FIGURATIVE AND ABSTRACT THEMES

Transcription

1 Lolit Nikolov, Mrco Merlini nd Alexndr Coms, eds. Circumpontic in Prehistory: Western Eursin Studies CHAPTER 1 FIGURATIVE AND ABSTRACT THEMES IN MOBILIARY ART OF THE GROTTA DELLE SETTECANNELLE (VITERBO - ITALY) IMPLICATIONS AND INTERPRETATIONS WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF LATE PALEOLITHIC CULTURE PAOLA UCELLI GNESUTTA (ITALY) ABSTRACT The Epigrvettin lyers of Grott delle Settecnnelle, cve situted ner Vitero in northern Ltium, hve yielded out 40 engrved ojects discovered in situ, with flint instruments nd funl remins, in connection with fireplces. Few of these incised rtefcts come from the level of the Evolved Epigrvettin, dted to BP, while the mjority of moiliry rt ws found in levels of the Finl Epigrvettin, dted etween BP nd BP, nd of Lte Epigrvettin, dted BP. Two peles used s retouchers show engrved niml figures. The other finds, stone nd one tools, non-utilitrin ojects nd ody ornments re decorted with strcts nd geometric ptterns tht pper t reltively erly stge t Grott delle Settecnnelle. From rcheologicl evidence, it is possile to ssume tht some religious ceremonies were not performed in specil nd secret sites, ut in the sme loction where dily ctivities took plce, s oserved in open ir sncturies of Frnce nd of Spin. The presence of ody ornments indictes differences of sttus nd roles inside the humn group. Technologicl nd stylisticl nlysis of the engrvings nd of the themes represented hs pointed out similrities etween Settecnnelle rt nd contemporry mnifesttions discovered in Itlin nd Europen sites nd hs reveled the emergence of new spiritul conceptions common to lrge prt of Europe in the Trdiglcil ge. INTRODUCTION Grott delle Settecnnelle is cvern formed y wind nd wter erosion within rock formtion of volcnic tuf locted in the countryside of Ischi di Cstro (Vitero), in Ltium, 100 km. north of Rome. This site ws excvted from 1985 to 2003 y tem of rcheologists nd scholrs of nturl sciences from the University of Pis nd from other Itlin nd Europen Universities nd reserch centers. (Figure 1) The cve mesures out 10 meters in width nd 15 meters in length. The upper levels of the rcheologicl deposit hve yielded sustntil evidence from the Neolithic period: decorted pottery of the Crdil wre culture nd vestiges of religious ceremonies consisting of stone circles for offerings, one of them contining the skull of young oy nd the sherds of pot with red ochre. These rituls links Settecnnelle with other cves of centrl nd southern Itly where the trces of ceremonies connected with griculture cult hve een s well discovered. The rcheologicl finds revel tht Settecnnelle cve ws snctury widely visited y locl Neolithic popultions nd y other people from different prts of the peninsul who rought cermic pots produced in the locl region nd in frwy plces (Ucelli Gnesutt nd Mllegni 1988; Ucelli Gnesutt nd Bertgnini 1993; Ucelli Gnesutt 1999, 2000, , 2003). Immeditely under the Neolithic remins, the excvtion hs unerthed series of lyers with lithic industry of Epigrvettin culture, from the erly phse with typicl points à crn, to the finl phse with cked ldelets nd circulr scrpers chrcteristic of Lte Pleolithic Romnelli fcies. The 14 C dtes re BP, BP for Ancient Epigrvettin lyers; BP for Evolved Epigrvettin; BP, BP, BP for finl Epigrvettin lyers; nd BP for the lter prt of this culturl period (Ucelli Gnesutt et l. 2007). MOBILIARY ART FINDS The most intensive trces of humn ctivity hve een found in the inner prt of the cve, minly longside the western wll. Sheltered to keep from winds nd precipittion, the Epigrvettin hunter-gtherers lived there from BP to BP. The trces of their settlements re indicted y numerous fire plces, formed y thick deposits of sh nd chrcol, not delimited y stones structures. (Figure 2) Smples of wood cron hve een collected from different lyers nd sumitted to rdiocron dting nd to otnicl 13

