1. Preliminary remark regarding the connection of terminology, method and theory

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1 Herbert Ernst Wiegand Hybrid text onstituent strutures of ditionary artiles. A ontribution to the expansion of the theory of textual ditionary strutures Abstrat Firstly it is indiated with whih different methods of segmentation the artile internal text segments of different types an be asertained. The following types of text segments are distinguished: items, item texts, nontypographial mirostrutural indiators, funtional item additions, item segments, item form segments. Only text segments with text onstituent status belong to the first three mentioned types of text segments. They exhibit an own form, at least one separate funtion and an own position with neighbours for that position. Only text segments without text onstituent status belong to the last three above-mentioned types of text segments. Non-hybrid textual strutures display element-homogeneous struturearrying sets, ontaining only text segments with text onstituent status. To the ontrary, hybrid textual strutures display element-heterogeneous struture-arrying sets. This allows in a formal way, among other, in the formation of strutures also the expliit onsideration of the upward and downward expanding as well as the internal expanding funtional item additions. Consequently they an have their own strutural plae in the textual strutures presented by means of tree diagrams. Previously this has not been possible. Many types of hybrid textual strutures are distinguished and formally presented by means of tree diagrams. Finally a omprehensive typologial exerpt of hybrid text onstituent strutures are presented. 1. Preliminary remark regarding the onnetion of terminology, method and theory 1

2 German Hybride originates from the Latin hybrida 'half-ast'. The aompanying German adjetive hybrid shows a spetrum of meaning that an be paraphrased as follows aording to Duden- 4 GFWB: "mixed, from two origins, omposed of several; formed by ross-breeding, mixture". To the theory of lexiographi texts whih I have developed, belongs a detailed heuristis (ompare e.g. Wiegand 1990: 20-26; 2005 [2006]: ), whih also provides different methods for the segmentation of ondensed lexiographi texts. For the appliation of these methods of segmentation, appliation onventions and onditions of orretness have been fixed. For the linking of methods and parts of theory demanded by the philosophy of siene the following priniple applies along with others: Only those text elements are onsidered as elements for onrete textual ditionary strutures that are obtained through the proper appliation of one of the methods of segmentation. The following distintions apply: (i)through an appliation of the method of exhaustive funtional-positional segmentation, that presents one of the variants of the method of funtionalpositional segmentation, all types of text onstituents an be obtained. These are only those funtional text segments that display a disrete ontinuous form of the text segment, at least one genuine funtion of a text segment and exatly one fixed textual position in the linguisti hain of the text. These are the following: items, item texts and non-typographial strutural indiators (f. Wiegand 2008b, Fig. 4-1). (ii) Through an appliation of the method of non-funtional-positional segmentation all non-funtional text segments as well as all internally expanded funtional item additions are obtainable (f. Wiegand 2007: 201 ff.). (iii) Through an appliation of the method of funtional segmentative isolation all top and bottom expanded funtional item additions, inluding those without their own position in the linguisti hain, are obtainable (f. Wiegand 2007, 193 ff). The following arrangements also apply: 2

3 (a) Conrete hierarhial text onstituent strutures of whih the struturearrying sets are element-homogeneous in the sense that they display as elements only text segments with text onstituent status (f. (i)) are alled onrete pure (or: non-hybrid) text onstituent strutures: All their elements have the same origin in the sense that they are obtainable through the appliation of the same method. Aordingly abstrat hierarhial onstituent strutures of whih the struture-arrying sets only present lasses of text segments with text onstituent status are alled abstrat pure (or: nonhybrid) text onstituent strutures. (b) Conrete hierarhial text onstituent strutures of whih the struturearrying sets are element-heterogeneous in the sense that they display as elements both text segments with and also those without text onstituent status (f. (i) to (iii)), are alled onrete hybrid text onstituent strutures: Their elements differ in origin (f. the translation of the paraphrasing in Duden- 4 GFWB), in the sense that they are obtainable through appliations of different methods. Aordingly abstrat hierarhial text onstituent strutures of whih the struture-arrying sets display both lasses of text segments with text onstituent status and lasses of text segments without text onstituent status are alled abstrat hybrid text onstituent strutures. From this the following an be determined: The omposition of the struture-arrying sets is a riterion to distinguish between onrete hierarhial pure and onrete hierarhial hybrid text onstituent strutures: Conrete hierarhial pure text onstituent strutures display element-homogeneous struture-arrying sets whereas onrete hierarhial hybrid text onstituent strutures display element-heterogeneous struture-arrying sets. This relation applies mutatis mutandis to the abstrat strutures. In addition: Hierarhial textual strutures that are not text onstituent strutures, e.g. ertain item strutures, an also be divided with the help of the same riteria into pure and hybrid strutures (f. 3). 3

4 2. Pure artile internal text onstituent strutures In ondensed ditionary artiles (f. Wiegand 2003 [2004]: 203 ff) text onstituent strutures our that belong to three types: the pure artile onstituent struture, the pure artile mirostruture and the artile internal searh area struture (f. Wiegand 2000: 269 ff). To understand at least on an intermediate level of abstration why the introdution of hybrid text onstituent strutures presents an "expansion of the theory of textual ditionary strutures" (f. the subtitle), the following paragraph firstly disusses an example of pure artile mirostrutures in a slightly simplified way. The basis of the theory annot be dealt with here (f. Wiegand 1989a and 1989b). Compare the ompletely ondensed ditionary artiles da 1 - da 6 in Fig. 2-1: da 1 : da 2 : da 3 : da 4 : da 5 : da 6 : 4

