL PROCESSOR 6 EDTNG NSTRUCTONS The editing instructins in the UNVAC 1050 instructin repertire are used t alter the frm f infrmatin in stre by means ther than arithmetic instructins. The frmats f editing instructins are: c t ~ 6 LABEL OPERAT<10N OPERANDS ~ :46,, 0 P a 1 M L X.1 it i L1 1. J P M L, X,( P n M, S, X : ). ~ OP 1.L M.J C X L J-J \ where OP is a mnemnic peratin cde, a is 1 r 2, specifying an arithmetic register, n is the number f characters invlved in a bit shift, M is an expressin specifying an perand address, L is an expressin specifying perand length, S is an expressin specifying the number f bit psitins that an perand is t be shifted, C is a six bit editing pattern, and X is an index register expressin.

93 UNVAC SYSTEMS SECTON: 3-B PAGE: 61 c TRANSLATE - TR M, L, X Functin: Replace the L characters whse least significant character is in Mx using a translatin table. Ntes: a. The maximum value f L is 64.. b. A translatin table may cnsist f a maximum f 64 characters stred in any rw f stre frm The rw number must be prgram sl;lt in abslute lcatin 72 (TRO). c. The Mx expressin specifies the lcatin f the least significant character t be translated. Translatin wrks frm the least significant t the mst significant character, until the number f characters specified by L have been.. translated. d. The TR instructin replaces each character in the field t be translated with a character selected frm the rw specified by TRO.. The basis fr selecting the replacemj:!nt character is the binary value f the character t be replaced. The binary value f any six bit character ranges frm zer (000000) thrugh 63 (111111). This binary value prvides the character address f the particular six bit cnfiguratin within the specified rw which is t replace the character. n ther wrds, a character with a binary value f zer (000000) is replaced by whatever character is prestred in psitin 0 f the translate rw; a character with a binary value f 1 (000001) is replaced by whatever character is prestred in psitin 1 f the translate rw; and s n. e. The cntents f the translate rw are nt altered by the instructin, unless the translate rw itself is translated. f. f L is greater than 15, L may nt be implied by means f a previus definitin (cf. AREA Directive).

94 3-B 62 ~ UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS S.E~C~T'~O~N~: ~~PA~G~E~: ~ ~ Example: A three character field cntaining the bit cnfiguratins is labeled FLD. These bit cnfiguratins are the 90 clumn card cdes fr the characters ABC. FLD is t be printed and must be tnitfslated frm 90 clumn card cde t UNVAC 1050 XS 3 cde. The translatin table is in Rw 10 (lcatins ). The first in~tructin places the rw number in TRO. \~ ~ lj LABEL OPERATON OPERANDS :46 S C T R 0, T T R F L D 1, FLD (befre) = clumn equivalent = A B C \ >.( Decimal value Character psitin Rw 10 (010101) (010100).. (010110). () 1050 equivalent B A C FLD (after) = equivalent A B C. C ',

95 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS 3 SECTON: PAQE: 63 c EDT Frmat: ED M, L,X Functin: Edit the L least significant characters f arithmetic register 1 int the stre psitins whse least significant character is Mx under cntrl f the pattern in AR2. Ntes: a. The maximum value f L plus E is 16. * b. The edit instructin facilitates the fllwing peratins n a data field eliminatin f the sign bit translatin f the sign t a frm suitable fr printing insertin f punctuatin (any alphanumeric character in the data field: c. Data in AR is placed in the designated strage, in character psitins that crrespnd t the lcatin f and J::( characters in AR2. d. f the least significant character in AR2 is (.~ - a minus sign (000010), tw functins will be perfrmed: if the field in AR is negative, a minus sign is placed in Mx; if the field is psitive, a blank is pl,aced in Mx' the least significant character in AR is transferred t ~-1 and binary, zers are placed in the zne bits. J::( a lzenge (111111), the numeric bits f the least significant character f AR are cpied in t lcatin Mx' and binary zer s are placed in the zne bits f an "at" character (100000), the least significant character f AR is cpied int Mx withut alteratin. Any ther character appearing in the least significant character psitin f AR2 is transferred t lcatin ~ unaltered. e. Except as nted in nte d, any character in AR 2, ther than is transferred unaltered t a crrespnding psitin in the designated strage area; causes the crrespnding character in ARt t be transferred t the designated strage area unaltered. f. The number characters in AR2 must be at least equal t the number f characters specified by L. E = number f characters inrerted int the edited field.

96 UP-39l2 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS 3, 64 CENTRAL PROCESSOR SECTON', PACilE,. ~ L 6 LABEL Examples: Edit the 10 least significant characters f ARl accrding t the pattern cntained in AR2, placing the edited field in the lcatins whse least significant character is labeled TOTAL. OPERATON OPERANDS : ~ 7 11,, } 45!461 ED TOT A LJ , _/'" L " ) ARl = s 191 t ' After the instructin is executed, the field labeled TOTAL cntains Character psitin TOTAL is blank because the field is psitive. f it were negative, TOTAL wuld cntain Edit the 8 least significant characters f AR1 accrding t the pattern in AR2 and stre the edited field in the field labeled TOTAL. \ 6 LABEL OPERATON.OPERANDS \ ) ED TOT A L ' i,.l i J - - ) -... J AR1 = \3 14 [ s 19 0 AR2 = \ \. After the instructin is executed, TOTAL will cntain r TOTAL...---r'1 X --'--x 1 x--'-- 3.,..--r14 ---r-s -'--1 6 "'---' r-s --'-. 19 """""""1!

97 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS SECTON: 3-B PAGE: 65 c because the minus sign appears in the zne bits f the least significant character in AR1, the least character in AR2 acts as a J:t and the zne bits are nt transferred. (f the zne bits were t be transferred the result wuld be the 1050 character fr the exclamatin pint.) Edit the 8 least significant characters f AR1 accrding t the pattern in AR2 and stre the edited field in the field labeled TOTAL.,~ LABEL ~ 7 ~ -- OPERATON OPERANDS : 0 ) 11, E 0 TOTAL, 8 ARl AR ~ \3 \ s * T 0 T A L After the instructin is executed, TOTAL will cntain , s * T 10 1 T A L c