2 Pol Ucelli Gnesutt 1. Non excvted re 2. Are of moiliry rt 3. Smple re for lithic industry nlyses 4. Strtigrphicl sections Figure 1. The Settecnnelle cve. Plnimetry of the excvtions. nlysis to investigte climte development (Ucelli Gnesutt et l. 2007). Fireplces were surrounded with funl remins nd very undnt lithic industry, instruments, cores nd déris, ttesting tht flint ws mnufctured in situ. The Evolved Epigrvettin level yielded few rtistic ojects, while Epigrvettin lyers 10 to 8 turned out remrkly rich moiliry rt. The finds include out 40 ojects of stone, one nd horn, engrved with figurtive, geometric nd strct themes, clssified in three min groups: decorted instruments, non-utilitrin ojects nd ornments. DECORATED INSTRUMENTS Only two limestone retouchers re decorted with zoomorphic figures engrved in Mediterrnen figurtive style, s Polo Grziosi nmed the synthetic outdrwing of prietl nd moilir rt of Southern Itly, s distinct from the nturlistic style of Mgdlenin rt in Frnce nd Spin. One of them ws contined in the fireplce dted BP (D Errico nd Ucelli Gnesutt 1999). (Figure 3) The engrving represents the profile of ulky niml. Though the hed nd the ck prts of the ody re lcking, the shpe, posture, thick legs nd some prllel trits, like crwls, in reltion with pws, suggest the figure of rown er. This niml is not represented in the Itlic Epigrvettin, ut occurs frequently in the Frnco-Cntrin region. A er is engrved on pele t L Colomière (Leroi-Gouhrn 1965, p. 384, Mgdlenin IV, out BP), two ers without heds re depicted in Ekin cve, in northern Spin (Leroi-Gouhrn 1965, p. 424). In our opinion, the zig-zg line of the elly, rther then representing fur, or the mmms if femle, reflects the tendency of Lte Pleolithic rtists to render niml figures with schemtic nd geometric outlines. Possily the outline of the hed nd of the ck were omitted ecuse they could interfere with the ctive prt of the pele nd, s consequence, hve een dmged y strokes, ut the incomplete representtion is n ccentuted form of symolism ttested in Mgdlenin culture, t L Mrche, t Gönnendorf, t Roc l-tour (Rozoy 2003) nd t Ekin, s mentioned ove. The technologicl nlysis of engrvings ttests the intention of the rtist to trnsform simple tool into n oject of mgicl vlue, cple to trnsmit to its owner the power of the formidly depicted niml. Another decorted instrument ws found close to thick deposit of cleved niml ones. The stone, which conserved inside the lines of the engrving the sme trces of ochre evident on the ones, ws proly used for slughtering. (Figure 4, ; 5, ). Both fces show figures of ovines: n imposing Urus on the upper fce (A) nd nother ovine, possily cow, on the opposite side (B) (Ucelli Gnesutt 1999). The powerful ody of the Urus of Settecnnelle is delineted y skilled hnd. Its horns re very developed, its snout is ulky nd short, its front foot is drwn to the hoof, nd the line of the venter is intersected y two short trits signifying the sex nd the connection of the posterior hoof. Inside the ody of the ull, it is possile to detect the shpes of other nimls: n Iex, nd perhps smll horse. Outside the Urus ody some short trits cn e interpreted s ideogrms explining the representtion. In my opinion, the two trits fcing the mouth depict the niml s reth to signify tht he is live, while the two others, converging to the npe of the neck, indicte the vulnerle point of the niml to suggest where to hit him (Ucelli Gnesutt et l. 2007). The ovine B hs the fetures of cow. The muzzle is 14