5 Fig. 2-1: Ditionary artile da 1 and da 2 from HWDG, da 3 from Duden- 6 DUW, da 4 from anders-wd, da 5 from Hollós (2001) and da 6 from towasser (1994). In the following disussion we firstly look at the onrete hierarhial artile mirostruture of da 1. No non-typographial mirostrutural indiators belong to the struture-arrying set of a onrete hierarhial artile mirostruture. They rather belong to the struture-arrying sets of onrete hierarhial artile onstituent strutures of whih the most prominent partial strutures are the onrete hierarhial artile mirostrutures. Consequently, to obtain its onrete hierarhial mirostruture da 1 should be segmented in a first methodologial step in suh a way that all other text onstituents prevail. Beause da 1 ontains no item text these will only be elementary items. Therefore the method of non-exhaustive funtionalpositional segmentation will be applied to da 1. This presents a seond variant of the method of funtional-positional segmentation of whih the orretness onditions inlude that all segmentation results only apply to the items. The segmentation onvention C 1 applies, aording to whih hyphens (e.g. those in "-es" and "-e" in da 1 ) are regarded as part of the item form of an item with ohesion instrutions. Another segmentation onvention C 2, not to be applied here, ould indiate that both the hyphens should be regarded as immediate partial items, i.e. as ondensed word stem items. This would imply that "-es" and "-e" are not elementary items but nonelementary items. In the following disussion the segmentation proedures are not explained in detail (f. e.g. Wiegand 2000: 235 ff). Only the segmentation result is listed in suh a way that eah elementary and non-elementary item, presented in da 1, is given a lower-ase letter, preeding it in round brakets, as 5

6 an item name. It should be noted that item names are individual names. Furthermore, every item of the lass of items is related to the same general ditionary objet direted item funtion to whih it belongs. The latter goes for statements of the form "α β"with "α" as variable for items and "β" as variable for lass symbols that are abbreviations of item lass names. In addition " " is the symbol for the element-lass-relation, in the sense of is an element of or in the sense of is inluded in. (a) hurz, der; -es, -e [ i AB j ]; a CF (= omment on form) (b) hurz; b IFL (= item giving the form of the lemma sign; here: lemmati item giving a noun) () der; -es, -e; ΙMor.n (= item giving the morphology at nouns) (d) der; d Iart (= item indiating an artile) (e) -es, -e; e IDeC (= item indiating the delination lass) (f) -es; f.if (= ondensed item giving the singular formation) (g) -e; g.iplf (= ondensed item giving the plural formation) (h) [ i AB j ]; h I-Pron (= item for the normal pronuniation; this is a zero item, presented in the onrete struture by a blank item (BI) whih is also identified positionally over its neighbouring variables "i" and "j") (i) bes. von Handwerkern [...] lederner.; i C (= omment on semantis) (j) [ i AB j ] bes. von Handwerkern [...] aus festem Material; j pragsemi (= pragmati-semanti item) (k) [ i AB j ]; k I-pragZL (= item for the pragmati zero labelling; this also is a zero item) (l) bes. von Handwerkern [...] aus festem Material; l.ipm (= ondensed item giving the paraphrase of meaning) (m) ein lederner ; m.icomex (= ondensed item giving the ompetene example). 6

7 The items b, d, f, g, h, k, l and m are elementary items, i.e. without the possibility of further funtional-positional segmentation. The items a,, e, i and j are non-elementary items and funtional-positional segmentation is possible. In a seond methodologial step we are now onstruting the elementhomogeneous struture-arrying set for p h Mi (da 1 ), the onrete () hierarhial (h) pure (p) mirostruture (Mi) of da 1. The elements of this struture arrying set are all methodially obtained items a-m and the omplete ditionary artile da 1. The struture-arrying set is alled be presented as follows with 14 elements: Mi 1 1 { } (da )= da,a,b,,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l,m (da ): It an Mi 1 In a third methodologial step we define for Mi(da 1) a two-plae nonreflexive (and onsequently asymmetrial) as well as transitive relation of the type of the preedene (p) relation alled p(da 1) - with the relation term x preedes y, in whih "x" and "y" are variables for items. p(da 1) belongs to the non-reflexive partial ordering relations. The following applies: p(da 1) Mi 1 (da ) x Mi(da 1). The struture-shaping relation p (da ) ontains as elements all those ordered pairs, e.g. <a, d> and <f, g>, 1 that, when their oordinates are put in the relation term x preedes y, will deliver true sentenes, e.g. a preedes d ( hurz preedes "der"). p(da 1) therefore fully determines whih items from da 1 will preede whih other items from da 1. The same also applies to other relations (in further examples) that belong to the type of the preedene relation. Preedene relations are also alled predeessor-suessor-relations. 7

8 In a fourth methodologial step we define for the struture-arrying set Mi 1 (da ) a two-plaed reflexive, antisymmetrial and transitive relation of the partitive (part) relation type, alled part 1 (da ), with the relation term x is an item as part of y, with "x" as variable for items and "y" as variable for items and da 1. The following applies: part (da 1) p(da 1) part =. The relation part 1 Mi x Mi and (da ) belongs to the reflexive partial ordering relations. It ontains as elements those ordered pairs, e.g. <d, > and <a, da 1 > that, when their oordinates are put in the relation term x is an item as part of y, will deliver true sentenes, e.g. d is an item as part of ( "der" is an item as part of "der; -es, -e"). The relation part 1 (da ) therefore fully determines (i) whih items from da 1 are partial items from whih other items from da 1, as well as (ii) whih items are parts of da 1. Following the exeution of the fourth methodologial step pmi h(da 1), the pure onrete hierarhial mirostruture of da 1, is given as an ordering struture, determining whih items from whih item lasses are presented in whih order in the ditionary artile da 1. By doing so it an also be determined that hierarhial pure artile mirostrutures from ompletely ondensed ditionary artiles (f. Wiegand 2003 [2004]: 207 f) an our as artile internal item distribution strutures. Conrete hierarhial pure mirostrutures an be presented by means of ordered tree diagrams (f. Wiegand 1989a: 464ff; 2000: 235ff). They an furthermore our along with the relevant and isomorphous abstrat hierarhial mirostrutures in a ommented strutural diagram. Abstrat mirostrutures an be obtained beause of the fat that both the strutureshaping ordering relations are defined with regard to one struture-arrying 8

