Your KIM. characters, along with a fancy. includes scrolling, erase to end of screen, full motions, and the usual goodies. The

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1 Don Lncster SYNERGETCS A TVT For Your KM... t price you won't believe Here is the gret hppening in TVT technology you hve long been witing for. Tke smll, single-sided PC crd with SX integrted circuits on it, plug it into your KM-1 or other microcomputer nd disply up to severl thousnd upper nd lower cse chrcters of your choice, ll on n ordinry TV set with minimum modifictions. Despite its "ll the bells nd whistles" performnce, the cost of this new TVT pproch is so ludicrously low tht there's no compring it with nything previously vilble. f you're rel dyed-in-the-wool scrounger letch your own bords, stel sockets nd connectors, burn your own PROMs, etc....), you cn put this together for round nine dollrs plus the rpidly dropping cost of chrcter genertor C! Complete kits nd redyto-go units re lso vilble commercilly, t somewht higher but still unbelievble prices. This new TVT development uses the microcomputer to do prcticlly ll of the system timing nd control involved in video disply. This reduces the remining interfce circuitry to three hex inverters, two bby PROMs, nd chrcter genertor. Your computer lterntes its compute nd disply modes, just s your KM-1 now lterntes between computer nd keybord modes. With fncy enough softwre, you cn mke this ltertion nerly or completely trnsprent. More simply, you let the screen go blnk when the computer is busy nd doesn't wnt to tlk to you nywy. An entire book could be written on this whole new TVT bllgme. n fct... the book is clled Microprocessor Bsed Video Displys, nd Sms will print it. Wht we'll do here is lift just enough out of the book to show you how to build video disply for your KM-1. The prticulr circuit is clled TVT-6L (L for lower cse) nd we'll show you how to build displys of 16 lines of 32 chrcters, 13 lines of 64 chrcters, nd 25 lines of 64 chrcters, long with fncy full-performnce cursor tht includes scrolling, erse to end of screen, full motions, nd the usul goodies. The lrger displys will tke more memory thn the bre bones KM-1 hs, so we'll show you one wy to go with KM-1 nd KM-2 (4K dd-on RAM) pir of crds. How t Works The block digrm of the TVT-6L is shown in Fig. 1. An re of your microcomputer's regulr memory is reserved for your disply. On the minimum KM-1, 512 chrcter, 16 x 32 disply on pges 02 nd 03 is good strting point, lthough the TVT-6L crd cn work with ny contiguous memory block from to 0FFF. Since the KM uses prts of pge nd 01 for its operting system, these usully ren't vilble for lphnumeric disply use. For the lrger displys with dded RAM, memory loctions from pges four through seven or else four through ten (04-07 FF or 04-0AFF) re good choice. Besides these disply memory pges, you'll need plce to put the SCAN progrm tht tricks the KM-1 nd TV set into tlking to ech other comptibly. Usully your SCAN progrm is round ninety words long. On the KM-1, this is esily stuffed into the leftover scrtchpd RAM strting t Our DECODE red only memory is the hert of our TVT circuit. This PROM is ctivted by sending it n ddress from to EFFF. When ctivted, the DECODE memory cuses compnion SCAN memory to force the microcomputer into scn mode tht dvnces the CPU's progrm counter 32, 64, or some other number of selected steps, dvncing once ech microsecond, binry counter style. During this ctive horizontl scn time of usully 32 or 64 microseconds, ll the memory in the microcomputer is sequentilly interrogted on one memory slot per microsecond bsis. A new upstrem tp is dded to the memory to be displyed tht lwys outputs dt to the TVT-6L circuit, even nd prticulrly when the disply memory does NOT hve ccess to the dt bus. So, during scn mode, the disply memory outputs chrcters to the TVT even though it does not hve control of the dt bus. The chrcters hve the formt shown in Fig. 1b, with n ASC chrcter using up the lower seven bits of the memory word. An optionl cursor bit is plced on bit eight if wnted or needed. A zero in bit eight does nothing one optionlly displys winking cursor under both softwre nd hrdwre control. The lower seven bits of chrcter tht were sent from the upstrem tp go to chrcter genertor C1. C1 lso receives some "wht row of dots do we wnt?" informtion from the DECODE 50