3 Figurtive nd Astrct Themes c e d h i f g Figure 2-. Finl Epigrvettin fireplces with loction of some rt finds. Figure 3. Retoucher with zoomorphic engrving. 15

4 Pol Ucelli Gnesutt Figure 4-. Epigrvettin pele decorted with ovine figures on oth sides. Figure 5. Side A of the pele with doule figurtion of Urus nd Iex. Figure 5. Side B of the pele with retrced ovine figure. 16

5 Figurtive nd Astrct Themes longer nd slimmer, the horns shorter. A composite sign, sticking t the se of the horns, is possily pictogrm representing lunch wepon. The figure, which ws worn out y use, ws retrced in course geometric style, while the first delinetion ws more nturlistic, ut the originl proportions re respected. The recovery revels the gret vlue of this tool s form of worshipping the engrved imge. The Urus A, in smll scle, looks like the formidle ull of Ripro del Romito, nd the fine outline of ovine B is notly similr to the smll cow depicted under the ull, engrved t the Romito rock shelter (Mrtini et l. 2007). In conclusion, we cn ssume tht the imges represent the mle nd femle couple, one of the sic principles of prehistoric religion, ccording to Leroi-Gouhrn. Some other instruments re emellished y simple geometricl decortions, like notches long the edge. These stone retouchers re from Evolved nd Finl Epigrvettin lyers. (Figure 6) The more recent one is similr to n Azilin pele find from Chennult (D Errico 1994). No chnge of engrving instrument hs een detected y microscopic oservtion. The different sizes of the grooves re due to the repeted pssge of the sme tool nd we cn ssume tht the incisions were mde ll t once nd not dded t different times, like mrques de chsse, or other kinds of nottion, clendrs, or memoristion systems (Mrshck 1972). Among the simple decortive motifs re lso series of V signs (chevrons), like the eutiful one point of Settecnnelle decorted on the superior fce y chevrons nd y rs on the inferior fce rim. (Figure 7) They re the symols of mle nd femle nd introduce the concept of the couple in this simple emellishment. The presence of oth symols ttests tht, in primitive societies, decortion is lwys the vehicle of deep, mgic or religious eliefs. NON-UTILITARIAN OBJECTS The sme symols comined in diverse wys cn e recognized in the engrvings of Bos metpodium nd the frgment of n herivore. In this cse the grphic sequences of V nd r incisions re not decortive pttern, ut represent written messge, ls for us, undecipherle, composed y ideogrms reclling the tonnets nd the signes couplés codified y Leroi Gouhrn (Leroi-Gouhrn 1965). (Figure 8) A geometriclly elorted theme is engrved on the ri of the herivore nd the grphic composition mtches the shpe of the one. This chrcter foreshdows the compositions of Epipleolithic nd Mesolithic rtefcts (Mrtini 1996). The decortion consists of locks of prllel lines rightened y red ochre (Figure 9) rrnged to form Greek fret. Similr engrved schemes ppers on Lte Mgdlenin rtefcts such s one lde from Remouchmps cve in Belgium, decorted one from Ary des Uscldes in South Pyrenees (Bouvry 2007), nd schist plte from Les Beux Srts (Rozoy) in Ardennes region. These schemes re generlly interpreted s nottion systems (Mrshck 1972). Technologicl nlyses of the engrving cn determine if nottion mrks hve een mde ll t once, if the engrving tool ws the sme during the relistion, nd if ny mrk hd een dded or retrced. Every vrition in the technologicl process presumes different mening nd content of the nottions. Microscopic oservtion nd experimentl tests hve downsized some interprettions of the pst, like lunr clendrs, or other lists (D Errico nd Ccho 1994). The rcheologist nd neurologist Rozoy, sserts tht the rin of our hunter ncestors ws not yet evolved enough to elorte nd represent long sequence of nottions (Rozoy 2003, 2007). This cpcity ws not necessry for people living in tht time nd exploiting nturl resources. It emerged lter in the Neolithic nd Bronze Age with the necessity for humns to produce nutrition, uild houses, propgte nd defend villges nd welth. Possily this frgment of one, with no trce of wre, ws piece of personl equipment, symol of uthority, or n instrument for ceremonil use. Rther thn used for counting, I suggest tht the grvure represents musicl theme, rhythm to ccompny ceremony or the nrrtive of mythic events performed in the cve. A geometric motif formed y mender comined with zig-zg is visile on smll frgment of one, from lyer 8 of the Finl Epigrvettin. (Figure 10) The perfect miniture design is engrved following n underlined scheme tht hs een detected with scnning microscope (Ucelli Gnesutt nd Cristini 2002). The themes, nticipting Mesolithic geometric ptterns, re chrcteristic of Lte Epigrvettin decortion in Itly t Brm Grnde in Liguri (Grziosi 1973), t Mritz nd Continenz cves in Aruzzo (Grifoni nd Rdmilli 1964, Grifoni Cremonesi 1998), t Ripro del Romito in Clri, nd t Ripro Gn in the Trento region (Grziosi 1973). The culturl link etween the Itlic Epigrvettin nd contemporry cultures of Est Europe is confirmed y similr engrvings on one rtefcts from Cuin Turcului in Romni (Boronenþ 1996). In Neolithic iconogrphy the mender symolized the erth nd the suterrnen world; the zig-zg line represented wter or snke, wter niml. Is it possile to dvnce the sme interprettion for these symols in Lte Pleolithic? Climte chnge due to glcil retret produced rection in the humn wy of life. The necessity to find new sources of food stimulted gthering nd determined new pproch to nture. We cn resonly think tht these conquests developed throughout the Mesolitic nd Neolithic nd tht some grphic symols conserved the sme mening through the ges. A frctured schist plte engrved with n strct composition (Figure 11) ws found on top of lyer 10 (dted out BP). It hd een plced in zone lrgely scttered with ochre, with minor schist peles round, seling n ssemlge of niml ones with the mndile of deer. The context suggests n offering ceremony nd the frcture ntiquo of the plte my revel ritul frgmenttion with the delivery of the missing piece s token of the rite. Two long horizontl lines engrved in the upper prt, possily refer to the ck of n niml. Afterwrds, the superior surfce of the stone ws completely engrved y vrious interwoven motifs, long nd short prllel trits nd lrge zig-zg. This composition reclls the Lte Pleolithic figurtions of niml outlines completely covered y thick htching from Isturitz, Grotte Gouy, Ari Morin, nd Borie 17