9 set that does not ontain da 1 and the onrete items a-m, but rather the lass DA of the ditionary artiles (e.g. of a speifi ditionary) as well as the item lasses to whih the items a-m belong. This struture-arrying set - alled a Mi 1 (da ) - an be presented as follows when used aording to the lass symbols introdued in (a)-(m): a Mi 1 (da ) = {DA, CF, IFL, IMor.n, Iart, IDeC,.IF,.IPlF, I-Pron, C, pragsemi, I-pragZL,.IPM,.IComEx} The single ommented strutural diagram for the onrete and isomorphous abstrat hierarhial pure mirostruture of da 1 is given in Fig A.H. PUE MICOTUCTUE A.H. LEFT COE TUCTUE/MI A.H. BAE TUCTUE/MI DA A.H. IGHT COE TUCTUE/MI CF C IFL IWF.ns Isp IMor.n I-nPron pragsemi.icomex Iart IDeC I-pragZL.IPM.IF.IPF hurz der -es -e [ i BI j ] [ i BI j ] bes. von Handwerkern ein lederner [...]. Material Fig. 2-2: ingle ommented strutural diagram of the abstrat (and isomorphous onrete) hierarhial mirostruture of da 1 in Fig Conventions of presentation: "x y" means (read from the bottom to the top) the same as x is an item as part of y; "u v" means (read from the bottom to the top) the same as u is an element of v (= u v, where 9

10 "v" is a lass symbol). " " means the same as at the same time; LEFT COE TUC- TUE/Mi should be read as left ore struture as partial struture of the mirostruture (Mi); abbreviations (all abbreviations whih label nodes are lass symbols for lasses of items with the same ditionary topi direted genuine item funtion): A. = ABTACT; H = HIEACHICAL; DA = ditionary artile; CF = omment on form; C = omment on semantis; IFL = item giving the form of the lemma sign; IWF.ns = item giving the word form of the nominative singular; Isp = item giving the spelling; IMor.n = item giving the morphology at nouns; I-nPron = item for the normal pronuniation; Iart = item indiating an artile; IDeC = item indiating the delination lass;.if = ondensed item giving the formation of the singular form;.ipf = ondensed item giving the formation of the plural; pragsemi = pragmati-semanti item; I-pragZL = item for the pragmati zero labeling;.ipm = ondensed item giving the paraphrase of meaning;.icomex = ondensed item giving a ompetene example; I BI j = blank item of whih the strutural position is determined via the itation of the preeding variable "i" and the following variable "j" with the orresponding lass symbols of both neighbours; Numerous types of pure mirostrutures an be distinguished. An inomplete overview an be found in Wiegand (2002: ). 3. Hybrid artile internal text onstituent strutures In this setion we are looking at hybrid artile mirostrutures as an example of hybrid artile internal text onstituent strutures. These hybrid artile mirostrutures an be seen in a ditionary artile when it displays at least one funtional item addition. For ditionary artiles with funtional item additions both a pure and a hybrid artile mirostruture prevails. Funtional item additions are funtional text segments by means of whih, as is the ase with items, something is presented that, in ontrast with items, does not display text onstituent status (f. with regard to funtional item additions e.g. Wiegand 2005 [2006]: ; 2007: 192ff). They are not, as items are, obtainable as a result of a funtional-positional segmentation. 10

11 This is beause they do not have their own position in the language hain (as e.g. the sunken dot underneath the item form segment "i" of the item giving the form of the lemma sign in da 3, f. Fig. 2-1) or beause, when they do have an own position in the language hain, a funtional-positional isolation is not possible, e.g. the semanti inner gloss "Faharzt" in da 2 in Fig. 2-1, where a segmentation leads to both non-funtional text segments "er muß einen pezialisten" and "aufsuhen". The sunken dot in da 3 belongs to the bottom expanded funtional item additions; it is a bottom expanded bifuntional item addition that is upwardly addressed at the item form segment "i". It realizes a word aent marker whih is also a marker of the vowel quantity as being short (Wa voq.s). The same applies for the sunken dot in da 2. If a onrete and an abstrat hierarhial pure mirostruture are alloated to da 3 then these will be obtainable in the same way as the mirostrutures from da 1. It an be presented as in Fig A. H. PUE MICOTUCTUE A. H. BAE TUCTUE/MI A.H. LEFT COE TUCTUE/MI CF DA C A.H. IGHT COE TUCTUE/MI IFL Wa voq.s WF.Ns Isp IMor.n pragsemi IomEx 2 Iyl IylD Ias IsylD Iyl IylD Iyl IylD Isyl Wa voq.s Iort IDeC.IF.IPF I-pragZL IMP.IComEx.IComEx Ge rihts voll zie her der -s [ ibi j] Angehöriger die hulden der [ ] betraut ist mithilfe des - s eintreiben der G. hat die Möbel gepfändet Fig. 3-1: ingle ommented strutural diagram for the abstrat (and isomorphous onrete) hierarhial mirostruture, displayed by da 3 in Fig New abbreviations: Iyl = item giving a syllable; IsylD = item giving the syllable division; Ias = item giving the a- 11

12 entuated syllable; means the same as bottom expanded; Wa voq.s = marker for word aent and vowel quantity as short; IComEx 2 = item onsisting of two items giving the ompetene examples. When looking at the strutural diagram in Fig. 3-1 it is notieable that in the abstrat hierarhial mirostruture the word aent marker whih also marks the short vowel quantity does not have its own node. It therefore displays no own strutural plae in the ordered tree diagram that is linked to another strutural plae in the same tree diagram by means of at least one interfae. The ourrene of this bottom expanded bifuntional addition in da 3 an only be seen from the two node labels "IFL Wa voq.s IWF.ns Isp" and "Ias Wa voq.s". In the aompanying isomorphous onrete mirostruture the sunken dot in the bottom expanded item giving the syllable aent an therefore also not display an own strutural plae. It rather appears in "rịhts" as in the onrete text of the ditionary artile! If in the presentation of artile mirostrutures you do not only want to take expliit ognizane of the artile internal distribution of items and, when neessary the distribution of item texts, but, if available, also of funtional item additions, you have to proeed from pure to hybrid mirostrutures. Without going into all formal details, da 3 has been used as an example representing all bottom expanded funtional item additions to explain this. Next we first look at the bottom expanded item giving the syllable aent "rịhts" from da 3. It is an immediate partial item of the bottom expanded item giving the form of the lemma sign and therefore belongs to the lemmati partial items, as is the ase with the four syllable and four syllable division items. All lemmati partial items with the exeption of the item giving the syllable aent, are non-expanded elementary items. In ontrast, the item giving the syllable aent belongs to the single expanded elementary items and among these to the bottom expanded ones (f. Wiegand