2 : red only memory C2. This prticulr chrcter genertor hs n internl video shift register to directly output seril video in 7 x 1 1 dot mtrix with descenders formt. The internl video shift register in C1 derives its lod nd clock timing pulses from the KM system clock 02 by wy of gted oscilltor C6. The seril output video goes now to new, simple, nd super-importnt circuit clled bndwidth enhncer in C5. The bndwidth enhncer predistorts the output video to exctly cncel the wy your TV set is going to try nd mess it up. With this circuit, it's simple mtter to output severl thousnd chrcters per frme nd still sty within the ordinry video bndwidth of plin old TV set. Our bndwidth enhncer simply mkes the dots longer thn the undots, with the mount of lengthening set by CLARTY control tht is tuned to your TV for the shrpest nd brightest disply. Menwhile, two other outputs from the DECODE memory C2 go to position dely circuit in C4 to provide horizontl nd verticl positioning. The delyed sync signls re combined with the enhnced video in video combiner C5. C5 gives us two outputs. One is the usul monitor output with grounded sync tips nd +2 volt white level, used with monitors nd completely preconverted TV sets. Our second TV output is trnslted upwrds to put the white level t +4 volts, the usul bis level needed to go directly into the bse of the first video mplifier trnsistor in portble, trnsformer operted, solid stte, blck nd white TV. Thus, our TV output gretly simplifies direct video interfce. As Fig. 7 will show us lter on, ll you do is rip off the hedphone jck nd use it s n utomtic video chngeover switch, defet the sound trp, nd tht's ll you need t ADDRESS 1 MEMORY TO BE DSPLAYED NEW UPSTREAM TAP R/W- /*2 CLOCK CS 1 DECODE ENABLE * KM - OR OTHER // P SYSTEM KLOBAUD does it!! A TUT for your KM «ith: + UPPER nd lo«er cse + Scrol ing cursor + Only SX C's + Totl softwre control + Ful nterlce Up to 3328 chrcters Win i su TU sods At price you're just not going to Pel ieve! * *+* W' l l MM M P lest for the 16 x 32 disply. Three switches on the TVT-6L let you progrm the module to suit your prticulr needs. One switch picks 32 versus 64 chrcter lines when used with suitble scn softwre. A second switch gives you choice of no cursor or of winking underline cursor under softwre control. The finl switch is GATED OSCLLATOR C6 CURSOR BLNKER C4 n. DOT MATRX CHARACTER GEN C CLOCK LOAD CLARTY BANDWDTH ENHANCER C5 POSTON DELAY C4 H V POSTON OFFSET GENERATOR D5-D8 VDEO COMR C5 H SYNC Fig. l. TVT-6L Block Digrm. The CPU does ll the work. * CURSOR 0*N0 CURSOR "\ OPTONAL CURSOR BT ASC BT 7 ASC BT 6 ASC BT 5 V SYNC ASC BT 4 TVT-6L MODULE ASC BT 3 ASC BT 2 O TV <J OUTPUT SS V,DE0 < > OUTPUT ASC BT 1 DB7 DB6 DB5 DB4 DB3 DB2 DB DBO the netest one to wtch since it gives you choice of ll upper cse or mixed upper nd lower lphnumerics. Fig. 1b. Dt bus definitions. Scnning the A SCAN progrm ctivtes DECODE memory once ech horizontl line, which 51

3 GND Fig. 4. TVT-6L printed circuit bord lyout (full size). results in seril video being output for tht prticulr line. f the progrm clls for blnk or retrce scn, ll zeros re output, resulting in n ll-blck line. After horizontl scn, the scn progrm computes the chrcter nd row informtion needed for the next line, nd continues this wy, on through one composite frme of fully interlced video. The design of scn progrm is extr tricky since you hve to control the exct number of microseconds everything tkes to keep both the computer nd the TV set hppy. But once the scn progrm is designed nd debugged, it's nothing but severl dozen words of RAM or ROM vilble when needed to output the contents of the memory pges s video. is All our scn progrm does cuse the pges of memory reserved for chrcters to pper on the screen. The SCAN progrm hs bsolutely nothing to do with how the chrcters get onto or off of tht memory, nd couldn't cre less. Your ordinry GROUND SPARES 1.0 MHz CLOCK DATA FROM DSPLAY MEMORY UPSTREAM TAP 2 5 BLACK U SYNC DSPLAY MEMORY CS DECODE J ENABLE ADDRESS LNES 0.6- NOT USED ALL DODES N448 - GROUND (2) TEST PONT ] HR- HORZONTAL RATE VR«VERTCAL RATE LD-LOAD RV'RAW VDEO PN4.C4 5-6 CV- COMPOSTE VDEO PN6. C2-3 CK' VDEO CLOCK L PN C 2A Fig. 2. TVT-6L Schemtic. 52

4 i 1 NORMAL l _^_j o mi mi mm mi cd cd cd wmmm cd cd cd WORD NOTES LDY 0e cd cd cd t M 2 cd cd cd j M M 3 cd m» cd en H «4 M N 5 m cd cd cd M H 6 o M m 7 o H M 8 1! m m 9 cd M H cd cd cd H M H 12 cd H M 13 cd! cd cd M M 14 H «15 cd M H 16! M m 17! H H cd H N 19 1! ll ] M 2i ', H 22 H M 23 M cd m 25 m» cd cd cd M M 26 H U ', 27 cd cd cd " N N 28 ', cd 29 M H WM M WM RTS 40e mi 31 ' cd cd mm NO. 67 DRLL (ALL OTHERS) NO. 52 DRLL () NO. 40 DRLL (4) NO. 54 DRLL (9) Fig. 3. Truth Tble for SCAN PROM, C2. ONE RE0'D--MAKE FROM.57MM SNGLE SDED G-O PC MAT'L WORD NOTES ! 2 1 NORMAL 1 cd *m 1 2 BLANK i 3 LNE cd cd 4 LNE B! 5 LNE cd cd mi mi 6 LNE mi cd cd 7 LNE cd 8 LNE cd 9 LNE wmcd mmmmmn LNE mm mi \ LNE LNE 052 cd cd mm 13 LNE 053 mm cd wm! 14 1 cd mi V SYNC 15 NORMAL 1 cd 16 NORMAL 3 m m 17 NORMAL 3 BLANK LNE mi cd cd mi LNE LNE 3 043! 