98 ,----~------~~ SECT~9N: 3-B PAGE: UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS 66 CENTRALPRDCESSa R i ZERO SUPPRESS..., ZS M, L, X ZS$ M, L, X ZS* M, L, X Functin: Beginning at lcatin Mj{ and wrking t the right n a maximum f L characters, replace blanks, zers, and cmmas until a character which is neither a blank, a zer, nr a cmma is encuntered. Ntes: a. n this' instructin, Mx specifies the mst significant character psitin f the field, as the instructin perates n the field frm left t right. b. The maximum value f L is 16. c. A ZS instructin replaces all leading blanks, zers, and cmmas with blanks. d. A ZS$ instructin replaces all leading blanks, zers, and cmmas with blanks, and inserts a dllar sign ($) in the psitin immediately t the left f the first character encuntered which is neither a blank, a zer, nr a cmma. e. A ZS* instructin replaces 'all leading blanks, zers, and cmmas with asterisks (*). f. A cunt (frm 0 t 16), expressed in binary, f the number f characters suppressed is stred by the circuitry in ZCT (abslute lcatin 73). g. f Mx is nt a blank, a zer, r a cmma, and'a ZS$ instructin is executed, a dllar sign is inserted int Mx-. Example: Suppress leading zers, cmmas, and blanks in the field whse mst significant character is labeled TOTAL-S. TOTAL-S thrugh TOTAL = 0 ' ' s 1 ' s1 19 f 0 f the instructin is E ~ 6 7 ~ LABEL OPERATON OPERANDS : ~ 11, !~ ZS TOTAL-15, 1 3 l - -- ~ c ~.~-.. -~ ~~------~---~------

99 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS 3 67 CENTRAL PROCESSOR SECTON: PAGE: a!ter the instructin is executed, the field TOTAL -15 thrugh TOTAL wuld cntain TOTAL -15 ] TOTAL f the instructin is j ~ 6 LABEL OPERATON OPERANDS L Z S,$ TOT A,L ' _ : ki( the field wuld cntain TOTAL -15 j f the instructin is 11\$\i\2\,\3\4\5\,\6\7\8\'\9\01 L TOTAL ~ LABEL OPERATON OPERANDS l\ ,..; l-l Z,S * T,O T,A L _,1.5, 1 ~. 1! / - the field wuld cntain ~ 1 TOTAL-S n all three cases, ZCT wuld cntain a 3 expressed in binary (000011).

100 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS 'ECTON: 3 PAGEl PAD BLANKS Frmat: PD M, L, X PAD ZEROS Frmat: PDO M, L, X Functin: Place decimal zers (000011) r blanks (000000), as indicated by the peratin cde, in the L lcatins whse least significant character is at Mx' T Ntes: a. The arithmetic registers are nt invlved in the peratin f this instructin, unless Mx is the address f a lcatin in either arithmetic register. b. The maximum value f L is 16. Example: Place blanks in the 16 character field whse least significant character psitin is labeled TOTAL. LABEL OPERATON OPERANDS ) , !~ PD TOT A L 1 6 ~" ~ TOT AL (befre) * ~ 1* 11121, , \- TOTAL (after) 1,,' ' " 1 ", 1,,,

101 UNVAC SYSTEMS CENTRAL PROCESSOR SECTON: 3-B PAGE. 69 LOGCAL SUM - LS M, C, X Functin: Fr every bit psitin in C cntaining a ne, place a ne in the crrespnding bit psitin in Mx' Ntes: a. The bit psitins f Mx which crrespnd t thse bit psitins f C cntaining bits are unchanged. b. C is nt altered after the instructin is executed. Example: Superimpse the character n the characters ND1, ND2,and ND3. LABEL 6711 OPERATON L S OPERANDS 30 ND1 (befre) ND1 (after) ND2 (befre) ND2 (after) ND3 (befre),= ND3 (after)

102 3-B SECTON: PAGE, 70 UNVAC 1050 SYSEMS "CENTR-AL -PROCESSOR, ~ LOGCAL PRODUCT - LP M, C, X C ','J Functin: Fr every bit psitin in C cntaining a zer, place a zer in the crrespnding bit ps itin in Mx' Ntes: a. The bit psitins f Mx which crrespnd t thse bit psitins f C cntaining 1 bits are unchanged. b. C is nt altered after the instructin is executed. Example: Extract the three least significant bit psitins f the characters ND4, NDS, and ND6. (C must be ) ~ ~ 6 LABEL OPERATOjq OPERANDS : ~ } 7 ' J,..~-- - L P ND4 7 0 L P ND5 -'- 07 O~ !..- L P N D l L c ND4 (befre) ND4 (after) NDS (befre) NDS (after) ND6(befre) ND6 (after) c

103 UNVAC SYSTEMS 3 SECTON: PAGE: 71 c BT SHFT Frmat: BSn M, S, X Functin: Shift the n characters whse least significant lcatin is Mx ' S bit psitins left, replacing the S least significant bit psitins f Mx with binary zers. Nte that this instructin is a hit shift invlving an integral number f characters. Ntes: a. n may he 1, 2, 3, r 4, specifying the number f six bit characters invlved in the shift. b. S specifies the number f bit psitins that the field is t be shifted left. A maximum shift f 7 is pssible. c. Bits shifted beynd the mst significant bit psitin f the mst signficant character are lst. d. Zers replace the hits shifted ut f the least significant bit psitins f the least significant character(s). Example: Shift the tw character field, DATA3, 3 bit psitins left. ~ ~ 7, L.~ LABEL OPERATON OPERANDS ~ B S 2 D A,T A 3 3 -L ) DATA3-1 thrugh DATA3 (befre) = DATA3-1 thrugh DATA3 (after) = c

104 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS 3 SECTON. PAGE, BT CRCULATE Frmat: BCn M, S, X Functin: Shift the n characters whse least significant lcatin is Mx' S bit psitins left. The Smst significant bits are mved int the S least significant bit psitins f Mx' Nte that this instructin is a bit shift invlving an integral number f characters., L Ntes: a. n may be 1, 2, 3, r 4, specifying the number f six bit characters invlved in the shift. b. S specifies the number f bit psitins that the field is t be shifted left. A maximum shift f 7 is pssible. c. Bits shifted beynd the mst significant bit psitin f the mst significant character are entered int the least significant bit psitins f the least significant character(s). Example: Shift the three character field, DATA4, 5 bit psitins left, circularly. LABEL OPERATON OPERANDS ~.; B C 3 D A T A DATA4-2 thrugh DATA4 (befre) = DA TA4-2 thrugh DATA4 (after) = :~ - J -