13 [2006]: 289). While non-expanded elementary items do not display any internal struture the situation is different in the ase of expanded elementary items. They an display an internal hybrid struture. Their elements are obtainable at top or bottom expanded elementary items through the appliation of a method of funtional segmentative isolation. With an appliation of this method horizontal segmentation setions are strutured in suh a way that the top and the bottom expanded funtional item additions are separated from the elementary items. In the ase of the bottom expanded item giving the syllable aent " rịhts" it means that the result of the segmentation onsists of the segment "rihts" and the sunken dot. It should be noted that both segments are parts of " rịhts". To be able to determine the exat position of the sunken dot, a non-funtional-positional segmentation of " rịhts" is performed, resulting in the following item form segments: " r ị hts" (with " " marking the segmentation joint); "r" is the front, "i" the middle and "hts" the bak item form segment. The following statement applies: r < ị < hts (with "<" indiating preedes). To be able to present the internal item (i) struture (s) of "rịhts", the bottom expanded item giving the syllable aent, we proeed step by step. First we build the struture-arrying set is (rịhts) = {i, }. This struturearrying set ontains two onrete () elements: the middle item form segment "i" and the sunken dot. For is ("rịhts") we now define a two-plae non-reflexive and thereby asymmetrial as well as non-transitive relation is (rịhts) of the type of the (text arhitetonial) below-relation, to whih the relation term x is below y belongs, with "x" as variable for funtional item additions and "y" as variable for their referene address. The relation is (rịhts) determines for the struture-arrying set a struture belonging to the vertial item arhitetures. This is beause strutures of whih the struture-shaping relations are above- and below-relations and/or left-of- and 13

14 right of-relations are alled arhitetures (f. Wiegand 2001: 191ff). Vertial item arhitetures are presented by the appliation of the same formal presentation means as vertial text arhitetures of ditionary artiles (f. in this regard e.g. Bergenholtz/Tarp/Wiegand 1999: 1791ff u. Wiegand 2001: 191ff). The general image of the arhiteture for the bottom expanded item giving the syllable aent from da 3 is given in Fig Fig. 3-2 furthermore ontains the general image of the arhiteture of the above given item giving the form of the lemma sign " Hêrdling", from da 4 in Fig. 2-1, expanded with a vowel identifiation marker (IM.Vow). The elements of this vertial item arhiteture are in an analogous way obtainable as those of the item giving the syllable aent in da 3. In stead of the below-relation a relation of the above-relation type is defined for the struture-arrying set. (1) Ias.b.exp (2) IFL.t.exp f.if < m.if < b.if IM.Vow Wa voq.s f.if < m.if < b.if ABTACT VETICAL ITEM ACHITECTUE ABTACT VETICAL ITEM ACHITECTUE Fig. 3-2: General images of the arhiteture for abstrat vertial item arhiteture of the bottom expanded item giving the aent of the syllable from da 3 (1) and the top expanded item giving the form of the lemma sign from da 4 (2). Abbreviations: f.if = front item form segment; m.if = middle item form segment; b.if = bak item form segment; b.exp = bottom expanded; t.exp = top expanded; IM.Vow = identifiation marker of a vowel; "x y" is the same as x is below y, when the arrow points to the top, and x is above y when the arrow points to the bottom. Now we expand the struture-arrying set is (rịhts) with "r", the front item form segment, and furthermore with "hts", the bak item form seg- 14

15 ment as well as with the non-expanded item giving the aent of the syllable rihts and finally still with the bottom expanded item giving the aent of the syllable rịhts. This leads to an expanded element heterogeneous struture-arrying set, alled presented as follows: hyis hyis (rịhts) = {i,, r, hts, rihts, rịhts} (rịhts) - a set with six elements. It an be For this struture-arrying set whih ontains three item form segments, one funtional item addition and a non-expanded as well as a bottom expanded item as elements, we define the three struture-shaping relations of whih we already know the aompanying relation types; first we define a relation belonging to the preedene relations type, alled p (rịhts), with the relation term x preedes y, with "x" and "y" as variables for text segments. The following applies: p (rịhts) hyis (rịhts) x hyis (rịhts). Furthermore for hyis (rịhts) a relation of the partitive relation type, alled part (rịhts), is defined, with the relation term u is a part of v, with "u" and "v" as variables for text segments. The following applies: part (rịhts) hyis (rịhts) x hyis (rịhts) as well as part (rịhts) p (rịhts) =. Finally we define for hyis (rịhts) a relation of the text arhitetoni belowrelation type alled bel (rịhts), with the relation term r is below s, with "r" as variable of funtional item additions and "s" as variable for their referene addresses. The following applies: bel (rịhts) = hyis (rịhts) x hyis =. (rịhts); bel (rịhts) p (rịhts) = ; bel (rịhts) part (rịhts) As a result of all the operations mentioned we obtain the onrete hierarhial arhitetonially enrihed item struture of the bottom expanded 15

16 item giving the syllable aent "rịhts" from da 3, as presented in Fig. 3-3(1). Fig. 3-3(2) ontains the aompanying isomorphous abstrat hierarhial arhitetonially enrihed item struture. This struture is obtained by defining for the element-heterogeneous struture-arrying set. a hyis (rịhts) = { m.if, Wa voq.s, f.if, b.if, Ias Wa voq.s } three relations, similar to the three defined for hyis (rịhts). (1) C.H. ACHITECTONICALLY ENICHED ITEM TUCTUE (2) A.H. ACHITECTONICALLY ENICHED ITEM TUCTUE rihts Ias Wa voq.s rihts Ias r i hts f.if m.if b.if C. VETICAL ITEM TUCTUE Wa voq.s A. VETICAL ITEM TUCTUE Fig. 3-3: ingle ommented and with arhitetonially omponents enrihed tree diagram for the onrete (1) and the isomorphous abstrat hierarhial item struture (2) of the bottom expanded item giving the syllable aent from da 3 ; " x y" means the same as x is below y, " u v" means the same as u is a part of v, with "u" as a variable for text segments that are not text onstituents. The two tree diagrams presented in Fig. 3-3 an be ombined in a single strutural diagram, as given in Fig