22 LNE jjb 23 LNE LNE mm cd cd cd 25 LNE cd cd 26 LNE LNE mm 28 LNE 052 cd m cd 29 LNE o V SYNC 3 wm en cd cd cd 31 NORMAL 3 Fig. 5. Mechnicl nd drilling detils for PC bord. Fig. 3b. PROM C3. Truth Tble for DECODE KM-1 firmwre cn be used to lod nd dump memory to cssette tpe. Your internl keypd cn be used to put messges onto the screen by writing onto the memory pges. This trick gives you zero cost ASC keybord nd encoder, but t the hssle of hving to write everything in hex rther thn ASC code. For most uses, you'll wnt to dd n externl ASC keybord, entering on prllel A inputs nd interrupting the Scn progrm every time you wnt to chnge chrcter. We'll be looking t full scrolling cursor progrm lter, but the importnt point now is tht you use whtever ordinry KM- 1 comptible progrms you like to fill nd empty the disply memory pges. Your seprte Scn progrm simply puts the memory pges on the screen. This wy, you hve totl ccess to the screen memory t ny time for ny reson. Things like displyed rel time clock re trivil, nd you cn lod nd dump chrcters t fntstic rte. With simple Hex-to-ASC dpter, you cn lso disply op-code Fig. 6. Components plcement overly. directly insted of lphnumeric chrcters. Note tht this new TVT pproch isn't DMA (Direct Memory Access) with its relted drivers nd ccess hssles. Your chrcter memory is, looks, feels, nd tstes just like ny other memory in the microcomputer, since we've kept our upstrem tp secret from the CPU. Building t Fig. 2 shows you the schemtic long with its prts list, while Fig. 3 gives you the truth tbles for the DECODE nd SCAN red only memories. Note tht these re Tri-stte 32 x 8 PROMs. Their progrms obviously chnge if you use system different from the KM-1. You'll find full size printed circuit lyout in Fig. 4, long with the mechnicl nd drilling detils of Fig. 5. Components re locted per the overly of Fig. 6. Strt construction with the jumpers, using sleeving where shown. Follow this up with the nine test points nd 53

5 FROM VDEO DETECTOR C1 C2, 6, 8 C4 C3, 11, 12 C5 C7 C C13, 14 C15 D1-9 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 J1,2 R1. 15, 16 R2 R3, 4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R, 11 R12 R13 R14 S1-3 MSC: NOTE: SET SHOWN S PANASONC T-26A PHOTOFACT TP3 4.08V 1 ADD RG-174 COAX 2 pf polystyrene 270 pf polystyrene 0.22 uf mylr 0.1 uf mylr (Disks OK for C1 1, 12) 1 pf polystyrene.015 uf mylr.47 uf mylr 47 pf polystyrene 470 pf disk.01 uf disk 1 N4148 or equivlent silicon computer diode. D1, D9 must be qulity units. CG54L-1 chrcter Genertor C (STD Microsystems) M56 or equivlent 32 x 8 Bipolr Tri-stte PROM "SCAN" M56 or equivlent 32 x 8 Bipolr Tri-stte PROM "DECODE' 4584 CMOS Hex Schmitt Trigger (Motorol) 7405 TTL Hex open collector inverter 74LS04 LS TTL hex inverter PC Mount Phono Jck, Keystone k, 1/4 wtt crbon film resistor 680 ohm, 1k, 2 ohm, 3.3 Megohm, 150 ohm, 22 ohm, 1 ohm, 22k, k upright trimmer potentiometer CTS U1 'CLARTY' 1k, H POS" 5k, 'V POS" SPDT miniture switch 3.17 mm pin centers PC Bord, etched nd drilled per Fig. 4 Test Point Terminls (9) PC Sockets, pin (1), 16 pin (2), 14 pin (3): Mtching connector ( Amphenol 225 or equivlent) Sleeving jumper mteril solder. The following re vilble from PAA Electronics, Box 14539, Oklhom City, OK, : PC Bord, etched nd drilled, #TVT-6LB, $4. Complete kit of ll bove prts #TVT-6LK, $59.95 Assembled nd Tested TVT-6L, #TVT-6LAT, $75. KM Coded Cssette, #TVT-6LC, $5. BREAK CONNECTON Complete Prts List, TVT-6L. 1ST VDEO AMPLFER GROUND ONLY AT VDEO AMP END (0) DRECT VDEO MODS NEEDED R SHORTER LNE LENGTHS BREAK CONNECTON EXSTNG WDTH COL NO L403 YOKE HORZONTAL C45 65 M F f l8v NEW COL 45 TURNS NO ON 1.27 cm NYLON RM NEW SWTCH REDUCNG WDTH NEW 022 MYLAR CAPACTOR EXTENDNG HOLD RANGE O (b) ADDTONAL MODS THAT MAY BE NEEDED R 64 CHARACTER LNES DEFEAT SOUND TRAP BY LFTNG HOT END OF 45MHz CRYL X4 EARPHONE JACK (OLD CONNECTONS ALL REMOVED) FROM TVT-6L 'TV' OUTPUT HORZ HOLD L40 R406 8 Fig. 7. Mods to TV set re gretly simplified thnks to lredy offset "TV" output on TVT-6L. DO NOT ATTEMPT DRECT VDEO ON A HOT CHASSS (NO POWER TRANSRMER) SET! 54 8V the low profile C sockets, the switches, nd the output phono jcks. Finlly, dd the resistors, pots, cpcitors, nd diodes. Be sure to note the polrity of ech diode s it is dded. Use fine solder nd smll iron, nd be sure to crefully double-check for ny splshes or missed connections. Softwre Tble shows us some tested nd workble KM softwre. Progrm 1-A is the scn progrm for 16 x 32 fully interlced 51 2 chrcter disply tht cn be moved round s needed. Progrm 1-B is dul progrm tht you cn set up s 25 x 64 or 13 x 64 fully interlced displys with lrger chrcters. Finlly, Progrm 1-C gives us four-in-one full performnce scrolling cursor. 