105 Rev, 1 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS 3 CENTRAL PROCESSOR SECTON: PAGE: 73 PAGE NO'S, TYPE MNEM OPERANDS CODE NSTRUCTON 3-14 BOa M, L, x BRNG DECMAL -16 BAa M, L, X BRNG ALPHANUMERC -6 BT M, T, X BRNG TETRAD _17 c.: SA M, L, X STORE ARTHMETC REG, W STORE BOTH ARTHMETC SAR M " X ) REGSTERS Z -6 ST M, T. X STORE TETRAD -C c.: _18 - SC M, C, X STORE CHARACTER -10 -C FT M, T, X FX TETRAD - TRANSFER BLOCK FROM -20 -C TF Q M,,X* STORE, NCREMENT -20 TFR M,, X * R:~~~~~RBELS~;'K FROM -22 TTl M Xt TR;~~~~~~~~~~ETNOT -22 TTR M xt TRANSFER BLOCK TO STORE, RESET 3-26 ADa M, L, X ADD DECMAL -38 ABa M, L, X ADD BNARY -29 AMa M, L, X ADD TO MEMORY -7 ~ AT M, T, X ADD TO TETRAD W AC M, C, X ADD CHARACTER ~ -28 :z:: SDa M, L, X SUBTRACT DECMAL -39!:: -31 c.: SBa M, L, X SUBTRACT BNARY -C SMa M, L, X SUBTRACT FROM MEMORY -32 MPN L MULTPLY NON-CUMULAT, APPROXMATE NSTRUCTON EXECUTON TMES N MCROSECONDS L L L , B 90+ 9B B 90+ 9B (L+ Lc); if Mxl > AR~ and signs~, L ,5L ; if ARal > Mxl and signs t L Le (L+ Lc); if MJ > ARa and signs =, L L L; if ARal > Mxt and signs =, L (33.75K+63.5) L -34 MPC L MULTPLY CUMULATVE L (33.75K+63.5) +27 c -36 DV L DVDE 3-44 Z CDa M, L, X COMPARE DECMAL 0 46!!! CBa M, L, X COMPARE BNARY c.: -47 -C CC M, C, X COMPARE CHARACTER a.. -9 ~ CT M, T, X COMPARE TETRAD 0-48 U LC M. C, X LOGCAL COMPARE 3-51 JE M, X JUMP EQUAL -51.J JG M, X JUMP GREATER 0-51 c.: JS M, X JUMP SMALLER - 51 Z 0 JU M, X JUMP UNEQUAL -51 U J M, X JUMP W -54 U JC M,, X JUMP CONDTONAL Z -59 W JL M, N, X JUM;' LOOP -56 :::l a JR M,, X JUMP RETURN W -53 ) JD M, X JUMP DSPLAY -53 JHJ M, X HALT, THEN JUMP : :z:: - L BCn M, S, X BT CRCULATE n BSn M, S, X BT SHFT 3-69 LS M, C, X LOGCAL SUM -70 LP M, C, X LOGCAL PRODUCT -68 PO M, L, X PAD BLANKS -68 PDO M, L, X PAD ZEROS Q ZS M, L,Xt ZERO SUPPRESS W ZERO SUPPRESS AND -66 ZS$ M, L,Xt FLOATNG $ SGN ZERO SUPPRESS WTH -66 ZS* M, L,X * ASTERSK FLL -63 ED M, L, X EDT -61 TR M, L, X TRANSLATE XF NSTRUCTON TME S 72 MCROSECONDS. B = NUMBER OF CHARACTERS TRANSFERRED E = NUMBER OF CHARACTERS NSERTED NTO EDTED FELD K = DVSOR OR MULTPLCAND LENGTH L OPERAND LENGTH OR LENGTH OF QUOTENT L = LENGTH OF THE LONGER OF TWO FELDS L (74.25K ) K L'; if t L ' 31.5, S (9+ 18n) S (9+ 18n) , L L 45+ 9Z 49,5+ 9Z 45+ 9Z L+ 9E L Lc = CARRES BEYOND L lh DGT Mxl= ABSOLU'TE VALUE OF Mx N = NUMBER OF CHARACTERS SHFTED 5 BT POSTONS SHFTED = NUMBER OF CHARACTERS SUPPRESSED Table 3-4, nstructin Executin Times

106 c,., :

107 UNVAC SYSTEMS SECTON. 4 PAGE: 1 4. AUTOMATC PROGRAM NTERRUPT 4.1. General Descriptin Autmatic prgram interrupt is a cncept incrprated int the cntrl circuitry f the UNVAC 1050 System which enables the system t perate at ptimum verall efficiency. The autmatic prgram interrupt feature permits the efficient utilizatin f all input/utput devices perating under cntrl f the Central Prcessr withut sacrificing any prcessing time within the prgram cyclean essential cnsideratin in the maintenance f maximum input/utput speeds. Basically, autmatic prgram interrupt cnsists f the generatin f a signal t the Central Prcessr upn the recgnitin f a cnditin that require.s immediate attentin frm the prgram. These interrupt signals are assigned a pririty within a hierarchy f interrupts in rder t facilitate their prcessing. Assciated with autmatic prgram interrupt is interrupt inhibit, which prevents the acceptance f an interrupt signal when it is generated. Hwever, the interrupt signal is stred in an indicatr that can be tested subsequently by a prgram instructin. nterrupt results frm ne f tw general classes f ccurrences: first, an errr, fault, r emergency cnditin ccurring either in the Central Prcessr r in an input/utput device; and, secnd, successful cmpletin f an input/utput functin r, in sme cases, when an input/utput device is ready t accept an input/utput cmmand. Upn the ccurrence f an interrupt, and if interrupt has nt been inhibited, cntrl is transferred t ne f ten fixed stre lcatins which must cntain the starting address f a rutine that prcesses the interrupt. Prgrams that use the PAL Assembler library f input/utput rutines supplied by UNVAC are relieved frm the burden f cntrlling and crdinating interrupts since cmprehensive interrupt cding is included in these rutines. Fr the benefit f the prgrammer wh wishes t write his wn input/utput and interrupt crdinating rutines, the fllwing subsectin presents the cnsideratins attendant upn interrupt prgramming Prgramming Cnsideratins Classes f nterrupt There are three classes f interrupt which are named in the rder f their pririty: Class, Class, and Class. When a Class interrupt ccurs, a Class nterrupt nhibit bit is set autmatically. While this bit is set, the prcessing (but nt the strage) f all subsequent interrupts is prhibited. f a Class interrupt ccurs while the Class nterupt nhibit bit is set, the Central Prcessr stalls. When a Class interrupt ccurs, a Class nterrupt nhibit bit is set autmatically. While this bit is set, the prcessing (but nt the strage) f subsequent Class and Class interrupts is prhibited. A Class interrupt, hwever, will be prcessed in spite f the inhibitin f Class interrupts.