17 A.H. ACHITECTONICALLY ENICHED ITEM TUCTUE Ias Wa voq.s Ias A. VETICAL ITEM TUC- TUE f.if m.if b.if Wa voq.s r i hts C. VETICAL ITEM TUCTUE Fig. 3-4: ingle ommented and with arhitetonially omponents enrihed strutural diagram for the abstrat (and isomorphous onrete) hierarhial item struture of the bottom expanded item giving the syllable aent from da 3. Presentation onventions, as in Fig. 3-3; "x Y" means (read from the bottom to the top) the same as x is an element of Y (= x Y) It has been indiated that eah ditionary artile whih ontains at least a funtional item addition an have both a pure and a hybrid artile mirostruture. The transition from a pure to a hybrid struture an also our exlusively on the level of the presentation of the struture beause it onerns stritly formal struture presentations. Aordingly the strutural diagram of Fig. 3-4 is now integrated into the strutural diagram of Fig. 3-1, to present the strutural diagram of da 3. This is given in Fig. 3-5, whereby the omplete rendering of the omment struture of the omment on semantis is refrained from beause no hanges our in the right ore struture. 17

18 A.H. INTENAL-LEMMATIC ACHITECTONICALLY ENICHED MICOTUCTUE A.H. BAE TUCTUE/MI A.H. LEFT INTENAL-LEMMATIC ACHITECTONICALLY ENICHED LEFT COE TUCTUE/MI DA CF C IFL Wa voq.s IWF.Ns Isp IMor.n (f. Fig. 3-1) Iyl IylD Ias Wa voq.s IylD Iyl IylD Iyl IylD Iyl Iart IDeC Ias A.V. ITEM ACHITECT- TUE f.if m.if b.if.if.ipf Wa voq.s Ge r i hts voll zie her der -s C. VETICAL ITEM ACHITECTUE Fig. 3-5: Inompletely exeuted single ommented and for arhitetoni omponents added strutural diagram for abstrat (and isomorphous onrete) hierarhial internal-lemmati arhitetonially enrihed mirostruture, displayed by da 3 in Fig Hierarhial internal-lemmati arhitetonially enrihed artile mirostrutures belong to a subtype of the hierarhial arhitetonially enrihed artile mirostrutures. Other subtypes of this type are the hierarhial external-lemmati arhitetonially enrihed artile mirostrutures, ourring in da 6 in Fig. 2-1, and the hierarhial internal- and external-lemmati arhitetonially enrihed artile mirostruture, ourring in da 5 in Fig All the mentioned types belong to the hierarhial hybrid artile mirostrutures (f. Fig and Fig. 3-13). Compare da 7 and da 8 in Fig

19 heterogeneous struture-arrying set, alled, gis(a 1), ontaining as eleda 7 : da 8 : Fig. 3-6: Ditionary artiles da 7 and da 8 from HWDG Up to now we have disussed item strutures that belong to the type of hierarhial arhitetonially enrihed item strutures, whih is a subtype of the hierarhial hybrid onstituentless item struture. This latter struture type has a further subtype, i.e. the hierarhial internal expansion onditioned item struture (f. Wiegand 2007: 201ff and 2008b and Fig. 3-13). When dealing with internal expanding funtional item additions as e.g. in da 2 and da 7 we refer to inner gloss onditioned item strutures, abbreviated as gloss onditioned item strutures. The abbreviated term is suffiiently lear beause postglossed items still belong to the non-elementary items, so that "post gloss onditioned item strutures" annot our. In the following disussion we take a look at gloss onditioned item strutures. The item "er muß einen pezialisten (Faharzt) aufsuhen" from da 2 in Fig. 2-1, is an item giving a ompetene example internally expanded for a semanti gloss. It gets the item name a 1, with a 1 I(G.s)ComEx. The item a 1 belongs to the elementary item, beause a 1 is funtional-positionally not segmentable. a 1 displays no item onstituent or item mirostrutures as its partial struture. However, the item a 1 still displays a struture, that a user who wants to utilise this item to obtain information will intuitively reognise. This onrete hierarhial gloss onditioned (gs) item struture (is) is obtainable in the following way. One starts by onstruting an element- 19

20 ments those segments that are obtainable through an appliation of the method of non-funtional positional segmentation of a 1. (a ) an be gis 1 presented as follows: gis (a 1) = {b 1, 1, d 1, e 1, f 1, a 1 }. The elements of the struture-arrying set an be explained as follows: b 1 = er muß einen pezialisten; b 1 fieg (= front item segment) 1 = ( ; 1 fmot (= front marker of ordering together) d 1 = Faharzt; d 1 G.s (= semanti inner gloss) e 1 = ) ; e 1 bmot; (= bak marker of ordering together) f 1 = aufsuhen; f 1 bieg (= bak item segment). Following the onstrution of the struture-arrying set gis 1 (a ) two struture-shaping relations are defined for it. One relation is of the preedene relation type, alled p(a 1), with the relation term x preedes y (with "x" and "y" as variables for text segments) as well as a relation of the partitive relation type, alled (a ), with the relation term x is a part of y (with part 1 "x" as variable for text segments and "y" as variable for internally expanded items. The following applies: p(a 1) gis(a 1) x gis (a 1); (a ) part 1 (a ) x gis 1 gis (a 1); p(a 1) part =. Fig. 3-7(1) presents the onrete hierarhial gloss-onditioned item struture, following the appliation of the above-mentioned proesses. Defining for the struture-arrying set of the aompanying abstrat (a) hierarhial gloss-onditioned (g) item struture (is), alled a gis (a 1), (a ) = {fieg, fmot, G.s, bmot, bieg, a gis 1 I(G.s)ComEx}) two relations a (a ) and (a ), orresponding to the p 1 a part 1 20