1-C ccepts n externl ASC keybord on the prllel A inputs nd works with ny of the disply formts by chnging the key words s shown. This prticulr cursor system includes ll the bells nd whistles, such s full, rpid cursor motions in ll directions, scrolling, erse to end of screen, nd so on. t tkes up most of pge 01 in the KM-1. You cn esily mke the cursor progrm longer for super fncy editing or shorter for minimum sequentil loding, per your choice. Modifying your KM Tble gives you complete listing of ll pinouts on the TVT-6L long with the interfce connections needed for either KM-1 or KM-2 interfce. The ctul computer mods re outlined in Fig. 8. For the KM-1, you dd connector long the top nd mke wiring pencil direct connections s shown. The foil is cut in ONE plce long the 1 K memory chip select line nd chngeover switch is dded. With the switch in the NORMAL position, the chip select is driven from K0 s usul. n the TVT position, the chip select line is driven from the TVT's CSO line, which is negtive logic OR of KO nd the TVT's scn ccess. For lrger displys, you'll need extr memory. Fig. 8b shows us the modifictions for KM-2 memory. These mods first convert the KM-2 decodings so tht the KM-2 works on the second, third, fourth, nd fifth "K" of memory, or ddresses FF. Only ddresses 04 through 0FFF my be used for TVT pge storge, lthough the remining spce is vilble for other computer use. The rest of the KM-2 mods re similr to those on the KM-1. Even if you re going to use extr memory (who isn't?), convert the KM-1 nywy s it is the simplest nd best wy to get strted with your video displys. The chngeover switch lets you run with the TVT-6L out of

6 Closeup of TVT-6L module. Three of the six! Cs used re hex inverters. Switches give choice of line length, upper nd lower cse, cursor. Twin jcks give either monitor video or lredy-trnslted TV video. Both outputs re enhnced for minimum bndwidth needs. Module is dptble to mny populr microprocessors nd microcomputers. the socket. n one position, the computer works normlly in the other, it will work s TVT or trnsprently so long s the TVT is in the socket nd so long s memory loctions to EFFF re not clled. TV Mods The TV output with its +4 white bis level gretly simplifies your direct video interfce. Fig. 7 shows how to "borrow" the hedphone jck on Pnsonic T126A nd convert it into n utomtic video chngeover switch. The only new prts needed re two short pieces of miniture cox. The sound trp is defeted by lifting the hot end of the 4.5 Meghertz crystl. This type of conversion works on ny smll screen, solid stte TRANSRMER OPERATED portble B nd W television set, so long s the set needs bis voltge round +4 volts t the input to the first video stge. n order to use the 64 chrcter displys on n ordinry TV without extensive video bndwidth chnges, the television's horizontl frequency is run much lower thn norml, round 11 khz. This mens tht you'll most likely need width nd hold modifiction for 64 or other long chrcter lines. On the set shown, you cn use coil of 48 turns of # wire on 1.27 cm dimeter nylon form in series with the existing Uf * ' : tttftmtitiflumi The KM-1 with difference. Cble t top delivers enhnced video direct to your TV set or monitor. width coil. A new hold mylr cpcitor of one third the norml vlue, or.022 uf, is dded in prllel to C409 to extend the hold rnge downwrds. Note tht the reduced horizontl frequency nd reduced width re only needed on 64 chrcter lines. The shorter 32 chrcter lines run t norml horizontl speed. This trdeoff buys us lot in the wy of being ble to scn chrcters with the CPU in the first plce nd elimintes ny need for video bndwidth extension, so it is well worth the simple nd reversible mods needed. Clipon RF modultors cn lso be used s shown in the TV Typewriter Cookbook nd Microprocessor Bsed Video Displys, gin thnks to the reduced horizontl rte with long line lengths. With ny TV modifiction, be sure to hve SAMS photofct on hnd nd get expert help if you've never done video input conversion before. NEVER ATTEMPT DRECT VDEO NTO A HOT CHASSS OR TRANS- RMERLESS TELEV- SON SET. nitil Checkout Alwys hve good oscilloscope on hnd for your initil checkout, nd lwys do your first check on KM-1 in the 16 x 32 utility scn progrm 1A mode. Don't worry bout doing nything initilly except displying code tht lredy hppens 1. Add new 36 pin, single redout connector long the top of the KM-1 bove the crystl. Smll "L" brckets cn be dded to use existing holes. 2. Mke short nd direct wire connections s shown in Tble. Use wiring pencil for ll connections except +5 nd GND, which should be short lengths of # wire. Do not use ribbon cble or ttempt extending the TVT-6L. 3. Brek ONE foil run s shown, nd dd DPDT chngeover switch: DECODE ENABLE PN 12, U9 MEMORY CS PN 13, U5-U2 TVT-6L < DEN ) 17 ^TVT KM < CSO ^^ ) 16 ^X CUT y ko [ L pin, U4 < CS ) 15 KM EXPANSON - C >"* EXTERNAL GROUND REMOVE ALL EXTERNAL CONNECTONS FROM KM APPLCATONS "K" With the switch in the TVT position, opertion is totlly trnsprent so long s the TVT-6L is in its socket nd ddresses -EFFF ren't clled. Fig. 8. Modifying your KM-1 for the TVT-6L. 1. Add new 36 pin, single redout connector long the left edge of the crd, the side wy from the regultor. Smll "L" brckets cn use existing holes if one of the hndle eyelets re replced with #6 screw. 