108 -~~ UNVAC SYSTEMS CENTRAL PROCESSOR SECTON. 4 2 PAGE. When a Class interrupt ccurs, a Class nterrupt nhibit bit is set autmatically. While thio' '. bit is set, the prcessing (but nt the strage) f subsequent Class inteuupts is prhibited.'. Class and Class interrupts" hwever, will be prcessed in spite f the inhibitin f Class interrupts Class nterrupt A Class interrupt ccurs upn the recgnitin f a main stre parity errr when the cntrl circuits f the Central Prcessr btain and execute instructins. Such an errr is knwn as an internal parity errr. Parity errrs ccurring while input/utput devices are accessing main stre are excluded frm this definitin Class nterrupt A Class interrupt is caused by either decimal verflw r imprper divisin, bth f which set the Decimal Overflw ndicatr (ndicatr 40), r the depressin f the Operatr Request Switch n the cnsle, which sets the Operatr nterrupt ndicatr (ndicatr 44) Class nterrupt A Class interrupt is generated by the Synchrnizers assciated with the input/utput devices f the UNVAC 1050 System upn the ccurrence f any f the fllwing: Successful cmpletin f an input/utput functin, which may result frm - the nrmal terminatin f a requested input/utput functin withut detected errrs, r - an interrupt request frm a demand device withut detected errrs. A demand device is ne that is expected t generate an interrupt request at fixed time intervals whether r nt an instructin has been issued t it. Errr cnditins when - nrmal terminatin f a requested input/utput functin is accmpanied by the detectin f an errr r errrs; r - an errr ccurs while an input/utput functin is in prgress which will prevent nrmal terminatin. Off nrmal cnditins resulting frm - the issuance f an input/utput instructin t a device that has nt cmpleted a previusly requested peratin; - the detectin f an errr r fault cnditin in a device that is nt in use; r - the existence f a cnditin whereby the acceptance f the instructin wuld vilate the rules gverning the simultaneus use f input/utput channels - a cnditin knwn as Strage Overlad. The purpse f these rules is t prevent the ccurrence f an input/utput data transfer rate that exceeds the main stre data transfer rate. 0

109 UNVAC SYSTEMS CENTRAL PROCESSOR SECTON. 4 PAGE. 3 c When an instructin requests an ff nrmal device, an interrupt request is generated and the instructin is disregarded Prgrammed nterrupt nhibit Class and Class interrupts may be inhibited by prgram instructin. The fllwing rules gvern prgrammed interrupt inhibit. Operatr nterrupt may be inhibited by instructin. Such inhibit can nly be released by instructin r by the depressin f the CLEAR buttn n the cnsle. Decimal Overflw nterrupt may be inhibited by instructin. Such inhibit can nly be released by instructin. Setting f a prgrammed Decimal Overflw nterrupt nhibit sets an indicatr (ndicatr 47), which may be tested by a prgram instructin. Class nterrupt frm all input/utput channels may be inhibited by instructin. Such inhibit can nly be released by prgram instructin. Setting the Class nterrupt nhibit sets ndicatr 45, which may be tested by a prgram instructin. This inhibits all Class nterrupts. c\ This general Class interrupt inhibit is distinct frm the channel interrupt inhibit specifiable in an XF instructin which inhibits further interrupts nly frm the ~pecified channel and which is released by a subsequent XF instructin t that channel. * The setting and resetting f prgrammed interrupt inhibit des nt affect, nr is affected by, any ther class f interrupt nstructins Assciated with nterrupt Cntrl The Jump Cnditinal and Jump Return instructins are used t cntrl the prcessing f interrupts f all classes. Table 4-1 lists all the indicatrs; thse assciated with interrupts and used by the Jump Cnditinal and Jump Return instructins are marked with a dagger Fixed nterrupt Lcatins Assciated with each class f interrupt, and with each input/utput channel n the UNVAC 1050 System, is a grup f eight cnsecutive character psitins thrugh which cmmunicatin with the interrupt rutines is maintained. The fldut Figure 3-1 n page 3-2 shws the lcatin f these fixed interrupt addresses. * The XF instrucun will be tully explained in the applicable 1050 peripheral subsystem manual.

110 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS SECTON. 4 4 PAGE. The indicatrs in the table belw are divided int tw grups: testable and nntestable. The nn- 0 testable indicatrs (00-31) cause a certain functin t be perfrmed and an uncnditinal jump. The cnditinal jump indicatrs (32-63) are tested and cause a jump nly if the indicatr has been set Uncnditinal Jump t M Address t*25 t 26 t 27 t28 t*29 t*30 t 31 Uncnditinal Jump Release Operatr nterrupt nhibit and jump Set Operatr nterrupt nhibit and jump Stp, Jump when Cnsle Restart Buttn is depressed Set Tracing Stall and Jump Set Sense ndicatr 1 t 1 and jump Set Sense ndicatr 2 t 1 and jump Set Sense ndicatr 3 t 1 and jump Set Sense ndicatr 1 t 0 and jump Set Sense ndicatr 2 t 0 and jump Set Sense ndicatr 3 t 0 and jump Uncnditinal Jump Release Class 3 nterrupt nhibit and jump Set 1/0 nterrupt nhibit and jump (Class 3) ReleaS1! 1/0 nterrupt nhibit and jump (Class 3) (Resets Prgrammed nhibit Only) Set Decimal Overflw nterrupt nhibit and jump (Class 2) Release Class 2 nterrupt nhibit and jump Release Prcessr Parity r Abnrmal nterrupt nhibit and jump (Class 1) Release Decimal Overflw nterrupt nhibit and jump (Class 2), (Resets Prgrammed nhibit Only) *RESETS the inhibit autmatically generated when the interrupt ccurred. tsee Sectin Als inquiry typewriter, if preset. Table Cnditinal Jump Exceptins t cnditinal jump are 32, 41, 42, 48, and 56. The status f the indicatrs is unaltered by the JC and JR instructins except as shwn. 32 (KNO) NOOP 33 (KH ) High These fur indi catrs are affected 34 (KEQ) Equal by the cmparisn instructins: 35 (KUQ) Unequal CC, LC, CD, CB, CT. 36 (KLO) Lw 37 (KZR) Result f last arithmetic peratin was zer 38 (KM) Result f last decimal arithmetic peratin was negative. 39 (KN B) N verflw in las"t add binary peratin r verflw did ccur in the last binary subtract peratin. t40(kdf) Decimal Overflw ccurre"d since last test. f the indicatr is set t 1, reset iu 0 and jump. t 41 Stre ndi catrs in Mx memry psitin and prceed t next instructin t 42 Set ndicatrs frm Mx memry psitin and prceed t next instructin 43 nput-output status test fund indicatr(s) set t 1 t 44 Test and reset peratr interrupt request t 45 nput-output nterrupt is inhibited (Class 3) 46 Test and reset inquiry typewriter request t 47 Decimal Overflw nterrupt is inhibited (Class 2) 48 StplG t cntrl cunter when cnsle start is depressed, ignre M used fr display. 49 Prcessr Parity and Abnrm~1 nterrupt is inhibited (Class 1) (Manual Switch Only) 50 Sense Switch 1 n cnsle is ON 51 Sense Switch 2 n cnsle is ON 52 Sense Switch 3 n cnsle is ON 53 Sense ndicatr 1 is set (t 1) 54 Sense ndicatr 2 is set (t 1) 55 Sense ndicatr 3 is set (t 1) 56 Skip (n peratin) 57 f Trace ndicatr is set t 1, reset Trace ndi catr and Trace Stall t 0 and jump t 58 Operatr nterrupt is inhibited ndicatr List C)