21 relations defined for a gis(a 1), one obtains the abstrat hierarhial glossonditioned item struture of a 1, presented in Fig. 3-7 (2). (1) C.H. GLO-CONDITIONED ITEM TUCTUE (2) A.H. GLO-CONDITIONED ITEM TUCTUE Er muss einen pezialisten (Faharzt) aufsuhen [=a 1] I(G.s)ComEx Er muss einen pezialisten [=b 1] ( Faharzt [= 1] [=d 1] ) aufsuhen [=e 1] [=d 1] fieg fmot G.s bmot bieg Fig. 3-7: ingle ommented tree diagrams for the onrete and isomorphous abstrat hierarhial gloss-onditioned item struture, as presented in the internally expanded item giving the ompetene example from da 2 in Fig As both the tree diagrams in Fig. 3-3, both tree diagrams in Fig. 3-7 an be presented in a single strutural diagram, presented in Fig. 3-8: A.H. GLO-CONDITIONED ITEM TUCTUE I(G.s)ComEx fieg fmot G.s bmot bieg er muss einen pezialisten ( Faharzt ) aufsuhen Fig. 3-8: ingle ommented strutural diagram for the abstrat (and isomorphous onrete) hierarhial gloss-onditioned item struture, whih presents the internally expanded item giving the ompetene example in da 2 in Fig

22 For the gloss-onditioned item strutures the following should be added: The artile da 7 in Fig. 3-6 ontains two double glosses, to be preise in both the internally expanded meaning direted items giving the ompetene examples "ein harsher (rauer, eisiger) Wind" and "jmdm. h. (barsh, unwirsh) antworten". A double gloss is a gloss onsisting of two immediately subsequent glosses. In both the mentioned items giving the ompetene examples both glosses of the double glosses belong to the same lass, i.e. semanti glosses. till a double gloss with two glosses from the same lass is not regarded as a "homosegmental gloss", that is funtionalpositionally segmentable in two similar lass elementary glosses. The onept of homosegmental text segments rather applies only to items. As an example, the item " Knabe, Junge" is a (non-elementary) homosegmental item giving a synonym (Isyn 2 ), that is funtional-positionally segmentable in two (elementary) items giving a synonym (Isyn) (f. Wiegand 2005 [2006]: 229 f). The reason for this stipulation with regard to glosses is beause all internal expansion onditioned hierarhial item strutures are designed as shallow hierarhial strutures. That is, in simple terms, those strutures whih, when presented in an ordered tree diagram, besides the root nodes, only display terminal nodes, e.g. in Fig. 3-7 and 3-8, and in doing so only have edges and no edge routes. However, "homosegmental glosses" would thwart this strutural idea while their presentation would lead to two edge routes that would lead from one root node (e.g. I(G.s) 2 ComEx) aross the nodes of the "homosegmental gloss" (e.g. G.s 2 ) to both nodes of the elementary glosses (e.g. G.s 1 and G.s 2 ). Contrary to this, strutural diagrams for hierarhial gloss-onditioned item strutures of items with an internally expanded double gloss must neessarily display the same formal format as the strutural diagram in Fig. 3-9 for the internally expanded meaning direted item giving a ompetene example "ein harsher (rauer, eisiger) Wind from da 7 in Fig

23 A.H. GLO-CONDITIONED ITEM TUCTUE I(DG.s)ComEx fieg fmot G.s Dm G.s bmot bieg ein harsher ( rauher, eisiger ) Wind Fig. 3-9: ingle ommented strutural diagram for an abstrat (and isomorphous onrete) hierarhial double gloss onditioned item struture, displaying the first meaning direted internally expanded item giving a ompetene example from da 7 in Fig Abbreviations: I(DG.s)ComEx.mean. = for a semanti double gloss internally expanded meaning direted item giving a ompetene example; Dm = division marker As an be seen in Fig. 3-7 to 3-9 and in the text desribing the onstrution of gloss-onditioned item strutures, these strutures offer a view on nontypographial strutural indiators. This means that gloss-onditioned and double gloss onditioned item strutures do not our as partial strutures of artile mirostrutures beause they do not take non-typographial strutural indiators into aount. Hierarhial gloss- and inner gloss onditioned item strutures rather our as partial strutures of artile onstituent strutures, where the non-typographial strutural indiators are regarded as text onstituents. If you want to expliitly onsider the hierarhial struture of internally expanded items in the presentation of hybrid artile mirostrutures, you need hierarhial item strutures in whih the nontypographial indiators of item strutures are not onsidered. uh item strutures are alled (aording to Wiegand 2007: 201f) hierarhial minimized internal expansion and gloss-onditioned item strutures. They an be obtained in two ways. If you already have, as is the ase here, glossonditioned (or double gloss onditioned) item strutures, you an redue 23

24 the struture-arrying set with regard to the appropriate elements. Aordingly the struture-arrying set for the onrete hierarhial gloss- or double gloss onditioned item strutures should first be redued with regard to the elements; the struture-arrying set for the abstrat hierarhial glossor double gloss onditioned item strutures should aordingly be redued with regard to the elements that are lasses of non-typographial strutural indiators. eondly the relations defined for both struture-arrying sets should be restrited to the redued struture-arrying set so that all ordered pairs be deleted in whih as oordinates either (for the onrete strutures) a non-typographial strutural marker ours, or (for the abstrat strutures) a lass of non-typographial indiators ours. The example from da 7 in Fig. 3-6, i.e. the item a 1 = "er muß einen pezialisten (Faharzt) aufsuhen", will give the following result: (1) The struture-arrying set for the onrete struture, i.e. gis (a 1), will be redued with regard to the elements 1 and e 1, so that the redued (r) struture-arrying set results in r (a ) = {b 1, d 1, f 1, a 1 }. The relation gis 1 p(a 1) is restrited in suh a way that the following of its ordered pairs, displaying 1 or e 1 as oordinates, are eliminated: <b 1, 1 >, <b 1, e 1 >, < 1, d 1 >, < 1, e 1 >, < 1, f 1 >, <d 1, e 1 > and <e 1, f 1 >. The restrited (re) relation re p(a 1) an then be given as follows: re p(a 1) = {<b 1, d 1 >, <b 1, f 1 >, <d 1, f 1 >}. The relation part 1 (a ) is also restrited in suh a way that the following of its ordered pairs, displaying 1 or e 1 as oordinates, are eliminated: < 1, a 1 >, <e 1, a 1 >. The restrited (re) relation an then be given as follows: re part (a 1) = {<b 1, a 1 >, <d 1, a 1 >, <f 1, a 1 >}. (2) The struture-arrying set for the abstrat struture, i.e. a gis 1 (a ) are redued with regard to the elements fmot and bmot, resulting in the redued 24