2. Mke short nd direct wire connections s shown in Tble. Use wiring pencil for ll connections except +5 nd GND. 3. Brek TWO foil leds s shown, nd dd DPDT chngeover switch: KM-2 KM " C 3 ) EXPANSON (MODFED) OR +5 APPLCATON K ««(UNMODFED) KM-2 FROM K 5 > 'd~e F APPLCATON * ' * (DECODED -4) NEW R PN 6 U5 CUT L PREVOUSLY UNUSED NVERTER PN 2 U6 L T X\- CUT L ^ - ^TVT KM OLD CONNECTONS REMAN TVT-6L C DEN ) 17 TVT-6L < CSO ) 16 TVT-6L < CS ) 15 REMOVE ALL EXTERNAL CONNECTONS FROM KM-2 "BD SELECTED" 16 Note tht we now hve new input pin on Connector 5 tht is driven by KM-1 decodings K1, 2, 3, nd 4 in prllel from Appliction connector C, D, E, nd F. We lso hve new output pin on Connector 3 tht provides ground for the KM-1 Decode Enble. This is connected to Appliction Connector K on n unmodified KM-1 nd to Expnsion Connector or KM-1 modified per Fig. 8. Note further tht BD SELECTED output Connector 16 is not used. These modifictions cuse your KM-2 to respond to ddresses FF. The progrm ddress switches re no longer used. Fig. 8b. Modifying your KM-2 for the TVT-6L. 55

7 to be on pges 02 nd 03. Center the three controls, switch to "32", cursor OFF nd Lower Cse OFF, plug the TVT-6L into your KM-1, insert C2 nd C3 only, nd pply power. Go through the usul initiliztion, putting the KM-1 in its binry mode with the interrupt returning you to keybord opertion. Then, try to operte the KM-1 with simple progrm on pge zero to mke sure the chip select nd decode enble logic on the TVT-6L is pssing things through properly nd trnsprently. Now, check ddress with your keybord monitor. t should contin n A0. f it doesn't, stop immeditely nd find out why\ Check the next 29 loctions for more AOs followed by two 60s followed by nother string of AOs nd so on. You should now be ble to write nd single step simple progrm tht will trnsfer control from KM to TVT bck to KM gin (see Exmple 1 ). Your KM-1 should strt t, jump to, index sixteen times by twos to 1 E, return to 03 nd stick there in the trp. Don't go on till the KM nd TVT cn pss control bck nd forth to ech other. Next, dd C6 nd check testpoints LD nd CK with decent scope. The wveforms should look exctly like Fig. 9. n prticulr, they should be clen nd stble. The clock should hve eight nrrow positive clock pulses between lod commnds. Do not omit checking these wveforms. Add the rest of the Cs, "CK" 'LD" r 8 CLOCK PULSES BETWEEN LOADNGS (SETS DOT SPACNG) Tble. Some softwre. Ji oooo 03 JMP 4C 03 Exmple 7, A. Progrm for 16 line, 32 chrcter per line nterlced TVT-6L Rster Scn: up 6502 System KM-1 0, 1, F (etc) d E b F A 179b 179d 17C1-17C2 17C3 17C5 17C8 17CA 17Cd 17d0 17dl 17d k NSEC" ^ NSEC 1 h JJUULJULMJUX J~L_ n NSEC ^r Upper Address (178A0 t-3 V ) +3 V 50 NSEC Fig. 9. Key high frequency wveforms. Clock "CK" must be clen, jitter free, nd hve nrrow positive duty cycle shown. 58 Strt JMP 17A6 End nterrupt norml progrm (no tvt) blnk scn scn row 1 scn row 2 scn row 11 verticl sync pulse CLC PHA PLA TAX TXA LDX LDY DEY BPL LDX PHA PLA CLD DEX BM BPL AA Ad 8A B0 A2 AO 88 A d8 CA NOTES: (8A) E0 F0* (89) F (89) da* (EC) 7F 05* (EC) Fd* 05* (EC) 37 E (89) 22 (8A) Ad* Ed* Go to TVT Trp Displyed -03FF Progrm Spce d4 Lower Address (1789) V8 V4 V2 V H16 H8 H4 H2 B E0 E0 Cler Crry Store Upper Address Equlize microseconds Tpe dent 6A Progrm Length words 1 word pge zero (EC) ///Chrcter Scns 0-11/// ncrement Chrcter Scn Counter Chrcter Scn Counter Overflow? No, Scn next row of chrcter Sve Upper Address Get Lower Address ncrement Lower Address Sve crry Restore Lower Address Sve crry Get Upper Address Reset Upper Address dd crry Equlize 3 microseconds ///Blnk Chrcter Scn 12/// s it the "17th" row of chrcters? No, strt new row of chrcters Get nterlce Word Chnge Field vi Crry bit Jump if Even Field Odd Field V Sync Restore nterlce Lod Odd (short) #of blnk scns Equlize 31 microseconds Jump if odd field Even Field V Sync Restore nterlce lod Even (long) #of blnk scns ///lst V Blnking scn/// Equlize 9 Microseconds nitilize Lower Address nitilize Upper Address ///Rest of V Blnking scns/// One less scn Strt Chrcter Scn Repet V Blnking Scn TVT-6L must be connected nd both the SCAN nd DECODE PROMs must be in circuit for progrm to run. Both 17AC nd 17b8 require tht pge be enbled when pge E0 is ddressed. This is done utomticlly in the KM-1 decode circuitry. Loction EC on pge zero is reserved s n interlce storge bit. Step 1788 goes to where the upper ddress stored in 178A nd the lower ddress stored in 1789 tells it to. Vlues in these slots continuously chnge throughout the progrm. For 525 line system, use 17b0 34 nd 17bC 35 nd KM-1 crystl of khz. This is ONLY needed for video superposition or tilting pplictions the stock 1 MHz