111 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS CENTRAL PROCESSOR SECTON: 4 PAGE: 5 (, The frmat f each eight character grup is as fllws: ".J' Character c=r=-a.,:, "-==r=-: '.':" 7 :.:".':, Cntrl Cunter Strage Address f nterrupt Rutine When an interrupt ccurs, the cntents f the cntrl cunter are stred in the 15 least signifi cant bits f characters 2, 3, and 4; zers are placed in the three mst significant bit psitins f character 2. The 15 least significant bits f characters 6, 7, and 8 are then read int the cntrl cunter. These characters shuld cntain the starting address f the interrupt rutine assciated with the particular fixed interrupt lcatins. The fllwing sequence f events takes place when an interrupt request is accepted: a. The instructin currently being executed by the Central Prcessr is cmpleted. Exceptin: When a Class interrupt ccurs, an ending pulse is immediately generated fr the instructin currently being executed. b. The address f the next instructin in the prgram being interrupted (cntents f the cntrl cunter) is stred in characters 2, 3, and 4 f the fixed lcatins assciated with the channel which initiated the request. c. The 15 least significant bits f characters 6, 7, and 8 (starting address f the interrupt rutine) are read int the cntrl cunter. n additin, a signal is generated which prevents the Central Prcessr frm accepting additinal interrupt requests frm channels f the same r lwer classes. This signal persists until an Autmatic nterrupt nhibit Release instructin fr this class is executed. d. The Central Prcessr des nt recgnize additinal interrupt requests f any kind during the time required t execute steps 2 and 3. Beginning with the cmpletin f step 3, interrupt requests frm higher classes will be accepted. Cntrl is returned t the interrupted prgram by means f the address stred in characters 2, 3, and 4. Char~cter 1 shuld cntain the peratin cde fr a JC instructin, and character 5 shuld cntain the indicatr releasing the autmatic class interrupt inhibit fr the class with which this channel is assciated. With the exceptin f characters 2, 3, and 4 f the area, the area must be preset by the initializing subrutine f each prgram. t shuld be nted that Class and Class interrupts each have a single fixed interrupt area. t is a functin f the Class interrupt rutine t determine whether the interrupt was caused by decimal verflw r by an peratr interrupt request. Class interrupts have eight fixed interrupt areas, ne fr each input/utput channel. Fixed pririties within the class are assigned t each channel t avid cnflict by simultaneus interrupt reques ts. Once an interrupt request has been accepted, hwever, it cannt be interrupted by anther request frm a channel f higher pririty within the same class until an instructin releasing the Autmatic Class nterrupt nhibit has been executed.

112

113 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS SECTON: 5 PAGE: 1 c 5. CENTRAL CONSOLE PROCESSOR OPERATON The Central Prcessr Cnsle prvides a cmmunicatin link between the Central Prcessr and the peratr. The cnsle cntains display indicatrs that allw the peratr t determine nrmal and abnrmal cnditins, and t access registers and selected psitins in main strage. n additin, the cnsle cntains switches that allw the peratr t crrect r verride errr cnditins, debug prgrams nline, and manually set sense switches fr prgram use NORMAL OPERA TON Start Up and Shut Dwn The first peratin necessary is that f turning the UNVAC 1050 System n and shutting the system ff. Tw buttns are used fr system start-up and clse-dwn, SYSTEM ON and SYSTEM OFF. Depressing the SYSTEM ON buttn turns pwer n, the SYSTEM ON buttn will light. When the system is at full perating pwer, the SYSTEM OFF buttn will be extinguished. Depressing the SYSTEM OFF buttn remves pwer frm the peripheral units and the Central Prcessr in an rderly fashin. While this pwer remval sequence is being cmpleted, bth the SYSTEM ON and SYSTEM OFF buttns will be lit. After cmpletin, the SYSTEM ON buttn will be extinguished Prgram Start and Prgram Stp Depressin f the PROGRAM START buttn will illuminate the PROGRAM START buttn, extinguish the PARTY errr indicatr, and PROGRAM STOP buttn; and will permit the prcessr t prceed under cntrl f the mde buttns. Depressin f the PROGRAM STOP buttn, r a prgrammed halt, will illuminate the PROGRAM STOP buttn and extinguish the PROGRAM START buttn. The prcessr will halt after cmpleting the instructin in prgress. nput/output rders in prgress will be cmpleted; interrupt requests will be stred, unless inhibited. f neither the PROGRAM START buttn nr the PROGRAM STOP buttn is lit, the prcessr is in a stall cnditin Operating Mde The six mutually exclusive mde cntrl switches are used t cntrl the peratin f the prcessr in cnjunctin with the PROGRAM START buttn.

114 -~~~~-~'-~---'--~-----~-----~-----~ UNVAC 1060 SYSTEMS SECTON: 5 PAGE: PANEL CONTROLS AND NDCATORS a. Switch/ndicatrs All Switch/ndicatrs Are Mmentary Actin Switches. DESGNATON DESCRPTON SYSTEM ON (Green) Turns system n. Lights when depressed; extinguishes when SYSTEM OFF indicatr is depressed. ' SYSTEM OFF (Red) Turns system ff. Lights when depressed; extinguishes when SYSTEM ON switch is depressed. CLEAR General clear f testable indicatrs, cunters, and stred interrupts; and initiates a cnsle lamp test. (White) Lights when depressed; extinguishes when released. PROC Lights when a secnd parity errr is recgnized and a previus parity errr has nt ABNORMAL (Red) been cleared. Depressing this buttn when illuminated turns it ff, but des nt clear the parity errr. May als be n due t maintenance peratins. PARTY ndicatr nly. (Yellw) Lights when a parity errr is detected in a character read frm strage. Parity errrs cause an immediate prcessr halt. (See Sectin n hw t clear a parity errr). CLASS NHBTED (Yellw) OVERFLOW NHBTED (Yellw) ndicatr nly. Lights when a Class nterrupt nhibit is stred; extinguishes when the inhibit is released by the prgram. ndicatr nly. Lights when a Decimal Overflw nterrupt nhibit is set. Extinguishes when the inhibit is cleared by the prgram. CHANNEL ABNORMAL 0-7 (8 Red) Lights when fault develps in crrespnding 110 channel. Extinguish by clearing errr at peripheral unit and then depressing switch. SENSE Lights when depressed; extinguishes when depressed again. 123 Used in cnjunctin with prgrammed tests and prgram perating instructins. (3 White) OPERATOR 1 REQUEST (White) Lights under prgram cntrl. Can be depressed when illuminated t stp prgram by causing a Class interrupt. Depressing the OPERATOR REQUEST buttn when extinguished has n effect. Table 5-7. Cntrl Cnsle Switch and ndicatr Descriptin