25 (r) set of arriers r (a ) = {fieg, G.s, bieg}. The relation a gis 1 a (a) p 1 is restrited analogous to p(a 1) and an therefore be presented as follows: a re p(a 1) = {<fieg, G.s>, <fieg, bieg>, <G.s, bieg>}. Finally (a ) is restrited analogous to a part 1 (a ) and an therefore be presented part 1 as: re (a ) = {<fieg, I(G.s)ComEx>, <G.s, I(G.s)ComEx>, <bieg, a part 1 I(G.s)ComEx}>}. The exeution of the drafted operations results in the onrete minimized gloss-onditioned item struture as well as the aompanying isomorphous abstrat minimized gloss-onditioned item struture that displays the item giving the ompetene example a 1 = "er muß einen pezialisten (Faharzt) aufsuhen" from da 1 in Fig. 2-1 that has been expanded for a semanti gloss. Both minimized strutures have been presented with the strutural diagrams in Fig (1). The drafted transition from gloss-onditioned to minimized gloss-onditioned item strutures an also be implemented on the level of the formal presentation of strutures when deleting the edges, leading to the nodes, whih represent non-typographial strutural indiators as well as the aompanying node labels and when hanging the single ommenting. When this is implemented with the help of the strutural diagrams in Fig. 3-9, the strutural diagrams in Fig (2) are obtained, with whih the onrete and the aompanying isomorphous hierarhial minimized double gloss onditioned item struture is presented, as indiated by the first meaning direted internally expanded item giving a ompetene example from da 7 in Fig

26 (1) A.H. MINIMIZED GLO CONDITIONED ITEM TUCTUE (2) A.H. MINIMIZED GLO CONDITIONED ITEM TUCTUE I(G.s)ComEx I(DG.s)ComEx fieg G.s bieg fieg G.s G.s bieg er muss einen pezialisten Faharzt aufsuhen ein harsher rauher eisiger Wind Fig. 3-10: ingle ommented strutural diagrams for the onrete and for the isomorphous abstrat hierarhial minimized item struture, whih presents the item giving the ompetene example, internally expanded for a semanti gloss from da 2 in Fig. 2-1 (f. (1)) and whih presents the first meaning direted item giving the ompetene example whih has been internally expanded for a semanti double gloss from da 7 in Fig. 3-6 (f. (2)) It has already been determined that the hierarhial minimized glossonditioned respetively double gloss onditioned item strutures an be obtained in two ways. Having desribed the first way, the following an now be briefly said about the seond way: If you do not have the hierarhial gloss- respetively internal gloss onditioned item strutures at your disposal one should, following the implementation of the non-funtional segmentation, only selet those text segments as elements of the struturearrying set that are not non-typographial strutural indiators. For this set one should define the two relations of the preedene and partitive relation type. For the abstrat struture a struture-arrying set is onstruted that only ontains the lasses of text segments as elements to whih the elements of the struture-arrying set for the onrete struture belong. Likewise a relation of the type of the preedene and one of the type of the partitive relation are defined for the struture-arrying set for the abstrat struture. The onrete and the abstrat hierarhial minimized glossonditioned item struture whih is obtained in this seond way is naturally idential to both strutures obtained when following the first way. 26

27 Item strutures, as those presented in Fig. 3-10, funtion as partial strutures of hybrid artile mirostrutures, alled mirostruture with minimized gloss-onditioned partial struture. A hybrid mirostruture of this type is seen in da 7 in Fig The methodologial way from whih this type of struture is obtained, is presented in the subsequent haraterized setions. The operations belonging to the individual setions are not individually introdued by means of da 7 beause operations of the same type have already been desribed by means of earlier examples. The following setions are distinguished. (i) First, a funtional-positional segmentation of da 7 is done in order to have all the elementary and non-elementary items at your disposal. (ii) Then all items are alloated to their item lasses. (iii) Then follows a non-funtional positional segmentation of all three internally expanded items, in order to obtain all item-internal text segments. (iv) The non-typographial strutural indiators are sorted out beause they are not onsidered in the onstrution of the struture-arrying set. (v) The text segments are alloated to their text segment lasses. (vi) Then the element-heterogeneous struture-arrying set is onstruted for the onrete hierarhial mirostruture with internally expanded items. (vii) ubsequently a relation of the preedene relation type is defined for this struture-arrying set. (viii) Finally a relation of the partitive relation type is defined for the same struture-arrying set. Having done this, one has at your disposal the onrete hierarhial mirostruture with minimized gloss-onditioned partial struture. This an be presented by means of an ordered tree diagram of whih the node labels are either the names of text segments (e.g. lower-ase letters) or the mentioned text segments from da 7. To obtain the abstrat hierarhial mirostruture 27

28 with minimized gloss-onditioned partial struture, the following methodologial steps are required: (ix) First the struture-arrying set is onstruted for the abstrat struture. (x) For this struture-arrying set a relation of the preedene relation type is firstly defined. (xi) Then a relation of the partitive relation type is defined for the same struture-arrying set. After the exeution of these operations one has the abstrat hierarhial mirostruture with minimized gloss-onditioned partial struture, as displayed in da 7 in Fig This an be presented by means of an ordered tree diagram that displays the abbreviated names of the text segment lasses as node labels. Both tree diagrams, one for the onrete and one for the abstrat struture, an be joined together in one strutural diagram. Due to its size it is divided in two and presented in Fig. 3-11a and 3-11b. The onvention applies that a mirostruture with minimized double gloss onditioned partial struture is alloated to artiles whih display glosses and double glosses. 28