8 crystl is used for ALL OTHER uses. Norml progrm horizontl frequency is 15, khz Verticl microseconds per line, lines per field 2 fields per frme 529 lines totl. TVT-6L switch must be in the "32" position. ( ) Denotes n bsolute ddress tht is progrm loction sensitive. * Denotes reltive brnch tht is progrm length sensitive. TO DSPLAY OTHER PAGES, USE: FLOWCHART 16X32 NTERLACED SCAN TVT-6L NO 6A DO CHARACTER SCAN COMPUTE NEW CHARACTER LNE ADDRESS ( b) (7-78F) ( F) (7A27A4) PAGES DSPLAYED 17A3 17 TVT CONNECTON ODD (7A6-7A8) -01FF -03FF 04-05FF 06-07FF 08-09FF OAOO-OBFF OCOO-ODFF OEOO-OFFF A 2C 2E A 2C 2E KM-1 KM-1 KM-2 KM-2 KM-2 KM-2 KM-2 KM-2 EVEN FELD V SYNC 8 SETUP (7bl-7bb) ODD FELD V SYNC SETUP (7AC-7b6) ( 7bd- 7d0) R HGHER PAGES, MOVE CONTENTS TO -03FF or 04-05FF B. Progrm for 1 3 line or 25 line, 64 chrcter per line interlced TVT-6L Rster Scn: up 6502 System KM-1, 2 Strt JMP 17bF End nterrupt Displyed 04C0-0AFF Progrm Spce E2 Upper Address 1788 Lower Address 1787 * * * * PH PL V8 V4 V2 V H32 H16 H8 H4 H2 "3 0.1, F 2 norml progrm (no tvt) blnk scn 3 scn row 1 4 scn row 2 Ptf* d scn row 11 E verticl sync pulse Tpe dent 6B Progrm Length 99 words + 1 word pge zero (EC) TARTj b F A 179d 179F 17A1 17A A AC 17AE 17b0 17b3 17b5 17b8. 17bA 17bb 17bd 17bF 17C2 17C4 17C6 NOP PHA PLA NOP LDX LDY DEY BPL LDX EA 48 AD 68 EA A2 AO 88 bo A2 () (88) EO F3* (87) 3F (87) Fd* OF* (EC) OF 34 (81) OC 40 2b df* (EC) 7F OF* (EC) OE (81) 2b (AO) 07 EO EO nitilize Upper Address Store Upper Address Equlize 2 ///Chrcter Scns 0-11//// ncrement Chrcter Gen by 2 s it scn 12 or 13? No, Do next chrcter scn Sve Upper Address Get Lower Address ncrement L Set C on V2 Overflow Restore L sve crry Get Upper Word Equlize 2 ///Blnk scns 12, 13/// Add Crry Reset Upper Address Ws this the lst line of chrcters? No, Scn new line of chrcters Get nterlce Word Set Crry if Odd Field Finished Strt Even Field if Crry Set Even V Sync + Replce nterlce Lod Even #VB Scns -2 nitilize Even Upper Address nitilize Even Chrcter End Compre Equlize 41 microseconds Skip if Even Field Odd V Sync + Replce nterlce Lod Odd #VB Scns -2 nitilize Odd Upper Address 59

9 NOTES: L r 17 17Cb 17CE 17dl 17d3 17d6 17d8 17d9 17dA 17dd 17dE 17E0 17E1 BM CLD NOP DEX BM CLC BPL d8 EA CA 3b (A0) 3F CO (87) AO* F5* TVT-6L must be connected nd both the SCAN nd DECODE PROMS must be in circuit for progrm to run. Both 17 nd 17bF require tht pge be enbled when pge E0 is ddressed. This is done utomticlly in the KM-1 decode circuitry. nitilize Odd Chrcter End Compre ///lst V Blnking Scn///// nitilize Lower Address Equlize 3 microseconds Equlize 4 microseconds ///Rest of V Blnking Scns/// One Less Scn Strt Chrcter Scn Cler Crry Repet V Blnking Scn Loction EC on pge zero is reserved s n interlce storge bit. Step 1786 goes to where the upper ddress stored in 1788 nd the lower ddress stored in 1787 tells it to. Vlues in these slots continuously chnge throughout the progrm. Vlues in slots 1781 (Upper ddress strt) nd 17A0 (Chrcter end compre) lternte with the field being scnned. Horizontl Scn Frequency = khz. Verticl frequency = Hertz. 87 microseconds per line lines per field 2 fields per frme, 383 lines totl. TVT-6L switch must be in the "64" position. ( ) Denotes n bsolute ddress tht is progrm loction sensitive. DO CHARACTER SCAN ( ) * Denotes reltive brnch tht is progrm length sensitive. Progrm my be used for 13 x 64 lrge chrcters or 25 x 64 smll chrcters by chnging the following slots: COMPUTE NEW CHARACTER LNE ADDRESS (78D-78E) (78F-79E) 13x64 25 x 64 07bF) f RT ") NO (79F) 178A 17Ad 17Af 17b4 17C3 17C5 17CA E 2b OF 34 3b (7b8-7cd) ODD FELD V SYNC SETUP ODD EVEN ( 7A37A8) (7-7bc) (7CE- 7dd) (7d -7E2) FLOWCHART 13X64 OR 25X64 NTERLACED SCAN N0 6B C. Progrm for Four-in-One full performnce Scrolling Cursor: up 6502 System Kim 1,2 Strt RQ End RT Progrm Spce df + Two words pge zero (ED,EF) nput to prllel Word A A7 A6 A4 A3 A2 Al J RQ usee. Cler CAN () Crrige Return CR (Od) Cursor Up VT (0b) Cursor Down LF (0A) Cursor Left BS (08) Cursor Right HT (09) Cursor Home SOH (0A) Scroll Up DC1 (11) Erse To End ETX (03) Enter ll chrcters nd ll unused CTRL commnds 60