115 "... _ UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS SECTON: 5 3 PAGE, DESGNATON NEXT NSTRUCTON DESCRPTON M Directs prcessr t M prtin f the current instructin. (White) Lights when depressed r under prgram cntrl; cntrl is transferred t the M prtin f the current instructin. Extinguishes when CC switch is depressed r under prgram cntrl. CC Frces the prcessr t btain the next instructin frm the address in the cntrl (White) cunter; that is, it verrides a jump instructin. Lights when depressed r under prgram cntrl. Extinguishes when M switch is depressed r under prgram cntrl. Either the M r the CC buttn will always be illuminated. Nte: Durin~ peratin in the cntinuus mde, the Next nstructin switch/indicatr will light accrdin~ t the instructin sequence and dependin~ n the result f pr~rammed tests and cmparisns. Cnsequently, these buttns shuld nt be depressed durin~ cntinuus peratins. Din~ s culd frce an incrrect instructin sequence. PROGRAM START (Green) PROGRAM STOP (Red) J Lights when depressed. Depressing when extinguished initiates executin f prgram under cntrl f Mde switches. This indicatr may flash n and ff rapidly during the executin f a lng instructin, but this shuld be ignred unless light stays ff fr lnger than a few secnds. Lights when depressed r when prgram stps. Extinguishes when PROGRAM START switch is depressed. When bth PROGRAM START and PROGRAM STOP buttns extinguish and will nt illuminate, prcessr is stalled. Depress ONE NST Mde and PROGRAM START buttns. DSPLAY When depressed causes the cntents f the strage lcatin represented in the M (White) prtin f the Display/Alter switches t be displayed in lights in the C prtin. Lights when depressed. Extinguishes when released. ALTER When depressed causes the character represented by the setting f the C alter (White) switches t be stred int the address specified in the M prtin f the Display/ Alter switches. Lights when depressed. Extinguishes when released. Table 5-1. Cntrl Cnsle Switch and ndicatr Descriptins (cntinued)

116 UNVAC SYSTEMS CENTRAL PRDCESSOR SECTON: 5 PAGE: 4 b. lluminating Pushbuttns Depress T Set; Depress T Release; Lights When Depressed. 0,,. DESGNA TON DESCRPTON MODE LOAD CARD LOAD TAPE ONE CYCLE ONE NSTR. CONT DSPLAY/AL TER SELECTON Ql Q2 CC NST. OP/CH The MODE push buttns perate ne at a time. One f these buttns must be i luminated at all times. When depressed and illuminated, depressing the PROGRAM START buttn causes ne card t be read frm the reader int ctal lcatin 400. Depressing PROGRAM START again, with the CONTinuus mde buttn depressed, causes cntrl t be transferred t ctal lcatin 400, when UNVAC standard cde cards are used. When depressed and illuminated, depressing the PROGRAM START buttn will cause ne blck f tape t be read frm lgical tape unit 0 int strage starting at ctal lcatin 400. Changing t the cntinuus mde and depressing PROGRAM START immediately after, will transfer cntrl t this lcatin. When depressed and illuminated, depress ing the PROGRAM START buttn wi cause instructins t be executed ne instructin cycle at a time. This mde is generally used by UNVAC Field Engineering persnnel nly. When depressed and illuminated, depressing the PROGRAM START buttn will cause ne instructin t be executed and the next instructin accessed. When set and the PROGRAM START switch is depressed, a prgram will run in the nrmally used cntinuus mde. n rder t display r alter the cntents f strage the Display/Alter Selectin buttns are used in cnjunctin with the display lights and alter switches. The functins f the Display/Alter Selectin buttns are as fllws: When set, these buttns display internal registers and indicatrs n the cntrl cnsle. They are primarily fr UNVAC Field Engineering use. When set, the cntents f the cntrl cunter are displayed in the M prtin f the display lights. When set, the cntents f the instructin register (the next instructin t be executed) are displayed in the 30 display lights.. When set, the entire instructin is displayed but nly the peratin cde and. the channel (index register) designatin prtins f the instructin register are alterable.. M C When set, the entire instructin is displayed but nly the perand address (M prtin) f the instructin register is alterable. When set, the entire instructin register is displayed but nly the C prtin (detail field) f the instructin register is alterable. MEM SEQ When set, it causes the cntents f the strage lcatin specified by the Malter switches t be displayed when the DSPLAY switch is depressed, and altered when the ALTER switch is depressed. When set, it is used in cnjunctin with the ALTER r DSPLAY switch t display r alter the cntents f sequential memry lcatins. Tbe 5.1. Cntrl Cnsle Switch and ndicatr Descriptins (cntinued)

117 UNVAC SYSTEMS SECTON: 5 PAGE. 5 C ',,.,.,.i DESGNATON DESCRPTON TRACE MODE OP CC SWitches OP, CC, PROC, WRTE, and /O perate ne at a time; TRACE STOP may be used with anyne f the five Trace Mde switches. f TRACE STOP is nt used, a prgram testable indicatr is set. When set with TRACE STOP, the cmputer will stp when the prgram peratin cde matches the settings f the five mst-significant-digit alter switches (OP prtin f the tp rw f indicatrs). When set with TRACE STOP, the cmputer will stp when the cntents f the cntrl cunter match the settings f the Trace Address switches. PROC WRTE /O When set with TRACE STOP, the cmputer stps when an perand address matches the settings f the Trace Address switches. When set with TRACE STOP, the cmputer stps when a character is t be written int an address lcatin which matches the settings f the Trace Address switches. When set with TRACE STOP, the cmputer will stp when a cntrl unit reference t a strage address matches the settings f the Trace Address switches. TRACE STOP When set, the prgram stps at a specified lcatin if ne f Trace Mde switches is als set. c. Tggle Switches ALTER SWTCHES TRACE ADDRESS Nt labeled as such; they are the rw f 30 switches immediately belw the cntrl indicatrs in grups labeled OP, CH, M, and C. They are tw-psitin tggle switches with up and center psitins nly: a switch in the up psitin represents a binary 1; in the center psitin, a binary O. A binary pattern can be stred in these switches; this pattern can then be used t alter the area f the prcessr that is designated by th e Display/Alter electin pushbuttns. Alteratin ccurs nly when the DSPLAY r ALTER switches ar e depressed. SiXteen three-psitin tggle switches which crrespnd t the M prtin f the instructin: up represents a binary 1; dwn represents a binary 0; the center psitin is either a 1 r a 0 and will cmpare with bth. Fr example, a switch pattern f up dwn middle will trace either 101 r 100. The trace address psitins crrespnd t parts f the instructin and are repeatedly cmpared t the instructin fr equality. f equality is detected and ne f the Trace Mde pushbuttns is depressed, an indicatr is set; if the TRACE STOP buttn is als depressed the prgram stps. Table 5-1. Cntrl Cnsle Switch and ndicatr Descriptins (cntinued) c