29 A.H. MICOTUCTUE WITH MINIMIZED DOUBLE GLO CONDITIONED PATIAL TUCTUE (1. PAT) DA A.H. BAE TUCTUE/MI A.H. IGHT COE TUCTUE WITH MINIMIZED DOUBLE GLO CONDITIONED PATIAL TUCTUE/MI CF A.H. LEFT COE TUCTUE/MI C (f. Fig. 3-11b) A.H. INTE- GATE/MI IFL Ipp IP C ph-l C A.H. MINIMIZED DOUBLE GLO CONDITIONED ITEM TUCTUE I-prag ZL I(DG.s)ComEx A.H. PAE- INTEGATE fieg G.s G.s bieg harsh Adj. 1. [ ibt j] ein harsher rauher eisiger Wind Fig. 3-11a: ingle ommented strutural diagram (first part) for the abstrat (and isomorphous onrete) hierarhial mirostruture with minimized double gloss onditioned partial struture, displayed in da 7 in Fig Abbreviations: Ipp = item giving the part of speeh; IP = item giving polysemy; C.ph-l = left aommodated subomment on semantis phased out to the left; C = subomment on semantis 29

30 A.H. MICOTUCTUE WITH MINIMIZED DOUBLE GLO CONDITIONED PATIAL TUCTUE (2. PAT) A.H. IGHT COE TUCTUE WITH MINIMIZED DOUBLE GLO CONDITIONED PATIAL TUCTUE/MI DA (f. Fig. 3-11a) C A.H. BAE TUCTUE/MI A.H. INTE- GATE A.H. INTEGATE IP Iuse.syn C A.H. MINIMIZED GLO CONDITIONED ITEM TUCTUE I(G.s)ComEx IP A.H. MINIMIZED DOUBLE GLO CONDITIONED ITEM TUCTUE C.I(DG.s)ComEx fieg G.s bieg fieg C.s G bieg 2. niht adv. harsher verharshter hnee 3. jmdm. h. barsh unwirsh antworten Fig. 3-11b: ingle ommented strutural diagram (seond part) for the abstrat (and isomorphous onrete) hierarhial mirostruture with minimized double gloss onditioned partial struture, displayed in da 7 in Fig. 3-6; Abbreviations: Iuse.syn = item giving usage restritions with regard to syntax. To be able to typologially arrange those hybrid text onstituent strutures of ditionary artiles as well as their partial struture treated in this ontribution, Fig and 3-13 give a typologial exerpt from a typology of hybrid textual ditionary strutures. ome definitions belonging to this typologial exerpt are also given. 30

31 T 0 hierarhial (h) hybrid textual ditionary struture TC: type of aessive entry T 1 TC: plae of the struture ditionary artile h. artile internal hybrid ditionary struture ditionary artile all other types of aessive entries item TC: textsegments of the struturearrying set T 2 h. hybrid artile struture h. hybrid item struture (f. Fig. 3-13) textsegments of all types no non-typographial strutural indiators searh area segments of all types T 3 h. hybrid artile onstituent struture h. hybrid artile mirostruture h. hybrid searh area struture h. arhitetonially enrihed artile onstituent struture h. internal-lemmati arhitetonially enrihed artile onstituent struture h. external-lemmati enrihed artile onstituent struture h. internal- and externallemmati enrihed artile onstituent struture h. artile onstituent struture with expansion onditioned partial struture h. artile onstituent struture with gloss onditioned partial struture h. artile onstituent struture with double gloss onditioned partial struture h. arhitetonially enrihed artile mirostruture h. internal-lemmati arhitetonially enrihed artile mirostruture h. external-lemmati arhitetonially enrihed artile mirostruture h. internal- and external-lemmati enrihed artile mirostruture h. artile mirostruture with minimized expansion onditioned partial struture h. artile mirostruture with minimized gloss onditioned partial struture h. artile mirostruture with minimized double gloss onditioned partial struture Fig. 3-12: Partially expanded ommented typology diagram for an exerpt from a typology of hierarhial hybrid textual ditionary strutures (first part); Abbreviations: T = typology stage, TC = typology riterion; " " means the same as the appliation of the T leads to the subdivision. 31

32 T 2 (f. Fig. 3-12) hierarhial (h) hybrid item struture TC: textsegments of the struture-arrying set textsegments of all types h. hybrid item onstituent struture no non-typographial indiators of item strutures h. hybrid item mirostruture no text onsituentes h. hybrid onstituent less item struture h. arhitetonially enrihed item onstituent struture h. internal-lemmati arhitetonially enrihed item onstituent struture h. external-lemmati arhitetonially enrihed item onstituent struture h. external- and internal-lemmati arhitehtonially enrihed item onstituent struture h. item onstituent struture with expansion onditioned partial struture item onstituent struture with gloss onditioned partial struture item onstituent struture with double gloss onditioned partial struture h. arhitetonially enrihed item onstituent mirostruture h. internal-lemmati arhitetonially enrihed item onstituent mirostruture h. external-lemmati arhitetonially enrihed item onstituent mirostruture h. external- and internal-lemmati arhitehtonially enrihed item onstituent mirostruture h. item onstituent mirostruture with minimized expansion onditioned partial struture h. item mirostruture with minimized gloss onditioned partial struture h. item mirostruture with minimized double gloss onditioned partial struture h. arhitetonially enrihed item struture h. internal-lemmati arhitetonially enrihed item struture h. external-lemmati arhitetonially enrihed item struture h. external- and internal-lemmati arhitehtonially enrihed item struture h. expansion onditioned item struture h. gloss onditioned item struture h. double gloss onditioned item struture h. minimized gloss onditioned item struture h. minimized double gloss onditioned item struture Fig. 3-13: Partially expanded ommented typology diagram for an exerpt from a typology of hierarhial hybrid textual ditionary strutures; Abbreviation: h = hierarhial. The following definitions belong to the typologial exerpt in Fig and 3-13: (D 3-1: hierarhial internal-lemmati arhitetonially enrihed artile onstituent struture) A hierarhial internal-lemmati arhitetonially enrihed artile onstituent struture is an hierarhial hybrid artile onstituent struture of a ditionary artile, of whih the item giving the form of the lemma sign is 32