6 Pol Ucelli Gnesutt Figure 6-. Retouchers with series of notches on the edges:. Evolved Epigrvettin,. Lte Epigrvettin. Figure 7. Bone point with chevron nd prllel incisions on the superior nd inferior fces. Figure 8-. Decorted one frgments with chevron nd doule trits incisions (signes couplés). Figure 9. Engrved ri with geometric motif forming Greek fret. 18

7 Figurtive nd Astrct Themes Figure 10-. Bone decorted with menders nd zig-zg line. Figure 11-. Schist plte with htchings tht cover n niml figure. Figure 12-. Engrved pele with symolic themes. del Rey (Mrtin 1989; Bouvry 2007) in Frnce nd Grott Romnelli in southern Itly (Grziosi 1973; Mrtini 1996). Artists no longer serched for resemlnces in nture. Upper Pleolithic rt expressed the spiritul world of hunters through the imges of ig nd powerful nimls. After the nturlistic style nd figurtive non-nturlistic style, t the end of Ice Age rtists dopted n strct lnguge to give form to new conceptions nd eliefs. With climte chnge, ig herivores, chsed nd worshipped y erly hunters, migrted nd disppered from the grssy plins overrun y expnding forests, nd, t the sme time, they lso left the scene of rt. Three strct themes engrved on flt stone found in ritul context re striking proof of the chnge in Lte Pleolithic representtions. (Figure 12) This drwing hs no 19 resemlnce to the Itlic Epigrvettin, nor to ny contemporry rt mnifesttion in Europe. This mkes it even more rduous to ttempt n interprettion. The composition is formed y three elements; one of them, on the right, is relized with thicker point nd ws proly engrved t different moment. A zigzg flowing etween two stright lines presumly depicts lrge river, nd two long nds, with htching inside, my e strems converging together nd then flowing into the river. The second imge is trpezoidl form filled y nrrow prllel lines ( lke?). From the top of it rises nd similr to the others, which tkes course prllel to the lrge river. Somewht prt, the third theme reclls the signes qudrngulires of Leroi-Gouhrn, interpreted s feminine symols, nd y nlogy s settlement plce, cve.