10 L Enter vi RQ E 015E [ roia OUT " b OlOd 0F A 011C 011E A 012C 012E A 013C 013E 013F A 014C 014E b 015E b f-016d A 016 6F ^= A A1-014A A 017C 017E A h0c 0E 0191 H K)19b 019d 019F 01A1 01A3 PHA LDY AND CLD JMP ORA PLA 0151 RT ORA 0156 JMP CLC JMP LDY LDY CLC SEC SEC SBC DEC 48 AO bo bl Ad bo d8 4C bl C 4C AO bl AO bo 38 bo 38 E9 bo C6 C5 04 3E* 02 3A* 7F * * Od * Ob 6E* OA 3C* 09 2A* 08 75* 01 11* 11 3b* 03 73* (d3) 06* (75) (C2) 80 F (d5) (42) (C2) (Cb) El* 03* (d9) (42) (C2) (d3) F5* 03 EO bc* (Cb) * Ad* 01 * 17 Sve A Reset Y ndex Get Cursor nd test for rnge s cursor below mximum? No, Home Cursor s cursor bove minimum? No, Home cursor Get Old Cursed chrcter Erse Old Cursor Replce chrcter without cursor Get New chrcter from A prllel nt. s it chrcter to be entered? Yes, go nd enter chrcter Cler Screen? Yes, go cler screen Return crrige? Yes, go return crrige Move cursor up? Yes, move cursor up Move Cursor down? Yes, move cursor down Move cursor right? Yes, move cursor right Move Cursor left? Yes, Move cursor to left Home Cursor? Yes, Home cursor Scroll Up? Yes, Scroll Up Erse to End of Screen? Yes, Erse to End of Screen Assure Hex rithmetic mode ////Enter Chrcter vi Sub//// Did Screen Overflow? Select Scroll or Wrpround ////Home cursor vi sub//// ////Restore Cursor//// Add Cursor to cursed chrcter Restore cursed chrcter Restore Accumultor Return to Scn ////Crrige Return///(get cursor) Move cursor ll the wy right Restore Cursor ncrement cursor Scroll or wrpround if needed finish ////Cler///// (home cursor) cler screen vi subroutine Finish ////Cursor Down////(get cursor) Cler Crry Move cursor down one line Restore Cursor Overflow of pge? Yes, increment next higher pge Scroll or wrpround if needed finish /////Scroll Up ////(home cursor) Add offset to index Get offset indexed chrcter Remove offset from index Enter moved chrcter nd increment Repet? Cler Crry Set A to pge of lst line Set Cursor to pge of lst line Lod A to strt of lst line Set Cursor to strt of lst line Finish if crry set Cler lst line Set Crry Restore cursor to strt of lst line /////Cursor Up ///(get cursor) Set Crry Move Up one line Restore Cursor Underflow of pge? Yes, Decrement pge Set A to pge below home pge Did screen underflow? No, Finish lod progrm 1A, switch to single step off, jump to 17A6 nd hit GO. Your first check should be tht the progrm will run, returning to the keybord monitor when you hit stop nd picking up on go gin. Addresses should lwys be within the progrm bounds of being somewhere between nd EFFF or somewhere between 1780 nd 17d3. Check test point VR for one microsecond pulse every 16.7 milliseconds. f your scope hs trouble with low duty cycle wveforms, you cn try pin 6 of C4, which should be one millisecond or so pulse every 16.7 milliseconds. For the cid test, switch to line sync. This pulse is your verticl sync pulse. t should wnder round very slowly with respect to the power line sync. This pulse is creted both by the hrdwre nd your SCAN progrm. Stop right here till you hve it there nd stble. Now, plug in your fully modified TV or monitor to the V D output, or else Fig. 8 modified TV to the TV output. You should hve rndom but stble disply of chrcters, long with some weird control symbols. Position them nd shrpen them with the controls. The CLARTY control mkes the chrcters brighter in one direction nd shrper in the other pick wht you like. At this point you should hve stble nd ttrctive disply. Use minimum contrst for shrpest chrcters. The rest should be downhill ll the wy. Check the LCASE switch nd the CURSOR switch. Around hlf the chrcters should wink cursors t you, since the cursor recognizes ny bit eight set s cursor nd since you hve rndom pge lod, rther thn pge of chrcters with single cursor loction. f everything checks out so fr, you cn now go on to longer chrcter lines, externl keybords, cursor loding (don't forget to lod the RQ 61

11 '.. CURSOR. i ' *()1 01A7 01 OlAb DEC C6 C5 AO* FF 019d -^-OlAd 014A -^-OlAF 99* Olbl 01b3 PHA A 01b4 01b6 01b7 OlbA Olbb Olbd OlbE -*01C0 01C2 01C4 01C6 01C8 01CA i OlCb A OlCd * Ol ' 01d2 01d3 01d5 01d7 01d9 Oldb Oldd 1 OldF PHA PLA PLA RTS RTS NC NC RTS E6 E6 C5 60 (Cb) 88* 02 (d3) F9* 06* 04 Yes, Home cursor ///Cursor Left ///(decrement cursor) Set A to pge underflow Test for pge underflow Chnge pge if off pge Finish if on pge /////Erse to EOS ///(get cursor) Sve Upper Cursor loction on stck Get Lower Cursor loction Sve Lower Cursor loction on stck Cler to End of Screen Get lower cursor loction off stck Restore lower cursor Get upper cursor loction off stck Restore upper cursor Finish ///Subroutine-HOME CURSOR//// Set lower cursor to home vlue Lod A with home pge vlue Set upper cursor to home pge Return to min cursor progrm ///Subroutine-ENTER SPACES//// Enter spce vi chrcter entry sub Repet if not to end of screen Return to min cursor progrm ///Subroutine-ENTER AND NCREMENT/// Enter chrcter nd increment Overflow of pge? Yes, ncrement cursor pge Lod A with pge bove disply Test for Overflow Return to min cursor progrm vector!), nd