118 UNVAC SYSTEMS SECTON: 5 PAQE: 6 d. Rtary Switches DESGNA TON DESCRPTON CLASS S N y-.{ Three-psitin rtary switch; used fr manual cntrl f Class interrupts. Psitins are: S - STALL N - NORMAL - NHBT n the STALL psitin the prcessr stps each time a parity errr is detected. t is restarted by depressing PROGRAM START. n the NORMAL psitin interrupt requests are prcessed thrugh the interrupt entry channel. The prcessr will nt stall unless anther Class interrupt ccurs while in the interrupt mde. n the NHBT psitin Class interrupts are ignred. Hwever, it is recmmended that the prgram stp n a Class interrupt since recvery withut peratr interventin is nt specified. OF S N 7 CLASS N )--.,.! Operates same as abve but fr Class interrupts: Overflw (0 F), imprper divisin, peratr request. Operates same as abve but fr Class interrupts.* * See Sectin 4 tr a cmplete descriptin t Class,, and interrupts. Table 5-7. Cntrl Cnsle Switch and ndicatr Descriptins (cntinued)

119 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS SECTON. 5 PAGE. 7 C' 5.3. PROGRAM DEBUGGNG AND TESTNG Use f Display Lights and Switches The 30 display lights and crrespnding tggle switches at the tp f the cnsle are a primary means f cmmunicatin between the peratr and a running prgram. These lights and switches must be read as ctal numbers. T d this they are interpreted in grups f three binary digits. A binary digit, r bit, can have a value f either 0 r 1; in this case, an illuminated (n) display light represents a 1, while an extinguished (ff) display light represents a O. Similarly, an ctal digit can have a value frm 0 t 7, and any ctal digit can be represented by three binary bits. The bit patterns, r grups f display lights, representing all the ctal digits are as fllws: Octal Number Bit Pattern By interpreting the 30 display lights as 10 grups f three each, any display can be read as 10 ctal digits. The setting f the Display/Alter Select buttns at the middle f the cnsle determi nes what will be displayed in the 30 lights. Nrmally, the lnst Display/Alter Select buttn remains depressed s an entire 30-bit instructin will be displayed. Varius prtins f the instructin are delimited by the labels n the cnsle between the display lights and their crrespnding switches. The first five bits n the left cmprise the peratin cde;* the next three bits are the channel number r index register used, if any; the next sixteen bits specify the strage address referred t; and the final six bits n the right cmprise the detail field f the instructin. When the cmputer cmes t a prgrammed display stp, the instructin OP cde will always be 30, and the detail field will always be 60 r 20; when the detail is 20 a blank is displayed. The cnfiguratin displayed in the M prtin f the instructin is the "message" fr that stp, and ~huld be explained in the perating instructins fr the run being executed. Display stps are usually defined nly in terms f this M prtin; the OP cde f 30 and detail f 60 being understd. Cnsequently, a stp f wuld prbably be written as stp Display Cntents f a Strage Lcatin a. Set the address f the lcatin t be displayed in the M prtin f the alter switches. b. Depress the MEM Display/Alter Selectin buttn. c. Depress the DSPLAY buttn. d. The cntents f the selected strage lcatin will be displayed in the six rightmst display lights (abve the C ntatin n the cnsle), and the address f the lcatin displayed +1 will appear in the M display lights. * When readins the OP cde, a sijcth least sisnificant bit, which is always zer, is implied. As a result all ctal OP cdes are even numbers.

120 UNVAC SYSTEMS SECTON: 5 8 PAGE: f sequential strage lcatins are t be displayed, the abve prcedure shuld be fllwed t display the first character. Then, t display subsequent lcatins O'c'} (1) Depress the SEQ Display/Alter Selectin buttn. (2) Depress the DSPLAY buttn t display the next lcatin. Every time the DSPLAY buttn is nw depressed, the M address will be increased by ne, and the cntents f Lcatin M-l will be displayed in the C lights Altering the Cntents f Strage a. Depress the MEM Display/Alter Selectin buttn. b. Set the address f the memry lcatin t be altered in the M alter switches. c. Set the bit cnfiguratin f the character t be stred int this lcatin in the six C alter switches. d. Depress the ALTER buttn. The prcedure fr altering sequential lcatins is analgus t that fr displaying them a. Alter the first lcatin as utlined abve. b. Depress the SEQ Display! Alter Selectin buttn. c. Set the new bit cnfiguratin t be stred in the next character lcatin in the six C alter switches. d. Depress the AL TER buttn. e. Steps 3 and 4 shuid be repeated until all sequential character lcatins have been altered Altering the Next nstructin T alter the instructin register (as displayed in the lights) the prcedure is the same as that fr altering the cntents f strage except that the NST, OP/CH, M, r C Display/Alter Selectin buttns may be used in place f the MEM and SEQ buttns Manual nstructin Executin Althugh the CONTinuus Mde is the nrmal perating mde, during prgram testing it may ccasinally be mre desirable t execute ne instructin at a time in rder t fllw the exact path taken in a particular phase f prcessing. This is accmplished by using the ONE NSTructin Mde buttn. When perating in this mde, the NST Display/Alter Selectin buttn usually remains depressed, but the CC buttn may als be used t display the cntents f the cntrl cunter, thereby determining the lcatin within the prgram f the instructin fllwing the ne abut t be executed.

121 UNVAC SYSTEMS CENTRAL PROCESSOR SECTON. 5 PAGE: 9 c: With the NST Display/Alter Select buttn depressed, peratin in the ne instructin mde will cause a single instructin t be executed each time the PROGRAM START buttn is depressed. The instructin displayed is always the next instructin t be executed; a subsequent push f the PROGRAM START buttn will cause this instructin t be executed and display the next ne in the 30 display lights. f the CC Display/ Alter Select buttn is depressed, the address f the next instructin in sequence, fllwing the ne displayed by pushing the NST buttn, will appear in the 16 lights f the M prtin f the display. Nte that the instructin specified by the address in the cntrl cunter is nt always the next instructin t be executed. A jump r cnditinal jump instructin may cause a different path t be taken Next nstructin Switches Depressin f the M buttn inserts binary zers in the C prtin f the instructin "register. Depressin f the CC buttn, when the prcessr is stpped, will frce a Jump Cnditinal instructin int the instructin register. The fllwing parts f the instructin wrd are affected: a. The peratin cde is staticized t Jump Cnditinal. b. The C prtin is changed t a value that initiates the uncnditinal skip assciated with the Jump Cnditinal peratin cde. When the prcessr is restarted, the new instructin will be perfrmed. n this manner, any instructin may be skipped. f a Jump Cnditinal r Jump Return instructin is staticized, and the prcessr is stpped, depressing the M buttn will frce the prcessr t take its next instructin frm the address in the M prtin. n this manner, any jump instructin may be frced t fllw the M path. Thus, if the M Next nstructin buttn is illuminated when a Jump Cnditinal instructin is being displayed, the cnditin tested fr has been met. The next instructin t be executed is at the address specified in the M prtin f the display lights. f the CC Next nstructin buttn is illuminated, the next instructin t be executed is the ne fllwing the jump instructin. ts address may be displayed by pushing the CC Display/Alter Select buttn Altering nstructin Sequence The sequence f prgram instructins may be altered by using the Next nstructin switch/indicatrs. f a prgrammed cmparisn has been made, and the M buttn light is lit alng with the Jump Cnditinal instructin display, it may be desirable t see what wuld happen if the prgram wuld take the ther path. This may be dne by depressing the CC buttn t illuminate it, and depressing the PROGRAM START buttn t execute the next instructin (which is nw the ne specified by the cntrl cunter). This prcedure des nt in any way alter the cntents f strage; the next time these instructins are executed, they will be unchanged. Any instructin (with the exceptin f Jump Lp, in which the cntrl cunter is nly incremented by fur instead f five) may be executed manually while the cmputer is in the ne instructin mde. The fllwing prcedure must be fllwed: a. Depress the CC Display/ Alter Selectin buttn t btain the value f the cntrl cunter, if this value must be recrded fr later use. ( ~../ b. Depress the NST Display/Alter Select buttn