8 Pol Ucelli Gnesutt I see this scene s geogrphic sketch, mp, or rther, the depiction of n inititory journey, the illustrtion of the pth of the ncestors. ORNAMENTS Figure 13. Stetite pendnt imitting deer tooth. The ornments found in the Finl Epigrvettin lyers re pendnts mde of shells (Glycymeris nd Columell,), deer cnines, ird ones nd stetite, metmorphic rock, resemling jde, tht ws used since the erly Upper Pleolithic to mke ornments nd little sculptures (Mussi 1990). Ner Pis nd Livorno, t comptile distnce from Settecnnelle re stetite deposits for Pleolithic trnsport nd exchnge of mterils. The six pendnts mke remrkle discovery due to their homogeneous mteril nd high qulity of mnufcturing. We will exmine three of them. One is lck stetite ed tht imittes the shpe nd the decortion of deer cnine pendnts. (Figure 13) Beds from niml teeth nd from shells re the erliest ornments worn y lte Nenderthl nd erly Homo Spiens popultions (Vnheren nd D Errico 2006). As pendnts or dded to grments, they were visul disply to emphsize the physicl ttriute or individulity of the werer nd mrked wtershed event in humn communiction nd socil reltions. Beds re durle medi, unlike minerl nd orgnic ody colornts, nd could e used in composition with gret numer of elements to increse the visul impct of the messge. Furthermore, the messge they emodied could e trnsferred from one individul to nother in the form of gift (Kuhn nd Stiner 2007; Vnheren nd D Errico in press). A eutiful jde color pendnt is engrved long the rim with deep notches nd on oth fces y strct figurtions composed of verticl lines nd few more definite signs. (Figure 14) On the upper fce centrl group of lines spreds like fn nd other verticl lines follow the mrgins mong which we cn detect line with 5 smll trits nd rmified sign with similr htchings. On the opposite fce, the decortion includes groups of lines with different orienttions: dots, chevron nd rmified sign. The oject is vguely nthropomorphic nd the fn could represent grment, the fringe of wistnd, s proposed for nlogous ptterns ppering on Azilin peles (D Errico 1994). The other ornment is lck stetite ovl pendnt decorted in similr liner style on the fce side. (Figure 15) Like the former pendnt, its contour is etched nd the hole 20 is drilled y the opposite rottion of point. As Y. Torin pointed out (Torin 1987), the hole of n ornment not only hs utilitrin function, ut it is symol in line with other decortive themes nd cn influence their disposition nd mening. Three long lines descend on the left of the hole nd two on right. A group of shorter irregulr lines is situted downwrd nd we cn distinguish n ideogrphic sign mong them, mye sprout. The ck side, deeply worn out nd mrked y use, hd not een engrved. This is the only ornment found with humn remins: nine teeth of n dult womn nd one of child (ccording to Professor Frncesco Mllegni s supervision) left t the ottom of grve destroyed y lter diggings, which disrupted the rcheologicl deposits. The womn ws the owner of the ornment nd she hd een wering it long enough to smooth the surfce y contct with her ody. If this pendnt ws feminine ornment, we cn suppose tht the other pendnt, similr in shpe nd in decortion, ws feminine ornment, too. A ody ornment is medium for individul identifiction within group, it signifies the uthority, the sttus, the role nd the division etween men nd women. Possily the high numer of stetite pendnts in the cve is the witness of n influentil role of women inside this settlement. In my view the decortion of the two pendnts my e symol of life-giving wter nd of vegettion: nture mnifesttions tht ecme, in lter ges, feminine deities. This interprettion is suggested y schemtic representtions of plnts, strting to pper during the Lte Mgdlenin out BP, like the mrks on the incised stick of Queto de L Min, in which Mrshck even identified plnts in different stges of vegettion (Mrshck 1972). In the Finl Epigrvettin, out BP, stylized vegetl motifs pper in northern Itly t Ripro Villrun (Broglio 1992, 1998) nd t Fonte di Ple (Dlmeri 1998). They re not nturlistic depictions ut expressions of concepts generted y new lifestyle. The wrming climte of Trdiglcil cused the definitive shift from lrge gme to other resources like smll nimls, irds, mrine resources nd vegetle foods (grinding stones to process seeds re documented from the Upper Pleolithic). Mn opened his eyes over the vegetle kingdom nd received plnts food, knowledge nd inspirtion.