so on, but don't try too much t once. Alwys get the utility 512 chrcter bsic disply up on KM-1 before trying nything fncy. Thnks to the totl softwre control, once you re up nd working nd confident, there's prcticlly no limit to how fncy you get with your disply. More detils on ll this will pper in Microprocessor Bsed Video Displys, long with such options s Hex- ASC converter tht displys Super Front Pnel Op-Code (your whole progrm t once how's tht for debug ide?) color grphics options, use of different chrcter genertors, different microprocessors, nd so on. Wtch for it. (01) ( '* ) NOTES: For uto-scrolling use For wrpround, use RQ vector must be stored in 1 7FE nd 1 7FF 01. (05- OlOb) FLOWCHART- -16X32 SCROLLNG CURSOR Totl vilble stck length is 32 words. Approximtely 16 re used by operting system, cursor, nd scn progrm. Stck must be initilized to 01 FF s is done in KM operting system. For dditionl stck loctions, relocte subroutines strting t 01 C2 elsewhere. For totl stck vilbility, relocte entire progrm elsewhere. (00F- 0113) (0116) MACHNE 1 COMMAND, ' i _i To protect pge, lod F1 04. To enble entry, lod F1 (01 A) 'XLEAR\ r S. SCREEN Mt CURSOR CLEAR SCREEN (05E) ( ) -»i> Cursor ddress is stored t OOEd low nd EE high on pge zero. To disply cursor, lod 01 4d 80. To not disply cursor, lod 014d (ONE) (0122) ^ RETURN CARRAGE RETURN ** CARRAGE ( ) UP (094-0A3) * Denotes reltive brnch tht is progrm length sensitive (0126).CURSOR. cuksom DOWN ( ) Denotes n bsolute ddress tht is progrm loction sensitive To mtch this progrm to the scn progrm, chnge the following slots: (02A) (02E) Rl<.CURSOR.. (O58-O5b) ( ) DECREMENT CURSOR (0lA7-0Ad) (0132) HOME 16 x x x x 64 KM1 KM2 KM2 KM2-03FF 04-05FF 04C0-07FF 04C0-0AFF (0136) (03A) SCROLL UP (075-08D SAVE CURSOR CLEAR TO END Or SCREEN ERASE LAST LNE (083-08O RESTORE HVjR b 0A F F 3F 3F 016A (Olbl-06) (0lb7) (OibA-OlcO) OA 09 E0 E0 CO CO A C3 CO CO 01C OldC Ob (03F) (0142) (0147) ENTER CHARACTER AND Nl "i WN' SCREEN) (AUTO SCROLL) (0144) SCROLL (O45-"75 M ) WRAPAROUND (0l45-"47") (015b) LOAD NEW CURSOR (015b) (J^D ENO 62

12 1 1 Pin dent Function Lod 8-A KM-1 Connections 8-B KM 2 Connections 1,2* 3,4,' 6* * 16* 17* * * GND NC VCL VD7 VD6 VD5 VD4 VD3 VD2 VD1 VDO CS CSO DEN A11 A12 A13 A14 AB15 A4 A3 A2 A1 DB7 DB6 DB5 DB4 DB3 DB2 DB1 DBO +5V Ground Return - Hevy foil or wire No Connection reserved Video Clock 02 Cursor from Disply memory ASC B it 7 from Disply memory ASC B it 6 from Disply memory ASC B it 5 from Disply memory ASC B it 4 from Disply memory ASC B it 3 from Disply memory ASC B it 2 from Disply memory ASC B it 1 from Disply memory Chip Select from Enble Decoding Chip Select to Disply Memory Decode Enble to KM No Connection reserved Address Line 12 Address Line 13 Address Line 14 Address Line 15 Address Line 5 Address Line 4 Address Line 3 Address Line 2 Address Line 1 Dt Bus 7 Dt Bus 6 Dt Bus 5 Dt Bus 4 Dt Bus 3 Dt Bus 2 Dt Bus 1 Dt Bus +5 Volt Supply Expnsion 22 Connector 1 TTL Out TTL Out Expnsion U Pin 12 of U5 Pin 12 of U6 Pin 12 of U7 Pin 12 of U8 Pin 12 of U9 Pin 12 of U Pin 12 of U11 Pin 12 of U12 Pin 1 of U4 Pin 13 of U5-U12 Pin 12 of U4 Pin 4 of U Pin 2 of U3 Pin 6 of U3 Pin of U2 Pin 2 of U2 Pin 6 of U2 Pin of U1 Pin 2 of U1 Pin 6 of U1 Pin 4 of U11 Pin 2 of U6 Connector 3 Expnsion P Connector R TTLTSOut TTL TS Out TTL TS Out TTLTSOut TTLTSOut TTLTSOut TTLTSOut TTLTSOut Expnsion R Expnsion S Expnsion T Expnsion F Expnsion E Expnsion D Expnsion C Expnsion B Expnsion 8 Expnsion 9 Expnsion Expnsion 1 Expnsion 12 Expnsion 13 Expnsion 14 Expnsion 15 Connector S Connector T Connector U Connector H Connector F Connector E Connector D Connector C Connector 8 Connector 9 Connector Connector 1 Connector 12 Connector 13 Connector 14 Connector 15 0 m Expnsion 21 Connector Y NOTES: (See * Above) Pins 1, 2 Pin 6 Pins 15, 16 Pin 17 Pin 27 Pin 36 other connections re wire pencil short leds. Do not use ribbon cbles or ttempt extension. Ground should be hevy foil or # wire - ll Video clock must lod chrcter genertor only when dt output is stble nd vlid. Clock 02 on the KM. Chip select line from decoding to disply memory is broken by cutting the foil nd then replced with negtive logic OR (positive AND) of the originl chip select nd the TVT chip select. See Figure 8b. Decode Enble output goes low when TVT is not scnning goes high otherwise. Decoding must be disbled during ctive scns to llow SCAN memory ccess to dt buss. See Figure 8b. Address line A0 is not used in the TVT module s the SCAN memory indexes every second microsecond. A0 is used in the disply memory ddressing. +5 power borrowed from computer. Extr noise on the +5 line will cuse skewed or kwrd chrcters my be fixed usully with extr bypssing. Use hevy foil or # wire. Tble. TVT-6L nterfce. 63