122 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS CENTRAL PROCESSDR SECTON. 5 PAGE. 10 c. Set the bit cnfiguratin f the instructin t be executed in the 30 alter switches. d. Depress the ALTER buttn. The new instructin will be displayed. e. Depress the PROGRAM START buttn. f. The cmputer will execute the new instructin and stp. displaying the next instructin t be executed. The.new cntents f the cntrl cunter may be displayed by depressing the CC Display/Alter Selectin buttn. Strage has nt been altered; the next time this sequence f instructins is t be executed, the riginal instructins will be perfrmed Tracing Frequently during prgram executin, and especially during prgram testing, it is desirable t search (Trace) thrugh the running prgram fr a particular instructin, lcatin r peratin. This is accmplished thrugh the Trace Mde buttns and Trace Address switches. The Trace Mde buttns are used t specify the type f trace being perfrmed. The TRACE STOP buttn must be depressed in rder t stp the cmputer if the traced value sught is fund. Hwever, whether r nt the TRACE STOP buttn is depressed, a prgram-testable indicatr is set when the trace cnditins are met. f the trace is n a particular address, the value f that address must be set in the Trace Address tggle switches. These are three-psitin switches in which the dwn psitin indicates a 0, the up psitin indicates a 1, and the middle psitin can stand fr either ne. This latter feature enables tracing n several addresses at nce. The five Trace Mde buttns and their uses are described in sectin b. f Table Errr ndicatrs There are tw types f Central Prcessr errrs that will cause an interrupt: a Class interrupt, which is a parity errr in a character read frm strage, and a Class inter11lpt (decimal verflw), caused by imprper divisin r t great a carry in decimal additin. A Class interrupt is a nrmal interrupt f central prcessr peratin that allws fr the cmpletin f input/utput functins in the peripheral units. This class f interrupt, as well as Class decimal verflw interrupt, may be permitted r inhibited by prgram instructins. f either type f interrupt is inhibited during a running prgram, the assciated indicatr will light. (During the peratin f mst prgrams, these lights may be seen flickering n and ff.) All three classes f interrupt may be inhibited manually by setting the rtary switches at the bttm f the cnsle t (inhibit), hwever this setting is nt recmmended t anyne except UNVAC Field Engineering persnnel. Errrs that ccur in the peripheral units will be indicated by a red light n the apprpriate Channel Abnrmal switch/indicatr. Each input/utput device is assigned ne f the Central Prcessr's eight /O channels.

123 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS SECTON: 5 PAGE. 11 c The fllwing are the standard channel assignments: Channel 0 - Printer Channell - Card Reader Channel 2 - Card Punch Channel 3 - Cmmunicatins Channel 4 - Tape Read Channel 5 - Tape Write Channel 6 - FASTRAND Channel 7 - Unassigned f a red Channel Abnrmal light ges n, the peratr shuld check the unites) assciated with that channel fr errr cnditins and clear them befre attempting t cntinue the run. Clearing the errr at the peripheral lcatin will usually cause the errr light n the cnsle t g ut, and prgram peratin can be resumed. All standard UNVAC 1050 sftware rutines have display stps in them which will ccur simultaneusly with a channel abnrmal errr stp t indicate the nature f the prblem in the peripheral unit. (Fr detailed descriptins f these stps, refer t the sftware rutine's perating instructins.) Sense Switches and Operatr Request mmediately abve the five Mde buttns in the lwer right-hand prtin f the cnsle is a rw f fur switch/indicatrs. The leftmst three are Sense switches, which may be used by prgrams t determine ne amng alternative curses f actin (fr example, t prduce ut put in punched card frmat rather than a printed listing). The use f Sense switches fr any given prgram shuld be utlined in the perating instructins fr that prgram. f n mentin is made f Sense switches in the perating instructins, it is understd that they shuld all be ff (light extinguished). The OPERATOR REQUEST buttan.can be depressed when illuminated t interrupt a running prgram. Operatr request is anther frm f Class prgram interrupt. Fr tape systems running under the Executive Rutine, depressing this buttn causes a unique display stp at which ne f several curses f actin may be selected. (Fr a detailed discussin f these alternatives, see the tape system sftware perating instructins.)

124 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS SECTON: 5 12 PAGE. Gi '0.. c: 0 LJ G.. u Ē c: G LJ...:.;.... G ::> 01 LL C' c

125 ... -~ '.. -~-.-- UNVAC 10eO SYSTEMS Appendix A SECTON. PAGE. 1 c APPENDX A. OCTAL-DECMAL CONVERSON TABLE C: OCTAL 0000 t 0777 DECMAL 0000 t : ' ' H~ ~ OCTAL 1000~1777 DECMAL 0512 t i

126 ~-.. UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS Appendix A 2 SECTON: PAQE: OCTAL 2000~2777 DECMAL 1024 t 1535 OCTAL 3000 t 3777 DECMAL 1536 t Q C\ C

127 UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS CENTRAL PROCESSOR Appendix A 3 SECTON. P"GE. (~') 0 OCTAL 4000 t 4777 DECMAL 2048 t 2559 OCTAL 5000~5777 DECMAL 2560 t ~ : ' , ' :, i : ' : '

128 ... UNVAC 1050 SYSTEMS CENTRAL PROCESSOR Appendix A SECTON: PAGE: 4 OCTAL 6000 t 6177 DECMAL 3072 t 3583 OCTAL 7000 t 7177 DECMAL 3584 t " '~ C:!r