9 Figurtive nd Astrct Themes Figure 14-. Stetite pendnt with etched rim nd strct decortions on the two fces cm Figure 15-. Stetite pendnt with liner incisions. New rt expressions foreshdowing the strct-geometric style of the Mesolithic do not denote n impoverishment in contrst to the gret rt of the Glcil Age; they indicte phse full of energy nd cretivity for humn society. Culturl homogeneity overlps regionl differentitions of lithic industries nd other technologies. Art is, in fct, n irreplcele nd irreducile medium of communiction tht trnsforms the world (Bouvry 2007). The moiliry rt of Settecnnelle is well integrted in the genesis of this process, s in gret prt of Europe. Beside zoomorphic representtions, surviving link with the trdition of erly hunters, ideogrms nd symolic nd geometric themes pper which visulize the expecttions nd the religious eliefs of new lifestyle. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES BOSCHIAN G., UCELLI GNESUTTA P. 1995, Osservzioni georcheologiche sui livelli pleolitici dell Grott delle Settecnnelle (Ischi di Cstro, Vitero), Preistori e Protostori in Etruri (Atti II convegno di Studi (Frnese, mggio 1993), vol. 2, Milno, BOUVRY F. 2007, Les mnifesttions esthetiques du Mésolithique de l fin du Trdiglcire et durnt le Postglciire en Europe occidentle. Thèse de Doctort. 20 Jnvier 2007, Université Pris I. BROGLIO A. 1992, Le pietre dipinte dell Epigrvettino recente del Ripro Villrun A (Dolomiti Venete), Atti XXVII Riun.Scient. I.I.P.P., Firenze 1989, BROGLIO A. 1998, Considerzioni sull produzione rtistic dell Epigrvettino recente del Veneto e del Trentino. Due nuove pietre dipinte del Ripro Villrun A. RSP XLIX, DALMERI G. 1998, Le incisioni epigrvettine dell Mrchesin, RSP XLIX, D ERRICO F. 1994, L Art Grvé Azilien- De l technique à l significtion. XXXI Supplement à Glli Préhistoire, CNRS éditions. D ERRICO F.- CACHO C. 1994, Nottion versus Decortions in the Upper Pleolitic : csestudy from Tossl de l Roc, Alicnte, Spin,Journl of Archeologicl Science, 21, D ERRICO F, UCELLI GNESUTTA P. 1999, L rt moilier Epigrvettien de l Grott de Settecnnelle (Vitero, Itlie). Anlyse technique et stylistique. L Anthropologie (Pris), 103, n.1, D ERRICO F.,VANHAEREN M. 2002, Criteri for Identifying Res Dee (Cervus Elphus) Age nd Sex from Their Cnines. Appliction in the Study of Upper Pleolithic nd Mesolithic Ornments..Journl of Archeologicl Science, 29,

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